INTRODUCTION TO THE philosopy OF THE HUMAN PERSON

THE MOTHER OF ALL DISCIPLINES BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPY

PHILOSOPHY is the study of life’s nature. From Greek Origin of Philosophy Thales highlights difference
word PHILO and SOPHIA means “LOVE OF WISDOM”. between religion rests on faith, while philosophy rests
Philosophy gave birth to science that’s why it called on reason.
“MOTHER OF ALL DISCIPLINE”. According to Vinzons, COGNITIVE BRANCHES
there is no distinction between science, religion and
philosophy during the ancient time. It is just mere 1. To answer “where am I?”
PHUSIS, not until Thales diverged from the  METAPHYSICS reality and existence
mythological tradition of the ancient Greeks. Thales 2. To answer “How do I know?”
 EPISTEMOLOGY human knowledge
debunked the concept of mythologies that was
 LOGIC correct thinking and reasoning
followed mostly by the citizens of Greece, and he did
exposed that not all things came from the god and NORMATIVE BRANCHES
goddesses. He began his philosophy with the nature of
3. To answer “What should I do?”
WATER as ever present in all nature. And by that, he
 ETHICS OR MORALITY human actions, good or
was named Father of Western Philosophy, because his bad
students and all other thinkers followed the same path  AESTHETICS judgement of beauty
he did. From that, philosophy gave birth to science,  POLITICS principles of social system
hard and soft sciences.
WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS
 SOFT SCIENCES deal with intangibles and
Miletus
relate to the study of human and animal
behaviors, interactions, thoughts, and  Fishing village
feelings. Such as, Psychology, Sociology,  Center of trade and commerce in ancient
Anthropology, Archaeology (some aspects). Greece
 Melting pot of ideas
 HARD SCIENCES Sciences that explore the  It is ordinary to hear people trying to voice out
workings of the natural world are usually their opinion
called hard sciences, or natural sciences. They  A place where PHILOSPHY started
include: Physics, Chemistry, Biology,
THE MILLESIANS TRIUMVIRATE
Astronomy, Geology, Meteorology.
 Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes
FIRST ORDER INQUIRY refers to the line of question
done and answered by Scientists straight forward and THE MILLESIANS they contributed a non-mythological
direct to the point. Does not question the process of account of the nature of reality, use ability to observe
getting answer. and speculate.

SECOND ORDER INQUIRY refers to the act of MONIST believed in one element
criticizing and scrutinizing the methods off the  THALES Father of Western Philosophy
sciences, and to question their assumptions. Ask (WATER)
another question about the final answer, criticize the  ANAMANDER Very good prose writer, he was
answer, investigate if that answer is true or false. Until student of Thales (APERION: boundless or
come up with the FINAL AND ABSOLUTE TRUTH! unlimited)
PHILSOPHICAL QUESTION according to Isiah Berlin  ANAXIMENES Student of Anaximander (AIR)
there are three (3) characteristics:  PHYTAGORAS He coined the word Philosophy
(NUMBERS)
 Questions are often very broad or general  HERACLITUS He believed that the only
 There is no single methodology for answering permanent in this world is CHANGE,
these questions symbolizes FIRE
 Questions may seem to be trivial and have no  PERMENIDES (BEING) inspiration of
practical utility PHENOMENOLOGY and EXISTENTIALISM

PLURALIST Believes in many elements

 INTRODUCTION TO THE philosopy OF THE HUMAN PERSON
 EMPEDOCLES (IMMORTAL) STAGES OF APPREHENSION Is an understanding or
 ANAXAGORAS (NOUS=MIND) grasping of idea/concept
 ZENO OF ELEA Loyal follower of Permenides
(DIALECTS) 1. PERCEPTION
 LEUCCIPUS AND DEMOCRITUS (ATOMS) a) EXTERNAL refers to perceiving of our
ideas through the 5 senses
APPROACHES OF DOING PHILOSOPY b) INTERNAL refers to the use of
imagination and illusion
Perennial Problem Lasting or existing for a long or 2. ABSTRACTION is an immediate reaction the
apparently infinite time; brain after perception
 ANALYTIC APPROACHgiven birth by G. E. 3. JUDGEMENT is every statement that is
Moore and Betrand Russel. Focuses on clear, claimed and said
logical arguments, and analyzing language APRIORI AND PRIORI
concept. 2 IMPORTANT TASKS IN DOING
ANALYTIC: APRIORI – ANALYTIC STATEMENT
1. KNOW THE FACTS not just the context
of language/grammar, but also the A POSTERIORI-EMPRICAL STATEMENT
information.  ANALYTIC STATEMENT shows truth or falsity
2. EXAMINE AND CRITICIZE OUR of the knowledge claim that eventually can be
BELIEFS take away biases. found within the statement it self. Uses
 SPECULATIVE APPROACH to C.D. Broad, TAUTOLOGOUS STATEMENT saying of the
opinion is based on beliefs that somehow may same thing twice over in a different word.
arrive at a certain truth Principle of Denial .
 REDUCTIONIST by Descartes. Breaking down  EMPPRICAL STATEMENT conveys truth and
the pieces, reducing all that’s is in it, to fully falsity depending on the current state of
realize the truth of the matter affairs being claimed. NON-TAUTOLOGOUS
 HOLISTIC APPROACH summed up by Aristotle  EVALUATIVE STATEMENT Either analytic or
in his Metaphysics. Meaning to say we shall empirical statement
understand everything, all in reality, all that is
comprehensible, as a WHOLE TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE

KNOWLEDGE, TRUTH AND OPINION (METAPHYSICAL  FORMAL KNOWLEDGE for David Hume,
SYSTEM) corresponds to knowledge found in formal
sciences whose main concern is the validation
WORLD OF SENSES: Opinion of their knowledge claims within the formal
 EKISIA illusion or imagination system in their respective disciplines. Claim
 PISTIS belief or conviction that cannot be broken down-a knowledge that
is there, constant and consistent. We use
WORLD OF IDEAS: Knowledge faculty of reasoning we learned from books
constituted throughout the time.
 DIANOIA rational faculty of man, including  EMPERICAL KNOWLEDGE general term we
mathematical and scientific knowledge use to describe the different disciplines
 NOESIS complete or perfect knowledge ranging from hard sciences to soft sciences,
TWO METHODS TO PHILOSOPHIZE we us faculty of experience, we learn from our
experiences, experiments, and investigation
1. SOCRATIC METHOD it is a series of questions
questioning the truth of the question until we THEORIES OF TRUTH
arrived at a certain truth of the answer SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
2. Descartes SYSTEMATIC DOUBT if the matter
can be doubted, then it is not yet the truth.  FACULTY OF REASON we gave this mind that
The only truth is the existence of the mind, can know and memorize knowledge, we
mind who thinks, and can never doubted at depend on without sense experience, this is
all. our capacity to analyze, conthceptualize and
synthesize things FORMAL KNOWLEDGE AND
KNOWING KNOWING A PRIORI
 INTRODUCTION TO THE philosopy OF THE HUMAN PERSON
 FACULTY OF EXPERIENCE comes from A
POSTERIORI AND EMPRICAL KNOWLEDGE,
with our senses
 FACULTY OF INTUITION immediate reaction of
the brain as a self-evident truth
THREE THEORIES OF TRUTH
1. COHERENCE THEORY according to Vinzons is
the quality of being logical and consistent.
Well-Formed Formulas, that universally
accepted as truths of knowledge according to
their system. We can use formal knowledge
and faculty of reason
2. CORRESPONDENCE THEORY providing truths
based on the actual truths of fact. Truth varies
from the experiences of individuals. We use
faculty of experience
3. PRAGMATIC THEORY these are truths that are
changing, it is not stagnant reality, it could be
true to you today, but not after 10 years
LOGICAL FALLACIES
FALLCY these are set of arguments or given claim
statement based on FAULTY REASONING
 AD HOMINEM attacking the person
presenting the argument instead of focusing
of the argument itself
 AD ANTIQUITATEM appeal to tradition
 AD HOMINEN TU QOUQUE personal
inconsistency
 AD BACULUM appeal to fear
 AD IGNORANTIUM argument from ignorance,
FACTS may be given all around a particular
subject, yet nothing specific is said about the
subject
 AD VERECUNDIAM appeal to authority
 AD POPULUM appeal to common belief
 CUM HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC false cause
 AD NUMERAM common practice