NDT - Compatibility Mode

Non Destructive Testing
Nondestructive testing (NDT) has been

defined as comprising those test methods
used to examine an object, material or
system without impairing its future
usefulness. The term is generally applied
to nonmedical investigations of material
integrity .
1
Characteristics of NDT
• Applied directly to the • Can be performed on
product parts that are in
• Tested parts are not service
damaged • Low time
• Various tests can be consumption
performed on the • Low labour cost
same product
• Specimen preparation
not required
2
Objectives of NDT
(1) to ensure product integrity, and in turn, reliability;
• To detect internal or surface flaws
• To measure the dimensions of materials
• To determine the materials’ structure
(2) to avoid failures, prevent accidents and save human
life;
(3) to make a profit for the user;

3
NDT Methods
1. Visual Inspection
2. Liquid penetrant method
3. Ultrasonic Inspection
4. Radiography methods
• X-ray radiography & fluoroscopy
• γ- ray radiography
5. Eddy current testing
6. Magnetic particle testing
7. Thermography
4
LIQUID PENETRANT METHOD
Principle
A liquid penetrant is applied at the surface of
the specimen. The penetrant is drawn by the
surface flaws due to capillary action and this is
subsequently revealed by a developer, in
addition with visual inspection.
Procedure
i. Cleaning the surface
ii. Application of the penetrant
iii. Removal of excess penetrant
iv. Developing
v. Inspection
5
LIQUID
PENETRANT
METHOD
6
Characteristics of a penetrant & a developer
Penetrant Developer
 Chemical stability &  Highly absorptive
uniform physical  Fine grain size & particle
consitency shape for easy dispersion
 High degree of wettability  Provision of contrast
 Quick & complete background
penetrability  Easy application
 Low viscosity  Formation of thin uniform
 Sufficient brightness & coating over surface
permanence of colour  Easily wettable
 Chemical inertness  Low toxicity
 Low toxicity
 Slow drying
 Ease of removal
 Low cost
7
Applications
• Turbine rotor discs & blades
• Aircraft wheels, castings, forged
components, welded assemblies
• Automotive parts – pistons, cylinders, etc.
• Electrical ceramic parts – spark plug
insulators, glass-to-metal seals, etc.
• Moulded plastic parts
8
Advantages & Limitations of Liquid
Penetrant Method
ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS
• Simple & inexpensive • Detect surface flaws
• Portable • Surface cleaning before &
• Applicable to ferrous, after inspection
non-ferrous, non- • Deformed surfaces &
magnetic surface coatings prevent
• Detects cracks, seams, detection
lack of bonding, etc.
9
Radiography
The formation of an image of the test piece
either on a photographic film or on a fluorescent
screen due to x-rays or γ-rays passing through
the test piece.
10
X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY
Principle
X-rays are passed
through the specimen
under inspection and
it is differentially
absorbed by the
specimen. The
transmitted x-rays are
received by the
photographic film and
the film is developed.
The dark and light
shadows reveal the
defects present in the
specimen and hence
the defects are
defected.
11
X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY – Displacement
Method
Principle
X-rays are exposed over
the specimen by keeping
the x-ray source at
position ‘A’ and then at ‘B’
by displacing the source
through a certain distance.
The images are recorded
at positions ‘A’ and ‘B’.
From the displacements of
the x-ray tube and the
images, the exact position
of the defect can be
determined.
12
Merits & Demerits of X-ray
Displacement Method
MERITS DEMERITS
• Material suitability • Expensive
• Used on castings and
weldings • Development time
• Used on uneven consumption large
surfaces • Skilled & trained
• Time consumption is personnel required
less
• Permanent record • Tissue damage due
to radiations
13
X-RAY FLUOROSCOPY
Principle
X-rays are
passed through
the specimen
and is made to
fall on a
fluorescent
screen. With
respect to the
defects in the
specimen, there
will be a variation
in intensity.
14
MERITS & DEMERITS
Merits Demerits
• No need of washing and • Poor resolution
developing films • Low image contrast
• Low cost • Electronic image
• Image viewed intensifier required for
immediately on screen increasing the contrast
• Time consumption is less
• Movement of defects
detected (real time
images)
• Permanent record can be
made
15
Differences
Radiography Fluoroscopy
• Image developed on • Image is developed on
photographic film fluorescent screen.
• High resolution & contrast • Fair resolution and low
• Immediate image cannot contrast.
be obtained. • Immediate image can be
• X-ray energy is converted viewed through the
into chemical energy. monitor.
• Expensive • X-ray energy is converted
into visible light.
• Time consumption is
high. • Inexpensive.
• Time consumption is low
16
Commonly
radiography
detected weld
defects
17

NDT - Compatibility Mode

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Non Destructive Testing

Nondestructive testing (NDT) has been

• To detect internal or surface flaws

• To measure the dimensions of materials

• To determine the materials’ structure

(2) to avoid failures, prevent accidents and save human

(3) to make a profit for the user;

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