Cultural and Moral Values

Values
- is defined as established ideals of life, objects, customs, ways of acting and the like that
members of a given society.
2 TYPES:
1. CULTURAL VALUES
2. MORAL VALUES
- are integral in shaping the character and behavior of an individual influencing one's
decision.
APPLIED ETHICS
- attempts to APPLY ethical principles and moral theories to REAL-LIFE MORAL ISSUES
- deals with ethical questions specific to PRACTICAL FIELDS.
- EUTHANASIA, CHILD LABOR, ABORTION ETC.
Domains of Applied Ethics
- Business Ethics
- Clinical Ethics
- Organizational Ethics
- Social Ethics
MORAL DILEMMA
ALSO REFERRED to as ETHICAL DILEMMA
-is a situation where a person has the moral obligation to choose between TWO
OPTIONS are both based on moral standards, but he/she can’t choose both, and choosing
means violating the other.
The agent thus seems condemned to moral FAILURE no matter what you do, you will do
something wrong (or fail to do something that she ought to do).
The persons involved in the DILEMMA are in DEADLOCK.
Damn-if-you-do and Damn-if-you-don’t
FALSE DILEMMA
- is a situation where the decision maker has a moral duty to do one thing, but is tempted
under pressure to do something else.
- A choice between right or wrong.
- A lawyer or an accountant can face an opportunity to prioritize self-interest over the
client’s interest.
LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA
-INDIVIDUAL
-ORGANIZATIONAL
-STRUCTURAL
1. INDIVIDUAL DILEMMA - refers to personal dilemmas. It is an individual’s damn-if-you-

do and damn-if-you-don’t situation.
Example: The case of Heinz: If he did not steal the drug that would mean his wife’s
death.
THE DILEMMA is faced by an individual who is torn between OBLIGATIONS: to save
the wife or obey the law.
2. ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA - exists between PERSONAL INTEREST and
ORGANIZATION WELFARE or between individuals groups’ interest and organizational
well being.
- Arises due to different opposing concerns between various groupings in an
organization.
3. STRUCTURAL DILEMMA
- A conflict of perspective of sectors, groups and institutions that may be affected
by the decision.
- Any attempt to introduce reforms in society or government creates structural
dilemma.
EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURAL DILEMMA
1. Differentiation vs. Integration

● DECENTRALIZATION
● In effect of local governments and schools have likewise become more
DIFFERENTIATED and so it becomes more difficult to INTEGRATE them for a
united structure.
2. Gaps vs. Overlaps
● GAPS- leave important thing in an organization UNDONE.
- A patient wanted something however, her call button rarely produced a response.
- There is GAP as to who accoding to the rule is supposed to respond to the
buzzer.
•OVERLAPS -result in unnecessary and counterproductive redundant procedure which
ultimately lead to waste of resources.
3. Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity
•LACK OF CLARITY: When employees are UNCLEAR about what they are supposed to
do, they often tailor their roles around PERSONAL PREFERENCES instead of system-
wide goals, frequently leading to trouble.
•LACK OF CREATIVITY: When responsibilities are over-defined, people conform to
PRESCRIBED ROLES and PROTOCOLS in a “bureaucratic way”
● They rigidly follow job descriptions regardless of how much the service or product suffers
and so end up UNCREATIVE.
4. Flexibility vs. Strict Adherence to Rules

● You accommodate by BENDING RULES to help someone or you STICK STRICTLY TO
RULES no matter what and so unable to help someone who is thrown into a helpless
situation.
● Or you may become TOO ACCOMMODATING that all rules are no more.
5. Excessive Autonomy vs. Excessive Interdependence
- Refers to being TOO ISOLATED versus TOO MUCH COORDINATION.
- When individuals/ groups are too autonomous, people often feel isolated and
disconnected.
- If units and roles are TIGHTLY LINKED people are DISTRACTED from work and
WASTE TIME on UNNECESSARY or TOO MUCH COORDINATION.
6. Centralized vs. Decentralized Decision Making
- In decentralized decision-making, organizations can respond to change
RAPIDLY and EFFECTIVELY because the decision makers are the people
CLOSEST TO THE SITUATION.
- However, TOP MANAGERS may LOSE SOME CONTROL.

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Cultural and Moral Values

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Values

1. INDIVIDUAL DILEMMA - refers to personal dilemmas. It is an individual’s damn-if-you-

1. Differentiation vs. Integration

4. Flexibility vs. Strict Adherence to Rules

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