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Guru Nanak Dev University

Regional Campus Jalandhar

B.TECH(Computer Science and


Engineering)
PRACTICAL FILE
Submitted by :- Nishtha
Submitted to :- Dr. Neetika Soni
Roll N0. :- 17032249007
Subject Code :- CSL-241
Practical-1
Aim: Introduction to Cisco packet tracer.
Objectives: 1. To install Cisco packet tracer.
2. To get familiar with various components and function of Cisco
Packet Tracer.
3. To navigate the main user interface.
Theory: Cisco Packet Tracer is a virtual simulation tool developed
by Cisco that provide user with the opportunity to create
network topologies and initiates modern computer networks. It
allows you to stimulate the configuration of Cisco routers and
switches using the help of a stimulated line interface.
It allow us to develop our skill set in networking, cyber security,
and the internet of things (IOT). It allows us to model complex
system without the need for dedicated equipment.
This free software helps us to practice our network configuration
and troubleshooting skills via our desktop computer or an
android or IOS based mobile device. Packet tracer is available for
both the Linux and windows desktop environments. Also Cisco
Packet Tracer can be installed and run on windows7, windows8,
windows10 of 32bit and 64 bit, Linux for 64bit, MacOSX.
Procedure: 1. Log into your Cisco Networking Academy “I’m
learning” page.
2. Select resources from the menu in the upper right corner
portion of your screen
3. Select Download Packet Tracer.
4. Select the version of your Packet Tracer you need
5. Save the file to your computer
6. Launch the Packet Tracer install program.
7. After installation, close and restart your browser.
8. Launch Cisco Packet Tracer by selecting the appropriate icon.
9. When opened, use your Netacad login information to
authenticate.
10. Packet Tracer will launch and you are ready to explore its
features.
11. Some of the icons are as follows:
New: This option will create a blank and new workspace.

Open: This option is used to open an existing file.


Save: This option is used to save a file.

Print: This is used to print a file that you have created.

Network Description: In this we can write description of the


network.

WORKSPACE :
1. Logical –
Logical workspace shows the logical network topology of the
network the user has built. It represents the placing, connecting
and clustering virtual network devices.
2. Physical –
Physical workspace shows the graphical physical dimension of the
logical network. It depicts the scale and placement in how
network devices such as routers, switches and hosts would look in
a real environment. It also provides geographical representation of
networks, including multiple buildings, cities and wiring closets.

Networking Devices: Network devices, also known as networking


hardware, are physical devices that allow hardware on a computer
network to communicate and interact with one another. For example
Repeater, Hub, Bridge, Switch, Routers, Gateway and NIC, etc.

Connections: These are the wires to connect devices.


End Devices: These are devices that user can use to interact

Conclusion: We learn how to install Cisco Packet Tracer, get


familiar with various components and functions of Cisco Packet
Tracer and concluded that Cisco Packet Tracer has many benefits
such as economy, flexibility that enhances student’s skill.
Practical – 2
Aim : Hands on practice for preparing straight cable and cross over cable.

Components Required : RJ45 connector, crimping tool ,cable cutter, line


tester , cable.
Theory : An RJ45 connector is the most common type of twisted-pair network
connector that generally has an 8-position, 8-contact modular plug and jack
(8P8C). It’s used to connect computers with Ethernet-based LAN or Local Area
Networks and can be commonly found on Ethernet cables.
T568A and T568B are two wiring schemes that are used to connect the cable to the
connector interface. The commonly used network cables: Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat
6a, Cat7.
Straight cable: Straight-through cable is a type of CAT5 with RJ-45 connectors
at each end, and each has the same pin out. It is in accordance with either the
T568A or T568B standards. It uses the same color code throughout the LAN for
consistency. This type of twisted-pair cable is used in LAN to connect a computer or
a network hub such as a router. It is one of the most common types of network
cable.

Crossover Cable : A Crossover cable is a type of CAT 5 where one end isT568A
configuration and the other end as T568BConfiguration. In this type of cable
connection, Pin 1 is crossed with Pin 3, and Pin 2 is crossed with Pin 6. Crossover
cable is used to connect two or more computing devices. It is widely used to
connect two devices of the same type: e.g., two computers or two switches to
each other.

Objectives : To understand the process of preparation of straight cable and


crossover cable and its working.
Straight Cable

Pin 1 Orange/white Orange/white


Pin 2 Orange Orange
Pin 3 Green/white Green/white
Pin 4 Blue Blue
Pin 5 Blue/white Blue/white
Pin 6 Green Green
Pin 7 Brown/white Brown/white
Pin 8 Brown Brown
Crossover cable
Pin 1 Orange/white Green/white
Pin 2 Orange Green
Pin 3 Green/white Orange/white
Pin 4 Blue Blue
Pin 5 Blue/white Blue/white
Pin 6 Green Orange
Pin 7 Brown/white Brown/white
Pin 8 Brown Brown
Tx Pin 1, 2  Sender
Rx Pin 3, 6  Receiver
Pin 4, 5  DC + ve
Pin7,8 DC–ve

Procedure :
1.Cut out the outer shield of wire with the help of cable cutter and separate all the
cables

2.Cut all the wires by leaving a margin of an inch.


3.Insert wires in RJ45 connector by placing the correct combinations of colors on
both side. (Straight through or cross over).

4.Press RJ45 connector using crimping tool. After connecting the wire with
connector check the wire if it is working by connecting it with line tester
Conclusion : Cross cable and the straight cable have many applications and are
prepared by taking some necessary precautions and after proper understanding of
the coloring scheme of the wires. The different colored wires are connected in a
certain way to prepare the required cables.
Practical -3
Aim : To study basic network commands and Cisco IOS show commands.

Objective :
1. To implement ping , tracert , nslookup and pathping commands in Cisco
Packet Tracer.
2. Some other commands are : show arp , show flash , show IP route , show
interfaces , show protocols , show users , show version.
Theory :
1. Ping : Ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test
the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. It is available
for virtually all operating systems that have networking capability, including
most embedded network administration software. It uses a series of Internet
Control Message Protocol(ICMP) Echo messages to determine:
. Whether a remote host is active or not.
. The round-trip delay in communicating with the host
. Packet loss

2. Traceroute : The traceroute command is used to discover the routes that


packets actually take when travelling to their destination. It will list all the
routers it passes through until it reaches it’s destination, or fails to and is
discarded. In addition to this, it will tell you how long each ‘hop’ from router
to router takes.

3. Nslookup : Nslookup is a network administration command-line tool


available in many computer operating systems for querying the Domain Name
System (DNS) to obtain domain name or IP address mapping, or other DNS
records. The name "nslookup" means "name server lookup". Nslookup is an
MSDOS utility that enables a user to look up the IP address of a domain or
host on a network. The nslookup command can also perform a reverse lookup
using an IP address to find the domain or host associated with that IP address.
4. Pathing : Pathping is a TCP/IP based utility (command line tool) that provides
useful information about network latency and network loss at intermediate
hops between a source address and a destination address. It does this by
sending echo requests via ICMP and analyzing the results. The PathPing
command is a command-line network utility supplied in Windows 2000 and
beyond that combines the functionality of ping with that of tracert. It is used
to locate spots that have network latency and network loss.

5. show arp :It displays the ARP table of the router address to MAC address
mappings.

6. show flash : It displays information about Flash memory.

7. show ip route : It displays the IPv4 routing table of the router.


8. show users : It displays all users connected to the router.
9. show protocols : It displays status of configured Layer 3 protocols; both
parameters are optional.
10. show version : It displays information about loaded Cisco IOS software.
11. show interfaces : It displays information of all interfaces in the chassis or
one specified interface.
Procedure :
To implement PING and TRACERT commands:
1. In CPT, build a basic network using routers, switches and PCs.
2. Open Command Prompt on one of the PCs in the network.
3. To ping other PCs, type ping ip address and press Enter.
4. To use tracert, type tracert ip address and press Enter.
To implement NSLOOKUP and PATHPING commands

1. Press Windows Key + R, type cmd.exe and hit Enter.


2. Type nslookup in Command Prompt and press Enter. Type the address of website
to get its IP address. Abort the command after the result is displayed.
3. Type pathping ip address and press Enter
For the show arp command
1. First of all create the topology by connecting with specified cables and give the
IP address to all the devices.
2. Then click on router and then click on CLI window and type command showarp.

For the show flash command

1. This command will display the content of flash memory, used space and
available space.
2. Write show flash command and the press enter key.
For the show IP route command
1. Use the show IP route EXEC command to display the current state of routing
table. 2. Write show IP route command and then press enter key.

For the show interface command

1. This command shows the status and configuration of interfaces


For the show protocol command

1. To display the configured protocol, use the show protocols command in user
EXEC or privileged EXEC mode.
2. Write show protocols command and then press enter key and check the result.
For the show user command
1. This command displays users currently connected to the router.
2. Write show user command and then press enter key.

1. This command will display about software version of running IOS. It also
provides information about configuration setting. It shows current configuration
register setting that is used to reset the password of route.
2. Write show version command and then press enter key.
Conclusion : Able to know about what are the basic commands and how it is
used and its functionality.

Practical – 4
Aim : To study the following Network Devices in detail i.e. Hub ,Switch
,Router. Objective : To study the functionality of Hubs ,Switches
,Routers. Theory :

Hub :
When referring to a network, a hub is the most basic networking device that
connects multiple computers or other network devices together. Unlike a network
switch or router, a network hub has no routing tables or intelligence on where to
send information and broadcasts all network data across each connection. Most
hubs can detect basic network errors such as collisions, but having all information
broadcast to multiple ports can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks.

1. Active Hub :- They are smarter than the passive hubs. They not only provide
the path for the data signals in fact they regenerate, concentrate and strengthen the
signals before sending them to their destinations. Active hubs are also termed as
repeaters.
2. Passive Hub :- They are more like point contact for the wires to built in the
physical network. They have nothing to do with modifying the signals.
Switches :
Switches are the linkage points of an Ethernet network. Just as in hub, devices in
switches are connected to them through twisted pair cabling. But the difference
shows up in the manner both the devices; hub and a switch treat the data they
receive. Hub works by sending the data to all the ports on the device whereas a
switch transfers it only to that port which is connected to the destination device. A
switch does so by having an in-built learning of the MAC address of the devices
connected to it. Since the transmission of data signals are well defined in a switch
hence the network performance is consequently enhanced. Switches operate in
full- duplex mode where devices can send and receive data from the switch at the
simultaneously unlike in half-duplex mode. The transmission speed in switches is
double than in Ethernet hub transferring a 20Mbps connection into 30Mbps and a
200Mbps connection to become 300Mbps. Performance improvements are
observed in networking with the extensive usage of switches in the modern days.
Whereas switches work in more efficient way, switches control the flow of data
traffic in an organized way. A switch is an intelligent device. Switches can identify
easily to which it has to send data. Transfer of appropriate data packets to
appropriate units thus help to increase network bandwidth. Hence, we can say
that the use of switches instead of hubs lower the load of unnecessary data being
sent to the network.
Routers :
Router is a network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI reference model device that means
it can connect multiple computer networks via wired or wireless connections.
Network router can receive, analyze, perform the traffic directing functions and
forwards data packet from one network to its destination node. A router is a
device that forwards packets between networks by processing the routing
information included in the packet. Routers use logical and physical addressing to
connect two or more logically separate networks. They accomplish this connection
by organizing the large network into logical network segments or subnetworks.
Each of these sub networks is given a logical address. This allows the networks to
be separate but still access each other and exchange data when necessary. Data is
grouped into packets, or blocks of data. Each packet, in addition to having a
physical device address, has a logical network address. Network Router containing
a software that help in determining the best path out of the available paths, for a
particular transmission. They consist of a combination of hardware and software.
The hardware includes the physical interfaces to the various networks in the
internet work. The two main pieces of software in a router are the operating
system and the routing protocol. Routers are frequently used to interconnect
identical networks as well as to interconnect networks with different types of
hardware.
Procedure :
Hub :
1. First select a Hub from section below and place it in the middle of the logical
work space.
2. Click on the PC icon, click Generic, and then click in the logical view area to
add a Generic PC.
3. Repeat the same step to add three more Generic PCs in the logical view area.
4. Now connect the hub with the following Pc’s with the help of straight cables.
Switches :
1. Firstly select the switch section from the network devices and select any switch
(eg. 2960) from the given list.
2. Click on the PC icon, click Generic, and then click in the logical view area to
add a Generic PC.
3. Repeat the same step to add two more Generic PCs in the logical view area.
4. Now the switches (if more than one) are connected to one another with the help
of cross-over cables and the Pc’s are connected to their respective switches with
the help of the straight cable.

Router :
1. First of all the click on the router section in the network devices and a router is
selected from the list of given routers.
2. After placing the router in the workspace the switches are to be selected to be
connected to the router, further where the Pc’s will get connected.
3. Click on the PC icon, click Generic, and then click in the logical view area to
add a Generic PC.
4. Now first connect the switches with their respective Pc’s with help of straight
cables.
5. Next before connecting the switch with the router, click the router to open the
Physical device view of the Router.
6. Now connect the Router with the switches with the help of the straight cables.

Conclusion : Hubs and switches are used to connect networks. Switches use
the MAC (media access control) address to do the switching. A router, on the other
hand, uses the IP address to create the switched path from one computer to
another.
Practical-5
Aim: To study various network
topologies. Objective:
1. To understand bus, star networks with ethernet hubs.
2. To understand bus, star, ring, mesh networks with switches.
Theory:
1.) In mesh topology each device is connected to every other device on the
network through a dedicated point-to-point link. When we say dedicated it means
that the link only carries data for the two connected devices only. Lets say we have
n devices in the network then each device must be connected with (n-1) devices of
the network. Number of links in a mesh topology of n devices would be n(n-1)/2.

Advantages of Mesh topology


1. No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between two devices which
means the link is only available for those two devices. 2. Mesh topology is reliable
and robust as failure of one link doesn’t affect other links and the communication
between other devices on the network. 3. Fault detection is easy.
Disadvantages of Mesh topology
1. Amount of wires required to connected each system is tedious and headache. 2.
Since each device needs to be connected with other devices, number of I/O ports
required must be huge. 3. Scalability issues because a device cannot be connected
with large number of devices with a dedicated point to point link.

2.) In star topology each device in the network is connected to a central device
called hub. Unlike Mesh topology, star topology doesn’t allow direct
communication between devices, a device must have to communicate through hub.
If one device wants to send data to other device, it has to first send the data to hub
and then the hub transmit that data to the designated device.

Advantages of Star topology


1. Less expensive because each device only need one I/O port and needs to be
connected with hub with one link. 2. Easier to install 3. Less amount of cables
required because each device needs to be connected with the hub only. 4. Robust, if
one link fails, other links will work just fine. 5. Easy fault detection because the
link can be easily identified.
Disadvantages of Star topology
1. If hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without
hub. 2. Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it is the
central system of star topology.

3.) In bus topology there is a main cable and all the devices are connected to this
main cable through drop lines. There is a device called tap that connects the drop
line to the main cable. Since all the data is transmitted over the main cable, there is
a limit of drop lines and the distance a main cable can have.
Advantages of bus topology
1. Easy installation, each cable needs to be connected with backbone cable. 2. Less
cables required than Mesh and star topology
Disadvantages of bus topology
1. Difficultly in fault detection. 2. Not scalable as there is a limit of how many
nodes you can connect with backbone cable.

4.) In ring topology each device is connected with the two devices on either side of
it. There are two dedicated point to point links a device has with the devices on the
either side of it. This structure forms a ring thus it is known as ring topology. If a
device wants to send data to another device then it sends the data in one direction,
each device in ring topology has a repeater, if the received data is intended for
other device then repeater forwards this data until the intended device receives it.
Advantages of Ring Topology
1. Easy to install. 2. Managing is easier as to add or remove a device from the
topology only two links are required to be changed.
Disadvantages of Ring Topology
1. A link failure can fail the entire network as the signal will not travel forward due
to failure. 2. Data traffic issues, since all the data is circulating in a ring.

5.) A combination of two or more topology is known as hybrid topology. For


example a combination of star and mesh topology is known as hybrid topology.
Advantages of Hybrid topology
1. We can choose the topology based on the requirement for example, scalability is
our concern then we can use star topology instead of bus technology. 2. Scalable as
we can further connect other computer networks with the existing networks with
different topologies.
Disadvantages of Hybrid topology
1. Fault detection is difficult. 2. Installation is difficult. 3. Design is complex so
maintenance is high thus expensive.
Procedure : Bus, Star networks with hubs:- Bus
Topology
1. In Cisco Packet Tracer, select Hubs under Network Devices from the Device-
Type Selection Box and drag three Hub-PT(s) from Device-Specific Selection
Box onto the workspace. Align these horizontally.

2. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag four
PCPT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace. Align these
vertically with respect to one of the hubs.
3. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Straight through Cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on the hub
(chosen in step 2) and then on one of the PCs, connect these via Fast Ethernet
ports. Repeat for the other PC.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address. Repeat for the other.
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for the remaining hubs.
6. Connect the hubs linearly using Copper Cross over cables from Connections.
7. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command:
ping ip address of the receiver PC
8. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which is
intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand the
data flow in a bus network using hubs.
Star Topology

1. Select Hubs under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and
drag a HubPT from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
2. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag five
PCPT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
3. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Straight through Cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on the hub
and then on one of the PCs, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for remaining PCs.
6. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and ping
another PC to check if the network is working, using the command: ping ip
address of the receiver PC
7. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which is
intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand the
data flow in a star network using a hub.
Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh,Hybrid networks with switches:-

Bus Topology

1. Select Switches under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box
and drag four 2960-24TT switches from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the
workspace. Align these horizontally.
2. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag two
PCPT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace. Align these
vertically with respect to one of the switches.
3. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Straight through Cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on the switch
(chosen in step 2) and then on PC, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports. Repeat for
the other PC.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address. Repeat for the other.
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for the remaining switches.
6. Connect the switches linearly using Copper Cross over cables from Connections
via Fast Ethernet ports.
7. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and ping
another PC to check if the network is working, using the command: ping ip
address of the receiver PC
8. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which is
intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand the
data flow in a bus network using switches.

Ring Topology

1. Select Switches under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection


Box and drag four 2960-24TT switches from Device-Specific Selection Box onto
the workspace. Align these as vertices of a closed loop.
2. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Cross over cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on a switch and then
on another one, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports. Repeat such that a closed
shape is formed.
3. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag four
PCPT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address. Repeat for the others.
5. Connect PCs to switches using Copper Straight through cables from
Connections via Fast Ethernet ports such that one PC is exclusively connected to
one switch.
6. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command: ping ip
address of the receiver PC
7. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which is
intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it. Switch
to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand the data flow
in a ring network using switch.

Star Topology

1. Select Switches under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box
and drag a 2960-24TT switch from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the
workspace.
2. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag five
PCPT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
3. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Straight through Cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on the switch
and then on one of the PCs, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for remaining PCs.
6. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and ping
another PC to check if the network is working, using the command: ping ip
address of the receiver PC
7. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which is
intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand the
data flow in a star network using switch.

Mesh Topology
1. Select Switches under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection
Box and drag four 2960-24TT switches from Device-Specific Selection Box onto
the workspace. Align these as vertices of a closed loop.
2. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Cross over cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on a switch and then
on another one, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports. Repeat such that each switch
is connected to every other switch.
3. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag four
PCPT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address. Repeat for the others.
5. Connect PCs to switches using Copper Straight through cables from
Connections via Fast Ethernet ports such that one PC is exclusively connected to
one switch.
6. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command:

ping ip address of the receiver PC


7. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which is
intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it. Switch
to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand the data flow
in a mesh network using switch.

Tree Topology

1. Select Switches under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection


Box and drag four 2960-24TT switches from Device-Specific Selection Box onto
the workspace.
2. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Cross over cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on a switch and then
on another one, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports. Repeat such that each switch
is connected to every other switch.
3. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag four
PCPT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address. Repeat for the others.
5. Connect PCs to switches using Copper Straight through cables from
Connections via Fast Ethernet ports such that one PC is exclusively connected to
one switch.
6. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command: ping ip
address of the receiver PC
7. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which is
intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it. Switch
to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand the data flow
in a mesh network using switch.

Hybrid Topology

1. Connect all topologies with each other.


2. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and ping
another PC to check if the network is working, using the command:
3. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which is
intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it. Switch
to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand the data
flow in a mesh network using switch.

Conclusion: Every topology has its own advantages and disadvantages. It


depends on the network needs and size, which network topology would be

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