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    4.2 Slides - Generalized Linear Mixed Models Part 1

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    Gabi Si Florin Jalencu
    GLMM1

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    4.2 Slides - Generalized Linear Mixed Models Part 1

    Uploaded by

    Gabi Si Florin Jalencu
    6 views9 pages
    GLMM1

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    GLMM1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views9 pages

    4.2 Slides - Generalized Linear Mixed Models Part 1

    Uploaded by

    Gabi Si Florin Jalencu
    GLMM1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Generalized Linear

    Mixed Models
    (GLMMs)
    Eventueel ondertitel
    Cas Kruitwagen
    Combining GLM’s and Mixed Models
    In this presentation we will look at:

    - A brief recap of the linear model

    - The extension to generalized linear models (GLM’s).

    2
    Linear Regression
    • Data
    – Continuous outcome variable
    Y:
    We assume the outcome for
    each individual i comes from
    N(μi ; σ2).
    – Approach: we model μi given
    a (set of) predictor variable(s)
    X.
    • Model
    – Yi = β0 + β1 X1i + εi
    – εi ~ N(0 ; σ2)
    – εi independent for i = 1, …, n

    3
    Generalized Linear Models
    • Data
    o Outcome variable Y
    o Predictor variable(s) X
    • Model
    o Left-hand side: Y (continuous, dichotomous, count, ordinal,
    categorical, etc., from the exponential family)
    o Right-hand side: linear equation β0 + β1 X1i + … + βp Xpi
    o Left- and right-hand side are linked together using an
    appropriate “link function”

    4
    Generalized Linear Models
    • Example: logistic regression
    o Dichotomous outcome variable Y (1/0), e.g.
    • pregnant (1 = yes, 0 = no),
    • heart disease (1 = yes, 0 = no).
    o Assumed distribution of the outcome: binomial.
    • Each individual i that is drawn can be seen as the outcome of a
    “Bernoulli trial”, with success probability P(Yi=1).
    o Principle: we model the success probability P(Yi=1), given a set of
    predictor variables.

    5
    Generalized Linear Models
    • Example: logistic regression
    o Dichotomous outcome variable Y (1/0).
    o Link function: logit
     P( Y  1) 
    logit P( Y  1)  ln  
     1  P( Y  1) 
    o Model:
     P( Yi  1) 
    ln    β0  β1 X 1i  ...  β p X pi
     1  P( Yi  1) 
    • For example:
    o Y = pregnant (1 = yes, 0 = no), X = age, weight, LHB/CGB genes,
    etc.
    o Y = heart disease (1 = yes, 0 = no), X = age, weight, exercise,
    blood pressure, cholesterol
    • Note that 𝑒 𝛽𝑝 is the odds ratio corresponding to the effect of Xp on Y.

    6
    Generalized Linear Models
    • Example: Poisson regression
    o Outcome variable Y: count within a given time or space, e.g.
    • Y = number of urinary tract infections per year,
    • Y = number of telephone calls in NL on a given date,
    • Y = number of insects on a plot of land.
    o Assumed distribution of the outcome: Poisson.
    • Parameter: rate λ (=mean, =variance).
    • The Y value for each individual i that is drawn can be seen as a draw
    from a Poisson distribution with rate λi
    o Principle: we model the rate λi, which is equal to the expected
    count E(Yi), given a set of predictor variables.

    7
    Generalized Linear Models
    • Example: Poisson regression
    o Count outcome variable Y.
    o Link function: natural logarithm.
    o Model:
    lnE (Yi )    0  1 X 1i  ...   p X pi

    • For example:
    o Y = number of urinary tract infections per year, X = age, weight,
    antibiotics use, cranberry use, etc.
    o Y = number of telephone calls in NL on a given date, X =
    working day, season, temperature, economy, etc.

    8
    Generalized Linear Models
    • Poisson regression: offset
    o Varying exposure window, e.g.
    • Insects (not all plots of land which we observe have the same size ->
    insects/km2).
    • Infections (not all patients were followed for the same length of time
    -> infections/year).
    o Formula:

     E (Yi ) 
    ln    0  1 X 1i  ...   p X pi
     exposure 

    lnE (Yi )    0 1 lnexposure   1 X 1i  ...   p X pi

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