Sonargaon University

Department of CSE
Lab Report-2

Lecturer: Sumaia Afroz

Subject Code: Chem 1101
Semester: Spring-2024
Section: Atrai-31A2
By
Md. Arman Hossain
ID:CSE2401031179
Experiment name:

Standardization of HCl Acid Solution with a Secondary Standard Solution of NaOH.

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to standardize a hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution using a
secondary standard solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). For the concentration value of
NaOH firstly using a secondary standard solution of Oxalic Acid (H₂C₂O₄).

Theory:
Standardization: Standardization is a framework of agreements which all relevant parties in
an industry or organization must adhere to ensure that all processes associated with the creation
of a good or performance of a service are within set guidelines.
Titration:
The experimental process which is used to find out the concentration of an unknown solution
with the help of a known standard solution is called titration.
There are three types of titrations:
1. Alkalimetric titration
2. Acidimetric titration
3. Redox titration.
Required Apparatus:
1. Conical flask
2. Burette
3. Pipette
4. White tile
5. Measuring cylinder
6. Spatula
7. Dropper
8. Balance machine
Required Chemicals:
1. Sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) 0.29 grams
2. Standard oxalic acid solution 0.63 grams
3. Phenolphthalein indicator
4. Distilled water
5. Methyl orange 6. 0.1 M HCl (100 ml)

Procedure:
1. Rinse the burette with NaOH solution to ensure it’s clean and free of impurities.
2. Pipette a known volume (e.g., 100 mL) of oxalic acid solution into a conical flask.
3. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the oxalic acid solution.

4. Titrate the oxalic acid solution with the NaOH solution. Slowly add NaOH solution from
the burette while stirring until a faint pink color persists for at least 30 seconds. This indicates
the completion of the reaction.
5. Record the initial and final burette readings to determine the volume of NaOH used.

Part-1
The reaction between H₂C₂O₄ and NaOH can be written as follows:

H₂C₂O₄ + NaOH ⟹ COONa + 2H2O

↓

COONa
 Here,
Number of moles of acid: Number of moles of base = VₐSₐ: VbSb

Or, 1:2 = VₐSₐ: VbSb

Or Sb= 2 VₐSₐ / Vb- - - - - - - (1)
Experimental Data:
Experiment Volume Burette Reading Volume of Average volume
no of base acid (H₂C₂O₄) of acid in ml
(NaOH) Initial Final in ml
in ml Reading Reading
1 10 0.5 15 14.5

2 10 15 29.6 14.6 14.52

3 10 29.6 44.5 15

Here,
Standard oxalic acid, Sₐ = 0.07
Volume of oxalic acid, Vₐ = 100 ml
Volume of NaOH, Vb= 14.52 ml
Mass of oxalic acid, M = 90 gm Standard
NaOH, Sb= unknown (?)

Calculation:

W= (SₐMVₐ) /1000
⇒ Sₐ = (W x 1000) / MVₐ
⇒ Sₐ = (0.63 x1000) / (90 x 100)
⇒ Sₐ = 0.07
 Sb= 2 VₐSₐ / Vb [From (1) no. equation]
= (2 x 10 x 0.07) / 14.52 = 0.0964 M

Result:
The determined strength of the NaOH solution is 0.0964 M.

Part-2:
From the first titration the found concentration of base is 0.0964 M.
For the second titration the volume of base was found from burette reading.

The reaction between NaOH and HCl can be written as follows: -

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H₂O (l)

Formula:
S₁V₁= S₂V₂ (Here, Sa= Standard Oxalic Acid, Va= Volume of Oxalic Acid, Sb = Standard Base
(NaOH), Vb = Volume of Base.
Titration:
The experimental process which is used to find out the concentration of an unknown solution
with the help of a known standard solution is called titration.
There are three types of titrations:
1. Alkalimetric titration
2. Acidimetric titration
3. Redox titration
Titration Procedure:
01. Pipette a known volume (e.g., 25.00 mL) of the HCl solution into a clean Erlenmeyer
flask.
02. Add a few drops of an indicator, such as phenolphthalein or methyl orange, to the flask.
The choice of indicator depends on the pH range of the titration.
03. Titrate the HCl solution with the NaOH solution from the burette. Add the NaOH
solution slowly while swirling the flask until a color change is observed, indicating the endpoint
of the titration. The endpoint is typically when the solution turns from acidic (indicator color) to
slightly basic (indicator color change).
04. Record the volume of NaOH solution used.
Experimental Data:
Experiment Volume of Burette Reading Volume of Average volume
No BASE (NaOH) acid (H₂C₂O₄) of base in ml
(NaOH) in in ml
ml Initial Final
Reading Reading

1 5 0.1 5.1 5

2 5 5.1 10.2 5.1 5.033

3 5 10.2 15.2 5

From equation 2,
Sₐ = (Vb Sb) / Vₐ [From (2) no. equation]
= (5.033 x 0.0964) / 5
= 0.097 M
Result:
The determined strength of the HCl solution is 0.097 M.

Percentage of accuracy,
S= W×1000/ MV = (0.4×1000)/ (40×100) = 0.1 M

Percentage of error: -
Percentage of error = (calculated value – experimental value| × 100%) / calculated
= (|0.097 - 0.1| ×100) / 0.1
= 3%
The concentration of the NaOH solution is determined through the standardization process.
Record the concentration and any relevant observations during the experiment. Precautions and
discussions are crucial aspects of any experimental procedure, including the standardization of
an HCl solution with a NaOH solution. Here are some precautions and discussion points to
consider.

Precautions:
1. Clean Glassware: Ensure that all glassware used in the experiment is thoroughly
cleaned and free from any contaminants that could affect the accuracy of the results.
2. Accurate Pipetting: Use calibrated pipettes and burettes to ensure precise
measurements of the solutions. Avoid parallax errors while reading volume measurements.
3. Indicator Selection: Choose a suitable indicator based on the pH range of the
titration. Ensure that the indicator does not react with either the HCl or NaOH solutions.
4. Titration Technique: Perform the titration slowly and carefully, especially near the
endpoint, to avoid overshooting and obtaining inaccurate results.
5. Temperature Control: Maintain a constant temperature throughout the experiment,
as temperature variations can affect the volume measurements and reaction rates.
6. Standardization of NaOH: Ensure that the NaOH solution used for titration is
accurately standardized with a primary standard such as KHP to minimize errors in the
determination of the HCl concentration.

7. Replicate Measurements: Repeat the titration procedure multiple times to ensure

consistency and reliability of the results. Calculate the average value and assess the precision of
the measurements.

Discussion:
1. Endpoint Detection: Discuss the choice of indicator and the method used to detect
the endpoint of the titration. Consider the potential sources of error in endpoint determination
and strategies to minimize them.
2. Reaction Stoichiometry: Explain the stoichiometry of the reaction between HCl and
NaOH, emphasizing that it is a 1:1 reaction. Discuss how this knowledge is applied in
calculating the concentration of the HCl solution. NaOH was prepared intently.
3. Accuracy and Precision: Evaluate the accuracy and precision of the experimental
results. Discuss any systematic errors and random errors that may have affected the
measurements and suggest ways to improve the accuracy of future experiments.
4. Sources of Error: Identify possible sources of error in the experiment, such as
incomplete reaction, impurities in the reagents, or improper technique. Discuss how these errors
could impact the calculated concentration of the HCl solution and propose measures to
minimize them.

5. Validity of Results: Consider the validity of the obtained results in relation to the
intended purpose of the experiment. Discuss whether the results meet the required criteria for
accuracy and precision and how they can be used with confidence in subsequent experiments or
analyses.
6. Practical Applications: Discuss the importance of accurately standardized solutions
in various fields such as analytical chemistry, environmental monitoring, and pharmaceutical
analysis. Highlight the significance of maintaining quality control in laboratory procedures.