Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3

Lecture Notes - 22
Introduction to Riveted Joints
A rivet is a short cylindrical bar with a head integral to it. The cylindrical portioon of the rivet
is called shank or body and low
wer portion of shank is known as tail, as show
wn in Fig. The
rivets are used to make permanent fastening between the plates such as in strructural work,
ship building, bridges, tanks and
d boiler shells. The riveted joints are widely useed for joining
light metals.
The fastenings (i.e. joints) may be classified into the following
two groups:
1. Permanent fastenings, and
2. Temporary or detachable fasttenings.
The fastenings (i.e. joints) may be classified into the following
two groups:
1. Permanent fastenings, and
2. Temporary or detachable fasteenings Fig. Rivet paarts.

The permanent fastenings aree those fastenings which cannot be disassem

mbled without
destroying the connecting compponents. The examples of permanent fastening
gs in order of
strength are soldered, brazed, weelded and riveted joints.

The temporary or detachable fastenings are those fastenings which can be disassembled
without destroying the connectiing components. The examples of temporary ffastenings are
screwed, keys, cotters, pins and splined
s joints.

Methods of Riveting
The function of rivets in a joint is to make a connection that has strength and ttightness. The
strength is necessary to preventt failure of the joint. The tightness is necessarry in order to
contribute to strength and to prev
vent leakage as in a boiler or in a ship hull.

When two plates are to be fastenned together by a rivet as shown in Fig. (a), the holes in the
plates are punched and reamed or drilled. Punching is the cheapest method annd is used for
relatively thin plates and in stru
uctural work. Since punching injures the materiial around the
hole, therefore drilling is used in
n most pressure-vessel work. In structural and prressure vessel
riveting, the diameter of the riveet hole is usually 1.5 mm larger than the nominaal diameter of
the rivet.
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes - 22

(a) Initial possition. (b) Final position.

Fig. Methods of riveting.
The plates are drilled tog
gether and then separated to remove any burrs or
o chips so as
to have a tight flush joint betweeen the plates. A cold rivet or a red hot rivet is inntroduced into
the plates and the point (i.e. seecond head) is then formed. When a cold riveet is used, the
process is known as cold rivetin
ng and when a hot rivet is used, the process is kknown as hot
riveting. The cold riveting process is used for structural joints while hot rivetiing is used to
make leak proof joints.
The riveting may be don
ne by hand or by a riveting machine. In handd riveting, the
original rivet head is backed up by
b a hammer or heavy bar and then the die or sett, as shown in
Fig.(a), is placed against the endd to be headed and the blows are applied by a hhammer. This
causes the shank to expand thus filling
f the hole and the tail is converted into a pooint as shown
in Fig.(b). As the rivet cools, it tends to contract. The lateral contraction will be slight, but
nsion introduced in the rivet which holds the plates firmly
there will be a longitudinal ten
together.
In machine riveting, thee die is a part of the hammer which is opeerated by air,
hydraulic or steam pressure.
Notes:

1. For steel rivets up to 12 mm

m diameter, the cold riveting process may be uused while for
larger diameter rivets, hot rivetin
ng process is used.

2. In case of long rivets, only thee tail is heated and not the whole shank.

Types of Rivet Heads

Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes - 22
According to Indian standard sp
pecifications, the rivet heads are classified into the following
three types:
1. Rivet heads for general purpo
oses (below 12 mm diameter) as shown in Fig.

Fig. Rivet heads for

f general purposes (below 12 mm diameter).
2. Rivet heads for general purpo
oses (From 12 mm to 48 mm diameter) as shown
n in Fig.
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes - 22

Fig. Rivet heads for general

g purposes (from 12 mm to 48 mm diameteer)
3. Rivet heads for boiler work (from 12 mm to 48 mm diameter, as shown in Fiig.

(a) Snap head. (b) Ellipsoid head. (c) Pan head (Type I).

1.4 d for rivets under 24 mm. (e) Pan head with tapered neck. (f) Steeple hhead.

Types of Riveted Joints

Following are the two types of riiveted joints, depending upon the way in which the plates are
connected.
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes - 22
1. Lap joint, and

2. Butt joint.
1. Lap Joint
A lap joint is that in which one plate overlaps the other and the two plates are then riveted
together.
2. Butt Joint
A butt joint is that in which the main plates are kept in alignment butting (i.e. touching) each
other and a cover plate (i.e. strap) is placed either on one side or on both sides of the main
plates. The cover plate is then riveted together with the main plates. Butt joints are of the
following two types:
1. Single strap butt joint, and

2. Double strap butt joint.

In a single strap butt joint, the edges of the main plates butt against each other and only
one cover plate is placed on one side of the main plates and then riveted together. In a double
strap butt joint, the edges of the main plates butt against each other and two cover plates are
placed on both sides of the main plates and then riveted together.
In addition to the above, following are the types of riveted joints depending upon the
number of rows of the rivets.
1. Single riveted joint, and

2. Double riveted joint.

A single riveted joint is that in which there is a single row of rivets in a lap joint as
shown in Fig (a) and there is a single row of rivets on each side in a butt joint as shown in
Fig. A double riveted joint is that in which there are two rows of rivets in a lap joint as
shown in Fig. (b) and (c) and there are two rows of rivets on each side in a butt joint as shown
in Fig.
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes - 22

(a) Single riveted lap joint. (b) Double riveted lap joint (c) Double riveteed lap
(Chain riveting). Joint (Zig-zag rivetting).
Fig. Single and double riveted lap joints.
Similarly the joints may be triplee riveted or quadruple riveted.
Notes: 1. when the rivets in the various
v rows are opposite to each other, as show
wn in Fig. (b),
then the joint is said to be chain riveted. On the other hand, if the rivets in the aadjacent rows
are staggered in such a way that every rivet is in the middle of the two rivets off the opposite
row as shown in Fig. (c), then thee joint is said to be zig-zag riveted.
2. Since the plates overlap in lap
p joints, therefore the force P, P acting on the plaates are not in
the same straight line but they are at a distance equal to the thickness of thee plate. These
forces will form a couple whichh may bend the joint. Hence the lap joints may be used only
where small loads are to be transmitted. On the other hand, the forces P, P in a butt joint act
in the same straight line, thereffore there will be no couple. Hence the butt jooints are used
where heavy loads are to be transsmitted.

(a) Chain rivetin

ng. (b) Zig-zag riveting.
Fiig. 9.7. Triple riveted lap joint.
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes - 22

Fig. Siingle riveted double strap butt joint.

(a) Chain a rivveting. (b) Zig-zag riveting

Fig. Doouble riveted double strap (equal) butt joints.

Fig. Double riveted dou

uble strap (unequal) butt joint with zig-zag rivetting.
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes - 22
References:
1. Machine Design - V.Bandari .
2. Machine Design – R.S. Khurmi
3. Design Data hand Book - S MD Jalaludin.
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 23
Important Terms Used in Riveeted Joints
The following terms in connectio
on with the riveted joints are important from thee subject point
of view:
1. Pitch. It is the distance from the centre of one rivet to the centre of the next riivet measured
parallel to the seam as shown in Fig.1
F It is usually denoted by p.
2. Back pitch. It is the perpendiccular distance between the centre lines of the succcessive rows
as shown in Fig.1. It is usually deenoted by pb.
3. Diagonal pitch. It is the disttance between the centers of the rivets in adjaacent rows of
zigzag riveted joint as shown in Fig.
F It is usually denoted by pd.
4. Margin or marginal pitch. It is the distance between the centres of riveet hole to the
nearest edge of the plate as show
wn in Fig. 9.6. It is usually denoted by m.

Fig.1. Triplee riveted double strap (unequal) butt joint.

Caulking and Fullering

In order to make the joints leak proof or fluid tight in pressure vessels like steaam boilers, air
receivers and tanks etc. a processs known as caulking is employed. In this proccess, a narrow
blunt tool called caulking tool, about
a 5 mm thick and 38 mm in breadth, is usedd. The edge of
the tool is ground to an angle of 80°. The tool is moved after each blow along thhe edge of the
plate, which is planed to a level of 75° to 80° to facilitate the forcing down of eddge. It is seen
that the tool burrs down the platte at A in Fig.2 (a) forming a metal to metal jooint. In actual
practice, both the edges at A and
d B are caulked. The head of the rivets as shownn at C are also
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 23
turned down with a caulking tool to make a joint steam tight. A great care is takken to prevent
injury to the plate below the tool.

Fig.2.
F Caulking and fullering.
A more satisfactory way of making the joints staunch is known as fulleriing which has
largely superseded caulking. In this
t case, a fullering tool with a thickness at thee end equal to
that of the plate is used in such a way that the greatest pressure due to the blow
ws occur near
the joint, giving a clean finish, with less risk of damaging the plate. A fulleriing process is
shown in Fig. (b).

Failures of a Riveted Joint

A riveted joint may fail in the folllowing ways:

dge. A joint may fail due to tearing of the plate at an edge as

1. Tearing of the plate at an ed
shown in Fig.3. This can be avoided
a by keeping the margin, m = 1.5d, whhere d is the
diameter of the rivet hole.
2. Tearing of the plate across a row of rivets. Due to the tensile stresses in thee main plates,
the main plate or cover plates may
m tear off across a row of rivets as shown inn Fig. In such
cases, we consider only one pitcch length of the plate, since every rivet is responnsible for that
much length of the plate only.
The resistance offered by the plaate against tearing is known as tearing resistan
nce or tearing
strength or tearing value of the plate.
Let p = Pitch of the rivets,

d = Diameter of the rivet hole,

t = Thickness of the platee, and

ҏVt = Permissible tensile sttress for the plate material.

Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 23

We know that tearing area per piitch length,

At = (p-d)t

ҏ?Tearing resistance or pull requuired to tear off the plate per pitch length,

Pt = At . ıt = (p – d) t . ıt
When the tearing resistance (Pt) is greater than the applied load (P) per pitch lenngth, then this
type of failure will not occur.
3. Shearing of the rivets. The plates which are connected by the rivets exert tennsile stress on
the rivets, and if the rivets are unnable to resist the stress, they are sheared off as shown in Fig.
5.
It may be noted that the rivets are in single shear in a lap joint and in a single cover
butt joint, as shown in Fig. But the rivets are in double shear in a double coverr butt joint as
shown in Fig. The resistance ooffered by a rivet to be sheared off is knownn as shearing
resistance or shearing strength or shearing value of the rivet.

(a) Shearing
S off a rivet in a lap joint.

(b) Shearin
ng off a rivet in a single cover butt joint.

Fig. 5. Shearing of rivets.

Fig.6. Shearring off a rivet in double cover butt joint.

Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 23

Let d = Diameter of the rivet hole,

ҏWҏ = Safe permissible shear stress for the rivet material, and

n = Number of rivets per pitch length.

We know that shearing area,

S
As ud2 ...(In single shear)
4
S
2u ud2 ... (Theoretically, in double shear)
4
S
1.875 u u d 2 ... (In double shear, according to Indian Boiler Regulations)
4
ҏ?Shearing resistance or pull required to shear off the rivet per pitch length,
S
Ps nu ud2 uIJ ... (In single shear)
4
S
nu 2u ud2 uIJ ... (Theoretically, in double shear)
4
As we discussed earlier, when the shearing takes place at one cross-section of the rivet, then
the rivets are said to be in single shear. Similarly, when the shearing takes place at two cross-
sections of the rivet, then the rivets are said to be in double shear.
S
n u 1.875 u ud2 uIJ ... (In double shear, according to Indian Boiler Regulations)
4
When the shearing resistance (Ps) is greater than the applied load (P) per pitch length,
then this type of failure will occur.
4. Crushing of the plate or rivets. Sometimes, the rivets do not actually shear off under the
tensile stress, but are crushed as shown in Fig. Due to this, the rivet hole becomes of an oval
shape and hence the joint becomes loose. The failure of rivets in such a manner is also known
as bearing failure. The area which resists this action is the projected area of the hole or rivet
on diametric plane.
The resistance offered by a rivet to be crushed is known as crushing resistance or
crushing strength or bearing value of the rivet.

Let d = Diameter of the rivet hole,

t = Thickness of the plate,

ҏVҏc = Safe permissible crushing stress for the rivet or plate material, and
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 23
n = Number of rivets per pitch length under crushing.
We know that crushing area per rivet
r (i.e. projected area per rivet),

Ac = d. t
?Total crushing area = n . d . t
And crushing resistance or pull required
r to crush the rivet per pitch length,

Pc = n . d . t .Vc

When the crushing resistance (P

Pc) is greater than the applied load (P) per pitchh length, then
this type of failure will occur.

Fig. 7.. Crushing of a rivet.

Strength of a Riveted Joint

The strength of a joint may be defined
d as the maximum force, which it can trannsmit, without
causing it to fail. We have seen that Pt, Ps and Pc are the pulls required to tear off the plate,
shearing off the rivet and crushin
ng off the rivet. A little consideration will show
w that if we go
on increasing the pull on a riveeted joint, it will fail when the least of these three pulls is
reached, because a higher value of the other pulls will never reach since the joiint has failed,
either by tearing off the plate, shearing off the rivet or crushing off the rivet.

If the joint is continuous as in caase of boilers, the strength is calculated per pitcch length. But
if the joint is small, the strength is calculated for the whole length of the plate.

Efficiency of a Riveted Joint

The efficiency of a riveted jointt is defined as the ratio of the strength of riveteed joint to the
strength of the un-riveted or soolid plate. We have already discussed that strrength of the
riveted joint
= Least of Pt, Ps and Pc
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 23
Strength of the un-riveted or solid plate per pitch length,

P = p . t .Vt
?Efficiency of the riveted joint,
Least of Pt , Ps andPc
K
p u t u ıt
Where p = Pitch of the rivets,
t = Thickness of the plate, and
ıt = Permissible tensile stress of the plate material.

References:
1. Machine Design - V.Bandari .
2. Machine Design – R.S. Khurmi
3. Design Data hand Book - S MD Jalaludin.
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 24
Problems on design of riveted joiints

Problem:
A double riveted lap joint is mad
de between 15 mm thick plates. The rivet diameeter and pitch
are 25 mm and 75 mm respectiveely. If the ultimate stresses are 400 MPa in tension, 320 MPa
in shear and 640 MPa in crushin
ng, find the minimum force per pitch which wiill rupture the
joint. If the above joint is subjeccted to a load such that the factor of safety is 44, find out the
actual stresses developed in the plates
p and the rivets.

Problem
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 24
Find the efficiency of the followiing riveted joints:
m plates with 20 mm diameter rivets having a pitch of 50
1. Single riveted lap joint of 6 mm
mm. 2. Double riveted lap joint of
o 6 mm plates with 20 mm diameter rivets havving a pitch of
65 mm. Assume Permissible ten
nsile stress in plate = 120 MPa Permissible sheaaring stress in
rivets = 90 MPa Permissible crusshing stress in rivets = 180 MPa.
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 24

References:
1. Machine Design - V.Bandari.
2. Machine Design – R.S. Khurm
mi
3. Design Data hand Book - S MD
M Jalaludin.
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 25
Design of boiler joints according to IBR
Design of Boiler Joints
The boiler has a longitudinal joint as well as circumferential joint. The longitudinal joint is
used to join the ends of the plate to get the required diameter of a boiler. For this purpose, a
butt joint with two cover plates is used. The circumferential joint is used to get the required
length of the boiler. For this purpose, a lap joint with one ring overlapping the other
alternately is used.
Since a boiler is made up of number of rings, therefore the longitudinal joints are staggered
for convenience of connecting rings at places where both longitudinal and circumferential
joints occur.
Design of Longitudinal Butt Joint for a Boiler
According to Indian Boiler Regulations (I.B.R), the following procedure should be adopted
for the design of longitudinal butt joint for a boiler.
1. Thickness of boiler shell. First of all, the thickness of the boiler shell is determined by
using the thin cylindrical formula, i.e.

Where t = Thickness of the boiler shell,

P = Steam pressure in boiler,
D = Internal diameter of boiler shell,
ıt = Permissible tensile stress, and
Șl = Efficiency of the longitudinal joint.
The following points may be noted:
(a) The thickness of the boiler shell should not be less than 7 mm.
(b) The efficiency of the joint may be taken from the following table.
Indian Boiler Regulations (I.B.R.) allows a maximum efficiency of 85% for the best joint.
(c) According to I.B.R., the factor of safety should not be less than 4.
2. Diameter of rivets. After finding out the thickness of the boiler shell (t), the diameter of the
rivet hole (d) may be determined by using Unwin's empirical formula,
i.e. d = 6 t (when t is greater than 8 mm)
But if the thickness of plate is less than 8 mm, then the diameter of the rivet hole may be
calculated by equating the shearing resistance of the rivets to crushing resistance. In no case,
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 25
the diameter of rivet hole should not be less than the thickness of the plate, because there will
be danger of punch crushing.
3. Pitch of rivets. The pitch of the rivets is obtained by equating the tearing resistance of the
plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets. It may noted that (a) The pitch of the rivets
should not be less than 2d, which is necessary for the formation of head.
(b) The maximum value of the pitch of rivets for a longitudinal joint of a boiler as per I.B.R.
is pmax = C × t + 41.28 mm where t = Thickness of the shell plate in mm, and C = Constant.
The value of the constant C may be taken from DDB. If the pitch of rivets as obtained by
equating the tearing resistance to the shearing resistance is more than pmax, then the value of
pmax is taken.
4. Distance between the rows of rivets. The distance between the rows of rivets as specified
by Indian Boiler Regulations is as follows:
(a) For equal number of rivets in more than one row for lap joint or butt joint, the distance
between the rows of rivets ( pb) should not be less than 0.33 p + 0.67 d, for zig-zig riveting,
and 2 d, for chain riveting.
(b) For joints in which the number of rivets in outer rows is half the number of rivets in inner
rows and if the inner rows are chain riveted, the distance between the outer rows and the next
rows should not be less than 0.33 p + 0.67 or 2 d, whichever is greater. The distance between
the rows in which there are full number of rivets shall not be less than 2d.
(c) For joints in which the number of rivets in outer rows is half the number of rivets in inner
rows and if the inner rows are zig-zig riveted, the distance between the outer rows and the
next rows shall not be less than 0.2 p + 1.15 d. The distance between the rows in which there
are full number of rivets (zig-zag) shall not be less than 0.165 p + 0.67 d.
Note : In the above discussion, p is the pitch of the rivets in the outer rows.
5. Thickness of butt strap. According to I.B.R., the thicknesses for butt strap (t1) are as given
below:
(a) The thickness of butt strap, in no case, shall be less than 10 mm.
(b) tt = 1.125 t, for ordinary (chain riveting) single butt strap.

For single butt straps, every alternate rivet in outer rows being omitted.
t1 = 0.625 t, for double butt-straps of equal width having ordinary riveting (chain riveting).
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 25

For double butt straps of equal width having every alternate rivet in the outer rows being
omitted.
(c) For unequal width of butt straps, the thicknesses of butt strap are
t1 = 0.75 t, for wide strap on the inside, and
t1 = 0.625 t, for narrow strap on the outside.
6. Margin. The margin (m) is taken as 1.5 d.
Note: The above procedure may also be applied to ordinary riveted joints.
References:
1. Machine Design - V.Bandari .
2. Machine Design – R.S. Khurmi
3. Design Data hand Book - S MD Jalaludin.
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 28
Design of eccentric loaded riveted joints and Problems

Eccentric Loaded Riveted Joint

When the line of action of the load does not pass through the centroid of the rivet system and
thus all rivets are not equally loaded, then the joint is said to be an eccentric loaded riveted
joint, as shown in Fig. 1(a). The eccentric loading results in secondary shear caused by the
tendency of force to twist the joint about the centre of gravity in addition to direct shear or
primary shear.

Let P = Eccentric load on the joint, and

e = Eccentricity of the load i.e. the distance between the line of action of the
load and the centroid of the rivet system i.e. G.

The following procedure is adopted for the design of an eccentrically loaded riveted joint.

Note: This picture is given as additional information and is not a direct example of the current
chapter.

1. First of all, find the centre of gravity G of the rivet system.

Let A = Cross-sectional area of each rivet,

x1, x2, x3 etc. = Distances of rivets from OY, and

y=, y2, y3 etc. = Distances of rivets from OX.

 A1 x 1  A 2 x 2  A 3 x 3  ... Ax1  Ax 2  Ax 3  ...

We know that x
A 1  A 2  A 3 ; ; ; n.A

x 1  x 2  x 3  ...
…(where n = Number of rivets)
n

 y1  y 2  y3  ...
Similarly, y
n
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 28

Fig. 1. Eccentric loaded riveted joint.

2. Introduce two forces P1 and P2 at the centre of gravity ‘G’ of the rivet ssystem. These
forces are equal and opposite to P as shown in Fig.(b).

3. Assuming that all the rivets are

a of the same size, the effect of P1 = P is to pproduce direct
shear load on each rivet of equal magnitude. Therefore, direct shear load on each
h rivet,

P
Ps , acting parallel to the load P,
n

4. The effect of P2 = P is to prooduce a turning moment of magnitude P × e w

which tends to
rotate the joint about the centre of gravity ‘G’ of the rivet system in a clockw
wise direction.
Due to the turning moment, seco
ondary shear load on each rivet is produced. Inn order to find
the secondary shear load, the folllowing two assumptions are made:
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 28
(a) The secondary shear load is proportional to the radial distance of the rivet under
consideration from the centre of gravity of the rivet system.

(b) The direction of secondary shear load is perpendicular to the line joining the centre of the
rivet to the centre of gravity of the rivet system..

Let F1, F=, F3 ... = Secondary shear loads on the rivets 1, 2, 3...etc.

F1, F2, F3 ... = Radial distance of the rivets 1, 2, 3 ...etc. from the
centre of gravity ‘G’ of the rivet system.

?ҏFrom assumption (a), F1 D ҏl1 ; F2 D ҏl2 and so on

F1 F2 F3
or ...
l1 l2 l3

l2 l3
F2 F1 u , and F3 F1 u
l1 l1

We know that the sum of the external turning moment due to the eccentric load and of
internal resisting moment of the rivets must be equal to zero.

?ҏҏP.e = F1.l1 + F2.l2 + F3.l3 + …

l2 l
F1l1  F1 u u l 2  F1 u 3 u l3  ...
l1 l1

F1
l1
>
l1
2
 l2
2
 l3
2
@
 ...

From the above expression, the value of F1 may be calculated and hence F2 and F3 etc. are
known. The direction of these forces are at right angles to the lines joining the centre of rivet
to the centre of gravity of the rivet system, as shown in Fig. 1(b), and should produce the
moment in the same direction (i.e. clockwise or anticlockwise) about the centre of gravity, as
the turning moment (P × e).

5. The primary (or direct) and secondary shear load may be added vectorially to determine
the resultant shear load (R) on each rivet as shown in Fig.1 (c). It may also be obtained by
using the relation
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 28
2
R Ps  F2  2Ps u F u cos ș

Where T = Angle between the primary

p or direct shear load (Ps)

And secondary shear load (F).

When the secondary shear load on each rivet is equal, then the heavilyy loaded rivet
will be one in which the includeed angle between the direct shear load and seccondary shear
m loaded rivet becomes the critical one for determining the
load is minimum. The maximum
nowing the permissible shear stress (W), the diameter of the
strength of the riveted joint. Kn
rivet hole may be obtained by using the relation,

S
Maximum resultant shearr load (R) = u d 2 uW
4

From DDB, the standard diameeter of the rivet hole ( d ) and the rivet diam
meter may be
specified

Notes : 1. In the solution of a problem, the primary and shear loads mayy be laid off
approximately to scale and geneerally the rivet having the maximum resultant shhear load will
be apparent by inspection. The values of the load for that rivet may then be calcu
ulated.

2. When the thickness of the plate

p is given, then the diameter of the rivet hole may be
checked against crushing.

3. When the eccentric load P is inclined

i at some angle, then the same proceduree as discussed
above may be followed to find th
he size of rivet.

Problem: An eccentrically loadeed lap riveted joint is to be designed for a steeel bracket as
shown in Fig. 2. The bracket plate
p is 25 mm
thick. All rivets are to be of the same
s size. Load
on the bracket, P = 50 kN ; riv
vet spacing, C =
100 mm; load arm, e = 400 mm.
m Permissible
shear stress is 65 MPa and cru
ushing stress is
120 MPa. Determine the size off the rivets to be
used for the joint.
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 28
Solution. Given: t = 25 mm ; P = 50 kN = 50 × 103 N ; e = 400 mm ; n = 7 ; Wҏ= 65 MPa = 65
2
N/mm2 ; c = 120 MPa = 120 N/mm
N .

Fig.2

First of all, let us find the centre of gravity (G) of the rivet system.


Let x = Distance of centre of gravity from OY,


y = Distance of centre of gravity from OX,

x1, x2, x3... = Distances of centre of gravity of each rivet from OY, and
y1, y2, y3... = Distances of centre of gravity of each rivet from OX.

We know that

The centre of gravity (G) of the rivet system lies at a distance of 100 mm from OY and 114.3
mm from OX, as shown in Fig. 2.
2
We know that direct shear load on
o each rivet,
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 28

The direct shear load acts paralleel to the direction of load P i.e. vertically downw
ward as shown
in Fig. 2. Turning moment produ
uced by the load P due to eccentricity (e)
= P × e = 50 × 103 × 400 = 20 × 106 N-mm
This turning moment is resisted by
b seven rivets as shown in Fig.2.

Fig. 3

b the secondary shear load on the rivets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7

Let F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 and F7 be
placed at distances l1, l2, l3, l4, l5, l6 and l7 respectively from the centre of gravitty of the rivet
system as shown in Fig. 3.
From the geometry of the figure, we find that

Now equating the turning momeent due to eccentricity of the load to the resistinng moment of
the rivets, we have
Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 28

Since the secondary shear loads are proportional to their radial distances from the centre of
gravity, therefore

By drawing the direct and secondary shear loads on each rivet, we see that the rivets 3, 4 and
5 are heavily loaded. Let us now find the angles between the direct and secondary shear load
for these three rivets. From the geometry of Fig.3, we find that

Now resultant shear load on rivet 3,

Resultant shear load on rivet 4,

Design of Machine Members-I Unit-3
Lecture Notes – 28

And resultant shear load on rivet 5,

The resultant shear load may be determined graphically, as shown in Fig.3.

From above we see that the maximum resultant shear load is on rivet 5. If d is the diameter of
rivet hole, then maximum resultant shear load (R5),

From DDB, we see that according the standard diameter of the rivet hole (d) is 25.5 mm and
the corresponding diameter of rivet is 24 mm.
Let us now check the joint for crushing stress. We know that

Since this stress is well below the given crushing stress of 120 MPa, therefore the design is
satisfactory.
References:
1. Machine Design - V.Bandari
2. Machine Design – R.S. Khurmi
3. Design Data hand Book - S MD Jalaludin.