ANATOMY &

PHYSIOLOGY
MODULE 1
TRIVIA QUESTION 1

Relative to its size, the ______ is the

strongest muscle in the body.
TRIVIA QUESTION 2

WHICH BODY PART HAS THE SAME

LENGTH AS YOUR FOREARM?
TRIVIA QUESTION 3

WHAT IS THE TIME OF THE DAY TO BUY SHOES?

TRIVIA QUESTION 4

THE RISK OF HEART ATTACH IS HIGHER ON

WHAT DAY THAN ANY OTHER DAY OF THE
WEEK?
TRIVIA QUESTION 5

IF 80% OF THIS ORGAN WERE TO BE REMOVED,

THE REMAINING PART WOULD CONTINUE TO
FUNCTION. WITHIN A FEW MONTHS, IT WOULD
HAVE RECONSTITUTED ITSELD TO ITS
ORIGINAL SIZE. WHAT IS THE ORGAN?
TRIVIA QUESTION 6

WHICH ACTIVITY IS MORE TIRING TO THE

MUSLCES: SMILING OR FROWNING
WHAT IS ANATOMY?
- From the Greek anatemnein
ana – “separate, apart from”
temnein – “to cut up, cut open”
to dissect for the purpose of study, observation

Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and
observing wounds of soldiers and other injuries.
Later on physicians were allowed to dissect the bodies of the dead to
enhance their knowledge (to explain cause of death) When a body is dissected,
its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and their
relationship to one another.
various parts were given names.
principal facts in anatomy have been obtained by the study of the cadaver
ANATOMY
is the STUDY OF STUCTURE OF THE BODY AND PARTS
is a branch of biology and medicine that considers the structure of living
things

Andreas Vesalius – Father of Modern Anatomy

Areas of Specialization

 GROSS ANATOMY – study of the larger structures of the body, those visible
without the aid of magnification
 Microscopic Anatomy – study of the structures that can be observed only with
the use of a microscope or any magnification divices
 Includes: cytology (study of cells); histology (study of tissues
In the Philippine educational setting …
 How is anatomy INTRODUCED?
 Games (funny bones)
 Songs:
 Paa, tuhod, balikat, ulo
 Making melodies in my heart – thumbs in, elbows out, knees bent, neck bend
 I put my left foot in, left foot out, left foot in and shake it all around & dance a little
boggie and turn around, that’s what’s it’s all about

 Grade 4,5,6
 PE – proper posture, PFT

 College
 Only in PE, PE majors, Sports Science majors, Biology, Psychology, etc
PHYSIOLOGY
 IS THE STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONIS OF BODY PARTS
 IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF THE
STRUCTURES OF THE BODY AND THE WAYS IN WHICH THEY WORK TOGETHER
TO SUPPORT THE FUNCTIONS OF LIFE.

HEART
- Anatomy – size, shape, position in relation to other organs, blood vessels that
go in and comes out of the heart, chambers of the heart, valves of the heart
- Physiology – what does the heart do? How does it contract? What regulates the
heart? What do the chambers/valves do
IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
 Helps to understand nature and shape, size and vital abilities of human body.
 Provides knowledge about human body structure and function to know effects
of exercises..
 To select and identify of talent according to games, events, playing position.
 Protect from sports injuries.
 Rehabilitation and naturopathy
 Helps in maintaining healthy body.
 Helps to know about individual differences.
 Provide biological Foundation to physical Education
 To study the human movement skills & techniques on the basis of anatomical
structures.
 To provide scientific basis to movements through physiological capacities.
 To provide knowledge of nutrition required for individuals vital needs.
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE
HUMAN BODY
Before studying the different structures and
functions of the human body, it is helpful to
consider is basic architecture; that is how its
smallest part are assembled into larger
structures

SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATON

 CHEMICAL LEVEL
 CELLULAR LEVEL
 TISSUE LEVEL
 ORGAN LEVEL
 ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
 ORGANISM
 CELL – smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. In
humans, cells perform all functions of life
 TISSUE – a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific
function
 ORGAN – composed of two or more tissue types
 ORGAN SYSTEM – group of organs that work together to perform major
functions or meet physiological needs of the body (see next slides)
 ORGANIZSM LEVEL – highest level of organization. An organism is a living being
that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all
physiologic functions necessary for life.
FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN LIFE

 ORGANIZATION
 A human body consists of trillions of cells organized in a way that maintains
distinct internal compartments.
 Cells – have a membrane that keeps the intracellular environment separate from the
extracellular environment
 Blood vessels – keeps blood inside a closed circulatory system
 Nerves and muscles – wrapped in connective tissue
FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN LIFE
 ENERGY TRANSFER AND METABOLISM
 Basic function of an organism is to consume energy and molecules in the food that
you eat, convert some of it into fuel for movement, sustain body function and
build and maintain body structures
 ANABOLISM - process of smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more
complex substances
 CATABOLISM – larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simple
molecules. Release of energy
METABOLISM – sum of anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body
“Every cell in your body make use of a chemical compound , adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
to store and release energy. The cell stores energy in the synthesis of ATP then moves the ATP
molecule to the location where energy is needed to fuel cellular activities. Then the ATP is
broken down and a controlled amount of energy is released, which is used by the cell to
perform a particular job.”
FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN LIFE

 RESPONSIVENESS
- is the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in it internal and external
environments
FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN LIFE

 MOVEMENT
 Includes not only actions at the joints of the body, but also the motion of individual
organs and even individual cells.
 RBS and WBS – moving throughout your body
 Muscle cells – contracting and relaxing to maintain posture
 Glands – secreting chemicals to regulate body functions
 Body – coordinating the action of entire muscle group to enable movement
FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN LIFE

 DEVELOPMENT
 Is all the changes the body goes through in life
 Differentiation
 Process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized in both structure and function. After
conception, when a female egg cell is fertilized by a males sperm cell, the fertilized egg begins to
multiply, initially into a cluster of identical unspecialized cells. As cell division continues, the cells
begin to undergo differentiation into different tissue layers, and eventually into all specialized
cells, tissed and organs of the fetus.

 Growth –
 Increase in body size. Humans grow by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the
amount of non-cellular material around cells, and increasing the size of existing cells.

 Renewal
 Formation of new cells for growth, repair and repacement
FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN LIFE

 REPRODUCTION
 Formation of new organism from parent organisms. In humans, reproduction is
carried out by the male and female reproductive systems. Because death will come
to all complex organisms, without reproduction, the line of organism would eng
REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMAN LIFE

 OXYGEN
 Keep the body alive
 Brain cells are especially sensitive to lack of oxygen because of their requirement
for the production of ATP
 5 minutes – brain damage
10 minutes - death
REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMAN LIFE

 NUTRIENTS
 Foods and beverages that is essential to human survival
1. Water – body functional chemicals are dissolved and transported in water,
chemical reactions take place in water; water is the largest component of cells,
blood and the fluid between cells; 70% of body mass. Water helps regulate internal
temperature and cushions, protects and lubricates joints and many other body
structures
2. Energy-yielding nutrients – carbohydrates and lipids, proteins (amino acids –
building blocks of the body
3. Micronutrients – vitamins and minerals
REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMAN LIFE

 TEMPERATURE
 37 Degrees Celsius/98.6 degrees Farenheit – normal structure and ability to
function
 Body can respond to short-term exposure to heat (sweating) and cold (shivering)
REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMAN LIFE

 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
 Is pressure exerted by the mixture of gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.
 It is constantly pressing down on the body. Keeps gases within your body, such as
Nitrogen in body fluids.
 Your ability to breath also depends on a precise atmospheric pressure
HOMEOSTASIS
 Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously monitor its
internal conditions. Each condition has a particular set point
SET POINT – is the physiological value around which the normal range
fluctuates
NORMAL Range – restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and
stable.
control centers in the brain play roles in regulating physiological paramets
and keeping them in normal range. As the body works to maintain homeostasis,
any significant deviation from the normal range will be resisted and homeostasis
is restored through a process called negative feedback.
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK – a mechanism that prevents a physiological response
from going beyond the normal range by reversing the action one the normal
range is exceeded.
 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK COMPONENTS – sensor, control center, effector
 Excess glucose – endocrine cells detects excess glucose
 Pancreas respond by releasing insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin signals skeletal
muscle fibers, fat cells and liver cells to take up excess glucose and remove it from
the blood stream
 Once glucose concentration drops, insulin release stops

 Heat gain
 Blood vessels in the skin begin to dilate allowing more blood flow, as blood flow
increase, sweat glans are activated, as the sweat evaporates, it takes the heat
with it
 POSITIVE FEEDBACK (Child Birth and Body Response to Blood Loss)
 Intensifies a change in the body’s physical condition
 Childrbirth – labor push the baby towards the cervix, cervix stretches, pituary
glands release oxytocins, oxytoxin causes stronger contractions of the uterus,
pushing the baby down the birth canal. Stretching, oxytoxin release and
contractions stops only when the baby is born

 Bloodloss – blood clotting, sealing of damage area.

 ANATOMICAL
TERMINOLOGIES
ANATOMICAL POSITION
 BODY IS STANDING UPRIGHT, WITH THE FEET AT SHOULDER WIDTH AND
PARALLEL, TOES FORWARD. THE UPPER LIMBS ARE HELD OUT TO EACH SIDE,
AND THE PALMS OF THE HANDS FACE FORWARD

A body that is lying down

 Prone – face-down orientation
 Supine – face up orientation
REGIONAL TERMS
 CAPUT or HEAD
 Cranium and the face
 NECK
 Throat/nape
 TRUNK
 Thorax – upper portion/chest/breast (mamma)
 Abdomen – lower portion/belly/navel (umbilicus)
 Diaphragm
 UPPER EXTREMITY
 Shoulder, arm, forearm, hand (joined by joints)
 LOWER EXTREMITY
 Hip, thigh, leg and foot
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
- essential in describing the relative location of different
body structures.

 ANTERIOR/VENTRAL
 POSTERIOR/DORSAL
 SUPERIOR/CRANIAL
 INFERIOR/CAUDAL
 LATERAL
 MEDIAL
 PROXIMAL – nearer to point of attachment
 DISTAL
 SUPERFICIAL
 DEEP
PLANES OF THE BODY
1. SAGITTAL – vertical cut through the middle from front to back, divides the
body into right and left halves
Toward the midline – mesial or medial
Away from the midline – lateral
Dextral – refers to the right side
Sinistral – refers to the left side

2. CORONAL OR FRONTAL - a vertical cut from one side to the other side,
divides the body into anterior or ventral, and posterior of dorsal parts

3. TRANSVERSE OR HORIZONTAL – divides the body horizontally into upper and

lower portions