C# Project File
C# Project File
C# Project File
WORKSPACE :
1. Logical –
Logical workspace shows the logical network topology of the
network the user has built. It represents the placing, connecting
and clustering virtual network devices.
2. Physical –
Physical workspace shows the graphical physical dimension of the
logical network. It depicts the scale and placement in how
network devices such as routers, switches and hosts would look in
a real environment. It also provides geographical representation of
networks, including multiple buildings, cities and wiring closets.
Crossover Cable : A Crossover cable is a type of CAT 5 where one end isT568A
configuration and the other end as T568BConfiguration. In this type of cable
connection, Pin 1 is crossed with Pin 3, and Pin 2 is crossed with Pin 6. Crossover
cable is used to connect two or more computing devices. It is widely used to
connect two devices of the same type: e.g., two computers or two switches to
each other.
Procedure :
1.Cut out the outer shield of wire with the help of cable cutter and separate all the
cables
4.Press RJ45 connector using crimping tool. After connecting the wire with
connector check the wire if it is working by connecting it with line tester
Conclusion : Cross cable and the straight cable have many applications and are
prepared by taking some necessary precautions and after proper understanding of
the coloring scheme of the wires. The different colored wires are connected in a
certain way to prepare the required cables.
Practical -3
Aim : To study basic network commands and Cisco IOS show commands.
Objective :
1. To implement ping , tracert , nslookup and pathping commands in Cisco
Packet Tracer.
2. Some other commands are : show arp , show flash , show IP route , show
interfaces , show protocols , show users , show version.
Theory :
1. Ping : Ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test
the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. It is available
for virtually all operating systems that have networking capability, including
most embedded network administration software. It uses a series of Internet
Control Message Protocol(ICMP) Echo messages to determine:
. Whether a remote host is active or not.
. The round-trip delay in communicating with the host
. Packet loss
5. show arp :It displays the ARP table of the router address to MAC address
mappings.
1. This command will display the content of flash memory, used space and
available space.
2. Write show flash command and the press enter key.
For the show IP route command
1. Use the show IP route EXEC command to display the current state of routing
table. 2. Write show IP route command and then press enter key.
1. To display the configured protocol, use the show protocols command in user
EXEC or privileged EXEC mode.
2. Write show protocols command and then press enter key and check the result.
For the show user command
1. This command displays users currently connected to the router.
2. Write show user command and then press enter key.
1. This command will display about software version of running IOS. It also
provides information about configuration setting. It shows current configuration
register setting that is used to reset the password of route.
2. Write show version command and then press enter key.
Conclusion : Able to know about what are the basic commands and how it is
used and its functionality.
Practical – 4
Aim : To study the following Network Devices in detail i.e. Hub ,Switch
,Router. Objective : To study the functionality of Hubs ,Switches
,Routers. Theory :
Hub :
When referring to a network, a hub is the most basic networking device that
connects multiple computers or other network devices together. Unlike a network
switch or router, a network hub has no routing tables or intelligence on where to
send information and broadcasts all network data across each connection. Most
hubs can detect basic network errors such as collisions, but having all information
broadcast to multiple ports can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks.
1. Active Hub :- They are smarter than the passive hubs. They not only provide
the path for the data signals in fact they regenerate, concentrate and strengthen the
signals before sending them to their destinations. Active hubs are also termed as
repeaters.
2. Passive Hub :- They are more like point contact for the wires to built in the
physical network. They have nothing to do with modifying the signals.
Switches :
Switches are the linkage points of an Ethernet network. Just as in hub, devices in
switches are connected to them through twisted pair cabling. But the difference
shows up in the manner both the devices; hub and a switch treat the data they
receive. Hub works by sending the data to all the ports on the device whereas a
switch transfers it only to that port which is connected to the destination device. A
switch does so by having an in-built learning of the MAC address of the devices
connected to it. Since the transmission of data signals are well defined in a switch
hence the network performance is consequently enhanced. Switches operate in
full- duplex mode where devices can send and receive data from the switch at the
simultaneously unlike in half-duplex mode. The transmission speed in switches is
double than in Ethernet hub transferring a 20Mbps connection into 30Mbps and a
200Mbps connection to become 300Mbps. Performance improvements are
observed in networking with the extensive usage of switches in the modern days.
Whereas switches work in more efficient way, switches control the flow of data
traffic in an organized way. A switch is an intelligent device. Switches can identify
easily to which it has to send data. Transfer of appropriate data packets to
appropriate units thus help to increase network bandwidth. Hence, we can say
that the use of switches instead of hubs lower the load of unnecessary data being
sent to the network.
Routers :
Router is a network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI reference model device that means
it can connect multiple computer networks via wired or wireless connections.
Network router can receive, analyze, perform the traffic directing functions and
forwards data packet from one network to its destination node. A router is a
device that forwards packets between networks by processing the routing
information included in the packet. Routers use logical and physical addressing to
connect two or more logically separate networks. They accomplish this connection
by organizing the large network into logical network segments or subnetworks.
Each of these sub networks is given a logical address. This allows the networks to
be separate but still access each other and exchange data when necessary. Data is
grouped into packets, or blocks of data. Each packet, in addition to having a
physical device address, has a logical network address. Network Router containing
a software that help in determining the best path out of the available paths, for a
particular transmission. They consist of a combination of hardware and software.
The hardware includes the physical interfaces to the various networks in the
internet work. The two main pieces of software in a router are the operating
system and the routing protocol. Routers are frequently used to interconnect
identical networks as well as to interconnect networks with different types of
hardware.
Procedure :
Hub :
1. First select a Hub from section below and place it in the middle of the logical
work space.
2. Click on the PC icon, click Generic, and then click in the logical view area to
add a Generic PC.
3. Repeat the same step to add three more Generic PCs in the logical view area.
4. Now connect the hub with the following Pc’s with the help of straight cables.
Switches :
1. Firstly select the switch section from the network devices and select any switch
(eg. 2960) from the given list.
2. Click on the PC icon, click Generic, and then click in the logical view area to
add a Generic PC.
3. Repeat the same step to add two more Generic PCs in the logical view area.
4. Now the switches (if more than one) are connected to one another with the help
of cross-over cables and the Pc’s are connected to their respective switches with
the help of the straight cable.
Router :
1. First of all the click on the router section in the network devices and a router is
selected from the list of given routers.
2. After placing the router in the workspace the switches are to be selected to be
connected to the router, further where the Pc’s will get connected.
3. Click on the PC icon, click Generic, and then click in the logical view area to
add a Generic PC.
4. Now first connect the switches with their respective Pc’s with help of straight
cables.
5. Next before connecting the switch with the router, click the router to open the
Physical device view of the Router.
6. Now connect the Router with the switches with the help of the straight cables.
Conclusion : Hubs and switches are used to connect networks. Switches use
the MAC (media access control) address to do the switching. A router, on the other
hand, uses the IP address to create the switched path from one computer to
another.
Practical-5
Aim: To study various network
topologies. Objective:
1. To understand bus, star networks with ethernet hubs.
2. To understand bus, star, ring, mesh networks with switches.
Theory:
1.) In mesh topology each device is connected to every other device on the
network through a dedicated point-to-point link. When we say dedicated it means
that the link only carries data for the two connected devices only. Lets say we have
n devices in the network then each device must be connected with (n-1) devices of
the network. Number of links in a mesh topology of n devices would be n(n-1)/2.
2.) In star topology each device in the network is connected to a central device
called hub. Unlike Mesh topology, star topology doesn’t allow direct
communication between devices, a device must have to communicate through hub.
If one device wants to send data to other device, it has to first send the data to hub
and then the hub transmit that data to the designated device.
3.) In bus topology there is a main cable and all the devices are connected to this
main cable through drop lines. There is a device called tap that connects the drop
line to the main cable. Since all the data is transmitted over the main cable, there is
a limit of drop lines and the distance a main cable can have.
Advantages of bus topology
1. Easy installation, each cable needs to be connected with backbone cable. 2. Less
cables required than Mesh and star topology
Disadvantages of bus topology
1. Difficultly in fault detection. 2. Not scalable as there is a limit of how many
nodes you can connect with backbone cable.
4.) In ring topology each device is connected with the two devices on either side of
it. There are two dedicated point to point links a device has with the devices on the
either side of it. This structure forms a ring thus it is known as ring topology. If a
device wants to send data to another device then it sends the data in one direction,
each device in ring topology has a repeater, if the received data is intended for
other device then repeater forwards this data until the intended device receives it.
Advantages of Ring Topology
1. Easy to install. 2. Managing is easier as to add or remove a device from the
topology only two links are required to be changed.
Disadvantages of Ring Topology
1. A link failure can fail the entire network as the signal will not travel forward due
to failure. 2. Data traffic issues, since all the data is circulating in a ring.
2. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag four
PCPT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace. Align these
vertically with respect to one of the hubs.
3. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Straight through Cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on the hub
(chosen in step 2) and then on one of the PCs, connect these via Fast Ethernet
ports. Repeat for the other PC.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address. Repeat for the other.
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for the remaining hubs.
6. Connect the hubs linearly using Copper Cross over cables from Connections.
7. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command:
ping ip address of the receiver PC
8. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which is
intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand the
data flow in a bus network using hubs.
Star Topology
1. Select Hubs under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and
drag a HubPT from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
2. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag five
PCPT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
3. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Straight through Cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on the hub
and then on one of the PCs, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for remaining PCs.
6. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and ping
another PC to check if the network is working, using the command: ping ip
address of the receiver PC
7. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which is
intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand the
data flow in a star network using a hub.
Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh,Hybrid networks with switches:-
Bus Topology
1. Select Switches under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box
and drag four 2960-24TT switches from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the
workspace. Align these horizontally.
2. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag two
PCPT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace. Align these
vertically with respect to one of the switches.
3. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Straight through Cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on the switch
(chosen in step 2) and then on PC, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports. Repeat for
the other PC.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address. Repeat for the other.
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for the remaining switches.
6. Connect the switches linearly using Copper Cross over cables from Connections
via Fast Ethernet ports.
7. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and ping
another PC to check if the network is working, using the command: ping ip
address of the receiver PC
8. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which is
intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand the
data flow in a bus network using switches.
Ring Topology
Star Topology
1. Select Switches under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box
and drag a 2960-24TT switch from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the
workspace.
2. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag five
PCPT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
3. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Straight through Cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on the switch
and then on one of the PCs, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for remaining PCs.
6. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and ping
another PC to check if the network is working, using the command: ping ip
address of the receiver PC
7. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which is
intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand the
data flow in a star network using switch.
Mesh Topology
1. Select Switches under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection
Box and drag four 2960-24TT switches from Device-Specific Selection Box onto
the workspace. Align these as vertices of a closed loop.
2. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Cross over cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on a switch and then
on another one, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports. Repeat such that each switch
is connected to every other switch.
3. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag four
PCPT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address. Repeat for the others.
5. Connect PCs to switches using Copper Straight through cables from
Connections via Fast Ethernet ports such that one PC is exclusively connected to
one switch.
6. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command:
Tree Topology
Hybrid Topology