21 9 1+Nutrition+&+BMI

TOPIC 9: CLASS 1
H E A LT H A N D D I S E A S E S
FOOD & NUTRITION: FOOD: DEFINITION, FUNCTION,
C L A S S I F I C AT I O N W I T H E X A M P L E S ; N A M E O F B A S I C
NUTRIENTS REQUIREMENT OF HUMAN BODY; UNIT
O F E N E R G Y , C A L O R I E VA L U E O F C A R B O H Y D R A T E S ,
FAT S A N D P R O T E I N S ; B A L A N C E D D I E T: D E F I N I T I O N ,
C O M P O N E N T S ; N A M E FA C T O R S T O B E C O N S I D E R E D
T O F O R M U L AT E A B A L A N C E D D I E T ; I L L U S T R AT I O N
O F B A L A N C E D D I E T C H A R T F O R A D U LT, T O TA L
CALORIE R E Q U I R E M E N T S F O R A D U LT M A L E A N D
FEMALE
BMI: D E F I N I T I O N , E Q U AT I O N , B M I R A N G E F O R
U N D E RW E I G H T, N O R M A L , O V E RW E I G H T A N D O B E S E :
SIGNIFICANCE OF BMI;
NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF
BIOCHEMISTRY AND
MICROBIOLOGY
MUHAMMAD MANJURUL KARIM, PHD
D E PA R T M E N T O F M I C R O B I O L O G Y
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA, DHAKA
GED
B I O L O G Y:
BIO 103
LECTURE 21
OCT 21,
2023
NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS
• Nutrients are the substances in food that maintain the body and make it
work. Most of what one eats is made up of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
• Nutrients needed in smaller amounts, but still vital, are vitamins and minerals.
• Also, on the list are fiber and water.
• Our diet should comprise a mix of foods that supply all necessary nutrients in
the right amounts. Such a diet is called a balanced diet. Let’s have a glimpse of
nutrition in human beings.
BASIC NUTRIENT
REQUIREMENT OF
HUMAN BODY
CARBOHYDRATES
• Carbohydrates are essential nutrients
which include sugars, fibers and starches.
Found in grains, vegetables, fruits and in
milk and other dairy products, they are
the basic food groups which play an
important role in a healthy life.
• They are converted into glucose or blood sugar after digestion.

• Our body utilizes this sugar as a source of energy for the cells, organs and
tissues. The extra amount of energy or sugar is stored in our muscles and liver
for further requirement.
VITAMINS AND MINERALS
• Vitamins and Minerals are required in minute amounts. They are

– essential for maintaining a strong immune system,
– build strong bones and muscles, and
– promotes normal growth and development.
• Most vitamins come from fresh fruit and vegetables, with some also found in
fish, meat, dairy, and eggs.
VITAMINS: TYPES AND
FOOD SOURCES
SOLUBLE VITAMINS
FAT S O L UB LE VI TAM IN S: WATER S OL UB LE VI TAM INS :

A, D, E & K B & C
❖ Taken with fat containing foods. ❖ Cannot be stored.

❖ Stored in body fats. ❖ Need to take everyday.
❖ Not necessary to consume
everyday.
VITAMINS: DEFICIENCY
DISEASES
MINERALS: DEFICIENCY
DISEASES
FATS
• Dairy food, meat, seeds, and nuts all supply fats, as do vegetable oils.
• Fat is digested into fatty acids, which are used as an energy source and to make
cell membranes.
• They may be rebuilt into fat, under the skin, which insulates the body and helps
to keep us warm.
PROTEINS
• Rich sources of proteins are fish, meat, poultry, and beans.

• Once digested, proteins supply the body with amino acids.
• These building blocks are reassembled by cells into different proteins used for
construction such as enzymes, and a myriad of other roles.
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
➢Enzymes: They carry out all numerous chemical reactions that take place in a cell.
➢Hormones: There are some hormones which are protein in nature that are involved
in maintaining the homeostasis, for example, insulin helps in regulating blood sugar.
➢Antibody: Also known as an immunoglobulin, it is a type of protein which is majorly
used by the immune system to repair and heal the body from foreign invaders. They
often work together with other immune cells to identify and separate the antigens
from increasing until the WBC destroy them.
➢Energy: Proteins are the major source of energy that helps in the movements of our
body. Protein, when consumed in excess amounts, gets used to create fat and
becomes part of the fat cells.
FEW FUNCTIONS OF
PROTEINS
WATER
• Around 50 – 70 per cent of our body is made of water. Therefore this amount
should always be maintained in the body.
• Water is the only medium through which all essential nutrients, vitamins,
minerals and other wastes in the body are transported.
• Water also plays a vital role in regulating the body’s temperature.
BAL ANCED DIET
DEFINITION
A balanced diet contains an
adequate amount of all the
nutrients required by the
body to grow, remain healthy
and be disease-free. In
addition, a balanced diet
provides the necessary
energy requirement, protects
against vitamin, mineral, and
other nutritional deficiencies,
and builds up immunity.
CRITERIA OF A BALANCED DIET
• Proximate principles of food in
adequate and proportionate amount.
• One third to half of protein.
• Fat should come from animal sources.
• Sufficient fruits and vegetables.
• Easily digestible, absorbable and
assailable food.
• Easily available food.
• Certain amount of cellulose to
promote peristalsis.
FACTORS CONSIDERED TO
FORMULATE A BALANCED DIET
• Age
• Sex, height, weight
• Quality and quantity of food
• Socio-economical value
• Seasonal factor
• Geographical
• Allergic condition
BMI
BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)
• The BMI is defined as
the body mass (kg)
divided by the square
of the body height
(m), and is expressed
in units of kg/m2.
• It is a measurement of
a person's leanness or
corpulence, and is
intended to quantify
tissue mass.
BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)
• The value obtained from the calculation of BMI is used to categorize whether a
person is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.
• Being overweight or underweight can have significant health issues, hence it is a
useful indicator related to risk for assessing someone's likelihood of developing
overweight- or obesity-related diseases, for example, high blood pressure.
– Problem: If the weight of an 1.60 m tall individual is 60 kg, what is his BMI?
BMI CHART
CHART
INTERPRETATION
• The correlation between the BMI
number and body fatness is fairly
strong, however the correlation varies
by sex, race, and age.
– At the same BMI, women tend to have
more body fat than men.
– At the same BMI, older people, on
average, tend to have more body fat
than younger adults.
– Highly trained athletes may have a high
BMI because of increased muscularity
rather than increased body fatness.
HOW TO FIND
YOUR DAILY
CALORIE NEED
CALCULATING MAINTENANCE CALORIES
• Step 1: Find your current body

weight in kilograms.
• Step 2: Multiply your weight by
0.9 if you are a woman or 1.0 if
you are a man.
• Step 3: Multiply by 24
• Step 4: Multiply by your “Lean
Factor” from the table beside.
BASAL METABOLIC RATE
• Example using an individual stats: 61 kg x 0.9
(female) x 24 x 0.95 (20% body fat) = 1252
• This number is called your Basal Metabolic Rate
(BMR). It’s how many calories you would burn in
a day if you just lay on the couch all day and did
nothing.
• To find out how many calories you actually burn
in a day, you need to multiply with your “Activity
Modifier” from the table beside.
• Her daily calorie need would be:
1252 (BMR) x 1.55 (Light activity) = 1940 cal / day
HOW TO FIND BODY FAT PERCENTAGE
• You can use a tape measure and this online calculator to estimate your body
fat percentage. It’s not as accurate, but you really only need an approximate
number, so it should be good enough.
HOW TO DECIDE ACTIVITY FACTOR
• The main mistake people make when using this calculation is to overestimate
their physical activity level.
• The higher multipliers are for people who use their bodies almost constantly
throughout the day and therefore need a lot of energy, like construction
workers, pro athletes, etc.
• If you are pretty fit and active, you should probably use the “Light” or “Very
Light” multiplier. If you are just starting a fitness program, use the “Very Light”
multiplier.
– https://diabetesstrong.com/how-to-find-your-daily-calorie-need/
CALORIES COUNT
• Each person has a minimum daily energy requirement that varies with age, sex,
body size, activity level, and other factors.
• Generally, an active female college student needs around 1,800-2,000 Cal a day
to fuel her metabolic needs; while a male college student needs 2,200-2,500
Cal /day.
– Carbohydrate and protein each

provide about 4 Cal/g, while fat
provides ~9 Cal/g.
– A person would have to run for ~
30 min, for example, to burn off
the calories in a cheeseburger.
CALORIE DENSITY CHART
THANK YOU

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TOPIC 9: CLASS 1

• They are converted into glucose or blood sugar after digestion.

• Vitamins and Minerals are required in minute amounts. They are

FAT S O L UB LE VI TAM IN S: WATER S OL UB LE VI TAM INS :

❖ Taken with fat containing foods. ❖ Cannot be stored.

• Rich sources of proteins are fish, meat, poultry, and beans.

• Step 1: Find your current body

– Carbohydrate and protein each

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