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A LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF LITERARY CRITICISM : A STUDY OF HOW

LANGUAGE INFLUENCES THE EVALUATION OF LITERARY WORKS

Article in The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research · June 2024
DOI: 10.37547/tajiir/Volume06Issue06-09

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PUBLISHED DATE: - 21-06-2024

DOI: - https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume06Issue06-09 PAGE NO.: - 35-50

RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access

A LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF LITERARY

CRITICISM A STUDY OF HOW LANGUAGE
INFLUENCES THE EVALUATION OF
LITERARY WORKS
Ahmed Kareem Aljarelah
University of Kerbala, College of Education for Humanities, Department of English Language,
Iraq

Abstract

INTRODUCTION
The good news is that there is currently an approved. Assuming satisfaction with the outcome
abundance of ideas regarding assessing literature. (or outcomes) is the deciding factor, one tends to
Some of the most popular ideas today hold that the maintain that viewpoint. People who adhere to the
text itself is most important, regardless of who standards of "sthitisnehak" may believe that texts
wrote it or who read it, whether we're talking are meaningless if the boundaries of critical
about entire societies or just people or where we discourse are constantly being policed. New rules
are in the literary history timeline. Some might or standards are established to be broken by
want to assess it similarly to how they would, for deviant texts. Translation & Literary Studies and
instance, a cell phone or flora and wildlife. Abdulaziz Alghanem (2020) describe them as
Accordingly, it may be politely evaluated and "organized sound" fragments or sprays just as
contrasted with other natural, potential, or ideal captivating.
examples of its category in each case. In most cases, Some linguists have taken an interest in the
the standards used to make such assessments are language of literary criticism, specifically looking
the ones that the people in charge have already for ways to decipher different forms of literary

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criticism so they can better understand the impact Reading literature effectively requires analysis and
of this critical language on literary work interpretation. By making assumptions based on
evaluations. Using specific corpora of literary what he reads, a reader builds a story out of the
criticism, the reported study manipulates and narrative's fragments, learning about the
applies sophisticated linguistic methods to extract characters, their relationships, their motivations,
metrics of critical language used in evaluating their desires, and the strategies they employ to
various literary works. The work's foundational achieve them (Holur et al., 2021). Storytelling clues,
assumption is that modern literary criticism uses a whether explicit (such as naming a character as the
more diverse vocabulary in both positive and "villain" of the story) or implicit (such as describing
negative evaluation forms. This vocabulary a character as "scheming" or revealing that they
richness is revealed when the right tools extract its acted deceitfully), frequently serve to direct this
characteristic metrics (Bizzoni et al., 2024). interpretation process (Jacobsen & Beudt, 2017).
The standard operating procedure in literary Even when a piece of literature can no longer
criticism is the examination of literary works, provide clues, as in the case of reader comments
which is always facilitated by the use of language. left after a novel has ended, readers still make
Literary criticism aims to analyze and assess works assumptions and try to deduce the whims of the
of literature by pointing out their merits and fictional world (Naimul Hoque et al., 2023).
shortcomings and describing them in a way that 2.1. Language as a Tool for Evaluation
readers can understand and agree with. (Aldosari Short tales, novellas, and novels that take a
and the World English Journal, 2022) So, the facilitative rather than doxological approach, as
construction of assessment and literary criticism well as those that provide readers with assistance
language is foundational to evaluating, comparing, and critically show how a work's literary triage is
and articulating the value of individual literary done, are the typical replies to this subject that this
works.. study starts with. This treatment is based on the
THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN LITERARY latter and is enriched by ideas from other areas,
CRITICISM such as cognitive semantics, pragmatics, and
The duality of narratives involving language and linguistic (im-)politeness. These are fundamentally
literary critique is a key concept in our linguistic because they use language to assess
understanding of literature. As kies pointed out, human experiences, including literary artifacts.
literary criticism requires interpretations before it Section Seven: Language III. Based on this
can approach literature. The arts, primarily inclination, the current study aims to conduct a
concerned with the linguistic expression of linguistic analysis of a random sample of articles
creative work, are the foundation of interpretation. that reflect criticism of selected literary works in an
The essence of artistic interpretation lies in seeing, indigenous, high-quality literary journal. The
inferring, and exploring the narrative of language. presumed goal is to inform readers about the
Aesthetic standards represented in linguistic story salient aspects and features of these critical targets
are the subject of literary criticism, which involves inventively. Linguists today would do well to
re-combing and refining the meaning of language. broaden their focus beyond the grammar,
This process directs the ways in which critical phonology, and vocabulary that Kachru (1986)
assessments and admiration of literature are envisioned as crucial for reaching out to people in
articulated. In literary criticism, various creative distant Asian subcontinents, commonwealths, and
standards are used to assess texts, which might be archipelagos who were formerly British colonial
defined, rethought, or applied in new ways. This subjects. With expert knowledge of "the six trillion
dynamic interaction between language and literary stories and cultures that Perec 1003 originally
critique, or the 'narratives involving language and proposed data collection for," these academics
literary critique ', is the core of our understanding would actively participate in experiencing
of literature. language in a linked multi-sphere environment.

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One common way literature—or any creative even though prestige literary language is not as
form—is characterized is by its perceived quality effective as it initially seems.
(Bizzoni et al., 2024). Both economics and A working knowledge of linguistic analysis and its
philosophy share the tendency to seek to put a applications and an understanding of the potential
numerical value on right and wrong (Jacobsen & relationships between literary criticism's
Beudt, 2017). Words like "literature," "value," constructs and stylistic features are prerequisites
"quality," and "excellence" are tossed around to comprehending the relationship between
casually in the literary world, just like any other language and literary value (Jacobsen & Beudt,
field. Fabbri and Henrique Garcia (2017) highlight 2017). Stylistics is a well-established branch of
the inherent contradiction of literary texts as the literary criticism that follows a focus on language
dominant issue in literary criticism that deals with (for Translation & Literary Studies & Jabraddar
literary value. When literary texts are engaged, Mahil Abd Allah, 2019). In order to comprehend the
they demand that such engagements lead to an value-conveying effects of stylistic
evaluation of the work in question. In order to implementations, it can examine a wide variety of
analyze literary works and respond appropriately, linguistic devices. Linguists such as Leech and
literary critics draw on a variety of theories. Short define stylistic analysis as studying literary
However, it is fair to wonder if and to what degree texts for their style using specific methods and
critics' suspicious language impacts their tools for linguistic interpretation. However,
consideration of the theories and their lack of care literary evaluations may be driven by subjective
for this inevitable dance. and idiosyncratic objectives as they examine
2.2. Language as a Reflection of Literary Value several aspects that establish the worth of literary
In premodern acts, literature reflects social views, works, namely their intrinsic literary value (Li,
emphasizing literary critics who are socially 2022).
traditional linguists and elites who engage in LINGUISTIC APPROACHES TO LITERARY
literary construction. Regardless, one unforeseen CRITICISM
effect was incorporating foreign literature into Subclausal, clausal, and superclausal coherence
national concepts through national theater were the foci of second language studies of
organizations, which validated historical languages scientific prose speech heads. Literary critics and
and included cultural modulations. researchers can benefit from a linguistic approach
Regardless of the possibility of viewing criticism as to organization and coherence, which elevates
a direct causality between language devices leading discussion and closer textual analysis above
to an evaluation, it pertains to whether or not subjective opinions. Another interesting linguistic
critics employed specific tactics to defend a work's perspective on literary works is speech act theory.
worth by highlighting its linguistic similarities and In addition to adding to applied linguistics, this
differences. Concerns about the possible study explores several ways linguistic descriptions
association of literary prestige with linguistic might shed light on literary works. Text linguistics,
formulations and their value also emerge. Literary new criticism, and empirical schools of literary
worth is associated with linguistic variety, which is criticism can all benefit substantially from corpora
distinct from grammatical usage in literary texts to conduct more precise analyses in these areas. As
and concerns the use of language itself. It has been helpful as MNIS is for text analysis, it is as
debated and corrected multiple times that literary applicable to literary research. The paper presents
worth is attributable to the prestige language of a linguistic analyses that are based on Hallidayan
given social moment, even though literary values SFL. These analyses center on lexicogrammatical
reflect other literatures and languages. Eventually, aspects and processes within and between clauses
lower-class literature will exploit linguistic (Bizzoni et al., 2024).
diversity as more prestigious literature does, and This study follows in the footsteps of systemic
they will do so until they reach conventional usage functional linguistics, developed by Halliday and

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Hasan. This approach uses a social semiotic stance speak. Structuralists argue that this adherence is
to distinguish between three related aspects of the underlying cause of linguistic variations or
language: lexicogrammar, discourse semantics, constant transformations that are implemented in
and lexicology. SFL defines these three aspects, a series of decisions (Furnes & Dysvik, 2011). The
how they relate to one another, and the social rules of the mixing of materials, their mutual
impact they have. Linguists seek to comprehend effects, and transformation overtones ultimately
language's interaction with and reflection of more govern the communication protocol. In literature,
extensive social processes—rather than its direct these transformative overtones have the same
determination—by investigating patterns and effect, altering the grammatical structures that
choices across these three domains. Additionally, would occur in real speech. These ornamental
this work applies CLA to formulaic language in word constructs, adapted from the original
literature, namely language used for evaluating and versions, have become part of common usage. This
grading (Gai & Wang, 2022). suggests that literary language is not independent
Critical linguistic analysis is one method that uses of its societal and individual value judgments, as
language to examine and critique literature. these components are both structured and
Following in the footsteps of Norman Fairclough's perceived as such in literary language.
critical discourse analysis (CDA), CLA does not Language, like literature, is a human creation that
directly investigate the texts' social and political serves as a conduit for ideas, emotions,
relevance and influence, nor does it presume a worldviews, intentions, and other forms of
direct relationship between the meaning of specific information transmission (van Cranenburgh &
texts, their morphosyntactic or semantic aspects Bod, 2017). When expressed verbally in literature,
(i.e., microstructure) and related social and information has unique requirements, such as
political issues (i.e., macrostructure). According to adhering to a specific proportion from the system
Yazdannik et al. (2017), the publications in of derivatives and systematics, redundant, and
discourse analysis can be roughly categorized stable. Just as morphologically specific words
along a line that goes from studies that focus solely validate grammatical rules, syntactic structures
on the microstructure to studies that focus purely use grammar as one of several strategies to
on the macrostructure. generate sentences, which stabilize literary
3.1. Structuralist Analysis of Language in creation and expose topics. The grammar of a
Literature language is relevant to literature because literature
is an active component of that language. Some
There is a language uniqueness, as literature's linguists and critics firmly assert language and
essential linguistic extension has shown through literature's cultural, social, and stylistic aspects.
its usage in linguistic configurations within the
language order and in conveying information. Since 3.2. Semiotic Analysis of Language in Literature
this system is far more heavily reformed than these Li (2022) posits a fascinating perspective,
others due to the writers' effects, it stands out as a suggesting that linguistic events in literary texts
"brand-new structure" in all living languages' are not confined to simple, interpersonal meanings.
symbols and other word combinations (Fabbri & Instead, they are a rich tapestry of combinations,
Henrique Garcia, 2017). The word message is discoursal tactics, and a myriad of variations, which
altered by such structures, which are related to all significantly broadens the scope of language in
grammatical systems and bring additional images, general communication. This intricate web of
art, and meanings to the ICT part. logico-semantic linkages is formed when different
According to structuralists, language is not a clauses in an SFL text functionally automize with
product of free will and awareness, but rather, it is one another. The choice of language, with its
shaped by human psychology and social stylistic and ideational meanings, often
interaction. We all adhere to certain syntactic overshadows this mechanism, yet it holds
knowledge and linguistic discourse when we profound significance within poetic discourse,

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particularly at a fundamental level. Poetry, in providing a deeper understanding of its foundation

contrast to most accounts of SFL speech, appears to (Xu & Liang, 2023). The foundations of
balance sentence creation and the combinatorial interpretation, a subject of public discussion and
densities of attitudes, rather than a continuous individual evaluation, are of paramount
blending of logico-semantic linkages and importance in critical interpretation. The chapter's
composition. These nuanced indicators point to conclusion highlights the diverse evaluation and
alternative conceptual frameworks, one that evidential options in interpretation notes, which
prioritizes evaluation meanings over interpersonal not only offer different ways of expressing critical
ones and representations and metafunctions over meanings but also the potential for the
content and structure, inviting a deeper intellectual recontextualization or confirmation of critical
engagement. assertions by the evidence of other voices (van
The book's third chapter focuses on the semiotic Cranenburgh & Bod, 2017), sparking a sense of
analysis of literary language. Focusing on the intrigue and curiosity in the reader.
interpersonal meanings conveyed through 3.3. Pragmatic Analysis of Language in
classical Chinese literature's fictitious language, it Literature
finds and analyzes several connected linguistic There is still debate over the relevance of style and
phenomena, thinking about how they affect the tone to expressiveness, personality, and social
overall meaning-making and how readers traits. Aspects of the rhetorical, phonological,
understand the texts. Consequently, it reveals syntactic, or lexical arrangement can reveal
distinctive features of literary discourse in China. stances, ridings, personalities, genres, or anything
The idea of "meaning" is central to semiotic else depending on the speaker, addressee, and
processes; in SFL, this is seen as a social output. A environment. The effectiveness of lexical
more abstract, ideational part "simply serves the concealment and the challenge of gender
exchange of information," while the more concrete, identification in forensic linguistics are attributed
interpersonal part "negotiates social relations" and to this bastion of congruence. According to
determines particular assessments of those Abdulaziz Alghanem and Translation & Literary
relations. Tenor connections are conveyed through Studies (2020), scholars have argued that, beyond
language in "power, solidarity, contact," while this premise, the proper way to identify the aspects
attitude, mood, and modality are revealed through of variance linked to temperateness, tentativeness,
language in the forms of "official, personal, or performativeness needs to be clarified. It has
intimate, and subjective-imaginary" addresses. In been shown that pragmatic characteristics within a
what follows, the author delves into the specific idiolect tend to correlate and co-occur with
interpersonal meanings conveyed through tales, one other, generating diverse constellations that
character addresses, dialogue excerpts, and the may represent a unique personality trait or
flow of poetry. Thus, in cases involving viewpoint. Some people believe that particular
interpersonal meanings, the most common indexes are good identifiers of performativity,
structures are verbs, phrase patterns, and clause although this is only sometimes the case. The
forms, with a few less common semantic methods speaker's attitude toward the stated event, its
thrown in for good measure. relation to the extra-linguistic or linguistic
Chapter 3 delves deeper into the examination of background, and the desired effect on the
appraisal and interpersonal meanings in literary addressee determine the observable regulation
texts, expanding on the linguistic analysis of choice among alternative forms in an environment
selected critical works. This exploration reveals the that continues beyond the instant of utterance.
intriguing possibility for scholars to enhance their The study and appreciation of literature have been
understanding and engagement through training, significantly shaped by linguistic research,
as there is a wide variety in the choice of appraisal particularly in the area of pragmatics. Pragmatics,
resources and valuation. The evidentiality of an as defined by Gatt and Krahmer (2017), is "the
appraisal uncovers the underlying reasons,

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selection of linguistic or discoursal features narrative actors. Because "how a story is seen is
appropriate to the modulation of relevance with a always dependent on how it is told" (Rimmon,
reader." This concept is crucial in understanding 2002), the evaluation of literature is intrinsically
how authors use language to shape the tone of their linked to literary interpretations (Bizzoni et al.,
written discourse. They do this by incorporating 2024).
various ways of expressing attitudes. Stylistic In 1925, Ibáñez-Molina examined how language
features that convey attitude, such as connotative impacts the assessment of literary works, marking
vocabulary, a wide array of syntactic and prosodic a significant milestone in the field. He cataloged the
variables, a diverse range of rhetorical figures, many tools used by literary critics to assess the
global discourse principles, and logical operator merit of a piece of literature. The two primary
use, all contribute to establishing a perspective, categories of duties that a text could have,
voice, attitude, or stance. These factors can be according to critics, are lexical and stylistic. Using a
modeled according to a particular value of some huge dataset consisting of book reviews, Johansen
social variable held by an agent. However, (2008) developed a model to evaluate the critical
intentional changes in pragmatic aspects can pose aspects of literary criticism. Holur et al. (2021)
intriguing challenges, such as the identification of builds on the work of Hoeken et al. (2002), who
writers in literary forensics or the attribution of postulated that linguistic hints and evaluative
attitudes to fictional characters. content are likely to go hand in hand, and
Language and Literary Interpretation demonstrates that negative and positive
In addition, a literary work's meaning is said to contributions differ on several linguistic-structural
exist "conveyed, as a wordless or unwritten text, traits. This rich historical context underscores the
through particular signs of sounds or marks which ongoing evolution of our understanding of
together form a structure separable from external language and literary interpretation.
references or expressibility or which are neither 4.1. The Influence of Language on Reader
exhaustively determined by senses nor governed Response
by historically embodied norms; it itself gives Conversely, the reader's reaction is contingent
orders or interprets." The numerous goals of the upon the writer's dialogical text's construction and
field represent the idea of language as a critical the reader's personal experiences, as stated by
medium for the transmission of meaning in works: Louise M. Rosenblatt. Both the "esthatic" text,
to provide units with varying levels of organization, which is geocentric, and the "aesthetic" text, which
to plot various models, and to comprehend broad is reader-oriented or "efferent," are considered the
patterns (for Translation, Literary Studies, Bouali, two extremes of text, as stated in Ebru Çelik
2020). Regarding the internalized component of Çakmak's presentation of Louise M. Rosenblatt's
the objects of criticism (the interpretative traits of theory (2011, pp. 2-3). The text undergoes a
the critic) and the matter of critiquing them, the metamorphosis into the third text while being read
article primarily analyzes the relationship between or composed. The third text shows that the
language and literary interpretation within the meaning is connected to the ongoing interaction
realm of literary criticism. between the reader and the verbal sublime by
An overabundance of comparison structures, combining the writer's text with the reader's
personal pronouns, and negative words and experience. This theory's proponent claims that
phrases characterizes a weak assessment. In "...the meaning is always beyond the text and is
contrast, a robust evaluation characterizes an determined by time, constantly changing states,
abundance of superlatives, negations, deletions, and takes different shapes in different reading"
additions, and modal verbs. Sormunen et al. (2010) (Furnes & Dysvik, 2011). Therefore, it is clear that
are concerned with the methodological features of various readers will get different meanings from
literary theory, and Teraava (2007) uses this the same book based on their universe of
approach to investigate the evaluative elements of relationships and responses. Reading aloud

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profoundly affects readers' evaluations because it Its greatest assets are the versatility and openness
allows them to internalize the text and draw on to multiple interpretations that language possesses
their own experiences, cultural knowledge, and as a medium.
memories of past generations and communities. On the other hand, language is more than simply a
Louise M. Rosenblatt lends credence to the notion vehicle for transmitting authorial intent. Meaning
that audience reaction evolves and develops with and messages are not the only things it conveys.
time. The power of language to regress is such that it can
Amardeep Sinh Jhala is correct in saying that fool even the most accomplished authors. "The
language choices and expressions significantly world is what it is; men who are nothing, who allow
affect reader reaction and literary appraisal. When themselves to become nothing, have no place in it,"
a writer wants to get their point across, their wrote VS Naipaul, who may have put it up best.
language is a significant factor in how the reader They are utterly insignificant in this world. A
will react. According to proponents of the reader- language can gain independence through simple
response paradigm, reader agency in meaning changes like capitalization, the placement of
construction has always been central. To rephrase, commas, or the turn of a phrase. Language is both a
the reader's method of text formation is distinct medium and a transforming force. It changes to fit
from the writer's since the reader derives meaning its purposes, alters reality to meet its demands, and
from the words used to make the text. According to then asks others to make sense of it and reach a
Abdulaziz Alghanem (2020) and Translation & verdict. It can both unveil and conceal the truth.
Literary Studies, several ideas and concepts have Several readings are possible, and it defies stability
been connected to reader-response theory to [citation].
emphasize the reader's participation. "The act of Consideration of authorial intent vs. lack thereof is
reading involves the reader's ability to bridge the a long-standing debate in literary studies.
gap between textual logicality and reader's world" Reference: Bizzoni et al., 2024. Although the
(1978, p. 78), says Wolfgang Iser. precise beginning of the issue is unclear, many
4.2. The Impact of Language on Authorial point to the 1946 essay "The Intentional Fallacy" by
Intent W. K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley as its starting
Worthiness Studies[citation] and Reception point. This essay argues that readers'
Studies, two significant literary movements that understandings of texts are valid regardless of the
have emerged in recent years, are direct responses author's intentions. Since then, there has been a
to the author-centric approach. These movements proliferation of conflicting theoretical perspectives
underscore the evolving nature of literary works, on this subject. Therefore, anyone seeking a clear
which, with the aid of readers and expert critics, answer must sort through many contradictory
accrue value and significance over time, often sources. There is, nevertheless, an immediate need
diverging from the author's original intentions. to strive for a synthesis between authorial aim and
Rereading a work of literature can reshape its reader interpretation. According to Conrad Jackson
meaning, offering a new perspective that may differ and colleagues (2021) one way to accomplish this
from the author's initial vision. The field of is to examine the works closely, paying close
reception studies delves into how the reading attention to the language employed. After all,
context influences the interpretation of literature language influences the author's intentions and
(van Cranenburgh & Bod, 2017). how the audience receives a work.

In this essay, I aim to argue that critical LANGUAGE AND EVALUATIVE CRITERIA IN
examination of literary language is essential. At LITERARY CRITICISM
first glance, words having agency or purpose may Critiquing one's own and other people's writings
appear strange. The creator must have the true does not rely on language for merely utilitarian
intention behind the work; the language only purposes. The results of this study show that the
conveys it. Consequently, this is mostly accurate. recipient's assessment of the satisfying can be

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significantly impacted by language. This study findings from literary studies.

contributes to the literature on literary evaluation 5.1. The Role of Language in Determining
by outlining the characteristics crucial for the Aesthetic Value
encoder and the multiply-communicative speakers
and how it might be operationalized But that conceptual blending of the arts with the
communicatively (C. Bohrn et al., 2012). Debiasing history, culture, and language in which they
aggressiveness in humanencodification is one insinuate themselves can and has taken many
practical application of the present paper. It will forms. But in the arts and in literature, generally,
also be useful for judges, teacher trainers, and the most self-conscious cases of this blending are
anyone who deals with language-based protocols the critical languages that habitually crop up as
and believes that naturally occurring criticism does foils and enhancements of the works so judged.
not need the graciousness, enforceability, and These languages form a record of general aesthetic-
legitimacy that communication-maximizing historical knowledge and a record of general
criticism theory brings. historical-cultural developments. But, in doing so,
they evince an inextrication of the critical from the
Based on previous research on assessment and work of art, painting the latter as variously
Habermas's theory of communicative action, a representing or evading the cultural-linguistic
three-stage model is the most effective way to modulations set out by the former. It is clear,
express literary evaluation. This model integrates however, that the discursive knowledge employed
the concepts above with the present writer's (two to encode the judgments of the most expert critical
editors') appraisal-based framework. This study languages of literature—friend and enemy to their
takes the paradigm further by developing and correlative works of literature and vice-versa—is
expanding upon it. This study examined a sample not just linguistic. The linguistics of literature is not
corpus of Dutch literary criticism across time to see exactly any less limited, a priori, by single-voice
whether the evaluation above processes are aesthetic or interpretative cultural suppositions
present (Mohseni et al., 2022). The study's author than are the aesthetic formalisms peculiar to
uncovered a literary shift among 19th-century single-genre or single-national-language parts of
critics, who began by literary study.
1. downplaying complaints as an evaluation There are many reasons to believe that the
tool, language employed for judgment in literary critical
2. shifting to evaluation strategies focused on contexts is a particularly interesting and valuable
appreciation and linguistic phenomenon to study. This is true, most
3. expressing more admiration for the work of generally, just because creative verbal expression
others. is a primary vehicle for the expression of judgment
on many artistic matters. The most obvious
The importance of studying language usage in example of this is this type of discourse which
literature evaluation has been underscored by overtly avails itself of the personal linguistic
recent studies (van Cranenburgh & Bod, 2017). appropriation of others’ creative linguistic
This current work, situated at the intersection of expressions—criticism. Thus, it is apparent that
corpus-linguistics and appraisal-based research, one’s knowledge of literature and the other arts is
makes a significant contribution to the ongoing not confined only to aesthetic perception and
discussion. A common gap in literature research on sensory experience. It infused into the language
evaluation is the lack of an integrative study of both used for judgment of literary or artistic works.
actors, often focusing solely on the encodee's or Cultural elements, character.
interpreter's features. This study, however, bridges
this gap by explaining evaluation, both within and Although the term linguistic analysis sounds as if it
beyond the realm of literary criticism, through the deals largely with matters of language, it has its
integration of linguistic analysis with preexisting applications in various other fields such as law,
computer sciences and literature (Mohseni et al.,

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2020). One such interesting field of study in written by members of the literary community
application of linguistics is in how language is accompany works of literature that rely on logical
employed by critics to evaluate the literary works. evaluation reasoning (Alessandri et al., 2022). The
The goal of this study is to find out how the growth and literary quality of language are
language we use influences the evaluation of hindered by writing that mostly focuses on
literary works and to bring to light many of the critiquing feminism and fails to identify and
implicit assumptions that go into our literary categorize the language used to evaluate literature
assessments focusing on the issue of the “language (Chiu et al., 2020). The literature is missing a
of criticism,” especially as it may be said to be comprehensive analysis of the role of language in
functioning to facilitate creative evaluation (C. literary criticism evaluation and its impact on work
Bohrn et al., 2012). This study, in keeping with the value. This gap in our understanding highlights the
notion that, as George Lakoff suggests, “the analysis need for further research in this area. How can we
of language must be part of the larger analysis of identify the qualitative representations that have
our common conceptual system” (157), concerns literary merit in a certain genre? When reading
itself with the critical language which, taken literary fiction or poetry, what grammatical and
collectively, contributes to an assessment of what syntactic features are most valued?
creativity and originality in art may be said to LANGUAGE AND GENRE IN LITERARY
amount to (for Translation & Literary Studies & CRITICISM
Hussein Rdhaiwi Al-Marsumi, 2017).
There is a parallel literature on the linguistic
5.2. The Use of Language to Assess Literary analysis of literary works, but the nature and role
Merit of language in the evaluation of literary works are
Art and creative commutation, particularly sound relatively under-elaborated (Carter, 2012; Labov,
exacerbation, balance, and rhyme, are highly 1972a, 1978, 2001; Nikolic, 2010; Steen, 2011a,
regarded, according to linguistic-syntactic studies. 2014, 2018; Tsur, 1992; Widdowson, 2013)
Also covered were theme concepts, irony, satire, compared to its role in the construction of literary
and adult metaphors and similes used with care. worlds, mimesis, and the intertextual conversation
Additionally, characteristics peculiar to a language between one work and the others (Barthes, 1970;
are examined in adequate evaluation settings. Burke, 1941, 1945; Eco, 1979; Fish, 1980; Holquist,
Criteria for literary works differ among cultures, 1981; Iser, 1978, 1974; Kristeva, 1969; Lubbock,
centuries, and types of literature. This variation in 1921 [1987]; Ricoeur, 1981; Short, 1981; Todorov,
encoding linguistic schemes or thematic systems in 1965) or the study of narrative structure and plot
evaluating literary worth is significant for one (Bal, 1985; Cohn, 2014; Fludernik, 1997, 2002;
literary model or literary four. Since literature Genette, 1980; Mandler, 1984; Orr, 2003; Ryan,
constitutes the majority of language production, it 2013, 2014; Sternberg, 1985; Tamm, 2015;
is crucial to investigate it through linguistic and Tatarkiewicz, 1970)
stylistic studies to identify the distinctive features There has been much research in genre analysis in
of Turkish literary criticism. Process approaches linguistics (Martin, 1985; Bhatia, 1993). Genre
are the main subject of three literary processing analysis is a way to study discourse in specific
studies that compare and contrast Turkish and social and topical contexts. However, as
comparable languages. This also needs an inquiry Haberland(2017) and Hyland(2000) point out,
into the genre's potential merging by linguistic genre research is methodologically driven by
theories. Corpus Linguistics; Davidse and Morin (2018) have
Literary works have been compared in order to argued that this needs to be revised for the field.
identify whether text is more effective according to New models that attempt to explain patterns of
established standards (Gatt & Krahmer, 2017). In language behavior in response to the
literary practices, the idea of 'literary merit' is circumstances people address have been
prevalent. Rhetoric, introductions, and reviews developed and tested due to the explosion of

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available corpus data and advancements in 6.2. The Influence of Language on Genre
analyzing and modeling the structure of language. Classification
Finally, genre analysis has become fixated on Artifacts from legal codes, etymological research,
idealized patterns of language usage rather than its and philosophical history demonstrate that the
original ethnomethodological focus on users' idea that language is the most important aspect in
ordinary language use. determining genre definitions has been widely held
6.1. Language Conventions in Different Literary throughout human history. People have managed
Genres to secure language's distinctive quality not just in
The impacts of the mediation of the related EAP genre, which is the exclusive province of aesthetics,
teaching materials, such as presentations and but also in intuitions of basic social orders, such as
various technical exercises, are suggested by some health, reason, and education. The inherent
formative researchers who subtly integrate the linkability of language is shaped by the physical,
study of these linguistic conventions into biological, cognitive, and social dynamics that
instruction. This research adds to the whole study reside inside it.
by using the bottom-up empirical corpus proof to If we think of genres as genera, the works that
reflect on the nature of these linguistic standards make them up are the species that share the
under varied genres. genus's textual traits. When deciding how to
Language standards vary among genres for various classify literature works, whether poetry, prose, or
reasons, including the speakers' native languages science fiction, an equator—language—is an
and the cultural significance of specific words and essential tool. Argumentation, cognitive structure,
phrases. In light of these distinctions, the article and prosody are all aspects of language that should
delves into ways to sidestep the convention in be considered alongside phonology, syntax, and a
various text types and languages and how these system of lexical representations. Language may
factors influence the anticipated meaning not be the only defining factor in the genre, but it
construction underlying the selections. remains a common denominator. It is hardly
Furthermore, it has consequences for second surprising that some writers adhere to this
language (L2) education and acquiring the principle further; after all, equators are
knowledge necessary to write formally, using ever- providential (the maneuvering that England
evolving conventions and a growing body of discussed earlier).
specialized vocabulary (Carney et al., 2014). Literary theorists' approaches have long
Because teachers often lack knowledge about how predominated in literary criticism's canon,
the author's intended communicative purposes in according to which a piece of literature is best
different genres impact language conventions, understood about the genre to which it belongs
students may feel frustrated when they receive (Analytics et al., 2018). However, genre research
vague instructions on what is "acceptable" or has been under-emphasized regarding literary
"appropriate" without any supporting explanation criticism's actual application, which needs to be
(Burk, 2016). more emphasized (Blohm et al., 2017). A social
Language conventions vary throughout literary group's commonly accepted mode of example-
genres according to the author's goals for based communication is called a genre. Analytical
conveying meaning (Pu et al., 2022). We used and historical considerations are necessary for
literary works, speeches, ads, official documents, understanding the human agency that gives rise to
and academic articles as examples of various genres and their conventions (Analytics & Wilkens,
genres' linguistic conventions to demonstrate our 2018).
points. According to the research, literary works' LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL CONTEXT IN
linguistic patterns differ by genre, with indexical LITERARY CRITICISM
meanings like abstract references standing out as Subordinate languages and literature written in
defining characteristics of literature.

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them must adapt to the linguistic standard of ideological supremacy in this regard. It is hard to
"Prime Language" in order to rein in the affiliation, separate criticism from the language that generates
identification, and authenticity of the elements at it since it is a matter of language; the critic is an
stake since the critic's power is proportional to his integral part of criticism. Literary criticism as a
or her intellect and, by extension, language whole and the assumptions and arguments that
command (Frank Chin). The dominant languages inform it evolve across time and throughout
spoken in the Southern Hemisphere are heavily cultures. According to the World English Journal et
influenced by the ideals propagated by classical al. (2019), literary criticism has evolved in tandem
Indian and Chinese literatures as well as those of with its intended use, target demographic, societal
European thinkers like Emerson (American standards, and institutional context.
Scholar), Arnold (Oriental Renaissance), Goethe 7.1. Language as a Reflection of Cultural Values
(West-Oestlicher Diwan), and Rabindranath
Tagore. Across the two sociocultural configurations and the
two time periods, the study found that the concept
Literary criticism is not just a battleground for of "values" evolved in its meaning. The prevalent
ideologies but also a platform for cultural and interpretation of "cultural values" in the reviewed
linguistic value judgments since the theory and Italian articles suggests that, according to Talcott
practice of criticism are not region-specific but Parsons, the founder of the sociology of values, this
heavily impacted by the critic's social, cultural, could be characterized as a conservative-
linguistic, and ideological milieu. As a result of their conformist or traditional stage. During this stage,
differing social, cultural, and linguistic positions, societies rely on sacred, omnipotent values for
Western and non-Western critics engage in guidance, meaning, command, and protection. In
ideological conflict over the vast body of English- the face of a dramatic shift in emphasis and the
language world literature. The literary norms and introduction of competing, more robust value
governing bodies of prestigious languages define systems, Italian communities are becoming
the linguistic struggle. Language is a tool to control increasingly disenfranchised and disoriented. As a
and limit the influence of other languages and result, members of these communities are
literature to maintain this dominant lineage. This practicing for what is ostensibly a postmodern
thread also shows up when marginalized voices stage—one in which the dominant value systems
attempt to retaliate by adapting and translating are crumbling—a crushing, devastating, and
Western canons into their languages to claim them terrifying period in which societies descend into
as their cultural heritage. Non-Western critics have abstract relativism, mass standardization, and
had a chance to challenge the linguistic colonial anomy—as described by contemporary cultural
legacy of their country's literature, the sociologists and literary anthropologists (Wang &
canonization of European canons, practices, Zhang, 2022).
methodologies, theories, and critical terminology
since the emergence of postcolonial theories. Non- One way to study literary texts—particularly
Western critical approaches have incorporated literary reviews—is to analyze the language
translation, cultural studies, comparative resources used to express opinions. This allows us
literature, and postcolonial theories into their to understand how writers portray 'values' in their
work (Fang, 2022). works. Examining how often certain elements
appear in texts can reveal whether they are
According to Abdulaziz Alghanem and Translation significant linguistic features of a community's
& Literary Studies (2020), language is the most literary system and, by extension, how often they
important aspect of literary criticism since it allows appear in the writings themselves. Searching for
critics to evaluate works and, in turn, facilitates and comparing the use of such traits in English and
their interpretation. The critic establishes Italian is one of the aims of this research. Sociology
educational taste or a set of beliefs and attitudes of literature, cultural sociology, and literary
about creative expression, worth, and assessment, anthropology all cover methods for studying how
and language functions as a battlefield for

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texts portray values. According to scholars in these recount stories (van Cranenburgh & Bod, 2017).
areas, students' reactions to and evaluations of The goal of domestication is to bring Target Texts
literary works can tell a lot about a professor's closer to the cultural experiences of the intended
character, upbringing, and social, logical, and moral readers by bringing the people, settings, and events
principles (Shiryaeva et al., 2019). depicted in the texts closer to how the readers see
Language is one of the most potent ways a culture's them. So, domestications use dis-juxtaposition to
values, beliefs, and traditions are communicated. make the retelling's subtleties sound more natural.
Thus, linguists find it intriguing (Bucholtz & Hall, According to the World English Journal et al.
2016, p. 19; Duranti, 2009, p. 12). Languages and (2019), translating literature begins with selecting
cultures inevitably "borrow" stuff from one an appropriate language. Because no two
another due to colonization and globalization, languages are identical and no two people's
bringing new linguistic features and critiquing old upbringings are identical, it is common practice to
ones (Silverstein, 2016, p. 181; Blommaert, 2017, p. abandon the idea of a "translation equivalent"—a
139). So, a language's cultural connotations and term or phrase in the target language that is an
vocabulary can reveal its evolution and the people exact match for its source language counterpart—
who speak it (Enfield & Kockelman, 2017, p. 25). when translating. Instead, the translator is faced
Furthermore, cultural identity and values will with the choice of highlighting formal equivalences,
likely impact how individuals assess and critique which refer to aspects of the text like rhythm,
literary works in substance, storyline, and the picture, or sound, or functional equivalences,
language employed to create the work (Aijmer, which are aspects of the text that serve comparable
2017, p. 13). After that, linguists can study literary functions about reader interpretation as the
reviews as a type of journalism review and learn original text. For readers of translated Young Adult
more about the language systems that make them Science Fiction and World Literature, Brisset
up (Poncini, 2018, p. 39; see also Translation & (2013, pp. 211-212) posits that these strategies are
Literary Studies and Abdulaziz Alghanem, 2020). analogous to the actions of the neurotransmitters
7.2. The Impact of Language on Cross-Cultural serotonin and dopamine, which, in the brain,
Interpretation mediate fast interactions that cause instant
reactions and, on the other hand, promote slower
Typically, a process of domestication is employed interactions that might perpetuate patterns over
to translate disparate linguistic settings. To time.
domesticate a text in translation is to change it to
fit the audience's habits, expectations, language LANGUAGE AND INTERTEXTUALITY IN
preferences, and cultural norms by removing or LITERARY CRITICISM
downplaying cultural or linguistic aspects. When For example, Al-Qatanani proposed in his 2011
one text incorporates aspects of another culture paper that linguistic formalism, by following the
into another, this process is called foreignization textual relations that influence them, may produce
(for Translation & Literary Studies & Almutairi, a novel intertextual analysis. In addition, Al-
2024). Bilal makes the valid point that when there Qatanani thinks that linguistic formalism—
is a gulf between the cultures of the source and comparable to linguistics and other text-to-text
target texts, foreign cultural characteristics analyses—is a valuable instrument for literary
become more apparent in the translation. Its critical analysis because it establishes connections
strength lies in conveying the alienation felt by the and interconnections between various texts. In this
reader of the Source Text into the Target Text. In study, we aimed to concentrate on this particular
addition, Bilal argues that the difficulty of issue. We were not interested in delving into the
foreignization stems from the fact that it aims to work itself but rather literary criticism and its
make readers in the target culture feel odd. language patterns. We sought to comprehend how
According to him, this helps perpetuate the cultural the works critiqued, along with the critic's op-eds,
tension associated with being foreign when people articles, and literary magazines, shape the critic's

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voice and arguments (Ellegaard & D Pedersen, primarily on extracts from the British National
2012). Corpus and other inaccessible open general
Due to the highly dialogic character of works in corpora, now includes line references for poetry
literary criticism and theory, intercriticality is an and paragraph/section references for prose
essential component of literary criticism. (Translation & Literary Studies et al., 2019).
Specifically, there is a web of dialogically Classical allusions are references to the ancient
intertextual linkages between the articles, world and its languages that have always played an
comments, and following publications that essential role in British writing. They pique the
critique, speculate, and reanalyze the articles that curiosity of lexicographers in particular. This study
came before them. As a result, according to assesses the presence, usage, and presentation of
Translation & Literary Studies and Abdulaziz eleven articles on partial and complete versions of
Alghanem (2020), only some critical articles or the the selected alcoholic classical allusions from a
literary works they draw on can be considered large corpus of deBoer Books in four dictionaries
perfect texts accessible from the impact of for English language learners (2020). Their
intratextual influences on their content. This is inclusion in the updated 2018 Oxford English
because, for example, the influence parameters Dictionary is likewise assessed in this research
continue to shape an article's critique of a (Fabbri & Henrique Garcia, 2017). Additionally, it
particular piece of literature. To that aim, language provides graphic pronunciation alternatives for
and discourse patterns both inside and between several of these articles and provisionally selects
texts significantly impact literary criticism. English iron pronunciations. Classical references
Literary criticism literature is rich with citations of have played a significant role in British culture and
foundational theories, methodologies, and works. English literature, at least since Shakespeare's time
Literary criticism exemplifies the principles of and possibly far earlier (for Translation & Literary
textual interaction and connection commonly seen Studies & Abdulaziz Alghanem, 2020).
in literature. It is, therefore, a topic rich with 8.2. The Use of Language to Establish Literary
intertextuality (for Translation & Literary Studies Connections
et al., 2019). A defining characteristic of literary Literary allusions also display many signs that call
criticism is the breadth of its focus, which includes for an analytical reaction. Moreover, the critic's use
both the works of literature and critical evaluations of language to transform the text and put criticism
of those works. This creates a network of literature on the side of evidence and logic rather than a
reviews. Literary works such as novels, plays, and subjective and fallible construction causes many
poetry are not evaluated independently. Instead, literary connections and critical responses through
different critical perspectives and reactions to it the semantic sections of the veiled signified.
are widely recognized among readers and experts Textual features also help in identifying the critical
in the field of literature, and they substantially construction: linguistic clusters show specific
impact how the original work is viewed in the connections between the literature and criticism in
future. different ways, like when the critic mentions the
8.1. Language References and Allusions in author's biography and uses linguistic signals to do
Literary Works so or when the critic uses historical "weave
Twelve references are categorized as alcoholic in information" outside of literature to contextualize,
deBoer Books (2020). Classical allusions and both of which are understood by the audience of
fragments are found in the British National Corpus. the criticism supplements. Literary allusion, the
Among the pieces, the names of three well-known writer's critical self, and other forms of writerly
ancient poets—Virgil, Homer, and Horace—are the presence can all be shaped by the reader's
most common. Up to 164 instances of language perception of this connection to their criticism's
were discovered! The Wordsworth Dictionary of "poetics present" or otherwise.
Obsolete and Provincial English, which relies As mentioned earlier, literary criticism is still

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relevant today because it is essential for readers to must be written at a specific rate (Kikkenborg Berg
discuss and debate different theories and et al., 2013). I should mention that I went through
perspectives on interpreting literary works. This the same thing when I reviewed books for New
discussion is facilitated by language, and the texts Statesman & Society, or Socialist Future, the
themselves are art, texts, and connected forms of country's first effort at a broad-left weekly—a sort
meaning. Literary tropes, cultural and social of hard sanitarium—and wrote about it frequently.
moments portrayed in texts, and texts' historical That is where I honed my lightning-fast speed and
and contextual significance can all be discussed successfully published the work of one of the most
through language. The idea that literary criticism prominent writers every week.
serves as a cultural intermediary hinges on the According to Yazdannik et al. (2017), this study
premise that communities generally use the same aims to show how literary criticism may be
strategies that critics use to analyze and make assessed using language analysis. In the end, the
sense of aesthetic communication. We must study found both good and bad things about
inquire: what exactly does a critic do if not decipher literary critics' methods to back up their opinions.
the symbolic, cryptic, polysemous, or metaphorical Therefore, the conclusion could be viewed as
meanings bestowed upon works of art in order to ambivalent. The fact that literary critics provide
make them available to the public for debate? honest, fair, and evidence-based evaluations of
Language is the bedrock of our ability to make literature is a strength (Alessandri et al., 2022).
sense of the world and share our experiences' However, critics' use of nebulous language, clichés,
complexities with others. Therefore, it should be no and meaningless adjectives undermines the
surprise that language is suitable for assessing and credibility of their assessments.
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