C12 Analysis

Chemical Analysis: Gases 06/02/22
Lesson objective: Key

I will be able to identify the Chemical tests for water word(s):
I will be able to identify the tests for gases and their results Water
Gas test
I will be able to identify the test for cations using:
Flame test
Flame tests
Further Reference:
Cambridge IGCSE Coordinated Science: P 388 - 398
Starter:
 Name the chemical test for water
Anhydrous Cobalt chloride OR Anhydrous Copper (II) sulfate
 The result of the water test
Blue to Pink OR White to Blue
Test for water
Physical test: Pure water boils at precisely 1000C

Chemical test(s):
Test Result

Anhydrous White to Blue
Copper (II) sulfate

Anhydrous Blue to Pink
Cobalt chloride

Tests for Gases
Gas Test Result
O2 Glowing splint Relights

H2 Lighted splint “squeaky pop”
CO2 Bubble through limewater Turns limewater milky

NH3 Pungent smell

Damp red litmus Turns blue

Cl2 Damp blue litmus paper Bleaches
SO2 Bubble through acidified
Potassium manganate(VII) Purple to colourless

1 (i) Ammonia NH3 has a pungent smell and is the only alkali gas
1 (ii) The red litmus paper must be damp otherwise the gas
would pass through and there would be no colour change

2 (i) Chlorine will bleach which means it removes the colour,
hence damp blue litmus will turn white

2 (ii) If chlorine is added to a coloured solution, then the colour
is removed and the solution will turn colourless
Tests for Cations
(i) Flame tests - Different metals ions give off different colours
when heated in a flame. This is the principle behind fireworks
and their different colours.
Metal ion colour
Lithium, Li+ red
Sodium, Na + yellow
Potassium, K+ lilac
Copper(II), Cu2+ blue/green
Tests for Cations - Flame
Sodium Potassium Lithium Copper (II)

Yellow Lilac Red Blue/Green
Test
Bunsen burner to a blue roaring flame (1 mark)
Place solution onto a metal wire and into the flame (1 mark)
Chemical Analysis: Cations 06/02/22

 I will be able to identify the test for cations using word(s):
Sodium hydroxide solution and aqueous Ammonia Cation
NaOH
- I will be able to identify the results of the cations
NH3
Further Reference:
Starter:
 During a flame test, unknown X produces a red flame
a) identify the ion
Lithium
b) is this ion a cation or anion?
Cation
a) Transition Metals
ION NaOH(aq) NH3 (aq

Fe2+ Few Drops: green precipitate Few Drops: green precipitate
Excess: insoluble Excess: insoluble
Fe3+ Few Drops: red/brown Few Drops: red/brown
precipitate precipitate
Cu2+ Few Drops: (pale) blue Few Drops: blue precipitate
precipitate Excess: dissolves to give a dark
Excess: insoluble blue solution
Ion NaOH(aq) NH3(aq)
Fe2+ green precipitate green precipitate

Fe3+ Red/brown Red/brown

precipitate precipitate
Cu2+ Pale blue Blue precipitate.

precipitate Excess: Dissolves
Excess: insoluble to give a dark blue
solution
 There is one other cation that is the ammonium ion NH4+. It is harder
to spot this one since it is not a metal ion

• Ammonium compounds give off Ammonia easily when NaOH(aq) is

added and heated gently
Ion Test Result

NH4+ Add NaOH(aq) Ammonia gas given off that
and warm gently turns damp red litmus blue

b) Non-transition metal ions (including Zinc) that form white precipitates
Using Sodium hydroxide solution and aqueous Ammonia
The other 3 metal ions are Zn2+, Al3+ and Ca2+ that from white precipitates
and some are soluble in excess to give a colorless solution
Ion NaOH(aq) NH3 (aq)

(i) White precipitate (i) White precipitate
Zn2+ (ii) Excess: Soluble forming (ii) Excess: soluble
a colourless solution forming a colourless
solution
(i) White precipitate (i) White precipitate
Al3+ (ii) Excess: soluble forming (ii) Excess: insoluble
a colourless solution
Ca2+ (i) White precipitate No Precipitate
(ii) Excess: insoluble
An easier way to remember this is to know that they all from white
precipitates with the exception of Ca2+ in NH3 (aq). Trying to remember which
are soluble and which are not is the difficulty.
The questions are usually set up with NaOH(aq) first then NH3 (aq) next.
So try this method where Z=Zn2+, A=Al3+ and C=Ca2+.

S= Soluble, I= Insoluble and N= No precipitate

Remember S means the white ppt dissolves in to give a colourless solution.
Z S S
A S I
C I N
Chemical Analysis - Anions Test 06/02/22

 I will be able to name the test for different Anions (ion & word(s):
Anion
polyatomic ion)
Hydrocarbon
 I will be able to provide the results for the different Anions
 I will be able to test for Hydrocarbons
 I will be able to provide the results for the Hydrocarbons
test
Starter:
- Name the non-metal cation which is tested with Sodium hydroxide:
Name the gas produced
Ammonia
Name the test required & the result of the test
Add NaOH(aq) and warm gently, turns damp red litmus blue
Further Reference:
Tests for Anions
d) And now the halide ions to identify Cl-, Br- and I-
Silver nitrate solution is the reagent used (dilute nitric acid should be
added first)

Silver chloride = White precipitate
Silver bromide = Cream precipitate
Silver iodide = Yellow precipitate
Summary of Ions
Anion Test Result
Carbonate Add dilute acid Effervescence,
CO32- gas given off that turns
limewater milky (carbon
dioxide)
Sulfate (add dilute nitric acid)
SO42- then add aqueous barium nitrate white precipitate
Sulfite Add dilute hydrochloric acid, warm SO2 produced will turn acidified
SO32- gently and test for presence of potassium manganate(VII)
sulphur dioxide from purple to colourless
Chloride Cl- (add dilute nitric acid ) white precipitate
Bromide Br- then add aqueous cream precipitate
Iodide I- silver nitrate yellow precipitate
Nitrate Add aqueous sodium hydroxide, Ammonia gas given off that
NO3- aluminium foil and warm gently turns damp red litmus blue

Hydrocarbon test
Alkenes - Bromination
i. Reaction with halogens

 e.g. Adding Bromine water across the double bond)
+
(Orange)
1,2 – dibromoethane
(colourless)
• Alkenes will decolourise bromine water (orange to colourless)

• This is a test for alkenes or any unsaturated hydrocarbon (a double bond
between TWO Carbon atoms)
Hydrocarbon test
Alkanes – No Bromination
Adding Bromine water across the single bond)
+ No reaction. Orange colour.

(Orange)
• Alkanes = no reaction
• Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. (a single bond between TWO
Carbon atoms)
Hydrocarbon test
• Alkenes will decolourise
bromine water (orange to
colourless)
• This is a test for alkenes or any

unsaturated hydrocarbon

C12 Analysis

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Chemical Analysis: Gases 06/02/22

Lesson objective: Key

NH3 Pungent smell

Sodium Potassium Lithium Copper (II)

Lesson objective: Key

ION NaOH(aq) NH3 (aq

Fe2+ green precipitate green precipitate

Fe3+ Red/brown Red/brown

Cu2+ Pale blue Blue precipitate.

• Ammonium compounds give off Ammonia easily when NaOH(aq) is

Ion Test Result

Using Sodium hydroxide solution and aqueous Ammonia

So try this method where Z=Zn2+, A=Al3+ and C=Ca2+.

Lesson objective: Key

i. Reaction with halogens

• Alkenes will decolourise bromine water (orange to colourless)

Adding Bromine water across the single bond)

+ No reaction. Orange colour.

• This is a test for alkenes or any

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