Test Bank For A Preface To Marketing Management 15th by Peter

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 49

Get Full Test Bank Downloads on testbankbell.

com

Test Bank for A Preface to Marketing Management


15th by Peter

http://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-a-preface-to-
marketing-management-15th-by-peter/

OR CLICK BUTTON

DOWLOAD EBOOK

Download more test bank from https://testbankbell.com


More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Preface to Marketing Management 14th Edition Peter


Solutions Manual

https://testbankbell.com/product/preface-to-marketing-
management-14th-edition-peter-solutions-manual/

Test Bank for Preface to Marketing Management, 12


Edition : J. Paul Peter

https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-preface-to-
marketing-management-12-edition-j-paul-peter/

Test Bank for Marketing Management 15th Edition by


Kotler

https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-marketing-
management-15th-edition-by-kotler/

Marketing Management 15th Edition Kotler Test Bank

https://testbankbell.com/product/marketing-management-15th-
edition-kotler-test-bank/
Marketing Management 15th Edition Kotler Solutions
Manual

https://testbankbell.com/product/marketing-management-15th-
edition-kotler-solutions-manual/

Test Bank for Contemporary Marketing 15th Edition by


Boone

https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-contemporary-
marketing-15th-edition-by-boone/

Essentials of Marketing A Marketing Strategy Planning


Approach 15th Edition Perreault Solutions Manual

https://testbankbell.com/product/essentials-of-marketing-a-
marketing-strategy-planning-approach-15th-edition-perreault-
solutions-manual/

Test Bank for Marketing Management, 15th Edition Philip


T Kotler Kevin Lane Keller

https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-marketing-
management-15th-edition-philip-t-kotler-kevin-lane-keller/

Test Bank for Marketing Management, Global Edition,


15th Edition, Philip Kotler, Kevin Lane Keller

https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-marketing-
management-global-edition-15th-edition-philip-kotler-kevin-lane-
keller/
Test Bank for A Preface to Marketing
Management 15th by Peter
Full download link at: https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-a-preface-
to-marketing-management-15th-by-peter/

Chapter 02

Marketing Research: Process and Systems for Decision Making

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following statements about marketing research is true?

A. Marketing research that is executed carefully is free from errors.


B. Marketing research is an aid to decision making.
C. Marketing research is a substitute for decision making.
D. Marketing research forecasts with certainty what will happen in the future.

2. Charles and Steve are business partners who want to start a publishing house. Both partners
thoroughly research the market before proceeding with the planning. They believe that the
research results guarantee that the new business will be successful. Which of the following will help
Charles and Steve interpret their research results accurately?

A. Considering the results of the research as a final answer to all doubts about setting up the new
business
B. Using the research results as a substitute for decision making
C. Knowing that even the most carefully executed research can be fraught with errors
D. Understanding that marketing research studies all of the factors that contribute to the success
of a business

2-1
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
3. Managers should make marketing decisions in the light of their own knowledge and experience
instead of viewing research reports as the final answer to their problems because:

A. the number of factors included in a marketing research study are not exhaustive.
B. decisions based on marketing research reports are highly risky.
C. there is no possibility that marketing research will be affected by researcher bias.
D. marketing research is not a systematic process for obtaining information.

4. Which of the following statements best describes a benefit of marketing research?

A. It forecasts the future with certainty and accuracy.


B. Its results can and should be taken as the appropriate course of action.
C. It is vital for investigating the effects of various marketing strategies after they have been
implemented.
D. It negates the need for researchers to use their own knowledge and experience because each
research study includes all of the factors that could influence the success of a strategy.

5. In the past, marketing researchers were not extensively involved in:

A. engaging in the technical aspects of the research.


B. designing their research studies.
C. making strategic recommendations based on research.
D. collecting data.

6. Which of the following is NOT a step in the marketing research process?

A. Preview of the research


B. Plan of the research
C. Performance of the research
D. Preparation of the research report

2-2
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
7. The first step in the research process is:

A. to collect data and label data sets.


B. to determine the appropriate marketing strategy based on findings.
C. to prepare a research report.
D. to determine why the research is needed and what it is to accomplish.

8. Which of the following steps in the research process determines why a particular research study is
undertaken?

A. Plan of the research


B. Processing of research data
C. Purpose of the research
D. Preparation of the research report

9. Quite often a situation or problem is recognized as needing research, yet the nature of the
problem is not clear or well defined, nor is the appropriate type of research evident. In the context
of the steps of the marketing research process, this problem immediately lends itself to .

A. identifying the purpose of the research


B. conducting the research
C. preparing the research report
D. processing the research data

10. If a market researcher is analyzing the current situation involving the problem to be researched, he
or she is most likely working on the .

A. performance of the research


B. purpose of the research
C. preparation of the research report
D. processing of research data

2-3
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
11. Haley Joe Inc., a cosmetics company, plans to launch a range of organic beauty products. Before
initiating the launch, the company's marketing team will conduct research to evaluate the current
market for organic products. Presently, it is formulating a question for the researchers to
determine what the research is meant to accomplish. Haley Joe Inc.'s marketing team is currently
in the middle of .

A. processing the research data


B. preparing the research report
C. identifying the purpose of the research
D. developing the plan of the research

12. At the end of the first stage of the marketing research process, managers and researchers should
agree on:

A. whether or not the company will undertake a test marketing exercise based on the results.
B. who will be responsible for designing observational forms and questionnaires.
C. the specific question or questions the research is designed to investigate.
D. the type of quantitative research to be used in the current study.

13. Which of the following steps of the marketing research process is crucial because it influences the
type of research to be conducted and the research design?

A. Performance of the research


B. Plan of the research
C. Purpose of the research
D. Processing of the research data

2-4
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
14. A research plan can be developed once:

A. the research data has been evaluated.


B. the research data has been collected.
C. the research team identifies the data source that should be used.
D. the specific research question or questions have been agreed on.

15. Which of the following statements is true of a research plan?

A. It determines explicitly why the research is needed and what it is to accomplish.


B. It influences the type of research to be conducted and the research design.
C. It includes an explanation of such things as the analysis techniques to be used.
D. It involves preparing for data collection and actually collecting them.

16. During which stage of the research process does a market researcher decide whether primary or
secondary data are needed for the research process?

A. Processing of research data


B. Plan of the research
C. Preparation of research report
D. Performance of the research

17. During the stage of the research process, it should be decided whether the company will do
its own research or contract with a marketing research specialist.

A. report preparation
B. data processing
C. performance
D. planning

2-5
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
18. Which of the following statements best describes primary data?

A. Data collected by an organization specifically for the research problem under investigation
B. Data that have previously been collected for other purposes but can be used for the problem at
hand
C. Data provided by the government, such as U.S. census data
D. Data collected through government reports or syndicated data providers

19. Which of the following statements best describes the term "secondary data?"

A. They are more expensive to gather than primary data.


B. They are data that have previously been collected for other purposes.
C. They are always available for strategy-specific research questions.
D. They are gathered from a limited number of sources.

20. Isabel wants to open an art gallery in a neighborhood known for its large Hispanic population.
However, she is apprehensive about whether or not the people in the neighborhood will be
responsive to the unconventional art she sells. To make a decision, she obtains data from the
National Statistics Institute which shows the career interests of the people of the neighborhood,
most of them being in creative, unconventional fields. Which of the following types of data is she
using to aid her decision making?

A. Primary data
B. Secondary data
C. A combination of primary and secondary data
D. Raw data

2-6
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
21. Which of the following is an advantage of secondary data over primary data?

A. Secondary data are always available for strategy-specific research questions.


B. Secondary data sources are limited, making the information more valuable.
C. Secondary data are cheaper to obtain and utilize.
D. Secondary data are collected specifically for the research problem under investigation.

22. Which of the following is a disadvantage of secondary data?

A. Secondary data are not always available for strategy-specific research questions.
B. Secondary data sources are more limited than sources of primary data.
C. Secondary data are more expensive to obtain and utilize than primary data.
D. Secondary data are collected specifically for the research problem under investigation.

23. Nutricare Inc. is a leading distributor of health and beauty products in the United States. It wants to
expand into the health drinks market segment. It collects data provided by the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) to find the size of the target population. Identify the type of
data Nutricare Inc. has collected in this scenario.

A. Secondary data
B. Primary data
C. A combination of primary and secondary data
D. Big Data

24. In the context of market research, which of the following is an advantage of using primary data for
data collection?

A. They pertain only to a firm's research.


B. They are less expensive than other forms of data and are often free.
C. They are used to gain insight into international cultures and markets.
D. They are used to gather macroeconomic data.

2-7
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
25. In the context of market research, identify a disadvantage of using primary data for data
collection.

A. They may not be accurate and relevant.


B. They may take excessive amount of time to collect.
C. They may have been altered.
D. They may contain bias.

26. Which of the following is an example of qualitative research?

A. Mathematical modeling
B. Long interviews
C. Experimental research
D. Observational research

27. Identify a true statement about qualitative research.

A. It includes all of the factors that could influence the success of a strategy.
B. It includes inventory data that can indicate how rapidly various products are selling and
expenditure data on such things as advertising, personal selling, or packaging.
C. It involves systematic procedures designed to obtain and analyze numerical data.
D. It involves face-to-face interviews with respondents designed to develop a better understanding
of what they think and feel concerning a research topic.

2-8
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
28. Redstone Inc. manufactures and markets computer games. Its latest game, Warrior Xero, is
designed specifically for teenagers. The company recently implemented a free trial where it invited
teenagers to its office to play the game. After the free trial, the company's market research
executives conducted discussion sessions with the teenagers to gain insights into the product and
whether any changes needed to be made. The research conducted by Redstone Inc. best
exemplifies .

A. observational research
B. focus groups
C. mathematical modeling
D. group experiments

29. Which of the following types of research methods typically involves discussions among a small
number of customers led by an interviewer and is designed to generate insights and ideas about
products and brands?

A. Observational research
B. Long interviews
C. Projective techniques
D. Focus groups

30. involves interacting with a single respondent for several hours and is designed to find out the
meanings various products and brands have for an individual.

A. Observational research
B. A long interview
C. Mathematical modeling
D. An experiment

2-9
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
31. Warner Implants, a pioneer in the industry for medical implants, launched a revolutionary cardiac
implant in the year 2000. As part of its promotional strategy, the marketing team at Warner
Implants conducted individual discussions with a few customers. These discussions were aimed at
understanding the meaning its implants brought to the lives of the customers. This scenario best
illustrates the use of as a mode of research.

A. observation
B. mathematical modeling
C. experiments
D. long interviews

32. Quantitative research involves:

A. systematic procedures designed to obtain and analyze numerical data.


B. interviews with several people at a time to generate insights about a product.
C. discussions among a small number of individuals led by an interviewer.
D. face-to-face interviews with respondents to develop a better understanding of what they think.

33. M&N Inc., a cosmetics company, recently launched a marketing initiative for its line of organic
cosmetics. Its marketing team undertook a campaign where it invited women to sample the
cosmetics in malls and then asked them to fill questionnaires about the cosmetics. Which of the
following methods of collecting data did the marketing team of M&N utilize in this scenario?

A. Observational research
B. Interviews
C. Mathematical modeling
D. Survey research

2-10
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
34. The customer service department at Mercury, a department store, noticed that the store's
exchange process creates a lot of stress for its customers. Customers need to visit several counters
before their product is finally exchanged for another. Customer service management has decided
to send questionnaires to customers, asking them to respond to a list of questions and to provide
suggestions for improving the exchange situation in the store. In this scenario, management is
using the research method.

A. focus group
B. survey
C. observational
D. experimental

35. In the context of quantitative research in marketing, which of the following statements is true of
observational research?

A. It involves the development of equations to model relationships among variables.


B. It involves manipulating one variable and examining its impact on other variables.
C. It involves watching people and recording relevant facts and behaviors.
D. It involves the collection of data by means of a questionnaire by mail, phone, online, or in
person.

36. Spark Inc., an online fashion brand, is scouting for locations to open its first brick-and-mortar store
in New York. It assigns researchers to various commercial intersections in the city and asks them to
make a brief study of the movement of people around these intersections. The information
gathered from this research will help Spark pick the most viable location. This type of research is
best classified as .

A. survey research
B. observational research
C. experimental research
D. focus group research

2-11
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
37. Jeremy, the manager at Orion Department Store, has noticed fluctuations in the sales of certain
products after a change in the store layout. While certain products have shown an increase in
sales, the sale of other products has declined considerably. Jeremy wants to make note of the
areas of the store that customers frequent and those that they avoid. He hopes to gain sufficient
insight in order to create a better store layout and get sales back to normal. In this scenario,
Jeremy is most likely to use the method of .

A. observational research
B. mathematical modeling
C. experimental research
D. projective technique

38. Which of the following kinds of research collects data by means of a feedback form through mail,
phone, or in person?

A. Experimental research
B. Mathematical modeling
C. Survey research
D. Observational research

39. Soy and Soup, a restaurant in the city of Uberlin, wants to open a vegan restaurant in the city of
Prim. To ensure that Prim has a market for vegan food, Soy and Soup conducts research on the
market. It sends out a team of researchers to conduct short interviews with the public asking a
standard set of questions about the kinds of food they enjoy eating and whether they would like to
eat at a restaurant that serves only vegan food. Which of the following research methods has Soy
and Soup used in this scenario?

A. Experimental research
B. Archival research
C. Survey research
D. Observational research

2-12
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
40. The marketing team at Shine Inc. is conducting research to determine why its perfume sales have
dropped suddenly and drastically. The marketing manager, Adriano, is wondering if the drop in
sales is a result of a recent and controversial newspaper article about the company's use of animal
fat in its perfumes. He sends out a questionnaire by e-mail to Shine Inc.'s wide customer base to
gather relevant information. Which of the following types of research methods is Adriano using in
this scenario?

A. Observational research
B. Experimental research
C. Survey research
D. Mathematical modeling

41. GenX Techware Inc. is a manufacturer of computer monitors in the city of Osmon. Its marketing
team conducts research to determine whether sales among women are likely to rise in response to
the availability of brightly colored monitors. The team creates a set of written questions to be
answered by a group of over 3,500 female respondents all over the city and mails these questions
to respondents. Based on the data it obtains, GenX will make a decision about whether or not to
launch brightly colored monitors. This scenario best exemplifies the method of .

A. observational research
B. archival research
C. experimental research
D. survey research

42. Which of the following is a research method that deals with manipulating one variable and
examining its impact on other variables?

A. Marketing audit
B. Observational research
C. Archival research
D. Experimental research

2-13
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
43. Which of the following qualitative research methods is most likely to provide a better idea of the
causal relationships among variables?

A. Marketing audit
B. Observational research
C. Archival research
D. Experimental research

44. Rolly Inc., a candymaker and retailer, increases its candy prices by 10 percent in one of its stores
while retaining existing prices in all its other stores. It then compares its sales in the test store to
sales in its other stores. The information collected provides Rolly with evidence about the impact of
price changes on its customers. The type of research used at Rolly Inc. best exemplifies .

A. experimental research
B. mathematical modeling
C. observational research
D. survey research

45. A marketer of yo-yos wants to know how an increase in price will affect its sales. It uses a test store
where it increases the price of the yo-yos by 15 percent and then studies its impact on sales.
Comparing its sales in the test store with those in other stores provides information about the
likely impact of a price change in the overall market. Identify the type of market research method
most likely used in this scenario.

A. Experimental research
B. Mathematical modeling
C. Observational research
D. Focus group

2-14
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
46. Which of the following is true of the experimental research method?

A. It involves the collection of data by means of a questionnaire.


B. It cannot be used to understand causal relationships between variables.
C. It is difficult to design and administer effectively in natural settings.
D. It is extremely useful in cases where the research involves very large data sets.

47. Marketing research experiments are conducted in laboratories or simulated stores:

A. to carefully control other variables that could impact results.


B. because experiments cannot be administered in natural settings.
C. to identify beliefs, attitudes, and other unquantifiable data.
D. because respondents are more likely to be natural in laboratory settings.

48. Which of the following types of research involves the application of econometric or statistical
techniques to secondary data, such as scanner data collected and stored in computer files from
retail checkout counters?

A. Focus groups research


B. Observational research
C. Mathematical modeling
D. Qualitative research

2-15
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
From whence the race of Alban fathers come
And the long glories of majestic Rome.

—Dryden.

I sing of arms, I sing of him, who from the Trojan land,


Thrust forth by Fate, to Italy and that Lavinian strand
First came: all tost about was he on earth and on the deep
By heavenly might for Juno’s wrath, that had no mind to sleep:
And plenteous war he underwent ere he his town might frame,
And set his gods in Latian earth, whence is the Latin name.
And father-folk of Alba-town, and walls of mighty Rome.

—Morris.

Arms and the man I sing, who first,


By Fate of Ilian realm amerced,
To fair Italia onward bore,
And landed on Lavinium’s shore:—
Long tossing earth and ocean o’er,
By violence of heaven, to sate
Fell Juno’s unrelenting hate;
Much labored too in battle-field,
Striving his city’s walls to build,
And give his gods a home:
Thence come the hardy Latin brood,
The ancient sires of Alba’s blood,
And lofty-rampired Rome.

—Conington.

I sing of arms, and of the man who first


Came from the coasts of Troy to Italy
And the Lavinian shores, exiled by fate,
Much was he tossed about upon the lands
And in the ocean by supernal powers,
Because of cruel Juno’s sleepless wrath.
Many things also suffered he in war,
Until he built a city, and his gods
Brought into Latium; whence the Latin race,
The Alban sires and walls of lofty Rome.

—Cranch.
I sing of war, I sing the man who erst,
From off the shore of Troy fate-hunted, came
To the Lavinian coast in Italy,
Hard pressed on land and sea, the gods malign,
Fierce Juno’s hate unslaked. Much too in war
He bore while he a city built, and set
His gods in Latium. Thence the Latin race,
Our Alban sires, the walls of haughty Rome.

—Long.

Arms and the man I sing who first, from Troy


Expelled by Fate’s decree, to Italy
And the Lavinian shores, a wanderer came.
Sore travail he endured by land and sea
From adverse gods, and unrelenting rage
Of haughty Juno: harassed, too, by war,
His destined city while he strove to build
And raise new altars for his exiled gods.
The Latian race, the Alban fathers hence
Their birth derived—hence Rome’s proud fabric sprung.

—Rickards.

(In hexameters.)
Arms and the hero I sing, who of old from the borders of Troja
Came to Italia, banished by fate to Lavinia’s destined
Sea coasts: Much was he tossed on the lands and the deep by enlisted
Might of supernals, through Juno’s remembered resentment:
Much, too, he suffered in warfare, while he was founding a city,
And into Latium bearing his gods: whence issued the Latin
Race, and the Alban fathers, and walls of imperial Roma.

—Crane.

Sing I the arms and the man, who first from the shores of the Trojan,
Driven by Fate, into Italy came, to Lavinium’s borders
Much was he vexed by the power of the gods, on the land and the ocean,
Through the implacable wrath of the vengeful and pitiless Juno;
Much, too, he suffered in war, until he could found him a city,
And into Latium carry his gods; whence the race of the Latins,
Alba’s illustrious fathers, and Rome’s imperial bulwarks.
—Howland.

Chronological Table

b.c.
98. Birth of Lucretius.
87. Birth of Catullus.
70. Virgil is born.
69. Birth of Mæcenas; Cicero is ædile.
66. Cicero is prætor.
65. Horace is born.
63. Birth of Octavius (afterward Gaius Julius Cæsar Octavianus
Augustus). Cicero’s consulship and Orations against
Catiline.
60. First Triumvirate (Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus).
58. Cicero banished. Cæsar begins conquest of Gaul.
57. Cicero recalled from exile.
55. Virgil assumes the toga virilis. Death of Lucretius, Cæsar in
Britain.
54. Virgil studies in Milan. Death of Catullus. Cicero edits
Lucretius’ On Nature, and (perhaps) Catullus’ Odes, and
begins his essay On the State.
53. Virgil goes to Rome: Horace is also taken there. Cicero is
augur. Parthians defeat Romans at Carrhæ.
52. Cicero’s Oration for Milo.
51. Cicero proconsul in Cilicia.
49. Civil War. Cæsar marches on Rome, bestowing Roman
citizenship on Italians north of the Po. Pompey leaves
Italy.
48. Battle of Pharsalia. Assassination of Pompey.
46. Battle of Thapsus. Suicide of Cato at Utica.
45. Horace goes to Athens.
44. Cæsar assassinated: Octavius, adopted in his will, assumes
his name. Cicero’s Philippics.
43. Birth of Ovid. Second Triumvirate (Octavianus, Antony, and
Lepidus). Assassination of Cicero. Civil war with Brutus
and Cassius. Horace a tribune in Brutus’ army.
42. Battles of Philippi. Death of Brutus and Cassius.
41. Confiscations by the triumvirs. Virgil introduced to Mæcenas
and Octavianus. Horace returns to Rome.
40. Virgil restored to his estate.
39. Horace introduced to Mæcenas by Virgil and Varius.
37. Virgil publishes Eclogues. Phraates king of Parthia.
36. Antony invades Parthia.
35. Horace publishes First Book of Satires.
33. Phraates attacks Armenia and Media.
31. Battle of Actium. Overthrow of Antony. Octavianus visits the
East.
30. Horace publishes Second Book of Satires and his Epodes.
29. Octavianus returns from the East and celebrates threefold
triumph. Temple of Janus closed in sign of peace. Virgil
publishes Georgics.
27. Octavianus receives the title of Augustus.
26. Augustus in Spain corresponds with Virgil.
24. Horace (probably) publishes first Three Books of Odes.
23. Death of Marcellus. Virgil reads portions of the Æneid to
Augustus.
20. Expedition of Augustus to the East. Parthians restore
standards taken at Carrhæ.
19. Virgil journeys to Greece. Returns with Augustus. Dies at
Brundisium. Augustus directs Virgil’s friend Varius and
Tucca to edit the Æneid.
18. Horace publishes First Book of Epistles.
17. The Secular Festival. Horace writes the Secular Hymn.
13. Horace publishes Fourth Book of Odes.
8. Death of Mæcenas and Horace.
Verse Translations Recommended
Dryden; Conington (Crowell, New York); William Morris (Roberts
Brothers, Boston); Cranch; Long (Lockwood Brooks & Co., Boston);
Crane (Baker & Taylor Co., New York); Howland (D. Appleton & Co.,
New York), Rickards (Books I.-VI., Blackwood & Sons, London);
Rhoades (Longmans); Billson (Edward Arnold, London).

Books for Reference


Roman Poets of the Augustan Age, Sellar (Oxford, Clarendon
Press); Virgil, Nettleship (Appletons), and in his Lectures and Essays
(Oxford); Classical Essays, F. W. H. Myers (Macmillan); Studies in
Virgil, Glover (Edward Arnold, London); Country of Horace and Virgil,
Boissier (Putnam); Master Virgil, Tunison (Robert Clark & Co.,
Cincinnati); Vergil in the Middle Ages, Comparetti (Sonnenschein,
London); Legends of Virgil, Leland (Macmillan); Histories of Roman
Literature by Teuffel (George Bell & Sons, London), Browne (Bentley,
London), Cruttwell (Scribners, N.Y.), Simcox (Harpers, N.Y.). Æneas
as a Character Study, Miller (Latine, Vol. IV., p. 18).

Subjects for Investigation


(Miller, in Latine for January, 1886.)
(1) Virgilian Proverbs. (2) A Word Study. (3) Fatalism in Virgil. (4)
Virgil’s Pictures of Roman Customs. (5) Pen Pictures. (6) Astronomy
in Virgil. (7) Virgil’s Debt to Homer. (8) Milton’s Debt to Virgil. (9)
Virgil’s Gods and Religious Rites. (10) Omens and Oracles. (11)
Virgil’s Influence upon Literature in General. (12) Figures in Virgil.
(13) Virgilian Herbarium. (14) Detailed Account of the Wandering of
Æneas. (15) The Geography of Virgil. (16) Virgil as a Poet of Nature.
(17) Virgil’s Life as gleaned from his Works. [(18) The Manuscript
Texts of Virgil.] (19) Virgilian Translators and Commentators. (20)
Some Noted Passages—why? (21) The Platonism of the Sixth Book.
(22) Dryden’s Dictum Discussed, (23) Dante—The Later Virgil. [(24)
The Prosody of Virgil.] (25) Dido—A Psychological Study. (28) Æneas
—A Character Study. [(27) Testimonium Veterum de Vergilio.] (28)
Virgil and Theocritus. (29) Virgil’s Creations. (30) Epithets of Æneas.
(31) The Virgilian Birds. (32) Was Virgil Acquainted with the Hebrew
Scriptures? (33) Visions and Dreams—Supernatural Means of Spirit
Communication. (34) Night Scenes in Virgil. (35) Different Names for
Trojans and Greeks and their Significance. (36) The Story of the
Æneid.
VIRGIL’S ÆNEID
THE ÆNEID
BOOK I
Arms and the man I sing,[1] who at the first from Troy’s[2]
shores the exile of destiny, won his way to Italy and her
Latian[3] coast—a man much buffeted on land and on the
deep by violence from above, to sate the unforgetting wrath
of Juno[4] the cruel—much[5] scourged too in war, as he 5
struggled to build him a city, and find his gods a home in
Latium—himself the father of the Latian people, and the
chiefs of Alba’s[6] houses, and the walls of high towering
Rome.

Bring to my mind, O Muse,[7] the causes—for what 10


treason against her godhead, or what pain received, the
queen of heaven drove a man of piety so signal to turn
the wheel of so many calamities, to bear the brunt of so
many hardships! Can heavenly natures hate[8] so fiercely
and so long? 15

Of old there was a city, its people emigrants from


Tyre,[9] Carthage, over against Italy and Tiber’s mouths,
yet far removed—rich and mighty, and formed to all
roughness by war’s[10] iron trade—a spot where Juno, it
was said, loved to dwell more than in all the world beside, 20
Samos[11] holding but the second place. Here was her
armour, here her chariot—here to fix by her royal act
the empire of the nations, could Fate be brought to assent,
was even then her aim, her cherished scheme. But she
had heard that the blood of Troy was sowing the seed of a 25
race to overturn one day those Tyrian towers—from that
seed a nation, monarch of broad realms and glorious in
war, was to bring ruin on Libya[12]—such the turning of
Fate’s[13] wheel. With these fears Saturn’s[14] daughter, and
with a lively memory of that old war which at first she
had waged at Troy for her loved Argos’[15] sake—nor indeed
had the causes of that feud and the bitter pangs
they roused yet vanished from her mind—no, stored up 5
in her soul’s depths remains the judgment of Paris,[16] and
the wrong done to her slighted beauty, and the race abhorred
from the womb, and the state enjoyed by the
ravished Ganymede.[17] With this fuel added to the fire,
the Trojans, poor remnants of Danaan[18] havoc and 10
Achilles’[19] ruthless spear, she was tossing from sea to sea,
and keeping far away from Latium; and for many long
years they were wandering, with destiny still driving
them, the whole ocean round. So vast the effort it cost
to build up the Roman nation! 15

Scarce out of sight of the land of Sicily were they spreading


their sails merrily to the deep, and scattering with
their brazen prows the briny spray, when Juno, the everlasting
wound still rankling in her heart’s core, thus communed
with herself: “And am I to give up what I have 20
taken in hand, baffled, nor have power to prevent the king
of the Teucrians[20] from reaching Italy—because, forsooth,
the Fates forbid me? What! was Pallas[21] strong enough
to burn up utterly the Grecian fleet, and whelm the crews
in the sea, for the offence of a single man, the frenzy of 25
Ajax,[22] Oïleus’ son? Aye, she with her own hand launched
from the clouds Jove’s[23] winged fire, dashed the ships apart,
and turned up the sea-floor with the wind—him, gasping
out the flame which pierced his bosom, she caught in the
blast, and impaled on a rock’s[24] point—while I, who walk 30
the sky as its queen, Jove’s sister and consort both, am
battling with a single nation these many years. And are
there any found to pray to Juno’s deity after this, or lay
on her altar a suppliant’s gift?”

With such thoughts sweeping through the solitude of 35


her enkindled breast, the goddess comes to the storm-cloud’s
birthplace, the teeming womb of fierce southern
blasts, Æolia.[25] Here, in a vast cavern,[26] King Æolus[27]
is bowing to his sway struggling winds and howling tempests,
and bridling them with bond[28] and prison. They,
in their passion, are raving at the closed doors, while the
huge rock roars responsive: Æolus is sitting aloft in his
fortress, his sceptre in his hand, soothing their moods 5
and allaying their rage; were he to fail in this, why sea
and land, and the deep of heaven, would all be forced
along by their blast, and swept through the air. But
the almighty sire has buried them in caverns dark and
deep, with this fear before his eyes, and placed over them 10
giant bulk and tall mountains, and given them a king
who, by the terms of his compact, should know how to
tighten or slacken the reins at his patron’s will. To him
it was that Juno then, in these words, made her humble
request:— 15

“Æolus—for it is to thee that the sire of gods and king


of men has given it with the winds now to calm, now to
rouse the billows—there is a race which I love not now
sailing the Tyrrhene[29] sea, carrying Ilion[30] into Italy and
Ilion’s vanquished gods; do thou lash the winds to fury, 20
sink and whelm their ships, or scatter them apart, and
strew the ocean with their corpses. Twice seven nymphs
are of my train, all of surpassing beauty; of these her whose
form is fairest, Deiopea, I will unite to thee in lasting wedlock,
and consecrate her thy own, that all her days, for a 25
service so great, she may pass with thee, and make thee
father of a goodly progeny.”

Æolus returns: “Thine, great Queen, is the task to


search out on what thou mayest fix thy heart; for me to do
thy bidding[31] is but right. Thou makest this poor realm 30
mine, mine the sceptre and Jove’s smile; thou givest me a
couch at the banquets of the gods, and makest me lord
of the storm-cloud and of the tempest.”

So soon as this was said, he turned his spear, and pushed


the hollow mountain on its side; and the winds, as though 35
in column formed, rush forth[32] where they see any outlet,
and sweep over the earth in hurricane. Heavily they
fall[33] on the sea, and from its very bottom crash down the
whole expanse—one and all, east and south, and south-west,
with his storms thronging at his back, and roll huge
billows shoreward. Hark to the shrieks of the crew, and
the creaking of the cables! In an instant the clouds
snatch sky and daylight[34] from the Teucrians’ eyes—night 5
lies on the deep, black and heavy—pole thunders to
pole; heaven flashes thick with fires, and all nature
brandishes instant death in the seaman’s face. At once
Æneas’[35] limbs are unstrung and chilled[36]—he groans
aloud, and, stretching his clasped hands to the stars, 10
fetches from his breast words like these:—“O happy,
thrice[37] and again, whose lot it was, in their fathers’ sight,
under Troy’s high walls to meet death! O thou, the bravest
of the Danaan race, Tydeus’ son,[38] why was it not mine
to lay me low on Ilion’s plains, and yield this fated life to 15
thy right hand? Aye, there it is that Hector,[39] stern as
in life, lies stretched by the spear of Æacides[40]—there
lies Sarpedon’s[41] giant bulk—there it is that Simois[42]
seizes and sweeps down her channel those many shields
and helms, and bodies of the brave!” 20
Such words as he flung wildly forth, a blast roaring from
the north strikes his sail full in front and lifts the billows
to the stars.[43] Shattered are the oars; then the prow
turns and presents the ship’s side to the waves; down
crashes in a heap a craggy mountain of water. Look! 25
these are hanging on the surge’s crest[44]—to those the
yawning deep is giving a glimpse of land down among
the billows; surf and sand are raving together. Three
ships the south catches, and flings upon hidden rocks—rocks 30
which, as they stand with the waves all about them,
the Italians call Altars, an enormous ridge rising above
the sea. Three the east drives from the main on to shallows
and Syrtes,[45] a piteous sight, and dashes them on
shoals, and embanks them in mounds of sand. One in
which the Lycians were sailing, and true Orontes, a 35
mighty sea strikes from high on the stem before Æneas’
very eyes; down goes the helmsman, washed from his
post, and topples on his head, while she is thrice whirled
round by the billow in the spot where she lay, and swallowed
at once by the greedy gulf. You might see them
here and there swimming in that vast abyss—heroes’
arms, and planks, and Troy’s treasures glimmering through
the water. Already Ilioneus’ stout ship, already brave 5
Achates’, and that in which Abas sailed, and that which
carried old Aletes, are worsted by the storm; their side-jointings[46]
loosened, one and all give entrance to the
watery foe, and part failingly asunder.

Meantime the roaring riot of the ocean and the storm let 10
loose reached the sense of Neptune,[47] and the still waters
disgorged from their deep beds, troubling him grievously;
and casting a broad glance over the main he raised at
once his tranquil brow from the water’s surface. There
he sees Æneas’ fleet tossed hither and thither over the 15
whole expanse—the Trojans whelmed under the billows,
and the crashing ruin of the sky—nor failed the brother
to read Juno’s craft and hatred there. East and West
he calls before him, and bespeaks them thus:—“Are ye
then so wholly o’ermastered by the pride of your birth? 20
Have ye come to this, ye Winds, that, without sanction
from me, ye dare to confound[48] sea and land, and upheave
these mighty mountains? ye! whom I—but it were best
to calm the billows ye have troubled. Henceforth ye
shall pay me for your crimes in far other coin. Make 25
good speed with your flight, and give your king this message.
Not to him did the lot assign the empire of the sea
and the terrible trident, but to me. His sway is over those
enormous rocks, where you, Eurus,[49] dwell, and such as
you; in that court let Æolus lord it, and rule in the prison-house 30
of the winds when its doors are barred.”

He speaks, and ere his words are done soothes the swelling
waters, and routs[50] the mustered clouds, and brings
back the sun in triumph. Cymothoë and Triton[51] combine
their efforts to push off the vessels from the sharp-pointed 35
rock. The god himself upheaves them with his
own trident,[52] and levels the great quicksands, and allays
the sea, and on chariot-wheels of lightest motion glides
along the water’s top. Even as when in a great crowd tumult
is oft stirred up, and the base herd waxes wild and frantic,
and brands and stones are flying already, rage suiting
the weapon[53] to the hand—at that moment, should their
eyes fall on some man of weight, for duty done and public 5
worth, tongues are hushed and ears fixed in attention,
while his words sway the spirit and soothe the breast—so
fell all the thunders of the ocean, so soon as the great
father, with the waves before him in prospect, and the
clear sky all about him, guides his steeds at will, and as he 10
flies flings out the reins freely to his obedient car.
Spent with toil, the family of Æneas labour to gain the
shore that may be nearest, and are carried to the coasts
of Libya. There is a spot retiring deep into the land, where
an island forms a haven[54] by the barrier of its sides, which 15
break every billow from the main and send it shattered
into the deep indented hollows. On either side of the bay are
huge rocks, and two great crags rising in menace to the
sky; under their summits far and wide the water is hushed
in shelter, while a theatric background of waving woods, 20
a black forest of stiffening shade, overhangs it from the
height. Under the brow that fronts the deep is a cave
with pendent crags; within there are fresh springs and
seats in the living rock—the home of the nymphs; no
need of cable[55] here to confine the weary bark or anchor’s 25
crooked fang to grapple her to the shore. Here with seven
ships mustered from his whole fleet Æneas enters; and
with intense yearning for dry land the Trojans disembark
and take possession of the wished-for shore, and lay their
brine-drenched limbs upon the beach. And first Achates 30
from a flint struck out a spark, and received the fire as it
dropped in a cradle of leaves, and placed dry food all about
it, and spread the strong blaze among the tinder. Then
their corn, soaked and spoiled as it was, and the corn-goddess’
armoury they bring out, sick of fortune; and make 35
ready to parch the rescued grain at the fire, and crush it
with the millstone.

Æneas meanwhile clambers up a rock, and tries to get a


full view far and wide over the sea, if haply he may see
aught of Antheus, driven by the gale, and the Phrygian
biremes,[56] or Capys, or high on the stern the arms of Caicus.
Sail there is none in sight; three stags he sees at distance
straying on the shore; these the whole herd follows in the 5
rear, and grazes along the hollows in long array. At once
he took his stand, and caught up a bow and fleet arrows,
which true Achates chanced to be carrying, and lays low first
the leaders themselves, as they bear their heads aloft with
tree-like antlers, then the meaner sort, and scatters with 10
his pursuing shafts the whole rout among the leafy woods;
nor stays his hand till he stretches on earth victoriously
seven huge bodies, and makes the sum of them even with
his ships. Then he returns to the haven and gives all his
comrades their shares. The wine next, which that good 15
Acestes had stowed in casks on the Trinacrian shore, and
given them at parting with his own princely hand, he
portions out, and speaks words of comfort to their sorrowing
hearts:—

“Comrades! for comrades we are, no strangers to hardships 20


already; hearts that have felt deeper wounds! for
these too heaven will find a balm. Why, men, you have
even looked on Scylla[57] in her madness, and heard those
yells that thrill the rocks; you have even made trial of
the crags of the Cyclops.[58] Come, call your spirits back, 25
and banish these doleful fears—who knows but some
day this too will be remembered[59] with pleasure? Through
manifold chances, through these many perils of fortune,
we are making our way to Latium, where the Fates hold
out to us a quiet settlement; there Troy’s empire has 30
leave to rise again from its ashes. Bear up, and reserve
yourselves for brighter days.”

Such were the words his tongue uttered; heart-sick[60]


with overwhelming care, he wears the semblance of hope
in his face, but has grief deep buried in his heart. They 35
gird themselves to deal with the game, their forthcoming
meal; strip the hide from the ribs, and lay bare the flesh—some
cut it into pieces, and impale it yet quivering on
spits, others set up the caldrons on the beach, and supply
them with flame. Then with food they recall their
strength, and, stretched along the turf, feast on old wine
and fat venison to their hearts’ content. Their hunger
sated by the meal, and the boards removed, they vent in 5
long talk their anxious yearning for their missing comrades—
balanced
between hope and fear, whether to
think of them as alive, or as suffering the last change, and
deaf already to the voice that calls on them. But good
Æneas’ grief exceeds the rest; one moment he groans for 10
bold Orontes’ fortune, another for Amycus’, and in the
depth of his spirit laments for the cruel fate of Lycus;
for the gallant Gyas and the gallant Cloanthus.

And now at last their mourning had an end, when


Jupiter from the height of ether,[61] looking down on the sea 15
with its fluttering sails, on the flat surface of earth, the
shores, and the broad tribes of men, paused thus upon
heaven’s very summit, and fixed his downward gaze on
Libya’s realms. To him, revolving in his breast such
thoughts as these, sad beyond her wont, with tears suffusing 20
her starry eyes, speaks Venus: “O thou, who by thy
everlasting laws swayest the two commonwealths of men
and gods, and awest them by thy lightning! What can
my poor Æneas have done to merit thy wrath? What
can the Trojans? yet they, after the many deaths they 25
have suffered already, still find the whole world barred[62]
against them for Italy’s sake. From them assuredly it
was that the Romans, as years rolled on—from them were
to spring those warrior chiefs, aye from Teucer’s blood revived,
who should rule sea and land with absolute sway—such 30
was thy promise: how has thy purpose, O my father,
wrought a change in thee? This, I know, was my constant
solace when Troy’s star set in grievous ruin, as I sat balancing
destiny against destiny. And now here is the same
Fortune, pursuing the brave men she has so oft discomfited 35
already. Mighty king, what end of sufferings hast thou
to give them? Antenor,[63] indeed, found means to escape
through the midst of the Achæans, to thread in safety
the windings of the Illyrian coast, and the realms of the
Liburnians, up at the gulf’s head, and to pass the springs
of Timavus, whence through nine mouths,’mid the rocks’
responsive roar, the sea comes bursting up, and deluges
the fields with its thundering billows. Yet in that spot 5
he built the city of Patavium for his Trojans to dwell in,
and gave them a place and a name among the nations, and
set up a rest for the arms[64] of Troy: now he reposes, lapped
in the calm of peace. Meantime we, of thine own blood,
to whom thy nod secures the pinnacle of heaven, our ships, 10
most monstrous, lost, as thou seest, all to sate the malice
of one cruel heart, are given up to ruin, and severed far
from the Italian shores. Is this the reward of piety[65]?
Is this to restore a king to his throne?”

Smiling on her, the planter of gods and men, with that 15


face which calms the fitful moods of the sky, touched with
a kiss his daughter’s lips, then addressed her thus: “Give
thy fears a respite, lady of Cythera[66]: thy people’s destiny
abides still unchanged for thee; thine eyes shall see the
city of thy heart, the promised walls of Lavinium[67]; 20
thine arms shall bear aloft to the stars of heaven thy hero
Æneas; nor has my purpose wrought a change in me.
Thy hero—for I will speak out, in pity for the care that
rankles yet, and awaken the secrets of Fate’s book from
the distant pages where they slumber—thy hero shall 25
wage a mighty war in Italy, crush its haughty tribes, and
set up for his warriors a polity and a city, till the third
summer shall have seen him king over Latium, and three
winters in camp shall have passed over the Rutulians’[68]
defeat. But the boy Ascanius,[69] who has now the new 30
name of Iulus—Ilus he was, while the royalty of Ilion’s
state stood firm—shall let thirty of the sun’s great courses
fulfil their monthly rounds while he is sovereign, then
transfer the empire from Lavinium’s seat, and build
Alba the Long, with power and might. Here for full three 35
hundred years the crown shall be worn by Hector’s[70] line,
till a royal priestess, teeming by the war-god, Ilia, shall
be the mother of twin sons. Then shall there be one,
proud to wear the tawny hide of the wolf that nursed him,
Romulus, who will take up the sceptre, and build a new
city, the city of Mars, and give the people his own name
of Roman. To them I assign no limit, no date of empire:
my grant to them is dominion without end. Nay, Juno, 5
thy savage foe, who now, in her blind terror, lets neither
sea, land, nor heaven rest, shall amend her counsels, and
vie with me in watching over the Romans, lords of earth,
the great nation of the gown. So it is willed. The time
shall come, as Rome’s years roll on, when the house of 10
Assaracus[71] shall bend to its yoke Phthia[72] and renowned
Mycenæ,[73] and queen it over vanquished Argos.[74] Then shall
be born the child of an illustrious line, one of thine own
Trojans, Cæsar, born to extend his empire to the ocean, his
glory to the stars,[75]—Julius, in name as in blood the heir of 15
great Iulus. Him thou shalt one day welcome in safety to
the sky, a warrior laden with Eastern spoils; to him, as to
Æneas, men shall pray and make their vows. In his days
war[76] shall cease, and savage times grow mild. Faith with
her hoary head, and Vesta,[77] Quirinus,[78] and Remus his 20
brother, shall give law to the world: grim, iron-bound,
closely welded, the gates of war shall be closed; the fiend
of Discord a prisoner within, seated on a pile of arms deadly
as himself, his hands bound behind his back with a hundred
brazen chains, shall roar ghastly from his throat of blood.” 25
So saying, he sends down from on high the son of Maia,[79]
that Carthage the new, her lands and her towers, may
open themselves to welcome in the Teucrians, lest Dido,[80]
in her ignorance of Fate, should drive them from her
borders. Down flies Mercury through the vast abyss of 30
air, with his wings for oars, and has speedily alighted on
the shore of Libya. See! he is doing his bidding already:
the Punic[81] nation is resigning the fierceness of its nature
at the god’s pleasure; above all the rest, the queen is
admitting into her bosom thoughts of peace towards the 35
Teucrians, and a heart of kindness.

But Æneas the good, revolving many things the whole


night through, soon as the gracious dawn is vouchsafed,
resolves to go out and explore this new region; to inquire
what shores be these on which the wind has driven him,
who their dwellers, for he sees it is a wilderness, men or
beasts; and bring his comrades back the news. His
fleet he hides in the wooded cove under a hollow rock, 5
with a wall of trees and stiffening shade on each side.
He moves on with Achates, his single companion, wielding
in his hands two spear shafts, with heads of broad iron.
He had reached the middle of the wood, when his way
was crossed by his mother, wearing a maiden’s mien and 10
dress, and a maiden’s armour, Spartan, or even as Harpalyce
of Thrace, tires steed after steed, and heads the swift
waters of her own Hebrus as she flies along. For she had
a shapely bow duly slung from her shoulders in true huntress
fashion, and her hair streaming in the wind, her knee 15
bare, and her flowing scarf gathered round her in a knot.
Soon as she sees them, “Ho![82] youths,” cries she, “if you
have chanced to see one of my sisters wandering in these
parts, tell me where to find her—wandering with a quiver,
and a spotted lynx hide fastened about her; or, it may 20
be, pressing on the heels of the foaming boar with her
hounds in full cry.”

Thus Venus spoke, and Venus’ son replied:—“No sight


or hearing have we had of any sister of thine, O thou—what
name shall I give thee? maiden; for thy face is not 25
of earth, nor the tone of thy voice human: some goddess[83]
surely thou art. Phœbus’[84] sister belike, or one of the
blood of the nymphs? be gracious, whoe’er thou art, and
relieve our hardship, and tell us under what sky now,
on what realms of earth we are thrown. Utter strangers 30
to the men and the place, we are wandering, as thou seest,
by the driving of the wind and of the mighty waters.
Do this, and many a victim shall fall to thee at the altar
by this hand of mine.”

Then Venus:—“Nay, I can lay claim to no such honours. 35


Tyrian maidens, like me, are wont to carry the
quiver, and tie the purple buskin high up the calf. This
that you now see is the Punic realm, the nation Tyrian
and the town Agenor’s[85]; but on the frontiers are the
Libyans, a race ill to handle in war. The queen is Dido,
who left her home in Tyre to escape from her brother.
Lengthy is her tale of wrong, lengthy the windings of its
course; but I will pass rapidly from point to point. Her 5
husband was Sychæus, wealthiest of Phœnician landowners,
and loved by his poor wife with fervid passion;
on him her father had bestowed her in her maiden bloom,
linking them together by the omens of a first bridal. But
the crown of Tyre was on the head of her brother, Pygmalion, 10
in crime monstrous beyond the rest of men.
They were two, and fury came between them. Impious
that he was, at the very altar of the palace, the love of
gold blinding his eyes, he surprises Sychæus with his
stealthy steel, and lays him low, without a thought for 15
his sister’s passion; he kept the deed long concealed,
and with many a base coinage sustained the mockery
of false hope[86] in her pining love-lorn heart. But lo! in
her sleep there came to her no less than the semblance of
her unburied spouse, lifting up a face of strange unearthly 20
pallor; the ruthless altar and his breast gored with the
steel, he laid bare the one and the other, and unveiled
from first to last the dark domestic crime. Then he urges
her to speed her flight, and quit her home for ever, and in
aid of her journey unseals a hoard of treasure long hid in 25
the earth, a mass of silver and gold which none else knew.
Dido’s soul was stirred; she began to make ready her
flight, and friends to share it. There they meet, all whose
hate of the tyrant was fell or whose fear was bitter; ships,
that chanced to lie ready in the harbour, they seize, and 30
freight with gold. Away it floats over the deep, the
greedy Pygmalion’s wealth; and who heads the enterprise?
a woman[87]! So they came to the spot where you
now see yonder those lofty walls, and the rising citadel
of Carthage the new; there they bought ground, which 35
got from the transaction the name of Byrsa,[88] as much as
they could compass round with a bull’s hide. But who
are you after all? What coast are you come from, or
whither are you holding on your journey?” That question
he answers thus, with a heavy sigh, and a voice
fetched from the bottom of his heart:—

“Fair goddess! should I begin from the first and proceed


in order, and hadst thou leisure to listen to the chronicle 5
of our sufferings, eve would first close the Olympian gates
and lay the day to sleep. For us, bound from ancient
Troy, if the name of Troy has ever chanced to pass through
a Tyrian ear, wanderers over divers seas already, we have
been driven by a storm’s wild will upon your Libyan 10
coasts. I am Æneas, styled the good, who am bearing
with me in my fleet the gods of Troy rescued from the
foe; a name blazed by rumour above the stars. I am in
quest of Italy, looking there for an ancestral home, and a
pedigree drawn from high Jove himself. With twice ten 15
ships I climbed the Phrygian main, with a goddess mother
guiding me on my way, and a chart of oracles to follow.
Scarce seven remain to me now, shattered by wind and
wave. Here am I, a stranger, nay, a beggar, wandering
over your Libyan deserts, driven from Europe and Asia 20
alike.” Venus could bear the complaint no longer, so
she thus struck into the middle of his sorrows:—

“Whoever you are, it is not, I trow, under the frown of


heavenly powers that you draw the breath of life,[89] thus to
have arrived at our Tyrian town. Only go on, and make 25
your way straight hence to the queen’s palace. For I
give you news that your comrades are returned and your
fleet brought back, wafted into shelter by shifting gales,
unless my learning of augury was vain, and the parents
who taught me cheats. Look at these twelve swans 30
exultant in victorious column, which the bird of Jove,[90]
swooping from the height of ether, was just now driving
in confusion over the wide unsheltered sky; see now how
their line stretches, some alighting on the ground, others
just looking down on those alighted. As they, thus rallied, 35
ply their whirring wings[91] in sport, spreading their train
round the sky, and uttering songs of triumph, even so
your vessels and your gallant crews are either safe in the
port, or entering the haven with sails full spread. Only
go on, and where the way leads you direct your steps.”

She said, and as she turned away, flashed on their sight


her neck’s roseate hue; her ambrosial locks breathed from
her head a heavenly fragrance; her robe streamed down 5
to her very feet; and in her walk[92] was revealed the true
goddess. Soon as he knew his mother, he pursued her
flying steps with words like these:—“Why wilt thou be
cruel like the rest, mocking thy son these many times
with feigned semblances? Why is it not mine to grasp 10
thy hand in my hand, and hear and return the true language
of the heart?” Such are his upbraidings, while he
yet bends his way to the town. But Venus fenced them
round with a dim cloud as they moved, and wrapped them
as a goddess only can in a spreading mantle of mist, that 15
none might be able to see them, none to touch them, or
put hindrances in their path, or ask the reason of their coming.
She takes her way aloft to Paphos,[93] glad to revisit
the abode she loves, where she has a temple and a hundred
altars, smoking with Sabæan[94] incense, and fragrant with 20
garlands ever new.

They, meanwhile, have pushed on their way, where the


path guides them, and already they are climbing the hill
which hangs heavily over the city, and looks from above
on the towers that rise to meet it. Æneas marvels at the 25
mass of building, once a mere village of huts; marvels at
the gates, and the civic din, and the paved ways. The
Tyrians are alive and on fire—intent, some on carrying
the walls aloft and upheaving the citadel, and rolling
stones from underneath by force of hand; some on making 30
choice of a site for a dwelling, and enclosing it with a
trench. They are ordaining the law and its guardians, and
the senate’s sacred majesty. Here are some digging out
havens; there are others laying deep the foundation of a
theatre, and hewing from the rocks enormous columns, 35
the lofty ornaments of a stage that is to be. Such are the
toils that keep the commonwealth of bees[95] at work
in the sun among the flowery meads when summer is
new, what time they lead out the nation’s hope, the young
now grown, or mass together honey, clear and flowing, and
strain the cells to bursting with its nectarous sweets, or
relieve those who are coming in of their burdens, or collect
a troop and expel from their stalls the drones, that lazy, 5
thriftless herd. The work is all afire, and a scent of thyme
breathes from the fragrant honey. “O happy they, whose
city is rising already!” cries Æneas, as he looks upward
to roof and dome. In he goes, close fenced by his cloud,
miraculous to tell, threads his way through the midst, 10
and mingles with the citizens, unperceived of all.

A grove there was in the heart of the city, most plenteous


of shade—the spot where first, fresh from the buffeting of
wave and wind, the Punic race dug up the token which
queenly Juno had bidden them expect, the head of a fiery 15
steed—for even thus, said she, the nation should be renowned
in war and rich in sustenance for a life of centuries.
Here Dido, Sidon’s[96] daughter, was building a vast temple
to Juno, rich in offerings and in the goddess’s especial
presence; of brass was the threshold with its rising steps, 20
clamped with brass the door-posts, the hinge creaked on
a door of brass. In this grove it was that first a new object
appeared, as before, to soothe away fear: here it was that
Æneas first dared to hope that all was safe, and to place a
better trust in his shattered fortunes. For while his eye 25
ranges over each part under the temple’s massy roof, as
he waits there for the queen—while he is marvelling at
the city’s prosperous star, the various artist-hands vying
with each other, their tasks and the toil they cost, he
beholds, scene after scene, the battles of Ilion, and the 30
war that Fame had already blazed the whole world over—Atreus’[o]
sons, and Priam, and the enemy of both,
Achilles. He stopped short, and breaking into tears,
“What place is there left?” he cries, “Achates, what
clime on earth that is not full of our sad story? See there 35
Priam. Here, too, worth finds its due reward; here, too,
there are tears[97] for human fortune, and hearts that are
touched by mortality. Be free from fear: this renown
of ours will bring you some measure of safety.” So speaking,
he feeds his soul on the empty portraiture, with many
a sigh, and lets copious rivers run down his cheeks. For
he still saw how, as they battled round Pergamus,[98] here
the Greeks were flying, the Trojan youth in hot pursuit; 5
here the Phrygians, at their heels in his car Achilles, with
that dreadful crest. Not far from this he recognizes with
tears the snowy canvas of Rhesus’ tent, which, all surprised
in its first sleep, Tydeus’ son was devastating with wide
carnage, himself bathed in blood—see! he drives off 10
the fiery steeds to his own camp, ere they have had time
to taste the pastures of Troy or drink of Xanthus.[99] There
in another part is Troilus[100] in flight, his arms fallen from
him—unhappy boy, confronted with Achilles in unequal
combat—hurried away by his horses, and hanging half 15
out of the empty car, with his head thrown back, but the
reins still in his hand; his neck and his hair are being
trailed along the ground, and his inverted spear is drawing
lines in the dust. Meanwhile to the temple of Pallas,[101]
not their friend, were moving the Trojan dames with locks 20
dishevelled, carrying the sacred robe, in suppliant guise
of mourning, their breasts bruised with their hands—the
goddess was keeping her eyes riveted on the ground,
with her face turned away. Thrice had Achilles dragged
Hector round the walls of Ilion, and was now selling for 25
gold his body, thus robbed of breath. Then, indeed,
heavy was the groan that he gave from the bottom of
his heart, when he saw the spoils, the car, the very body
of his friend, and Priam, stretching out those helpless
hands. Himself, too, he recognizes in the forefront of 30
the Achæan ranks, and the squadrons of the East, and the
arms of the swarthy Memnon.[102] There, leading the columns
of her Amazons, with their moony shields, is Penthesilea[103]
in her martial frenzy, blazing out, the centre of thousands,
as she loops up her protruded breast with a girdle of gold, 35
the warrior queen, and nerves herself to the shock of combat,
a maiden against men.

While these things are meeting the wondering eyes of


Æneas the Dardan—while he is standing bewildered,
and continues riveted in one set gaze—the queen has
moved towards the temple, Dido, of loveliest presence,
with a vast train of youths thronging round her. Like
as on Eurotas’ banks, or along the ridges of Cynthus, 5
Diana[104] is footing the dance, while, attending her, a thousand
mountain nymphs are massing themselves on either
side; she, her quiver on her shoulder, as she steps, towers
over the whole goddess sisterhood, while Latona’s[105] bosom
thrills silently with delight; such was Dido—such she 10
bore herself triumphant through the midst, to speed the
work which had empire for its prospect. Then, at the doors
of the goddess, under the midmost vaulting of the temple,
with a fence of arms round her, supported high on a throne,
she took her seat. There she was giving laws and judgments 15
to her citizens, and equalizing the burden of their
tasks by fair partition, or draughting it by lot, when suddenly
Æneas sees coming among the great crowd Antheus
and Sergestus, and brave Cloanthus, and other of the
Teucrians, whom the black storm had scattered over the 20
deep, and carried far away to other coasts. Astounded
was he, overwhelmed, too, was Achates, all for joy and
fear: eagerly were they burning to join hands with theirs,
but the unexplained mystery confounds their minds.
They carry on the concealment, and look out from the 25
hollow cloud that wraps them, to learn what fortune their
mates have had, on what shore they are leaving their fleet,
what is their errand here—for they were on their way,
a deputation from all the crews, suing for grace, and were
making for the temple with loud cries. 30

After they had gained an entrance, and had obtained


leave to speak in the presence, Ilioneus, the eldest, thus
began, calm of soul:—

“Gracious queen, to whom Jupiter has given to found a


new city, and to restrain by force of law the pride of savage 35
nations, we, hapless Trojans, driven by the winds over
every sea, make our prayer to you—keep off from our
ships the horrors of fire, have pity on a pious race, and
vouchsafe a nearer view to our affairs. We are not come
to carry the havoc of the sword into the homes of Libya—to
snatch booty and hurry it to the shore; such violence
is not in our nature; such insolence were not for
the vanquished. There is a place—the Greeks call it 5
Hesperia—a land old in story, strong in arms and in
the fruitfulness of its soil; the Œnotrians were its settlers;
now report says that later generations have called the
nation Italian, from the name of their leader. Thither
were we voyaging, when, rising with a sudden swell, Orion,[106] 10
lord of the storm, carried us into hidden shoals, and far
away by the stress of reckless gales over the water, the
surge mastering us, and over pathless rocks scattered us
here and there: a small remnant, we drifted hither on to
your shores. What race of men have we here? What 15
country is so barbarous as to sanction a native usage like
this? Even the hospitality of the sand is forbidden us—they
draw the sword, and will not let us set foot on the
land’s edge. If you defy the race of men, and the weapons
that mortals wield, yet look to have to do with gods, who 20
watch over the right and the wrong. Æneas was our king,
than whom never man breathed more just, more eminent
in piety, or in war and martial prowess. If the Fates are
keeping our hero alive—if he is feeding on this upper
air, and not yet lying down in death’s cruel shade—all 25
our fears are over, nor need you be sorry to have made
the first advance in the contest of kindly courtesy. The
realm of Sicily, too, has cities for us, and store of arms,
and a hero-king of Trojan blood, Acestes.[o] Give us leave
but to lay up on shore our storm-beaten fleet, to fashion 30
timber in your forests, and strip boughs for our oars, that,
if we are allowed to sail for Italy, our comrades and king
restored to us, we may make our joyful way to Italy and
to Latium; or, if our safety is swallowed up, and thou,
best father of the Teucrians, art the prey of the Libyan 35
deep, and a nation’s hope lives no longer in Iulus, then, at
least, we may make for Sicania’s straits, and the houses
standing to welcome us, whence we came hither, and may
find a king in Acestes.” Such was the speech of Ilioneus;
an accordant clamour burst at once from all the sons of
Dardanus.

Then briefly Dido, with downcast look, makes reply:—“Teucrians!


unburden your hearts of fear, lay your anxieties 5
aside. It is the stress of danger and the infancy of
my kingdom that make me put this policy in motion and
protect my frontiers with a guard all about. The men
of Æneas and the city of Troy—who can be ignorant of
them?—the deeds and the doers, and all the blaze of that 10
mighty war? Not so blunt are the wits we Punic folk
carry with us, not so wholly does the sun turn his back
on our Tyrian town when he harnesses his steeds.
Whether you make your choice of Hesperia the great, and
the old realm of Saturn, or of the borders of Eryx and their 15
king Acestes, I will send you on your way with an escort
to protect you, and will supply you with stores. Or would
you like to settle along with me in my kingdom here?
Look at the city I am building, it is yours, lay up your
ships, Trojan and Tyrian shall be dealt with by me without 20
distinction. Would to heaven your king were here too,
driven by the gale that drove you hither—Æneas himself!
For myself, I will send trusty messengers along the coast,
with orders to traverse the furthest parts of Libya, in case
he should be shipwrecked and wandering anywhere in 25
forest or town.”

Excited by her words, brave Achates and father Æneas,


too, were burning long ere this to break out of their cloud.
Achates first accosts Æneas:—“Goddess-born, what purpose
now is foremost in your mind? All you see is safe, 30
our fleet and our mates are restored to us. One is missing,
whom our own eyes saw in the midst of the surge swallowed
up, all the rest is even as your mother told us.”

Scarce had he spoken when the cloud that enveloped


them suddenly parts asunder and clears into the open sky. 35
Out stood Æneas, and shone[107] again in the bright sunshine,
his face and his bust the image of a god, for his great
mother had shed graceful tresses over her son’s brow,
and the glowing flush of youth, and had breathed the
breath of beauty and gladness into his eyes, loveliness such
as the artist’s touch imparts to ivory, or when silver or
Parian marble is enchased[108] with yellow gold. Then he
addresses the queen, and speaks suddenly to the astonishment 5
of all:—“Here am I whom you are seeking, before
you,—Æneas, the Trojan, snatched from the jaws of the
Libyan wave. O heart that alone of all has found pity for
Troy’s cruel agonies—that makes us, poor remnants of
Danaan fury, utterly spent by all the chances of land and 10
sea, destitute of all, partners of its city, of its very palace!
To pay such a debt of gratitude, Dido, is more than we can
do—more than can be done by all the survivors of the
Dardan nation, now scattered the wide world over. May
the gods—if there are powers that regard the pious, if 15
justice and conscious rectitude count for aught anywhere

You might also like