Day-7 (English)

APPSC Group-I | 75 Days Screening Test Series Plan| Test Code: G1WPT-0101
Key and Explanations

S. No Option S. No Option S. No Option S. No Option S. No Option
1 (2) 26 (4) 51 (4) 76 (3) 101 (2)

2 (4) 27 (1) 52 (4) 77 (3) 102 (3)
3 (4) 28 (1) 53 (2) 78 (3) 103 (3)
4 (1) 29 (2) 54 (3) 79 (4) 104 (1)
5 (3) 30 (2) 55 (4) 80 (2) 105 (1)
6 (4) 31 (3) 56 (3) 81 (4) 106 (3)
7 (3) 32 (4) 57 (4) 82 (4) 107 (3)
8 (1) 33 (3) 58 (3) 83 (2) 108 (2)
9 (4) 34 (1) 59 (2) 84 (4) 109 (3)
10 (1) 35 (2) 60 (2) 85 (2) 110 (2)
11 (4) 36 (3) 61 (4) 86 (2) 111 (2)
12 (3) 37 (4) 62 (1) 87 (2) 112 (2)
13 (2) 38 (2) 63 (1) 88 (2) 113 (3)
14 (3) 39 (4) 64 (4) 89 (4) 114 (1)
15 (2) 40 (1) 65 (1) 90 (3) 115 (1)
16 (1) 41 (3) 66 (4) 91 (3) 116 (3)
17 (3) 42 (2) 67 (1) 92 (1) 117 (1)
18 (1) 43 (2) 68 (4) 93 (1) 118 (3)
19 (3) 44 (3) 69 (1) 94 (2) 119 (3)
20 (2) 45 (2) 70 (2) 95 (2) 120 (1)
21 (3) 46 (4) 71 (3) 96 (2)
22 (4) 47 (1) 72 (3) 97 (4)
23 (2) 48 (3) 73 (3) 98 (3)
24 (1) 49 (3) 74 (4) 99 (4)
25 (3) 50 (2) 75 (4) 100 (3)
APPSC | Group-I | 75 Days Screening Test Series Plan | Admissions in Progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/appsc 1
Detailed Explanations
1. Correct Answer: Option (2) ovals above the North and South Magnetic
Type of Question: Conceptual Poles.
• Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are clouds • That is why auroras occur almost every night
that form when water vapor enters the in the northern sky, from August to May.
stratosphere and when temperatures are cold
enough for water vapor to condense there.
• During the winter, the high latitudes receive
very little to no solar radiation, so
temperatures drop significantly during this
period, known as polar night.
✓ Under these conditions, PSCs can
develop.
• They trap outgoing longwave radiation (OLR)
and emit some of it back towards the Earth's
surface, so they hinder atmospheric cooling. Do you know?
• PSCs convert reservoir compounds into Our planet's magnetic field forms an invisible
reactive free radicals (Cl and ClO) thereby shield that protects us from the solar wind
significantly increasing the reactive halogen
radicals. 3. Correct Answer: Option (4)
✓ These free radicals accelerate depletion Type of Question: Conceptual
of ozone. • The column of atmosphere is divided into five
different layers depending upon the
Do you know?
Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) are nacreous temperature condition.
clouds that extend from 12-22 km above the • They are: troposphere, stratosphere,
surface mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.
• The troposphere:
2. Correct Answer: Option (4) ✓ Its average height is 13 km and extends
Type of Question: Conceptual roughly to a height of 8 km near the poles
• The northern lights, or aurora borealis, are a
and about 18 km at the equator.
spectacular, colourful display of light ✓ Thickness of the troposphere is greatest
commonly seen in the night sky in the at the equator because heat is
northern hemisphere. transported to great heights by strong
• Auroras in the southern hemisphere are
convectional currents.
known as the southern lights, or ✓ The temperature in this layer decreases
aurora australis. at the rate of 1°C for every 165m of
✓ They occur near Earth's magnetic poles. height.
• Auroras occur when charged • The stratosphere is found above the
particles (electrons and tropopause and extends up to a height of 50
protons) collide with gases in Earth's upper km.
atmosphere. ✓ One important feature of the
• Those collisions produce tiny flashes that fill
stratosphere is that it contains the ozone
the sky with colourful light. layer.
• Earth's magnetic field steers the charged
• The mesosphere lies above the stratosphere,
particles towards the poles. The shape of which extends up to a height of 80 km.
Earth's magnetic field creates two auroral
✓ In this layer, once again, temperature • The tilt of the Earth's axis, at 23.5 degrees,
starts decreasing with the increase in causes significant variations in warmth,
altitude and reaches up to minus 100°C pressure, and climate conditions between
at the height of 80 km. January and July.
• The ionosphere (thermosphere) is located • Earth's revolution around the sun every 365
between 80 and 400 km above the days causes the relative position with the sun
mesopause. to change annually, influencing pressure belt
✓ It contains electrically charged particles positions, except for the polar high-pressure
known as ions. belts.
✓ Temperature here starts increasing with • This tilt leads to the shifting of pressure belts,
height. moving 5° northward during the Tropic of
• The uppermost layer of the atmosphere is Cancer's vertical sunlight (21 June) and 5°
known as the exosphere. southward during the Tropic of Capricorn's
✓ It gradually merges with the outer space. vertical sunlight (22 December).
• The pressure belts in both hemispheres stay
Do you know? balanced when the sun shines vertically over
Radio waves transmitted from the earth are the Equator on March 21st and September
reflected back to the earth by the Ionosphere 23rd (the Equinoxes)
layer • Overall, the Earth's tilt and revolution
4. Correct Answer: Option (1) contribute to substantial pressure variations
Type of Question: Conceptual between January and July, impacting climate
• The horizontal distribution of pressure is
conditions in different regions.
studied using isobars, representing constant Do you know?
pressure levels, while eliminating the altitude The change in pressure condition over Pacific is
effect. known as the southern oscillation.
• There are seven identifiable horizontal 6. Correct Answer: Option (4)
pressure belts, including equatorial low, sub- Type of Question: Conceptual
tropical highs, sub-polar lows, and polar highs. • Permanent winds:
• Equatorial Low-Pressure Belt ('Doldrums'): ✓ The winds blowing almost in the same
✓ Located between 10°N and 10°S direction throughout the year are called
latitudes. permanent winds.
✓ Variable width (5°N-5°S to 20°N-20°S) ✓ Ex: - The trade winds, westerlies and
with the Sun's apparent movement. polar easterlies.
✓ Convergence zone of trade winds, • The trade winds blow from the sub-tropical
creating the Intertropical Convergence high-pressure areas towards the equatorial
Zone (ITCZ). low-pressure belt.
• Vertical currents cause convection, leading to • Spanning a region between 30°N and 30°S
clouds and turbulent weather. across the Earth's surface, these winds are
• Convectional rainfall occurs, but cyclones are known as the north-eastern trades in the
absent due to negligible Coriolis force. northern hemisphere and the south-eastern
trades in the southern hemisphere.
Do you know?
• Originating in stable and descending
Equatorial Low-Pressure Belt is known as
conditions within the sub-tropical high-
'doldrums' due to calm air movements.
pressure belt, trade winds become humid and
5. Correct Answer: Option (3) warmer as they approach the equator,
Type of Question: Conceptual collecting moisture along their path.
• The convergence of trade winds from both • The straightness of the jet stream's path is
hemispheres near the equator leads to associated with maximum temperature
upward movement, resulting in significant contrast.
rainfall. ✓ As temperature contrast decreases,
leading to weaker jet streams, they tend
to follow meandering paths in a wavy and
irregular manner, either poleward or
equatorward.
✓ Meandering depends on the
temperature gradient, where a high
gradient results in a well-defined, west-
east flow parallel to isobars.
Do you know?
The wavy patterns in meandering jet streams
are referred to as Rossby Waves
Do you know?
Loo, Mistral, Foehn, Bora are the examples of 9. Correct Answer: Option (4)
local winds. Type of Question: Factual
• There are four main types of clouds: cirrus,
7. Correct Answer: Option (3)
cumulus, stratus, and nimbus.
Type of Question: Conceptual
• Cirrus:
• At the equator, the Coriolis force is absent,
✓ Cirrus clouds form at high altitudes
but it intensifies with increasing latitude.
(8,000 - 12,000m), appearing thin,
• At 5° latitude, the Coriolis force becomes
detached, and feathery. They
pronounced enough to generate storms,
consistently maintain a white colour.
forming cyclonic vortices.
• Cumulus:
• Approximately 65% of cyclonic activity occurs
✓ Cumulus clouds resemble cotton wool
within the latitude range of 10° to 20°.
and typically form at heights ranging
• In the northern hemisphere, cyclonic
from 4,000 to 7,000 m.
circulation is counter clockwise, while in the
✓ These clouds exist in patches, scattered
southern hemisphere, it is clockwise.
across the sky, featuring a flat base.
Do you know? • Stratus:
The Coriolis force acts perpendicular to the ✓ Named for their layered appearance,
pressure gradient force. The pressure gradient stratus clouds cover extensive portions
force is perpendicular to an isobar. of the sky.
8. Correct Answer: Option (1) ✓ They usually form due to heat loss or the
Type of Question: Conceptual mixing of air masses with different
• Polar jet streams travel at altitudes of 6 to 9 temperatures.
km, while sub-tropical jet streams occur at 10 • Nimbus:
to 16 km above the ground. ✓ Nimbus clouds are characterized by their
• This altitude difference is attributed to the black or dark grey colour and form at
thicker troposphere at the equator (17 to 18 middle levels or very close to the Earth's
km) compared to the poles (8 to 9 km). surface.
• Jet stream can reach up to 400 kmph. On ✓ These clouds are dense and opaque to
average, jet streams move at speeds of 120 the rays of the sun, sometimes appearing
kmph in winter and 50 kmph in summer, with to touch the ground.
cores exhibiting even higher speeds.
Do you know? • They are known as Cyclones in the Indian
Stratocumulus and nimbostratus and clouds Ocean, Hurricanes in the Atlantic, Typhoons in
with extensive vertical development – cumulus the Western Pacific and South China Sea, and
and cumulonimbus are come under low Willy-willies in the Western Australia.
clouds. • The recent (Dec-2023) cyclone that hit
Tamilnadu and Southern Andhra Pradesh is
named as ‘Michaung’.
✓ It is named after a suggestion provided
• These strange, unnatural looking clouds
by Myanmar. It means strength and
sometimes form downwind of hills or
resilience.
mountains.
✓ They look a lot like the traditional shape
of flying saucers in science fiction.
• When air blows across a mountain range, in
certain circumstances, it can set up a train of
large standing waves in the air downstream,
rather like ripples forming in a river when
water flows over an obstruction.
• If there is enough moisture in the air, the
rising motion of the wave will cause water
vapour to condense, forming the unique
appearance of lenticular clouds.
• Lenticular clouds are a visible sign of
mountain waves in the air.
• On the ground, they can result in very strong
gusty winds in one place, with still air only a Do you know?
Thunderstorms and tornadoes are severe
few hundred metres away.
local storms
Do you know?
Polar jet and subtropical jet are permanent jet 12. Correct Answer: Option (3)
streams. Type of Question: Factual
• The theory of plate tectonics proposes that
the earth’s lithosphere is divided into seven
Type of Question: Conceptual and Factual
major and some minor plates.
• Tropical cyclones originate and intensify over
• The major plates are as follows:
warm tropical oceans.
✓ Antarctic plate
• The conditions favourable for the formation
✓ North American plate
and intensification of tropical storms are:
✓ South American plate
✓ Large sea surface with temperature
✓ Pacific plate
higher than 27° C
✓ India-Australian plate
✓ Presence of the Coriolis force
✓ Africa plate
✓ Small variations in the vertical wind
✓ Eurasia plate.
speed
• Some important minor plates are listed
✓ A pre-existing weak-low- pressure area
below:
or low-level-cyclonic circulation
✓ Cocos plate: Between Central America
✓ Upper divergence above the sea level
and Pacific plate
system.
✓ Nazca plate: Between South America and
Pacific plate
✓ Arabian plate: Mostly the Saudi Arabian ✓ It consists of two sub-layers. The inner
landmass one is solid and the outer one is
✓ Philippine plate: Between the Asiatic and semiliquid.
Pacific plate • The layer surrounding the core is known as
✓ Caroline plate: Between the Philippine mantle.
and Indian plate (North of New Guinea) ✓ Major constituent elements of mantle
✓ Fuji plate: North-east of Australia. are magnesium and silicon, hence, this
layer is termed as Sima.
Do you know? • Mantle is surrounded by lithosphere.
There are three types of plate boundaries: ✓ Major constituent elements of
Divergent, Convergent, Transform Boundaries. lithosphere are silica (Si) and aluminium
13. Correct Answer: Option (2) (Al), thus this layer is termed as Sial.
Type of Question: Factual
• The most widely used classification of climate
is the empirical climate classification scheme
developed by V. Koeppen.
• Koeppen identified a close relationship
between the distribution of vegetation and
climate.
• He selected certain values of temperature and
precipitation and related them to the
distribution of vegetation and used these
values for classifying the climates. Do you know?
The outermost part of lithosphere is called
crust.
Type of Question: Analytical
Metamorphic Rocks:
• Metamorphic rocks are formed under the
influence of heat or pressure on sedimentary
or igneous rocks.
• Heat causes the minerals to recrystallise in the
rock.
Do you know? ✓ The process of change by heat is called
Wladimir Petrovich Köppen was a Russian–
thermal or contact metamorphism.
German geographer, meteorologist,
✓ Similarly the formation of metamorphic
climatologist and botanist.
rocks due to tremendous pressure is
14. Correct Answer: Option (3) known as dynamic or regional
Type of Question: Factual metamorphism.
• Core, mantle and crust are the three main ✓ Metamorphic rocks are hard and tough in
concentric layers of the earth’s interior. comparison to the parent rocks from
• Core is the most dense layer of the earth with which they are formed.
its density range from 9.5 to 14.5 ✓ Schist is the metamorphic form of shale
✓ It is composed mainly of the iron and
nickel thus commonly known as Nife.
Do you know?
Mount Popa of Myanmar (Burma) and
Kilimanjaro of Tanzania are important extinct
volcanoes.
Glacial Land forms:
Erosional Depositional
Cirque Moraines
Do you know?
Acidic igneous rocks are composed of 65% or Horns Eskers
more of silica. Serrated Ridges Outwash Plains
Glacial Valleys Drumlins
Type of Question: Analytical Do you know?
• Earthquake waves are divided into body
Erosional forms dominate in the west coast of
India.
waves and surface waves.
• There are two types of body waves. They are 19. Correct Answer: Option (3)
called P and S-waves. Type of Question: Factual
• The P-waves are similar to sound waves. They • The Mekong River is one of the world's great
travel through gaseous, liquid and solid rivers.
materials. • Covering a distance of nearly 5,000 km from
• An important fact about S-waves is that they its source on the Tibetan Plateau in China to
can travel only through solid materials. the Mekong Delta,
• P-waves vibrate parallel to the direction of the ✓ The river flows through six countries:
wave. China, Myanmar, Thailand, Lao PDR,
• The direction of vibrations of S-waves is Cambodia and Viet Nam.
perpendicular to the wave direction in the ✓ It forms part of the international border
vertical plane. between Myanmar (Burma) and Laos, as
Do you know? well as between Laos and Thailand.
A gravity anomaly is the difference between ✓ The longest river in Southeast Asia is
the observed acceleration of an object in Vietnam’s most famous. It’s known as
free fall and the predicted value. Nine Dragons River representing its
major tributaries.
• The volcanoes which erupt frequently or have
erupted recently or are in action currently are
called active volcanoes.
• Important among these include Stromboli in
Mediterranean, Krakatoa in Indonesia, Mayon
in Philippines, Mauna loa in Hawai Islands and
Barren Island in India.
• The volcanoes which have not erupted in
recent times are known as dormant volcano.
✓ They are as such the ‘sleeping volcanoes’.
Important among these are Vesuvious of
Italy, Cotopaxi in South America.
Do you know? Do you know?
The shadow zone of S-waves is not only larger Radio waves transmitted from the earth are
in extent but it is also a little over 40 per cent reflected back to the earth by Inosphere.
of the earth surface.
20. Correct Answer: Option (2) Type of Question: Analytical
Type of Question: Factual • Water vapour is a variable gas in the
• The Congo River has a total length of 4,370 atmosphere, which decreases with altitude.
km. • Oxygen will be almost in negligible quantity at
✓ It is the only river to cross the equator the height of 120 km.
twice. • Similarly, carbon dioxide and water vapour
✓ It is the continent’s second longest river, are found only up to 90 km from the surface
after the Nile of the earth.
• Nile River, the longest river in the world. • Carbon dioxide is transparent to the incoming
✓ It rises south of the Equator and flows solar radiation but opaque to the outgoing
northward through northeastern Africa terrestrial radiation.
to drain into the Mediterranean Sea. Do you know?
• The São Francisco River is a large river in Carbon dioxide responsible for the
Brazil. greenhouse effect.
✓ It is the longest river that runs entirely in
Brazilian territory.
• Igneous Rocks are normally crystalline in
structure.
• They do not occur in strata or layers.
• When rocks contain high proportion of Silica
then they are said to be acidic.
• Acidic Igneous rocks are lighter in colour than
basic rocks.
Do you know?
Do you know? Igneous rocks are classified as volcanic rocks
Nile River is called the father of African rivers (cooling at the surface) and plutonic rocks
21. Correct Answer: Option (3) (cooling in the crust)
Type of Question: Factual 24. Correct Answer: Option (1)
• The troposphere is the lowermost layer of the Type of Question: Analytical
atmosphere. • As the river enters the plain it twists and turns
• The temperature in this layer decreases at the forming large bends known as meanders.
rate of 1oC for every 165m of height. • Due to continuous erosion and deposition
• The zone separating the troposphere from along the sides of the meander, the ends of
stratosphere is known as the tropopause. the meander loop come closer and closer.
✓ The air temperature at the tropopause is • In due course of time the meander loop cuts
about minus 800C over the equator and off from the river and forms a cut-off lake, also
about minus 45oC over the poles. called an ox-bow.
✓ Variation of temperature, pressure and
humidity is negligible in tropopause.
Do you know? 26. Correct Answer: Option (4)
As river floods, it deposits layers of fine soil and Type of Question: Analytical
other material called sediments along its • In general terms, the endogenic forces are
banks. This leads to the formation of a flat mainly land building forces and the exogenic
fertile floodplain. processes are mainly land wearing forces.
• Diastrophism and volcanism are endogenic
geomorphic processes.
• Weathering, mass wasting, erosion and
• Weathering processes are conditioned by
deposition are exogenic geomorphic
many complex geological, climatic,
processes.
topographic and vegetative factors.
✓ Not only weathering processes differ Do you know?
from climate to climate, but also the Orogeny is mountain building process whereas
depth of the weathering mantle. epeirogeny is continental building process.
• Biological weathering is contribution to or 27. Correct Answer: Option (1)
removal of minerals and ions from the Type of Question: Analytical
weathering environment and physical • Fold Mountains :
changes due to growth or movement of • The mountains are wide spread and also the
organisms. most important.
✓ Burrowing and wedging by organisms like • They are caused by the large scale earth
earthworms, termites, rodents etc., help movements when stresses are set up in
in exposing the new surfaces to chemical earth’s crust.
attack and assists in the penetration of • Such stresses may be due to the increased
moisture and air. load of the overlying rocks, flow movements
• When rocks undergo weathering, some of mantle etc.
materials are removed through chemical or • Himalayas, Rockies Andes and Alps are part of
physical leaching by groundwater and thereby young fold mountains.
the concentration of remaining (valuable) • These are closely associated with volcanic
materials increases. activity.
✓ Without such a weathering taking place,
the concentration of the same valuable
material may not be sufficient and
economically viable to exploit, process
and refine.
✓ This is what is called enrichment.
• Weathering is the process of breaking down
of rocks but not its removal. Denudation is the
process of breaking and removing the rocks
from the surface of the earth. Do you know?
✓ It is only a part of denudation cycle. It A light year is a measure of distance and not
includes weathering, erosion, mass of time.
movement and transportation
Do you know? Type of Question: Analytical
Slump is slipping of one or several units of rock Mushroom Rocks:
debris with a backward rotation with respect
• Many rock-outcrops in the deserts easily
to the slope over which the movement takes
susceptible to wind deflation and abrasion.
place
• Rock-outcrops are worn out quickly leaving • Forest soils generally have 1–5% organic
some remnants of resistant rocks polished matter by weight.
beautifully in the shape of mushroom with a Do you know?
slender stalk and a broad and rounded pear The process through which the gases were
shaped cap above. outpoured from the interior is called
• Such rock pillars will be further eroded near degassing.
the bases where the friction is greatest.
Do you know?
Light travels at a speed of 300,000
km/second. Do you know?
The point where the energy is released is
29. Correct Answer: Option (2) called the focus of an earthquake.
• Alluvial soils vary from sandy loam to clay in
texture and are rich in potash but deficient in
nitrogen and organic matter.
✓ They are generally poor in phosphorous.
• The black soils are generally clayey, deep and
impermeable.
✓ They swell and become sticky when wet
and shrink when dried.
✓ So, during the dry season, these soil
develop wide cracks.
✓ Black soils develop wide cracks during
the dry season because of their high clay
content.
• The laterite soils develop in areas with high
temperature and high rainfall.
• Peaty Soils are found in the areas of heavy
Do you know?
rainfall and high humidity.
The upper portion of the mantle is called
✓ Thus, large quantity of dead organic
asthenosphere
matter accumulates in these areas, and
this gives a rich humus and organic 32. Correct Answer: Option (4)
content to the soil. Type of Question: Analytical
✓ Organic matter in these soils may go even • The Amazon River originates in the Andes
up to 40-50 per cent. Mountains of Peru.
• The highest point in the Andes Mountains is
Mount Aconcagua, located in the Argentina.
Do you know?
The highest tides in the world occur in the Bay
of Fundy in Nova Scotia, Canada.
German meteorologist Alfred Wegener Type of Question: Analytical
proposed "the continental drift theory. • In 2022, the world’s coal output expanded by
33. Correct Answer: Option (3) 8.2% as coal prices remained at a high level,
Type of Question: Factual caused by supply disruptions from the war in
• In October, the Ogoney became the first Ukraine.
Indigenous people in West Papua province to • China remained the world’s largest coal and
have a customary forest recognised by the lignite producer in 2022, accounting more
government. than for half of supply (51% in 2022).
✓ West Papua is a province of Indonesia.
• Brazil has airlifted 16 starving Yanomami tribal
people to receive urgent treatment, after the
government declared a medical emergency.
✓ The indigenous people live in a reserve in
Brazil's northern state of Roraima.
• The southern regions of Palawan Island in the
Philippines serve as home to approximately
40,000 Palawan people.
Do you know? Do you know?
When the tide is channelled between islands When the moon’s orbit is closest to the earth
or into bays and estuaries they are called tidal (perigee), unusually high and low tides occur.
currents.
Type of Question: Factual • Biome may be defined as a large natural eco-
• Leading oil-producing countries worldwide in system wherein we study the total
2022: assemblage of plant and animal communities.
• Though a biome includes both plant and
animal communities but a biome is usually
identified and named on the basis of its
dominant vegetation, which normally
constitutes the bulk of the biomass.
Do you know? • The prime meridian is an imaginary line that
Cumulus clouds look like cotton wool. They divides Earth into two equal parts.
are generally formed at a height of 4,000 - • It passes through the royal astronomical
7,000 m. observatory near London.
• This is the Prime Meridian from which all
other meridians radiate eastwards and
westwards up to 1800.
• The Caspian Sea is the world’s largest water
• Since the earth makes one complete
body that is enclosed or bordered by land on
revolution of 3600 in 24 hours, it passes
all sides.
through 150 in one hour.
• This massive lake is located between Asia and
• The earth rotates from west to east, so for
Europe.
every 150 we go east wards local time is
advanced by one hour and if we go westwards
local time is retarded by one hour.
• The question asked for 750 west so time will
retard by 5 hours.
Do you know?
The exogenic processes derive their energy
from atmosphere determined by the ultimate
energy from the sun and also the gradients
Do you know? created by tectonic factors.
Chennai is nicknamed The Detroit of Asia
Type of Question: Analytical • Soils are formed through the process of
• Cyclones occur in low pressure areas because pedogenesis and depend upon the parent
the Earth is not heated equally by the Sun. rocks, climate, biological activity and time.
• When the sun heats air over warm waters in • Soils are renewable resources, which
tropical regions, it creates low pressure areas. influence a number of economic activities
• This causes the air to rise rapidly, becoming such as agriculture.
saturated with moisture that condenses into • Both natural and cultural factors influence the
thunderclouds. soil's fertility.
• Generally, over low pressure area the air will • Soil formation or pedogenesis depends first
converge and rise. on weathering.
• Over high pressure area the air will subside ✓ It is this weathering mantle (depth of the
from above and diverge at the surface. weathered material) which is the basic
• Apart from convergence, some eddies, input for soil to form.
convection currents, orographic uplift and Do you know?
uplift along fronts cause the rising of air, Abyssal Plains are extensive plains that lie
which is essential for the formation of clouds between the continental margins and mid-
and precipitation. oceanic ridges.
Do you know?
When two different air masses meet, the
boundary zone between them is called a front. Type of Question: Factual
• Tropical grasslands include the Savanna in
39. Correct Answer: Option (4) East Africa, Campos in Brazil, and Llanos in
Type of Question: Analytical Venezuela.
• On the other hand, temperate grasslands Do you know?
encompass the Pampas in Argentina, Prairie in Savanna is confined within the tropics and is best
America, Veld in South Africa, Steppe in Asia, developed in the Sudan where the dry and wet
and Down in Australia. seasons are most distinct, hence its name the
Do you know? Sudan Climate.
There are 106 National Parks in India at 44. Correct Answer: Option (3)
present (Dec-2023) Type of Question: Analytical
42. Correct Answer: Option (2) • Except for the deep sea hydro-thermal
Type of Question: Analytical ecosystem, sun is the only source of energy
• The word monsoon is derived from the Arabic for all ecosystems on Earth.
word ‘mausim’ which literally means season. • Of the incident solar radiation less than 50 per
• EI-Nino is a complex weather system that cent of it is photo synthetically active
appears once every three to seven years, radiation (PAR).
bringing drought, floods and other weather • In a terrestrial ecosystem, major producers
extremes to different parts of the world. are herbaceous and woody plants.
• The opposite of El Niño is La Niña, which is the • All organisms are dependent for their food on
abnormal cooling of sea surface waters in the producers, either directly or indirectly
same region. ✓ Unidirectional flow of energy from the
✓ La Niña typically brings good rainfall sun to producers and then to consumers.
during the monsoon season. Do you know?
Do you know? In the Thar Desert the day temperature may
Monsoon’ refers to the seasonal reversal in the rise to 50°C, and drop down to near 15°C the
wind direction during a year. same night.
43. Correct Answer: Option (2) 45. Correct Answer: Option (2)
Type of Question: Analytical Type of Question: Factual
• The Savanna or Sudan Climate is a transitional Mountain Country/Region
type of climate found between the equatorial System
forests and the trade wind hot deserts.
Appalachian North America
• The savanna landscape is typified by tall grass
Mountains
and short trees.
• Within the savanna lands of the tropics live Arakan Yoma Myanmar
many different tribes who are either cattle Mountains
pastoralists like the Masai of the East African
Altai Mountains Central Asia
plateau or settled cultivators like the Hausa of
northern Nigeria. Atlas Mountains North-western Africa
Do you know?
The Andes Mountain range (South
America) is the world's longest mountain
range above sea level, stretching 7,000
kilometers
• Approximately 66% of the Andhra Pradesh’s
cultivated areas have red soils.
• Black soils contribute to 25%. 49. Correct Answer: Option (3)
• Roughly 5% of the state's soil is composed of Type of Question: Factual
coastal and deltaic alluvial soils. • Andhra Pradesh is home to Kolleru Lake, one
• Lateritic soils are found in about 1% of the of the biggest freshwater lakes in India.
state. • It is also the biggest shallow freshwater lake in
Do you know? Asia.
Soil formation process is known as • Kolleru is the largest fresh water lake in the
Pedogenesis Country, located between the deltas of
Krishna and Godavari rivers.
• The lake is fed directly by the seasonal
Budameru and Tammileru rivers and is
• Andhra Pradesh Receives 90% of the rain fall
connected to the Krishna and Godavari
from South-West as well as North-East
systems.
monsoons.
• Kolleru Lake was designated as Ramsar site in
• South –West Monsoon is comparatively heavy
August 2002.
in Northern Parts of the state.
• The North-East Monsoon brings more rain to Do you know?
the Southern areas of Rayalaseema. The Brahmaputra River has its origin in the
Chemayungdung glacier
• The South-West monsoon provides for
around 66% of the state’s rainfall. 50. Correct Answer: Option (2)
Do you know? Type of Question: Analytical
The Yamuna, the western most and the • Eastern Ghats are the discontinuous hill
longest tributary of the Ganga ranges extending in North-South direction.
• Mahendragiri Peak, at 1,501 meters above sea
level, is the highest point in the Eastern Ghats.
✓ It is situated in the Paralakhemundi
• Erramala Range is located in the western state
region of Odisha, in the Gajapati district.
of Andhra Pradesh state.
✓ The highest point in Andhra Pradesh's
• Erramala hills passes through the Kurnool
Eastern Ghats is Sitamma Konda.
district of Andhra Pradesh.
• The Sarada River originates in the Ananthagiri
• Erramala hills form the northern boundary of
the fan-shaped Pennar basin. hills of the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh.
• The hills, which trend northeast to southwest, Do you know?
are situated on the eastern edge of the The Godavari is the largest peninsular river
Deccan plateau. system. It is also called the Dakshin Ganga
• These hills are between the basins of the 51. Correct Answer: Option (4)
Krishna River (north) and the Penneru River Type of Question: Factual
(south). • Mangrove occur in Andhra Pradesh in
• Gandikota - India’s own grand canyon. estuaries of Krishna and Godavari rivers.
✓ It is found between the Erramala ranges • Andhra Pradesh has got an area of 582 Sq.KM.
of hills, even known as Gandikota hills. of Mangrove forests.
✓ The Pennar River carved the pink granite ✓ It is accounting for about 9% of local
rock of Erramala Hills and formed forest area of the State.
Gandikota Canyon. ✓ It amounts to just about 2% of the local
Do you know? geographical area of the State.
The Son is a large south bank tributary of the • The United Nations Development Programme
Ganga, originating in the Amarkantak plateau (UNDP) is working with the Green Climate
Fund (GCF) to protect mangrove ecosystems • The State Government of Andhra Pradesh
in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Maharashtra. hosts the Flamingo Festival each year in
Do you know? January and February to welcome tourists and
Originating close to Mahabaleshwar in visitors as a large number of migratory birds
Sahyadri, the River Krishna is the second largest arrive at Pulicat Lake to breed.
river on the Peninsula that flows eastward • The Barrier Island of Sriharikota separates the
lake from Bay of Bengal.
• The Pennar rises in the Chenna Kasava hill of
the Nandidurg range, in Chikkaballapura
district of Karnataka.
• The basin lies in the States of Andhra Pradesh
and Karnataka.
State Drainage Area
(sq.km) Do you know?
Andhra Pradesh 48276 A tectonic plate is a large, asymmetrical slab of
Karnataka 6937 solid rock that is typically made up of both
Total 55213 oceanic and continental lithosphere

The Narmada originates on the western flank Type of Question: Factual
of the Amarkantak plateau Dharwar Rocks:
• These are the oldest rock types in India
Type of Question: Analytical identified for the first time in Dharwar region
• Andhra Pradesh has all forest types in India
of Karnataka.
• Manganese deposits are mainly associated
except ever green tropical rainy forests.
• Forests in Andhra Pradesh are categorised in
with Dharwar system.
• They are economically important and host
to five types:
✓ Moist deciduous gold and ferrous deposits.
• In Andhra Pradesh, these types of rocks are
✓ Dry deciduous
✓ Thorny Scrub found in the districts of Chittoor and Nellore.
✓ Coastal Do you know?
✓ Mangroves Weathering is an in-situ or on-site process
because very little to no material motion
Do you know?
occurs during the process
The Kaveri rises in Brahmagiri hills of Kogadu
district in Karnataka 56. Correct Answer: Option (3)
• The Indian Coast is divided into six parts:
• Pulicat Lake is a saltwater lagoon.
• It extends from the southeast of Andhra
Pradesh to Tamil Nadu.
• This lake has the membership of the
international network Living Lakes.
• It is the second largest brackish water lake in
the country.
• The river Krishna traverses through this Tiger
Reserve for a linear distance of around 270
Kilo meters.
• Two wildlife Sanctuaries, namely Rajiv Gandhi
Wildlife Sanctuary and Gundla
Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary (GBM)
constitute the Tiger Reserve.
Do you know?
Meander is not a landform but is only a type of
channel pattern
Do you know? Type of Question: Factual
Slump is slipping of one or several units of • Kaundinya Elephant Sanctuary is located in
rock debris with a backward rotation with Palamner - Kuppam forest ranges of Chittoor
respect to the slope. district of Andhra Pradesh.
57. Correct Answer: Option (4) • Sri Lanka Malleswara Sanctuary is located in
Type of Question: Analytical the Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh.
Coastal Plains of Andhra Pradesh: • Sri Penusila Narasimhaswamy Wildlife
• The stretch between Eastern Ghats and Bay of Sanctuary is located in Nellore and Kadapa
Bengal along with Godavari- Krishna doab district of Andhra Pradesh.
forms coastal plains in Andhra Pradesh. • Coringa wildlife sanctuary is located in the
• Theses plains extend from Mahendragiri of East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh.
Srikakulam in the North to Pulicat Lake in
South.
• The Godavari- Krishna doab is fertile with the
alluvium, forming green granary of state.
• These plains are narrow with 19 Kms in North
and 22 Kms in South.
Do you know?
Himalayas are mostly made up of sedimentary
rocks and unconsolidated and semi-
consolidated deposit
• Nagarjuna Sagar Srisailam Tiger reserve is the
largest tiger reserve in India.
• This Tiger reserve is spread over 5 districts in
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Do you know?
• Vegetation: Drumlins are smooth oval shaped ridge-like
✓ Southern dry mixed deciduous forest, features composed mainly of glacial till with
southern tropical moist deciduous forest some masses of gravel and sand
intermingled with scrub, bamboo and 60. Correct Answer: Option (2)
grass. Type of Question: Factual
• The River Tungabhadra is a tributary of Do you know?
Krishna forms boundary between Karnataka India standard Meridian passes through UP,
and Andhra Pradesh. MP, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh
• The river Tungabhadra forms border between
the States of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
until its confluence with main Krishna at
• India has 15106.7 Km of land border running
Srisailam.
through 17 States.
Neighbour Length of Border (Km)
Bangladesh 4,096.7
China 3,488
Pakistan 3,323
Nepal 1,751
Myanmar 1,643
Bhutan 699
Do you know? Afghanistan 106
Carbon dioxide and water vapour are found Do you know?
only up to 90 km from the surface of the earth. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is
61. Correct Answer: Option (4) responsible for border management
• Among the cities mentioned, only Madurai Type of Question: Factual
(78°09'E) has a longitude closer to Hyderabad • Sikkim shares international borders with
(78°47'E).
Bhutan, China and Nepal.
• Madurai is just 12 minutes east of Hyderabad.
• West Bengal shares international border with
Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan.
• Arunachal Pradesh is bordered by Myanmar,
China and Bhutan.
Do you know?
The Border Roads Organisation (BRO)
develops and maintains road networks in
India's border areas and friendly
neighbouring countries
• West Bengal is the state with the longest
international border.
• India and Bangladesh share a 4,096-
kilometer-long international border, the
world's fifth-longest land border.
• West Bengal having the longest boundary
with Bangladesh at 2,217 kilometres.
• The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous low belt.
✓ Their average elevation is 600 m.
✓ They run parallel to the east coast from
south of Mahanadi valley to the Nilgiri
hills.
✓ The highest peak in this region is
Mahendragiri (1501 m).
Do you know?
Pterocarpus Santalinus (red sanders) is an
endemic tree with a restricted geographical
range in the Eastern Ghats
• The Geographical entity called Indian
Do you know? subcontinent consist of Himalayas in the
Agartala-Akhaura railway project is the first north, Hindukush and Sulaiman ranges in the
railway project between the North Eastern northwest, Purvanchal hills in the north-east
States and Bangladesh and by the large expanse of the Indian Ocean
in the south.
• Indian sub-continent is blessed with lofty
mountains in the north; large rivers such as
• The Greater Himalayas or Himadri comprises
Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Krishna,
of the northern most ranges and peaks.
Godavari and Kaveri.
✓ It has an average height of 6000 metres
• It includes the countries — Pakistan, Nepal,
and width lies between 120 to 190 Kms.
Bhutan, Banglades, India, Sril Lanka and
✓ It has high peaks like Mt. Everest,
Maldive.
Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Dhaulagiri,
Nanga Parbat etc. having a height of Do you know?
India is the birthplace of four of the world’s
more than 8000 metres.
major religions, i.e. Hinduism, Buddhism,
✓ Mt. Everest (8848 m) is the highest peak
Jainism, and Sikhism
of the world and Kanchenjunga is the
highest peak of Himalaya in India. 67. Correct Answer: Option (1)
• The Trans-Himalayan ranges: Type of Question: Factual
✓ The Karakoram Range lie extreme north • Three parallel ranges can be identified in the
of the country. Himalayas. These are Himadri, Himachal and
✓ K2 is the second highest peak of the Siwalik.
world. • Himadri (Greater Himalaya): This is the
• Western Ghats or Sahyadris lie on the northern most and the highest range of the
Western edge of the Deccan plateau. Himalayas. This is the only range of the
✓ It runs parallel to the western coast for Himalaya which maintains its continuity from
about 1600 km. west to east.
✓ The average elevation of the Western • The extent of this range is between the Nanga
Ghats is 1000 metres. Parbat peak (8126 m.) in the west and
✓ The famous peaks in this area are Doda Namcha Barva peak (7756 m.) in the east.
Betta, Anaimudi and Makurti. • Himachal (Lesser or Middle Himalaya) is
✓ The highest peak in this region is located southwards of Himadri.
Anaimudi (2695m.).
• The breadth of Himachal range is 60 to 80 km • Eastern Plain covers the middle and the lower
and the height varies from 1000 metres to Ganga valley lying in the states of Bihar and
4500 metres. West Bengal.
• This range is highly dissected and uneven. ✓ Ganga flows through the middle of this
• The beautiful valley of Kashmir extends plain in Bihar.
between the Pir Panjal and Himadri ranges. ✓ The southern part of the plain is delta
The famous valley of Kullu and Kangra are also region.
a part of Himachal ranges. ✓ Ganga is divided into several
• Siwalik (Outer Himalaya) is the southernmost distributaries in the delta region.
range of Himalayas. ✓ Hooghly is the best example of a
• The average height of the Siwalik range is very distributary of Ganga.
low, about 600 metres only. • Brahmaputra Plain has been formed by
• There are some broad valleys in between the deposition of alluvium brought down by river
Himachal and the Siwalik ranges. Brahmaputra and its tributaries.
• These valleys are known as ‘duns’. Dehradun ✓ Majuli (1250 square kilometer) in the
valley is one of the best examples. Brahmaputra River is the world’s largest
Do you know? river island.
Tibetan Highland is considered the Third Pole ✓ This part is also very fertile.
(after the North and South Poles) ✓ It is surrounded by hills from three sides.
✓ Bangladesh is situated on this plain and
the delta jointly formed by Ganga and
Brahmaputra and their distributaries.
• The great Northern Plain can be divided into
four parts: Do you know?
✓ Western plain India’s first Marine Wildlife Sanctuary and
first Marine National Park which were created
✓ North Central plain
in the Gulf of Kutch in 1980 and 1982
✓ Eastern plain
✓ Brahmaputra plain 69. Correct Answer: Option (1)
• Western Plain includes the Rajasthan desert Type of Question: Factual
and Bangar region lying to the west of Aravali • Terai is a narrow, ill-drained, and damp
ranges. (marshy), and densely forested tract to the
✓ The desert is partly rocky and partly south of Bhabar that runs parallel to it.
sandy. • The Terai is about 15-30 kilometers wide.
✓ River Luni flows through this Bangar • The underground streams of the Bhabar belt
region and falls into the Rann of re-emerge in this belt.
Kutchchh. • The Terai soils are silty, rich in nitrogen and
✓ The famous salt water lake of Sambhar is organic matter, but low in phosphate.
situated in this part of the plain. • The majority of Terai land, particularly in
• North Central Plain extending into Punjab and Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, has
Haryana has been formed by the alluvium been converted into agricultural land,
brought by rivers Sutlej, Beas and Ravi. producing good crops of sugarcane, rice, and
✓ The part of this plain lying in Uttar wheat.
Pradesh is made up of the deposits laid Do you know?
down, by the rivers like, Ganga, Yamuna, Terai region includes the Jim Corbett National
Ramganga, Gomati, Ghagra and Gandak. Park in Uttarakhand and the Kaziranga
National Park in Assam
• Southern most point of the country as a whole
lies further south in Andaman and Nicobar
Islands.
• It is now called Indira Point.
• It is situated at 6°30'N latitude.
• The point was formerly known as Pygmalion
Point and Parsons Point.
• This village was named Indira Point after
former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi visited
the local light house on 19 February 1984.
• The official renaming ceremony happened on
10 October 1985.
• Galathea National Park and Lighthouse are
the major attractions here. Do you know?
Do you know? The highest peak of the Aravalli hills is
Kanyakumari is the southernmost point of the Gurushikhar (1722m) near Mt. Abu
Indian mainland which lies at 8°4′ N latitudes 72. Correct Answer: Option (3)
• The shape of Deccan plateau is triangular.
• One of the sides of this triangle is marked by
• The Central Highlands extends between river
the line joining Kanyakumari with Rajmahal
Narmada and Great Northern Plains.
Hills and this line passes through the Eastern
• The Aravallis form the west-north-western
Ghats.
edge of the Central Highlands.
• The second arm is marked by the Satpura
• These hills extend from Gujarat, through
Range, Mahadeo Hills, Maikal Range and the
Rajasthan to Delhi in the north-easterly
Rajmahal Hills.
direction for a distance of about 700 km.
• The third arm is marked by the Sahyadris
• Malwa plateau forms the dominant part of
(Western Ghats).
the Central Highlands.
• The Sahyadri Range forms the sharp edge of
• It lies to the southeast of Aravallis and to the
the Peninsular Plateau.
north of Vindhyachal Range.
• Its long escarpments running parallel to the
• River Chambal, Betwa and Ken drain the
Arabian Sea coast are simply breath taking.
Malwa Plateau before they join Yamuna.
• Anaimudi peak (2695 m) situated in Kerala is
• The part of the Central Highlands which
the highest peak of southern India.
extends to the east of Malwa Plateau is known
• Anaimudi is a sort of tri-junction of the
as Bundelkhand and is further followed by
Annamalai Range, the Cardamom Hills and the
Baghelkhand and the well-known
Palani Hills.
Chhotanagpur Plateau.
• Kodai Kanal is a beautiful hill resort situated
• Vindhyachal Range forms the southern edge
on the Palani Hills.
of Malwa Plateau.
• Eastern Ghats running from southwest to
• The Mahadeo Hills, Kaimur Hills and Maikal
northeast form the eastern edge of the
Range lie towards further east.
Peninsular Plateau.
• This range is known as Poorvadri also.
• The Eastern Ghats joins the Sahyadris at the • Some well-pronounced desert land features
Nilgiri Hills. are mushroom rocks, shifting dunes, and an
• Karbi Anglong Hills are part of Deccan plateau. oasis (mostly in its southern part).
Do you know? • Most of the rivers in this region are
The southern point of the Peninsular Plateau is ephemeral.
formed by the Nilgiri Hills where the Eastern • Low precipitation and high evaporation make
and the Western Ghats meet it a water-deficit area.
• Some streams disappear after flowing for
some distance and present a typical case of
inland drainage by joining a lake or playa.
• East Coastal Plain extends along the coast of
• The lakes and the playas have salty water, the
the Bay of Bengal from Ganga Delta in the
primary source of salt.
north to Kanyakumari in the south.
• This plain is broader than the western coastal Do you know?
Plains. Luni is a major west-flowing river that
originates on the western slopes of the Naga
• This plain includes the deltas of the rivers
Hills in Rajasthan's Ajmer district
Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.
• Chilka, Pulicat and Kolluru lakes are the 75. Correct Answer: Option (4)
famous lagoons of this plain. Type of Question: Factual
• These lakes have been formed by enclosing • Western Ghats are a continuous chain of hills
small parts of the Bay of Bengal behind sand extending from South Gujarat to Kerala.
bars. • They constitute low hills of an average height
• Lake Chilka is situated south of the delta of of less than 1000 m though the highest peak
Mahanadi. called Anaimudi is 2693 m high.
✓ The lake measures 75 km in length. • The height of the Western Ghats increases
✓ Chilka Lake is the habitat of Irrawaddy from north to south.
Dolphin as its flagship species. • Kalsubi (1,646 m), Salher (1,567 m), and
• Lake Pulicat is situated north of Chennai city Mahabaleshwar (1,438 m) are among the
and Nellore in Andhra Pradesh. highest peaks in this part of the Western
• The Pulicat Lake is the second largest brackish Ghats.
water lake in the country. • Western Ghats constitute the watershed for
• Kolluru Lake is situated between the deltas of most peninsular rivers, notably, the Godavari,
the Godavari and Krishna River. Krishna and Cauvery, which flow in the
Do you know? easterly direction into the Bay of Bengal.
According to the First Ever Census of • Eastern Ghats comprise a chain of detached
Waterbodies in India- 2023, Tamil Nadu has the hills extending from Odisha to Tamil Nadu.
most lakes • They constitute low hills with a maximum
74. Correct Answer: Option (4) elevation of about 1500 m at Mahendragiri in
Type of Question: Factual Odisha.
• To the northwest of the Aravali hills lies the • Eastern Ghats are also known as Poorvadri.
Great Indian Desert. They join the Western Ghats at the Nilgiri
• This region receives low rainfall below 150 Hills.
mm per year. • Except in the districts of Cuddapah and
• Hence, it has an arid climate with low Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh, the Eastern Ghats
vegetation cover. do not form a continuous range.
• It is because of these characteristic features
this is also known as Marusthali.
Do you know? Committee, guiding the preservation and
Gadgil Committee (2011), Kasturirangan enhancement of these unique environments.
Committee (2013), are committees for • The Panna Biosphere Reserve in Madhya
conservation of Western Ghats Pradesh was the most recent biosphere
reserve to be added to India's list in 2020.
Type of Question: Factual Do you know?
Ganga River System: The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was the first
• It originates in the Uttarkashi district of biosphere reserve in India established in the
Uttarakhand, close to Gaumukh (3,900 year 1986
meters) on the Gangotri glacier. 78. Correct Answer: Option (3)
• It is referred to as the Bhagirathi here. Type of Question: Factual
• At Devprayag, the Bhagirathi meets the • There are 106 existing national parks in India.
Alaknanda, hereafter, it is known as the
• It covers an area of 44,402.95 km2, which is
Ganga.
1.35% of the geographical area of the country
• About 79% area of Ganga basin is in India.
• Madhya Pradesh has the highest number (11)
✓ The basin covers 11 states viz.,
of National Parks in India.
Uttarakhand, U.P., M.P., Rajasthan,
• The State of Punjab has no National Park.
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, West Do you know?
Bengal and Delhi. Dehing Patkai National Park and Raimona
National Park, are in Assam
Do you know?
In Bangladesh River Ganga is known as Padma 79. Correct Answer: Option (4)
River Type of Question: Factual
• Critically endangered means that the natural
population of a species has decreased, or will
decrease, by 80% within three generations,
• Biosphere Reserves (BR) are UNESCO-
and all the available evidence indicates an
designated areas encompassing diverse
extremely high risk of its extinction in the wild.
natural and cultural landscapes, promoting
• Some of the critically endangered species in
biodiversity conservation, socio-economic
India are:
development, and cultural preservation.
✓ The Jerdon’s Courser is a nocturnal bird
• These reserves, found in 18 locations in India,
found only in the northern part of the
exemplify harmonious co-existence between
State of Andhra Pradesh.
humans and nature.
✓ The Pygmy hog is the world’s smallest
• India, a signatory to UNESCO's Man and
wild pig, with adults weighing only 8 kg.
Biosphere (MAB) program, follows a
✓ Leatherback turtles are the largest of
landscape approach in managing these
living sea turtles weighing as much as 900
reserves.
kg.
• Since 1986, the Government of India has
✓ The Gliding Frog is endemic to the Western Ghats.
implemented a scheme, Biosphere Reserve
scheme, offering financial aid (90:10 to North Do you know?
Eastern Region States and three Himalayan IUCN (International Union for Conservation of
states, 60:40 to others) for the maintenance Nature) was established on 5 October 1948
and development of Biosphere Reserves. 80. Correct Answer: Option (2)
• Each state drafts a Management Action Plan, Type of Question: Factual.
approved and overseen by the Central MAB • The Luni is the largest river system of
Rajasthan, west of Aravali.
• Originating near Pushkar, it begins as two Do you know?
branches, namely the Saraswati and the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) was
Sabarmati, merging at Govindgarh. constituted in October 1986
• Exiting the Aravali range, it adopts the name
Luni.
• Its course heads west until Telwara, where it
• Eastward-flowing Peninsular Rivers have
shifts southwest, eventually merging into the
greater length compared to their westward
Rann of Kutchchh.
counterparts.
• The entire river system is ephemeral.
• Rivers like Narmada and Tapi, which flow
Do you know? westward, create estuaries.
The Chambal River is the longest river in
• In contrast, eastward-flowing Peninsular
Rajasthan
Rivers form deltas.
81. Correct Answer: Option (4) • Prominent eastward rivers include Godavari,
Type of Question: Conceptual Krishna, Cauvery, Mahanadi, among others,
• Peninsula rivers are significantly older while Narmada and Tapti are significant
compared to Himalayan rivers. westward-flowing rivers.
• They flow non-continuously, with their Do you know?
highest discharge occurring in the rainy The Brahmaputra is longer than the Ganga, but
season. the Ganga is longer within India
• These rivers have reached a mature stage in
terms of their fluvial landforms, approaching
their base level with minimal vertical down
Some Well-Known Local Hot Weather Storms:
cutting.
• Mango Showers: These pre-monsoon
• Characterized by broad and shallow valleys,
showers, common in Kerala and coastal
they possess a low water velocity and a
Karnataka toward summer's end, aid in early
limited capacity to carry stream loads due to
mango ripening.
their gentle gradients.
• Blossom Shower: In Kerala and nearby
Do you know? regions, this shower triggers the blossoming
The Kaveri rises in Brahmagiri hills (1,341m) of
of coffee flowers.
Kogadu district in Karnataka
• Nor Westers: Evening thunderstorms in
82. Correct Answer: Option (4) Bengal and Assam, termed 'Kalbaisakhi', are
Type of Question: Factual feared events in Baisakh.
Hydro Electric River ✓ Despite their notoriety, they benefit tea,
Project jute, and rice cultivation.
Gangrel Mahanadi ✓ Known as 'Bardoisila' in Assam.
Hydroelectric • Loo: Oppressive, hot, and dry winds blowing
Project across the Northern plains, particularly
Bhakra Hydroelectric Sutlej intense between Delhi and Patna, spanning
Project from Punjab to Bihar.
Idukki Hydroelectric Periyar Do you know?
Project Western disturbances play a crucial role in
Singur Hydroelectric Majeera supporting Rabi crops like wheat once the
Project monsoon rains have ceased during the winter
season
Type of Question: Conceptual (Ramappa) Temple (2021) from Telangana,
• The monsoon advances onto the landmass via Santiniketan (2023) in West Bengal, and The
two branches: one from the Arabian Sea and Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala (2023) in
the other from the Bay of Bengal. Karnataka.
• In Punjab and Haryana, these branches • Additionally, India proudly hosts 7 UNESCO
converge, strengthening each other and Natural World Heritage Sites, showcasing its
leading to rainfall in the western Himalayas. breath-taking natural landscapes and unique
• The Bay of Bengal branch, influenced by the ecosystems.
Arakan Hills along Myanmar's coast, deflects a Do you know?
significant part towards India from the Khangchendzonga National Park in Sikkim is
southeast, entering West Bengal and the only one Mixed Heritage site in India
Bangladesh.
• Tamil Nadu coast remains dry, during south
west monsoon season, due to its parallel
• Volcanoes are categorized based on eruption
alignment with the Bay of Bengal branch and
type and surface formation.
its location in the rain shadow area of the
• Shield volcanoes, like those in Hawaii, are the
Arabian Sea branch of the southwest
largest due to fluid basalt lava, making them
monsoon.
less steep and generally non-explosive unless
Do you know? water enters the vent.
The highest rainfall in India is at Cherrapunji
• Composite volcanoes, with cooler, viscous
(Present name Sohra) in Mawsynram village of
lava, often cause explosive eruptions, building
Meghalaya state
up layers of ash and pyroclastic material.
86. Correct Answer: Option (2) • Calderas, the most explosive, collapse during
Type of Question: Factual eruptions due to immense magma chambers
• India takes pride in its diverse heritage and nearby.
natural wonders, reflected in its 42 UNESCO • Indonesia's Marapi volcano erupted on Dec-3-
World Heritage Sites. 2023.
• Among these, there are 34 Cultural sites, 7 • Marapi is one of the most active volcanoes on
Natural sites, and 1 mixed site, each Sumatra Island and last erupted in January
recognized for their profound value to and February this year.
humanity. Do you know?
• These sites benefit from legal protection The "Father of Plate Tectonics", Alfred
under a UNESCO-administered international Wegener proposed "Continental Drift" in 1912
convention.
• Attaining this esteemed status involves a
meticulous nomination and assessment
• As per latest ISFR 2021, the total forest cover
process by UNESCO's advisory bodies,
of the country is 713789 square kilometer
International Council on Monuments and
which is 21.71% of the geographical area of
Sites (ICOMOS) and IUCN.
the country.
• To qualify, sites must demonstrate
• The forest cover has increased by 1,540
Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), meeting
square kilometers between ISFR 2019 and
specific criteria outlined in the Convention,
ISFR 2021 assessment.
making them deserving of special
• The Total Forest and Tree cover is 24.62% of
safeguarding for the global community.
the geographical area of the country.
• Recent addition to India's Cultural World
Heritage Sites are the Kakatiya Rudreshwara
• The top five states in terms of increase in • Erosion: active wearing down of the Earth's
forest cover compared to ISFR 2019: surface by elements like water, wind, ice, and
✓ Andhra Pradesh waves.
✓ Telangana • Transportation: movement of eroded debris
✓ Odisha to new locations.
✓ Karnataka • Deposition: accumulation of debris,
✓ Jharkhand potentially forming new rocks.
Do you know? • When a layer of soil is present, chemical
Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in weathering of underlying rocks intensifies.
the country This occurs as soil retains rainwater, which
absorbs organic acids and becomes a more
potent weathering agent than pure rainwater
acting on exposed rock.
• The National Bureau of Soil Survey and the
Land Use Planning an Institute under the Do you know?
Granite is made of three main minerals: quartz,
control of the Indian Council of Agricultural
felspar and mica
Research (ICAR) did a lot of studies on Indian
soils. 91. Correct Answer: Option (3)
• In their effort to study soil and to make it Type of Question: Factual
comparable at the international level, the • Formed in 1835 as the Cachar Levy, the Assam
ICAR has classified the Indian soils on the basis Rifles (AR) stands as India's oldest paramilitary
of their nature and character as per the force, originally tasked with safeguarding
United States Department of Agriculture Assam's tea gardens.
(USDA) Soil Taxonomy. • Evolving over time, it transitioned through
several names before adopting its current one
in 1917.
• Renowned for border security, countering
insurgency, and upholding law in Northeast
India, it also guards the Indo-Myanmar
border.
• March 24, 2023 commemorates its 188th
Raising Day, symbolizing its 188 years of
service.
Do you know?
There are 7 Central Armed Police Forces in the
country
India has 180888 Thousand Hectare of Arable Type of Question: Factual
Land in 2018-19
• Celebrating 30 years of Project Elephant in
90. Correct Answer: Option (3) 2022, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Type of Question: Conceptual Climate Change (MoEFCC) plans Gaj Utsav
• Denudation, the process of earth's erosion 2023 at Kaziranga National Park on April 7-8,
and levelling, unfolds across four key phases: 2023 inaugurated by President Draupadi
• Weathering: gradual breakdown of rocks due Murmu.
to weather forces. • Project Elephant was launched in 1992 as a
Centrally-sponsored scheme.
• Assam, with the country's second-largest wild • Earth Day occurs annually on April 22nd and is
elephant population, also houses numerous observed in 193 countries, uniting people
captive elephants. worldwide in promoting environmental
Do you know? protection and raising awareness about the
Karnataka has the country's highest pressing issue of climate change.
population of wild elephants • Originating in the United States in 1970, Earth
Day has evolved into a global movement,
fostering numerous events and campaigns
organized by committees and organizations.
• Bharat Ratna Sir Mokshagundam
• The theme for World Earth Day 2023 is “Invest
Visvesvaraya, widely recognized as Sir MV,
in Our Planet”, which is a continuation of the
was a preeminent civil engineer, statesman,
2022 theme.
and scholar.
• 30 March-International Day of Zero Waste.
• His tenure as Dewan of Mysore from 1912 to
• 5- June- World Environment Day
1918 earned him the title of the Father of
• October 14-World migratory bird day
Modern Mysore due to his exceptional
Do you know?
contributions.
Till present, only 48 persons conferred the
• Renowned for pioneering engineering feats
Bharat Ratna award.
like irrigation block systems and automated
flood gates, he also formulated the 96. Correct Answer: Option (2)
Visvesvaraya Plan, a pivotal strategy in Type of Question: Factual
economic planning. • The World Meteorological Organization
• India commemorates Engineer's Day in (WMO) releases an annual report called the
honour of his legacy. State of the Global Climate, offering current
Do you know? insights into worldwide climate change.
The first Bharat Ratna was bestowed upon • It compiles data from various sources like
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Sir C.V. Raman, and weather stations, ocean buoys, satellites, and
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari in 1954 models to comprehensively assess the Earth's
climate system.
• The report emphasizes essential climate
markers such as Greenhouse Gases,
• North Korea has revealed a new nuclear
Temperatures, Sea Level Rise, Ocean Heat and
underwater drone, raising international
Acidification, Sea Ice, and Glaciers.
concerns.
• Additionally, it sheds light on the
• Named "Haeil" or Tsunami, the drone aims to
consequences of climate change and extreme
generate substantial radioactive waves via
weather events.
submarine explosions.
• In 2022, the report indicated that the global
• As per North Korean state news agency KCNA,
mean temperature stood at 1.15°C higher
it can be deployed along coasts, ports, or
than the average temperature recorded
towed by a surface ship for operation.
between 1850 and 1900.
Do you know?
Do you know?
The latest recipients of the Bharat Ratna Award
COP28 of UNFCCC, took place from November
are Pranab Mukherjee, Nanaji Deshmukh, and
30 to December 12, 2023 in Dubai, United Arab
Bhupen Hazarika who were awarded in 2019
Emirates.
• YSR Cheyutha Scheme: This scheme aims at of its first boat in December 2021, namely
equipping women of SC/ST/OBC/minority 'Muziris,' among the 23 battery-powered
castes. electric boats being manufactured by Cochin
• The Financial benefit of Rs.75000 is to be Shipyard Limited.
provided over a period of four years to those Do you know?
women who come under 45 to 60 years of The minimum age to become the President of
age. India is 35 years
• Minimum CIBIL Score of the Borrower should
be 650.
Given,
Do you know?
Annual percentage growth = 5.5%
The minimum age for contesting Panchayat
Additional increase = 0.5%
elections is 21 years
Thus, total increment = 6%
98. Correct Answer: Option (3) By formula:
Type of Question: Factual Net increment = increment%1 + increment%2 +
• "YSR Kapu Nestham" is a social empowerment increment%1∗increment%2
100
initiative by the Andhra Pradesh 6∗6
Government's Backward Classes Welfare(C) Here, net increment = 6% + 6% +
100
Department. = 12.36%
• It aims to financially support women aged 45- 102. Correct Answer: Option (3)
60 from the Kapu, Balija, Telaga, Ontari The given numbers are 804 and 705.
women communities by providing a total Remainders are 4 and 5 respectively
assistance of ₹75,000 over five years, Number can be found by calculating the HCF of
equating to ₹15,000 annually. those numbers got by the difference of given
• Eligibility requires permanent residency in number and its corresponding remainder.
Andhra Pradesh, intending to enhance their The greatest possible number =
livelihoods and living standards. HCF [(804 - 4), (705 - 5)]
Do you know? = HCF (800, 700)
The minimum age for becoming a candidate for (800 = 25 x 52 and 700 = 23 x 52 )
Lok Sabha election is 25 years = 100
Given,
Commission paid to the working partner in a
Name Ministry
business = 20% of the profit
Botcha Satyanarayana Education
Let, total profit be Rs. X
20% of X = 250000
Rajanna Dora Peedika Tribal Welfare
Thus, X = Rs. 1250000
Taneti Vanitha Home & Disaster Total amount paid to working partners
Management = 2 x 250000
Merugu Nagarjuna Social Welfare = Rs. 5,00,000
Do you know? Remaining profit = 1250000 – 500000
30 years is the minimum age required to = 7,50,000
become a member of the Rajya Sabha Amount paid to sleeping partners =
750,000
40
100. Correct Answer: Option (3) = Rs. 18750
• Kochi, Kerala has become India's first city to The given numbers are 240, 360 and 450
have a Water Metro Project after the launch
240 = 24 x 31 x 51 HCF of two numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ is x
360 = 23 x 32 x 51 LCM of two numbers is 56x
450 = 21 x32 x 52 By formula:
Thus, the highest common factor = 30 Product of numbers = LCM × HCF
Hence, the minimum number of boxes Here, a × b = 56x × x
=
240 360 450
+ 30 + 30 Thus, ab = 56𝑥 2
30
By given data:
= 8 + 12 + 15
56x – x = 220
= 35 boxes
Thus, x = 4
Thus, LCM = 56x = 224
Given,
1 1 1 1 1 Thus, HCF = x = 4
= − 32− 28 + 28− 24 − 24− 20 + 20−4
6−√32 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 4a × 4b = 224 × 4
Rationalising the numerator and denominator of ab = 56
each term, we get Thus, obtained factors are
1 6+√32 1 √32+√28
= × − × + (1, 56) (2, 28) (4, 14) (8, 7)
6−√32 6+√32 √32− √28 √32+√28
1 √28+√24 1 √24+√20 Thus, the co- primes are
× 28+ 24 − 24− 20 × 24+ 20 +
√28− √24 √ √ √ √ √ √ (1, 56) (8, 7)
1 √20+4 Hence, the possible pairs are (1, 56) (56, 1) (8, 7)
× 20+4
√20−4 √
6+√32 √32+√28 √28+√24 √24+√20 √20+4
and (7, 8)
= 36−32 − 32−28 + 28−24 − 24−20 + 20−16 109. Correct Answer: Option (3)
1
= [6 + √32 − √32 − √28 + √28 + √24 − Given,
4
√24 − √20 + √20 + 4] Cost price of 1000gm of rice = Rs. 90
90
10 5 Thus, cost price of 1 gram of rice = 1000
= 4
=2
90
106. Correct Answer: Option (3) Selling price of 1 gram of rice = 850
Given, 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
Profit/Loss% = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
x 100
Selling price of 11 chocolates = cost price of 20 90 90
−
850 1000
chocolates = 90 x 100
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 20 1000
= = 17.64%
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 11
By formula: 110. Correct Answer: Option (2)
Profit = Selling price – Cost price Least common multiple of (5, 16, 20, 24, 30) = 240
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
Profit % = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 x 100 Thus, 5 sky shots will explode together after 240
20−11 seconds.
= x 100
11 Required number of times in 60 minutes (30 × 60
= 81.81% 60∗60
seconds) = 240
Considering numbers from 1 to 60: = 15
Count of numbers having 1 in the unit digit = 7 Note: crackers explode together at the beginning,
Count of numbers having 6 in the unit place = 7 Total number of times explode in the sky together
Count of numbers having 1 or 6 in the unit digit = in 60 minutes = 15 + 1 = 16times
14 111. Correct Answer: Option (2)
14 Given,
Percentage = x 100
60 Rahul purchased
= 23.33%
Car A:
Principal = x
Let and b are two numbers
Interest rate = 10%
As per the ratio given:
Down payment = ₹ 25,000
Time period = 2 years 3
Milk in mixture = 30 × 5 = 18 litres
Interest paid = ₹ 10,500 3
Milk removed = 5 × 5 = 3 litres
Formula used:
Rate of interest for 2 years Water:
𝑥𝑦 2
= x + y + 100 In mixture =30 × 5 = 12 litres
10×10 2
= 10 + 10 + Removed = 5 × 5 = 2 litres
100
= 21% Water added = 5 litres
𝑥 × 21 Milk and water after 1st sale = (18 – 3) :(12 – 2 + 5)
10,500 =
100 = 15:15
X = 50,000
Ratio of milk and water = 1:1
Price of car A = 25,000 + 50,000
2nd time:
= 75,000 1
Milk in mixture = 30 × 2 = 15 litres
Given, that price of car A and Car B are equal
1
Price of car B = 75,000 Milk removed = 5 × = 2.5 litres
2
Interest rate = 12% 1
Water in mixture = 30 × 2 = 15 litres
Interest paid: 1
Water removed = 5 × = 2.5 litres
Formula used: 2
𝑟 𝑛 Water added = 5 litres
A = p (1 + )
100 Milk and water after 2nd sale
12 2
= 75,000 (1 + 100) = (15 – 2.5) : (15-2.5+5)
= 94,080 = 12.5:17.5
Interest paid on car B = 94,080 – 75,000 Ratio of milk and water = 5:7
= 19,080 3rd time:
Hence, interest paid on car B = ₹ 19,080 Milk in mixture = 12.5 litres
5
112. Correct Answer: Option (2) Milk removed = 5 × 12 = 2.083
Given, Water in mixture = 17.5
Sum of the numbers = 195 7
Water removed = 5 × = 2.916
12
HCF = 13, LCM = 728 Water added = 5 litres
Formula: Milk left in the final mixture = 12.5 – 2.083
Product of Numbers = LCM x HCF = 10.4 litres
Let us denote the numbers with a and b Hence final quantity of milk available in the
a + b = 195 and mixture = 10.4 litres
a × b = 13 × 728 Short cut:
Hence, the sum of reciprocals of given numbers = Formula used:
1 1
=𝑎+𝑏 Final quantity of milk
𝑎+𝑏 𝑥 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑏 = initial quantity of milk [1 − 𝑐 ]
195
= X = quantity of mixture taken out = 5 litres
13×728
15 3
= Initial quantity of milk = 30 × 5 = 18 litres
728
113. Correct Answer: Option (3) C = capacity of vessel = 30 litres
Given, n = number of times process has taken place = 3
Mixture of milk and water = 30 litres Milk left in the final mixture
Ratio of milk and water = 3:2 5 3
= 18 [1 − 30]
Sells = 5 litres of mixture = 10.416
1st time: = 10.4 litres
114. Correct Answer: Option (1) It means, in the place of Q we can take either 0 or
Given, 5
165! Rule of 3:
9𝑚 × 𝑛 = 50!
First we have to count the 3’s and its multiples in A number is completely divisible by 3, if the sum
165! of its digits is divisible by 3
For 165! 2+0+P+7+0+2+4+Q
165 Let’s check by taking Q as 0
3
= 55
15 + P
55
3
= 18 Here, P can be 3, 6, 9
18 If we take Q as 5
=6
3
6 20+P
3
=2
Here, P can be 1, 4, 7
2
3
=0 Rule of 11:
165 = 55 + 18 + 6 + 2 = 81 The given number can only be completely divided
For 50! by 11 if the difference of the sum of digits at odd
50 position and sum of digits at even position in a
3
= 16
16 number is 0 or 11 and its multiples
=5
3 Here, by substituting the values from 0 to 9, we
5
3
=1 can get either 0 or – 11 or 11 & its multiples
1 If the result is 0
=0
3
50 = 16 + 5 + 1 = 22 2 + P + 0 + 4 – (0 + 7 + 2 + Q) = 0
Hence, no of 3’s in the given fraction is 81 – 22 = P – Q = 3 ------- (1)
59. If the result is -11
No. of 9’s is 59/2 = 29. 2 + P + 0 + 4 – (0 + 7 + 2 + Q) = - 11
Hence, no. of 9’s is 29. P – Q = - 8 ----- (2)
115. Correct Answer: Option (1) Let’s take Q as zero and P as 3
Given, Substitute in equation 1
Original value = ₹ 30,000 3–0=3
Paid = ₹ 3,00,000 3=3
Formula used: Thus, P=3 and Q = 0 satisfies the rule 11.
difference in value Substitute in equation 2
Percentage of error = × 100
paid 3–0=-8
3,00,000−30,000
= 30,000
× 100 Does not satisfies rule 11.
=
2.70,000
× 100 Let’s take Q as 0 and P as 6
30,000
P – Q = 3 ------- (1)
= 900%
6–0=3
Which does not satisfies rule 11.
Given,
P – Q = - 8 ----- (2)
20P7024Q
6–0=-8
To get the number divisible by 165, it has to be
Which does not satisfies rule 11.
divisible by 11, 5 and 3. Factors of 165 should be
Thus, only P = 3 and Q = 0, is the only combination
co-primes of HCF of factors of 165 = 1
which satisfies the number 20P7024Q is divisible
Rule of 5:
by 165.
If the last number is either 0 or 5, the entire
number is divisible by 5
Given,
X = 0.9
Let’s substitute x in the given options Ratio of 5, 10 & 20 rupee coins = 5:2:3
Option (1): 2𝒙𝟐 Let us denote number of coins with x
= 2 × (0.9)2 Total amount = 103 – 55 = ₹ 945
= 1.62 ⇒ 5(5x) + 10 (2x) + 20 (3x) = 945
𝟏 ⇒ 25x + 20x + 60x = 945
Option (2):
𝒙𝟐
1 X=9
= (0.9)2 = 1.23
Hence, 5 rupee coins in the bag = 5x = 5 * 9 = 45
Option (3): 𝒙𝟑
= (0.9)3
= 0.729
Option (4): 𝒙𝟐
= (0.9)2
= 0.81
Hence, option (1) has the greatest value.
Given,
Time period = 2 years
Rate of interest = 21%
Difference between compound interest and
simple interest = 926.1
Formula used:
Difference between compound interest and
𝑟 2
simple interest = 𝑃 (100)
21 2
⇒ 926.1 = 𝑃 (100)
⇒ 926.1 × 100 × 100 = P × 21 × 21
P = 21,000
Hence, principal in each case = 21,000
In the given question, we have to find the
remainder when 1032024 divided by 7.
= (105 − 2)2024
105 is completely divisible by 7, by taking the
remaining value
= 22024
= 22 × 22022
= 22 × 23∗ 674
= 4 × 8674
= 4 × (7 + 1)674
Here, 7674 is completely divisible by 7, by taking
the remaining values
= 4×1674
=4
Hence, the remainder = 4
Given,

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APPSC Group-I | 75 Days Screening Test Series Plan| Test Code: G1WPT-0101

Key and Explanations

1 (2) 26 (4) 51 (4) 76 (3) 101 (2)

22 (4) 47 (1) 72 (3) 97 (4)

23 (2) 48 (3) 73 (3) 98 (3)

24 (1) 49 (3) 74 (4) 99 (4)

25 (3) 50 (2) 75 (4) 100 (3)

Do you know? 55. Correct Answer: Option (4)

85. Correct Answer: Option (2)

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