Experiment 3

Name Rafiqi Bin Ab Rahim
Matric Number MS1013510327
Practicum H1P3
Group Hafiez Azizan Bin Osman, Shahrul Adham Bin Abd Rahman Dairi
Date 17 June 2010
Lecturer Mr Yeoh Guan Thai
Experiment 3
Title
Acid-Base Titration
Objective
1. To prepare a standard solution of oxalic acid

2. To standardise a NaOH solution
3. To determine the concentration of HCl solution
4. To acquire the correct techniques of titration
Introduction
Titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of a solution using another

solution with a known concentration.
Standards in acid-base titrations
One of the solutions involved in a titration is used a standard solution. The standard solution
can be classified as either primary or secondary. A primary standard solution is prepared
bydissolving an accurately weighed pure solid of a known molar mass in aknown volume of
distilled water.
A primary standard is used to determine the molarity of the other standard solution, known as
a secondary standard. For example, oxalic acid, H2C2O4, and potassium hydrogen phthalate,
KHC8H4O4, are two common primary standards used to determine the concentrationof bases
(secondary standard).
Solutions of NaOH and HCl used in titrations need to be standardized because they contain
impurities. Solid NaOH is hygroscopic (it absorbs moisture). Thus it is difficult to obtain its
accurate mass. The standardized base can then be used to determine the concentration of
other acids.
Equivalence point and end point
An Equivalence point is the point at which exact reaction occurs between the two reagents
according to the stoichiometry. To detect the equivalent point an indicator which produces a
change in colour is often used. The point at which the indicator changes colour is called the end
point. The end point and equivalence point should ideally be the same.
Chemical equations
In this acid-base titration, the neutralization reactions involved are:
H2C2O2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(l) …(1)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) …(2)
Procedure
(A) Preparation of standard solution

1. 3.25g of hydrated oxalic acid had been weighed and recorded
2. The acid was placed in a 50 mL beaker and 30 mL of distilled water had been added into
the content beaker
3. The solution was transfered into a 250 mL volumetric flask. The beaker was rinsed and
the content was poured into the flask. Distilled water was added into the volumetric
flask until achieved the graduated mark.
4. The stopper had been replaced and the flask had been shaked to obtain a homogenous
solution.
5. The concentration of standard oxalic acid solution was calculated.
(B) Standardisation of NaOH solution

1. A clean burrete was rinsed with a given NaOH solution to be standardized.
2. The NaOH solution was filled into the burette.
3. The initial reading of burette was recorded to two decimal places.
4. 25 mL of oxalic acid solution from Part(A) was pipette into a 250 mL of conical flask.
Then, two drop of phenolphthalein was added into the acid.
5. A white tile was place underneath of the flask so that any colour change can be clearly
observed.
6. The acid had been titrated with NaOH solution from the burette.During the titration, the
flask was swirl continuously.
7. The titration was continued until a pale pink colour appeared and persists for more than
30 seconds.The end point had reached.
8. The final reading of burette was recorded to two decimal places.
9. The titration was repeated three times.
10. The molarity of the NaOH solution had been calculated.
(C) Determination of the molar concentration of HCl solution.

1. 25 mL of a given HCl solution was pipette into 250 mL conical flask.
2. Two drops of phenolphthalein was added.
3. Step 5-9 as in Part(B) was repeated.
4. The concentration of HCl was then be calculated.
Precaution steps
1. Ensure that there are no air bubbles trapped at the tip of burette during the filling of
NaOH solution.
2. Avoid from make a parallex error for most of the measured content
3. The NaOH solution is titrate drop by drop when there are change colour of the acid in
the conical flask.
Figure 1 3.25g of oxalic axid had been weighed by using an analytical balance
Figure 2 The pale pink colour appear when the titration had reached the end point.
Results
(A) Preparation of standard solution

1. Exact mass of hydrated oxalic acid = 3.25g
2. Moles of hydrated oxalic acid = 0.026 mol
3. Molarity of oxalic acid = 0.866M
(B) Standardisation of NaOH solution
Burette Gross 1 2 3
reading/mL
Final reading 34.50 37.85 40.60 31.40
Initial reading 5.50 9.85 11.80 3.00
Volume of 29.00 28.00 28.80 28.40
NaOH used
Average volume of NaOH used = (28.00+28.80+28.40)/3
= 28.40
Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution =M1V1/M2V2=1/2
=(0.866)(25.00)(2)=M2(28.40)
=1.525M
(C) Determination of the molar concentration of HCl solution
Burette Gross 1 2 3
reading/mL
Final reading 44.20 31.10 37.00 40.30
Initial reading 15.50 3.20 8.60 12.20
Volume of 28.70 27.90 28.40 28.10
NaOH used
Average volume of NaOH used = 28.13 mL

Calculate the molarity of HCl solution =M1V1=M2V2
=M1(25.00)=(0.762)(28.13)
=0.858M
Discussion
1. Ensure that there are no air bubbles trapped at the tip of burette during the filling of
NaOH solution.
2. Avoid from make a parallex error for most of the measured content
3. The NaOH solution is titrate drop by drop when there are change colour of the acid in
the conical flask.
4. Each measurement must be sharply as can so that the final result being better
5. Chemical equations
In this acid-base titration, the neutralization reactions involved are:
H2C2O2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(l) …(1)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) …(2)
Conclusion
1. A standard solution of oxalic acid can be prepare by adding distilled water to the acid
and shaking it in the volumetric flask so that the homogenous solution obtained.
2. The NaOH solution can be standardise by rinsing the burette with the solution.
3. The concentration of HCl can be determine by using the formula M1V1=M2V2 with
NaOH solution.
4. The correct technique of titration can be acquire by applying the correct procedure.

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What is the purpose of standardizing a base solution?

What are the key steps in titrating a solution of unknown concentration?

Name Rafiqi Bin Ab Rahim

Matric Number MS1013510327

Date 17 June 2010

Lecturer Mr Yeoh Guan Thai

1. To prepare a standard solution of oxalic acid

Titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of a solution using another

Standards in acid-base titrations

Equivalence point and end point

In this acid-base titration, the neutralization reactions involved are:

H2C2O2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(l) …(1)

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) …(2)

(A) Preparation of standard solution

(B) Standardisation of NaOH solution

(C) Determination of the molar concentration of HCl solution.

(A) Preparation of standard solution

(C) Determination of the molar concentration of HCl solution

Average volume of NaOH used = 28.13 mL

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