Chapter 4

Analytical Chemistry

Class 10 - Concise Chemistry Selina

Intext Questions 1

Question 1

What do you understand by the following:

(a) Analysis

(b) Qualitative analysis

(c) Reagent

(d) Precipitation

Answer

(a) Analysis — Determination of the chemical components in a given sample is called Analysis.

(b) Qualitative analysis — Identification of the unknown substances in a given sample is called Qualitative
analysis.

(c) Reagent — A reagent is a substance that reacts with another substances.

(d) Precipitation — The process of formation of an insoluble solid when solutions are mixed is called
Precipitation. The solid thus formed is called Precipitate.

Question 2

Write the probable colour of the following salts:

(a) Iron (III) chloride

(b) Potassium nitrate

(c) Ferrous sulphate

(d) Aluminium acetate

Answer

(a) Iron (III) chloride — Yellow

(b) Potassium nitrate — Colourless

(c) Ferrous sulphate — Pale Green

(d) Aluminium acetate — Colourless

Question 3

Name the probable cation present based on the following observations:

(a) White precipitate insoluble in NH4OH but soluble in NaOH.

(b) Blue coloured solution.

Answer

(a) Pb2+
(b) Cu2+

Question 4

Name the metal hydroxides which are:

(a) Insoluble

(b) Soluble

in

(i) caustic soda solution

(ii) Ammonium hydroxide solution

Answer

Name of the solution Soluble metal hydroxide Insoluble metal hydroxide

Caustic soda solution Zn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2 Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Cu(OH)2

Ammonium hydroxide solution Zn(OH)2, Cu(OH)2 Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Pb(OH)2

Question 5

What do you observe when ammonium salt is heated with caustic soda solution? Write the word equation:

Answer

When ammonium salt is heated with caustic soda solution, ammonia gas is evolved.

The word equation is:

Ammonium Salt + Sodium Hydroxide → Δ Δ Sodium Salt + Water + Ammonia Gas

Question 6

How will you distinguish NH4OH solution from NaOH solution?

Answer

NH4OH and NaOH can be distinguished by using CuSO4.

CuSO4 forms a pale blue precipitate which is insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide and with ammonium
hydroxide it forms a pale blue precipitate which dissolves in excess of ammonium hydroxide and forms a
deep/inky blue solution.

CuSO4blue+2NaOHcaustic soda - colourless⟶Cu(OH)2pale blue ppt↓+Na2SO4colourlessblueCuSO4+caustic s

oda - colourless2NaOH⟶pale blue pptCu(OH)2↓+colourlessNa2SO4

CuSO4blue+2NH4OH⟶Cu(OH)2pale blue ppt↓+(NH4)2SO4colourless in solutionblueCuSO4+2NH4OH⟶pale

blue pptCu(OH)2↓+colourless in solution(NH4)2SO4

Cu(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4+2NH4OH⟶[(Cu(NH3)4]SO4Tetraamminecopper (II) sulphate+4H2OCu(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4

+2NH4OH⟶copper (II) sulphateTetraammine[(Cu(NH3)4]SO4+4H2O

Question 7

Why the alkali is added drop by drop to the salt solution?

Answer
If an alkali is added too quickly, then it is easy to miss a precipitate that redissolves in excess alkali.

Question 8

Write balanced equation:

(a) Reaction of sodium hydroxide solution with Iron (III) chloride solution

(b) Copper sulphate solution with ammonium hydroxide solution

Answer

(a) When sodium hydroxide solution is added to FeCl3 dropwise, a reddish brown ppt is obtained, which is
insoluble in excess of NaOH:

FeCl3Yellow+3NaOHColourless⟶Fe(OH)3↓Reddish brown ppt+3NaClColourlessYellowFeCl3

+Colourless3NaOH⟶Reddish brown pptFe(OH)3↓+Colourless3NaCl

(b) When ammonia solution is added dropwise to cupper sulphate, a pale blue ppt of copper hydroxide is
obtained.

CuSO4Blue+2NH4OH⟶Cu(OH)2Pale Blue ppt↓+(NH4)2SO4Colourless in solutionBlueCuSO4+2NH4

OH⟶Pale Blue pptCu(OH)2↓+Colourless in solution(NH4)2SO4

On adding excess of ammonia solution, the ppt dissolves and a deep blue solution is obtained.

Cu(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4+2NH4OH⟶[(Cu(NH3)4]SO4Tetraammine copper (II) sulphate+4H2OCu(OH)2+(NH4)2

SO4+2NH4OH⟶Tetraammine copper (II) sulphate[(Cu(NH3)4]SO4+4H2O

Exercise 4 — Multiple Choice Type

Question 1

The colour of an aqueous solution of copper sulphate is:

1. Green

2. Brown

3. Blue

4. Yellow

Answer

Blue

Reason — Aqueous solution of copper sulphate is blue.

Question 2

The colour of the precipitate formed on adding NaOH solution to iron (II) sulphate solution is:

1. White

2. Brown

3. Green

4. Pale blue

Answer

Green
Reason — Dirty green precipitate of Ferrous Hydroxide [Fe(OH)2] is formed.

Question 3

A metal which produces hydrogen on reacting with alkali as well as with acid:

1. Iron

2. Magnesium

3. Zinc

4. Copper

Answer

Zinc

Zn + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2(ZnO)2 + H2↑

Reason — Reactions of Zinc with alkali and acid are shown below:

Zn + HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2↑

Question 4

The salt solution which does not react with ammonium hydroxide is:

1. Calcium nitrate

2. Zinc nitrate

3. Lead nitrate

4. Copper nitrate

Answer

Calcium Nitrate

Reason — No ppt. occurs even with addition of excess of ammonium hydroxide as the concentration of
OH- ions from the ionization of of NH4OH is so low that it cannot precipitate the hydroxide of calcium.

Exercise 4 — Very Short Answer Type

Question 1

Name:

(a) a metallic hydroxide soluble in excess of NH4OH.

(b) a metallic oxide soluble in excess of caustic soda solution.

(c) a strong alkali.

(d) a weak alkali.

(e) two colourless metal ions.

(f) two coloured metal ions.

(g) a metal that evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound when boiled with alkali solutions.

(h) two bases which are not alkalis but dissolve in strong alkalis.

(i) a coloured metallic oxide which dissolves in alkalis to yield colourless solutions.
(j) a colourless cation not a representative element.

(k) a yellow monoxide that dissolves in hot and concentrated caustic alkali.

(l) a white, insoluble oxide that dissolves when fused with caustic soda or caustic potash.

(m) a compound containing zinc in the anion.

Answer

(a) Copper hydroxide [Cu(OH)2]

(b) Zinc oxide [ZnO]

(c) Sodium hydroxide [NaOH]

(d) Ammonium hydroxide [NH4OH]

(e) Sodium ion [Na+] , Potassium ion [K+]

(f) Cupric ion [Cu2+], Ferrous ion [Fe2+]

(g) Aluminium [Al]

(h) Zinc hydroxide [Zn(OH)2] and Lead hydroxide [Pb(OH)2]

(i) Lead oxide [PbO]

(j) Ammonium ion [NH4+]

(k) Lead oxide [PbO]

(l) Zinc oxide [ZnO]

(m) Potassium Zincate [K2ZnO2]

Question 2

Write the probable colour of the following salts?

(a) Ferrous salts

(b) Ammonium salts

(c) Cupric salts

(d) Calcium salts

(e) Aluminium salts

Answer

(a) Ferrous salts — Pale Green

(b) Ammonium salts — Colourless

(c) Cupric salts — Blue

(d) Calcium salts — Colourless

(e) Aluminium salts — Colourless

Exercise 4 — Short Answer Type

Question 1
Name the chloride of a metal which is soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide. Write equation for the same.

Answer

Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide.

When ammonia solution is added dropwise to zinc chloride solution, a white gelatinous ppt of zinc hydroxide is
obtained.

ZnCl2colourless solution+2NH4OH⟶Zn(OH)2↓white gelatinous ppt+2NH4Clcolourless solutionZnCl2+2NH4

OH⟶white gelatinous pptZn(OH)2↓+2NH4Cl

On adding excess of ammonia solution, the ppt dissolves and a colourless solution is obtained.

Zn(OH)2+2NH4Cl+2NH4OH⟶[(Zn(NH3)4]Cl2Tetraamminezinc (II) sulphate+4H2OZn(OH)2+2NH4Cl+2NH4

OH⟶zinc (II) sulphateTetraammine[(Zn(NH3)4]Cl2+4H2O

Question 2

What happens when ammonia solution is added first dropwise and then in excess to the following solutions:

(i) CuSO4

(ii) ZnSO4

(iii) FeCl3

Write balanced equations for these reactions.

Answer

(i) When ammonia solution is added dropwise to cupper sulphate, a pale blue ppt of copper hydroxide is
obtained.

CuSO4blue+2NH4OH⟶Cu(OH)2pale blue ppt↓+(NH4)2SO4colourless in solutionblueCuSO4+2NH4OH⟶pale

blue pptCu(OH)2↓+colourless in solution(NH4)2SO4

On adding excess of ammonia solution, the ppt dissolves and a deep blue solution is obtained.

Cu(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4+2NH4OH⟶[(Cu(NH3)4]SO4Tetraamminecopper (II) sulphate+4H2OCu(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4

+2NH4OH⟶copper (II) sulphateTetraammine[(Cu(NH3)4]SO4+4H2O

(ii) When ammonia solution is added dropwise to zinc sulphate, a white gelatinous ppt of zinc hydroxide is
obtained.

ZnSO4colourless solution+2NH4OH⟶Zn(OH)2↓white gelatinous ppt+(NH4)2SO4colourless in solutioncolourl

ess solutionZnSO4+2NH4OH⟶white gelatinous pptZn(OH)2↓+colourless in solution(NH4)2SO4

On adding excess of ammonia solution, the ppt dissolves and a colourless solution is obtained.

Zn(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4+2NH4OH⟶[(Zn(NH3)4]SO4Tetraamminezinc (II) sulphate+4H2OZn(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4

+2NH4OH⟶zinc (II) sulphateTetraammine[(Zn(NH3)4]SO4+4H2O

(iii) When ammonia solution is added dropwise to iron (III) chloride, a reddish brown ppt. of Fe(OH) 3 is
obtained.

FeCl3yellow solution+3NH4OH⟶Fe(OH)3↓reddish brown ppt+3NH4Clcolourless in solutionyellow solutionFe

Cl3+3NH4OH⟶reddish brown pptFe(OH)3↓+colourless in solution3NH4Cl

Excess of ammonia solution addition doesn't dissolve ppt.

Question 3
What do you observe when caustic soda solution is added to the following solution, first a little and then in
excess :

(a) FeCl3

(b) ZnSO4

(c) Pb(NO3)2

(d) CuSO4

Write balanced equations for these reactions.

Answer

(a) When caustic soda solution is added to FeCl3 dropwise, a reddish brown ppt is obtained, which is insoluble
in excess of NaOH:

⟶reddish brown pptFe(OH)3↓+colourless3NaCl

FeCl3yellow+3NaOHcolourless⟶Fe(OH)3↓reddish brown ppt+3NaClcolourlessyellowFeCl3+colourless3NaOH

(b) When caustic soda solution is added to Zinc sulphate dropwise, a white gelatinous ppt is obtained, which
dissolves in excess of NaOH:

ZnSO4colourless+2NaOHcolourless⟶Zn(OH)2↓white gelatinous ppt+Na2SO4 colourlesscolourlessZnSO4

+colourless2NaOH⟶white gelatinous pptZn(OH)2↓+ colourlessNa2SO4

Zn(OH)2+2NaOH excess⟶Na2ZnO2↓colourless+2H2OZn(OH)2+ excess2NaOH⟶colourlessNa2ZnO2↓+2H2

O

(c) When caustic soda solution is added to Pb(NO3)2 dropwise, a chalky white ppt is obtained, which dissolves
in excess of NaOH:

Pb(NO3)2colourless+2NaOHcolourless⟶Pb(OH)2↓white ppt+2NaNO3 colourlesscolourlessPb(NO3)2

+colourless2NaOH⟶white pptPb(OH)2↓+ colourless2NaNO3

Pb(OH)2+2NaOHexcess⟶Na2PbO2↓sodium plumbite - colourless+2H2OPb(OH)2+excess2NaOH⟶sodium pl

umbite - colourlessNa2PbO2↓+2H2O

(d) When caustic soda solution is added to CuSO4 dropwise, a pale blue ppt is obtained, which is insoluble in
excess of NaOH:

⟶pale blue pptCu(OH)2↓+colourlessNa2SO4

CuSO4blue+2NaOHcolourless⟶Cu(OH)2↓pale blue ppt+Na2SO4colourlessblueCuSO4+colourless2NaOH

Question 4

What do you observe when freshly precipitated aluminum hydroxide reacts with caustic soda solution? Give
balanced equation.

Answer

When freshly precipitated aluminum hydroxide reacts with caustic soda solution, a white soluble salt of
sodium meta aluminate is obtained.

Al(OH)3 + NaOH ⟶ NaAlO2 [soluble] + 2H2O

Question 5

What is observed when hot concentrated caustic soda solution is added to

(a) Zinc
(b) Aluminium?

Write balanced equations.

Answer

(a) When hot concentrated caustic soda solution is added to zinc, soluble salt of sodium zincate [Na2ZnO2] is
formed and hydrogen gas is liberated.

The balanced equation is:

⟶colourlesssodium zincateNa2ZnO2+H2↑
Zn+2NaOHhot and conc.⟶Na2ZnO2sodium zincatecolourless+H2↑Zn+hot and conc.2NaOH

(b) When hot concentrated caustic soda solution is added to aluminium, soluble salt of sodium meta aluminate
[NaAlO2] is formed and hydrogen gas is liberated.

2Al+2NaOH+2H2O⟶2NaAlO2sodium meta aluminatecolourless+3H2↑2Al+2NaOH+2H2

O⟶colourlesssodium meta aluminate2NaAlO2+3H2↑

Question 6

Distinguish by adding: Sodium hydroxide solution or Ammonium hydroxide solution to

(a) Calcium salt solution and lead salt solution

(b) Lead nitrate solution and zinc nitrate solution

(c) Copper salt solution and ferrous salt solution

(d) Fe(II) salt solution and Fe(III) salt solution

(e) Ferrous nitrate and lead nitrate

Answer

(a) Ammonium hydroxide on reaction with lead salt solution gives chalky white precipitate of Pb(OH)2. No
precipitation occurs on adding Ammonium hydroxide to Calcium salt solution even when it is added in excess.

Pb(NO3)2colourless+2NH4OH⟶Pb(OH)2white ppt↓+2NH4NO3colourlessPb(NO3)2+2NH4OH⟶white pptPb

(OH)2↓+2NH4NO3

(b) When ammonium hydroxide solution is added to each of the compounds, lead nitrate forms a chalky white
precipitate of lead hydroxide [Pb(OH)2] which is insoluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide.

Pb(NO3)2colourless+2NH4OH⟶Pb(OH)2white ppt↓+2NH4NO3colourlessPb(NO3)2+2NH4OH⟶white pptPb

(OH)2↓+2NH4NO3

Whereas a gelatinous white precipitate of zinc hydroxide [Zn(OH)2] is formed in case of zinc nitrate, which is
soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide.

Zn(NO3)2 + 2NH4OH ⟶ 2NH4NO3 + Zn(OH)2 ↓

(c) On adding Sodium hydroxide to Copper salt pale blue coloured precipitate is obtained which is insoluble in
excess of Sodium hydroxide. Ferrous salt solution gives a dirty green coloured precipitate with Sodium
hydroxide which is insoluble in excess of NaOH.

⟶pale blue pptCu(OH)2↓+colourless Na2SO4

CuSO4blue+2NaOHcolourless⟶Cu(OH)2↓pale blue ppt+ Na2SO4colourlessblueCuSO4+colourless2NaOH

FeSO4pale green+2NaOHcolourless⟶Fe(OH)2↓dirty green ppt+Na2SO4colourlesspale greenFeSO4

+colourless2NaOH⟶dirty green pptFe(OH)2↓+colourlessNa2SO4
(d) Sodium hydroxide on reaction with Fe(II) salt gives dirty green coloured precipitate, while with Fe(III) salt
solution it forms reddish brown precipitate. Both precipitates are insoluble in excess NaOH.

Fe(II) salt:

FeSO4pale green solution+2NaOH⟶Fe(OH)2↓dirty green ppt+Na2SO4colourless in solutionpale green soluti

onFeSO4+2NaOH⟶dirty green pptFe(OH)2↓+colourless in solutionNa2SO4

Fe(III) salt :

⟶reddish brown pptFe(OH)3↓+colourless3NaCl

FeCl3yellow+3NaOHcolourless⟶Fe(OH)3↓reddish brown ppt+3NaClcolourlessyellowFeCl3+colourless3NaOH

(e) Ammonium hydroxide on reaction with lead nitrate gives a chalky white insoluble precipitate, and with
ferrous nitrate forms a dirty green ppt.

Pb(NO3)2colourless+2NH4OH⟶Pb(OH)2↓white ppt+2NH4NO3colourlessPb(NO3)2+2NH4OH⟶white pptPb

(OH)2↓+2NH4NO3

Fe(NO3)2colourless+2NH4OH⟶Fe(OH)2↓dirty green ppt+2NH4NO3 colourlesscolourlessFe(NO3)2+2NH4

OH⟶dirty green pptFe(OH)2↓+ colourless2NH4NO3

Question 7

How will you distinguish calcium nitrate and zinc nitrate solution?

Answer

When ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) is added to zinc nitrate solution [Zn(NO3)2], a gelatinous white ppt of zinc
hydroxide [Zn(OH)2] is obtained which is soluble in excess of NH4OH.

ZnSO4colourless solution+2NH4OH⟶Zn(OH)2↓white gelatinous ppt+(NH4)2SO4colourless in solutioncolourl

ess solutionZnSO4+2NH4OH⟶white gelatinous pptZn(OH)2↓+colourless in solution(NH4)2SO4

(With excess NH4OH ppt. dissolves)

Zn(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4+2NH4OH⟶[(Zn(NH3)4]SO4Tetraamminezinc (II) sulphate+4H2OZn(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4

+2NH4OH⟶zinc (II) sulphateTetraammine[(Zn(NH3)4]SO4+4H2O

On the other hand, calcium nitrate solution [Ca(NO3)2] does not give any ppt. even when excess of ammonium
hydroxide is added.

Exercise 4 — Long Answer Type

Question 1

You are provided with two reagent bottles marked A and B. One contains NH4OH solution and the other
contains NaOH solution. How will you identify them by a chemical test?

Answer

Reagent bottles A and B can identified by using Ca(NO3)2.

When NH4OH solution is added to Ca(NO3)2 a white ppt is obtained.

Ca(NO3)2colourless+2NaOHcaustic soda - colourless⟶Ca(OH)2white ppt↓+2NaNO3 colourlesscolourlessCa(

NO3)2+caustic soda - colourless2NaOH⟶white pptCa(OH)2↓+ colourless2NaNO3

On the other hand, addition of NH4OH solution to Ca(NO3)2 gives no precipitate even when NH4OH solution is
added in excess. Thus, Ca(NO3)2 can be used to distinguish between NH4OH and NaOH solution.

Question 2
Write balanced equations for the following conversions:

(a) Zn(SO)4→AZn(OH)2→BNa2ZnO2Zn(SO)4AZn(OH)2BNa2ZnO2

(b) Cu(SO)4→ACu(OH)2→B[Cu(NH3)4]SO4Cu(SO)4ACu(OH)2B[Cu(NH3)4]SO4

Answer

(a) When sodium hydroxide solution is added dropwise to zinc sulphate, a white gelatinous ppt of zinc
hydroxide is obtained.

ZnSO4colourless+2NaOHcolourless⟶Zn(OH)2white gelatinous ppt↓+Na2SO4colourlesscolourlessZnSO4

+colourless2NaOH⟶white gelatinous pptZn(OH)2↓+colourlessNa2SO4

On adding excess of NaOH solution, the ppt dissolves and a colourless solution is obtained.

⟶colourlesssodium zincateNa2ZnO2+2H2O
Zn(OH)2+2NaOHexcess⟶Na2ZnO2sodium zincatecolourless+2H2OZn(OH)2+excess2NaOH

(b) When ammonia solution is added dropwise to copper sulphate, a pale blue ppt of copper hydroxide is
obtained.

CuSO4blue+2NH4OH⟶Cu(OH)2pale blue ppt↓+(NH4)2SO4colourless in solutionblueCuSO4+2NH4OH⟶pale

blue pptCu(OH)2↓+colourless in solution(NH4)2SO4

On adding excess of ammonia solution, the ppt dissolves and a deep blue solution is obtained.

Cu(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4+2NH4OH⟶[(Cu(NH3)4]SO4tetraamminecopper (II) sulphate+4H2OCu(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4

+2NH4OH⟶copper (II) sulphatetetraammine[(Cu(NH3)4]SO4+4H2O

Question 3

(a) What do you understand by amphoteric oxide?

(b) Give the balanced equations for the reaction with two different amphoteric oxides with a caustic alkali.

(c) Name the products formed.

Answer

(a) Amphoteric oxides and hydroxides are those compounds which react with both acids and alkalis to form
salt and water.

(b) Balanced equations for the reaction of Zinc Oxide and Lead Oxide with Caustic Soda are given below:

ZnO + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2O

PbO + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2PbO2 + H2O

(c) Sodium zincate [Na2ZnO2] and sodium plumbite [Na2PbO2] are the products formed.

Question 4

On adding dilute ammonia solution to a colourless solution of a salt, a white gelatinous precipitate appears.
This precipitate however dissolves on addition of excess of ammonia solution. Identify (choose from Na, Al, Zn,
Pb, Fe)

(a) From the following list, identify which metal salt solution was used above?
a, Al, Zn, Pb, Fe

(b) What is the formula of the white gelatinous precipitate obtained?

(c) Write the balanced reaction involved.

Answer

(a) Zinc (Zn) metal salt solution was used

(b) Zn(OH)2

(c) When ammonia solution is added dropwise to zinc sulphate, a white gelatinous ppt of zinc hydroxide is
obtained.

ZnSO4colourless solution+2NH4OH⟶Zn(OH)2↓white gelatinous ppt+(NH4)2SO4colourless in solutioncolourl

ess solutionZnSO4+2NH4OH⟶white gelatinous pptZn(OH)2↓+colourless in solution(NH4)2SO4

On adding excess of ammonia solution, the ppt dissolves and a colourless solution is obtained.

Zn(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4+2NH4OH⟶[(Zn(NH3)4]SO4Tetraamminezinc (II) sulphate+4H2OZn(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4

+2NH4OH⟶zinc (II) sulphateTetraammine[(Zn(NH3)4]SO4+4H2O