Name : Mahnoor Akbar

Roll# : 0000622963
Program : B.ed ½ spring
Semester : 2nd
Course: Secondary Education (8624)
Submitted to : Sir Muhammad Ejaz

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

Q.1. Explain the scheme of studies of secondary education level. As a learner,
which subjects do you think are important to include in existing scheme of
studies at secondary level.
Secondary Education: -
After basic school, the secondary school is imparted. Programs for intermediate students are
included. From basic to higher education, this kind of instruction is spreading. It also serves as a
link that directs learners pursue further study.

The educational phase that follows middle education is known as secondary schooling. In Pakistan,
a pupil is considered middle-level until eighth grade (8). In Pakistan, students are advanced to high
school in grades the ninth and tenth. The first two years make up the secondary school phase,
which is referred to as matriculation. During the ninth and tenth grade, students choose the courses
they wish to take in order to go after an academic career. These are foundational years of schooling.
As a result, these years are crucial and frequently highlighted in order to get into the greatest
university.

The years of secondary schooling correspond to the board exams. With a focus on the biology
course, computer science, physical sciences, chemistry, and mathematical subjects, learners can
specialize in either medical or the engineering profession for their undergraduate degrees.

Scheme of study for Secondary Education: -

A wide range of disciplines are usually included in the secondary education program in order to
give pupils a well-rounded education. This level provides the groundwork for further education or
career training, typically encompassing ninth and tenth grades (or their counterparts).

Basic Subjects of Study: -Languages that include Children generally study two spoken languages:
usually an additional language (such as a regional or foreign language) and their native tongue
(such as English in many countries or the Urdu language in Pakistan).the Algebraic calculus, and
algebra basic principles are covered in mathematics. Science subjects provide students with a
fundamental knowledge of scientific principles through courses including physics, chemistry, and
biology. Social Studies, History, and Geography include the topics that aid students in
comprehending concepts related to geography, world history, and national heritage. Spiritual
Studies/Ethics have frequently included to impart moral instruction and a comprehension of moral
ideas or faith-related events.

Alternative option Subject: -Computer science as well as technology are becoming more and
more important electives that teach students the fundamentals of electronic literacy and problem-
solving techniques. Economics and Management Studies assists learners in comprehending
fundamental business ideas and financial concepts. Arts and Humanities subjects that let students
delve into imaginative and learning, such as mental health, philosophy, or poetry. Physical
schooling helps to encourages cooperation and good physical fitness.

Professional Learning: Students may choose to take technical classes in certain educational
systems to get ready for particular trades or occupations.

Essential Topics to consist of: -

In order to better equip pupils for facing the difficulties of contemporary society, the following
subjects, in my opinion as a learner, should be included in the current study plan:

• Resolving difficulties is a course that emphasized the improvement of logical thought,

critical thought, and ability to resolve issues.
• Given the present emphasis on sustainability on a global scale, environmental studies is an
essential course that covers environmental science and the importance of raising awareness
of climate change.
• Understanding on psychological wellness is beneficial. Students may be better able to
manage the demands of both their personal and academic lives if talks on emotional
wellness, coping with stress, and behavioral health are included.
• Multiculturalism is beneficial. As the world grows more interconnected, it is crucial to
comprehend other cultures, global relationships, and global challenges.
• In order to promote educated and active involvement, civics training teaches pupils about
their rights and obligations as citizens as well as the workings of the government.
• Students that are taught personal money, financial management, investing, and
fundamental economics will have a lot of advantages when they are independent in the
years to come.
• Acquiring knowledge of a foreign language is an invaluable ability that broadens one’s
horizons, improves communication, and sharpens one’s mind. It encourages cultural
variety and worldwide awareness.

Q.2. Explain the difference in educational scenario before and after 18 th

amendment. What is the process of curriculum and textbook development.
The 18th Amendment and schooling: -
The 18th Amendment to the Pakistani Constitution represents a significant advancement for the
nation’s parliamentary system. It offers the provinces greater autonomy, which is a widely
supported demand made by several political parties. Section 25 (A)The amendment has significant
ramifications for the nation’s educational system in addition to the political upheaval it requires.
By means of it, the constitution has gained an additional provision, 25A, which states: “Right to
education: The federal government will offer obligatory and free education to all individuals of
between the ages of five to sixteen years in whatever way as may be established by law.”

This is a significant state initiative because, in the modern world, education is seen as a key
instrument for raising an individual’s prospects of financial success. Many pupils in Pakistan either
do not attend school at all or leave before they graduate from the fifth grade. Poverty is a major
contributing factor to the excessive dropout rate, which keeps many youngsters uneducated and
prevents them from joining the literate its workforce group that is essential to a nation’s growth.
After 18th amendment the provinces gained the ability to create and execute their own curricula
that could take into account regional languages, customs, and requirements was granted to the.
Although this made education more globally appropriate, it also caused differences in academic
requirements throughout regions.

The 18th Amendment transferred the duty of promoting excellent educational opportunities with
equal possibilities to everyone and made schools a fully provincial government issue at hand.
Although the Pakistani the national government has created a few teacher training colleges, they
are not large enough to accommodate the expanding need for qualified educators.

Curriculum Development: -
The process of developing curricula tries to make it better by employing different strategies. The
methodical process of creating and enhancing the courses that are taught in educational institutions
is known as course development. Although every institution will follow a different procedure, the
framework’s general phases include inquiry, planning, carrying out, and assessment.

A few of the often employed strategies include task and need evaluation, goal layout, selecting
suitable pedagogical approaches, selecting evaluation strategies, and creating the curriculum.

Types of Curriculum Development model: -

• A learner-focused.
• Subject-oriented design.
• Problem-oriented design.

1. A learner-focused design is based on the concept that every student possesses unique
qualities. Professors as well as trainers are to provide possibilities for students to exercise
responsibility for a job or project. They must establish opportunities for self-directed
education with tightly controlled autonomy. The use of learner consists of four main
components: information, development, communication and Discussion.
2. A conventional method of developing curricula that concentrates on a specific Discipline
or subject matter as opposed to the person. Four other kinds of curriculum designs are
 included in this technique throughout the syllabus preparation process: subject-area layout,
domain layout, broad-field design, and association design.

3. The goal of problem-centered design is to enhance one’s capacity for critical thought,
tackling issues, and communications. With this student-centered approach, challenging
scenarios are presented to the students, who are then urged to find solutions after closely
observing them.

The Curriculum Development Process: -

These six steps make up the curriculum development process:

Step 1: Evaluating the requirements for schooling

Step 2: Creating educational aims and targets
Step 3: Selecting educational opportunities with care to meet these goals
Step 4: Choosing the priceless and diverse material that will allow teachers to provide learning
opportunities.
Step 5: Considering the methodology of instruction and learning, arrange and incorporate activities
for learning with appropriate details.
Step 6: Correct and quick assessment of all preceding stages.

Textbook development process: -

The process of developing a textbook starts with an assessment of demands, during which the
educational standards are examined and surveying is done to ascertain what the intended
readership demands. Preparation and ideation come next, during which precise goals for learning
are established and a thorough textbook outline is produced. The content is then created by writers
or subject matter experts, who make sure it complies with curricular requirements and learning
objectives. After then, the material is peer-reviewed to ensure correctness and applicability before
going through several rounds of editing to improve linguistic simplicity, uniformity, and
refinement.

The next step Is laying out the material, when artists and designers use graphics and diagrams to
supplement the text to create a framework that is both pleasing to the eye and easy to browse. After
that, the textbook is put through an extensive review procedure by the creation team as well as, in
certain situations, an external evaluation by school administrators or the learning environment test
sessions. The manufacturing step begins after the text book is authorized and is either printed,
bound up, or transformed into electronic versions.
Lastly, the textbook is delivered to classrooms and learners and then the comments are gathered
for possible updates in later copies. This procedure guarantees that the course material is both
readily accessible and effective educationally.

Q.3 Explain the major functions of Federal Directorate of Education. Draw

the Organizational Structure of Federal Directorate of Education.
The Directorate of Central Government Educational Institutions was the previous name of the
Federal Directorate of Education (FDE). It was founded in 1967 as an affiliated division of the
Department of Education with the responsibility of managing the educational institutions located
in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Both Rawalpindi and Islamabad’s educational institutions are
overseen by the Federal Directorate of Education (FDE). The FDE was founded in 1967.

Duties of FDE are: -

Its primary duties are as follows:

Academic affairs: Encouraging academic performance, managing extracurricular and academic

activities, and creating a supportive environment for learning

• As instructed by the Federal Ministry of Education, the FDE guarantees that educational
policies are carried out.
• It supervises the national curriculum’s implementation in the organizations under its
control, guaranteeing uniformity and conformity to the established criteria.
• The FDE is in charge of overseeing teacher professional development, which includes
planning workshops and training sessions aimed at raising teaching standards.
• Within its authority, the FDE oversees and manages examinations at different levels,
guaranteeing impartial and open evaluation processes.
• It oversees the creation, upkeep, and installation of the technological infrastructure in
schools, guaranteeing situations that are favorable for learning.
• The FDE conducts polls and studies on education to support political choices and raise the
standards of learning.
• The directorate oversees the administration of cultural events, health care, and grants for
students.
• To guarantee high-quality education, it constantly assesses and oversees the operation of
educational institutions and programs.
• To raise educational standards, the FDE collaborates with other governmental agencies,
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and foreign organizations.

Organizational structure of FDE: -

The FDE has a hierarchical organizational structure, with different levels of authority handling
distinct tasks. Here is a condensed version of it:

The Director-General (DG): As the FDE’s leader, the DG is in charge of overall management,
enforcing policy, as well as making decisions.

Additional Director-General (ADG): It Supports the DG and is in charge of certain departments,

such as arranging, schoolwork, and management.

Directors: Different governors are in charge of distinct industries.

The director for management oversees the overall management and human resources, among other
administrative tasks. In charge of curriculum implementation, teacher preparation, and academic
programming is the director of academics. The Director of Strategic Planning and Development is
in charge of building and maintaining schools as well as developing infrastructure. The supervisor
of examination is in charge of overseeing tests and evaluations.

Deputy Directors:

Working under a director, deputy directors oversee certain portfolios like teacher preparation,
secondary education, and elementary education.

Associate Directors: associate directors carry out specialized duties, such supervising certain
schools, handling educational matters, or providing educational initiatives, under the direction of
deputy directors.

Section Officers and Support personnel: Their duty is to guarantee efficient operation and
policy execution, a variety of section officers along with assistance personnel operate across
multiple ranks.
 Organizational structure of FDE

The FDE runs effectively thanks to its structure of power, which establishes clear lines of
accountability and information. Subject to the business’s internal regulations and ongoing
operational needs and the precise structure may change significantly.

Q.4 Discuss the main differences between public and private secondary level
schools. Explain the process of curriculum development in Pakistan at
secondary level.
Public secondary school: -
In Pakistan, public secondary schools are state-funded establishments that teach
pupils in grades 9 and 10, usually between the ages of 13 and 16. These schools are
essential for providing a wide range of people with accessible education, especially
in remote and economically disadvantaged regions.
Government high schools are essential for advancing educational fairness and giving
students access to possibilities that they may not otherwise have if they couldn’t
afford private schooling. The authorities is always working to raise the standard of
instruction in these schools by changing the syllabus, providing additional education
for teachers, and improving the facilities.
Private secondary school: -
In Pakistan, privately sponsored secondary schools serve learners in grades 9 and
10, and they usually provide a more varied and richer educational experience than
state schools. Due to their reliance on educational expenses and private funding,
these educational institutions are frequently able to provide additional activities,
greater resources, and contemporary facilities. While many privatized secondary
educational institutions offer foreign programs and their curricula may nevertheless
adhere to national requirements.
Private educators in schools typically have greater access to chances for professional
growth. Private secondary educational institutions are renowned for emphasizing
creative teaching strategies, providing excellent educations, and getting ready
learners for postsecondary study both domestically and abroad.
Differences between public schools and private secondary school: -

Public secondary school Private secondary school

At the local or regional levels, the government Construction, teacher pay, and fundamental
is in charge of funding and overseeing public educational supplies fall under this category.
high schools. These schools get funding from government
agencies, which is occasionally restricted and
affects the availability and caliber of
resources.
 Public high school curricula are standardized The curriculum places more of an emphasis
throughout the province in accordance with on academic knowledge and less on real-
National Curriculum Framework world applications and experiential learning
recommendations established by the as compared to certain private institutions.
provincial education departments.

Public service commissions administer a The total quality of education may be

competitive examination procedure to hire impacted by the fact that some instructors are
teachers for public secondary schools. They extremely skilled and experienced, while
work for the government and are entitled to others could only have access to few
pensions and employment security. possibilities for professional growth.

Particularly in metropolitan regions, public Private sector have less strength if students
secondary schools sometimes have high class and eventually they can be teach with more
sizes, with 40 to 60 pupils in each. This may focused and attention of the teacher.
reduce the amount of one-on-one time spent
with each learner.

They frequently have less extracurricular They often provide a large selection of
activities because to financial limitations. extracurricular activities, like as clubs,
athletics, and the arts, all of which may
support a more all-encompassing education.

Since schooling are free or inexpensive, a Parents with greater incomes may find it more
larger portion of the population can access it. difficult to afford the hefty tuition prices.

Process of Curriculum Development in Pakistan at Secondary Level: -

The Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training develops the National curricular
Framework, which serves as the foundation for curricular advancement in Pakistan. The goals,
subjects covered, instructional strategies, and evaluation criteria for secondary education around
the nation are described in this framework. Following the 18th Amendment, education became a
province-specific issue. As a result, each province has its own curriculum authority, such as the
Sindh Curriculum Authority or the Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board (PCTB). These
organizations are in charge of modifying the National Curriculum Framework to meet the unique
requirements of their areas, which may include adding regional languages and cultures.
To create comprehensive curriculum for each topic, subject teams made up of subject
professionals, seasoned educators, and professional educators are created. These panels make that
the material is in line with current curriculum requirements, relevant, and age-appropriate.
Textbook committees are entrusted with creating textbooks that complement the curriculum once
it has been decided.

These educational materials go through many stages of approval and evaluation to make sure they
are error-free and devoid of biases and fulfill educational standards. Teachers are introduced to the
new curriculum through meetings, training sessions, and additional training programs. Teachers
must attend this training in order to comprehend the new material, instructional strategies, and
evaluation standards.

After the refreshed syllabus is introduced in the classroom, it is regularly observed and assessed
to make certain it is being executed correctly. The curriculum is updated or modified as needed
based on input from pupils, teachers, and schools and universities.

The substance of secondary school tests, such as those given by the nation’s Boards of
Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE), is determined by the syllabus. The purpose of the
evaluation techniques is to gauge how well students comprehend and apply the material. To
guarantee that the curriculum satisfies the academic requirements of secondary school pupils, a
joint procedure involving several stakeholders such as teachers, legislators, and lessons experts is
employed throughout the whole cycle.

Q.5. Explain the different theoretical approaches of curriculum development.

Being a prospective teacher which approach you like the best and why.
Curriculum: -
The behaviors and procedures guided by principles that direct and support meaningful learning
experiences are referred to as curriculum.

Curriculum Development: -
The process of developing a curriculum involves careful planning and consideration that will
inevitably boost the caliber and influence of the educational opportunity that students get. It entails
creating and planning educational activities that are meant to achieve certain learning objectives.
It also entails carefully evaluating those learning objectives. By boosting the caliber and effect of
the process of learning and instruction is the primary objective of curriculum.

General process of Curriculum Development: -

When executed effectively, the process of developing and designing curricula takes a long time. It
involves a group of individuals, each with specific duties and talents. While some participate at
every stage of the process, others are experts in particular ones. This is a brief synopsis of the entire
procedure.

Examination or Analysis Among the process’s most crucial phases is this one. The team must take
into account the learners’ characteristics, including what is developmentally anticipated of them
and what prior knowledge they may already possess or require. In addition, teachers have to think
about the whole requirements of the students and decide if they are teaching a process (how to
accomplish something) or a product (knowledge). Working closely with experts in the field and
education specialists, who can provide guidance, is necessary for this phase.

Approaches for Curriculum Development: -

Behavioral Approach: -
The Behavioral Approach has been used for almost nine decades. Alternatively referred to as
subjective, technocratic, rational, positive thinking, theoretical, and analytical .It is the oldest and
most prevalent curricular method which have originated with the concept of efficiency under the
impact of manufacturing and business.

Frederick Taylor examined the effectiveness of factories. Employee compensation need to be

determined by each person’s unique output. It guarantee effectiveness in educational institutions
get rid of tiny classrooms and cut expenses create graphical representations that demonstrate cheap
expenses.

Methodological Approach: -
Methodological Approach It is the most established and widely used curricular approach,
following the classic comprehensive overview method (short, compressed remarks that provide a
basic overview of a subject). This method evaluates and summarizes the curriculum’s key stances,
developments, and ideas. It frequently draws from philosophical and historical curricular
advancements, as well as, to a lesser degree, from social circumstances.

Innovative Approach: -
Project-based learning is a customized education and hands-on instruction are a few examples of
these strategies. Students can strengthen their capacity for analysis by performing meaningful
actual-life assignments as part of course work, for instance.

A Critical Theory Perspective: -

Emphasizes power relations, social justice, and how education may promote critical awareness.
One way to view curriculum is as an instrument for changing society. This helps to Integrates many
viewpoints and opinions into the curriculum while encouraging investigation of cultural problems
and injustices. Freire is a prominent person connected to this methodology. This encourages pupils
to question the existing quo and involves them in pertinent social concerns. It might be
controversial and need careful consideration to prevent offending certain parties or pupils.

Conventional Approach: -
Emphasizes teacher-centered learning, in which the instructor serves as the main information
source. Prioritizes memory retention, automatic learning, and examinations.

Technology Boosted learning: -

Digital resources and instruments are included into the educational experience through learning
that is enhanced by include multimedia educational platforms, instructional applications, and
virtual courses. The goal of competency-based education is for students to acquire certain abilities
or competences. Mastery determines progress instead of amount for time invested in class.

The learning institution’s overarching the study of philosophy, the field of study are important, the
demands of its learners, and its educational aims all influence the selection for the teaching method.
But in my option the technology based learning have more importance because in this advanced
world the technology is integrated in every field so students must be aware of using the technology
in positive way wo that they can use in education right way. That’s why in my point of view
technology Boosted learning have more importance.

References: -
https://www.evelynlearning.com/curriculum-development-models/
https://camosun.ca/about/centre-excellence-teaching-and-learning/curriculum-
development#:~:text=Curriculum%20development%20is%20a%20planned,to%20
meet%20intended%20learning%20outcomes.
https://tophat.com/blog/curriculum-development-models-
design/#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20models%20of,%2C%20and%20proble
m%2Dcentered%20design.
https://chatgpt.com/share/a3f9a6be-f93d-4aea-a462-f8faab4d97fe
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-curriculum-different-approaches-oscar-rivera
https://nef.gov.pk/Detail/OTQ3NDAwNGQtZjBhNS00ZmQyLWI0MGUtNzgzYm
FkY2JlYzc/
https://www.studocu.com/row/document/comsats-university-islamabad/pakistan-
studies/18th-amendment-and-education/17624941
https://www.aikrozan.com/education-under-18th-amendment/
https://www.iitms.co.in/blog/curriculum-development-
models.html#:~:text=Curriculum%20Development%20is%20the%20step,design%
2C%20implementation%2C%20and%20evaluation
https://stepschools.com/importance-of-quality-secondary-education-in-pakistan/
https://chatgpt.com/share/94fd5019-c821-48a5-a3e2-197ac155bfb1
https://www.saveourschools-march.com/most-important-subject-in-school/

The end thank you!