Version A Opt-Out Exam

PSYC 1200 Research Opt-Out Exam
Version A
Name:_____________________ Date:__________________
Student Number:______________________
1. In research, the term population refers to:

a. A Random sample of the general population.
b. The group of individuals who participated in a study.
c. The entire group of individuals who you would like to study, whether they
participate or not.
d. The control group for the study.
2. In research, a sample refers to:

a. All of the individuals who are eligible for the study.
b. All of the individuals who participate in the study.
c. All of the different populations in the study.
d. The groups of researchers that oversee any particular study.
3. Ideally:
a. Every individual in a population should have an equal chance of being included in
a sample.
b. Individuals should be chosen randomly.
c. Both of the above.
d. None of the above.
4. Variables are:
a. Things we cannot measure.
b. Things we can measure, control, or manipulate.
c. The unknown factors that affect the study.
d. The compensation that participants receive from completing a study.
5. An example of an ordinal variable is/are:

a. Shrinking and growing.
b. Ranking runners in a race (1st place, 2nd place, 3rd place).
c. Male and Female.
d. All of the above.
Version A
For questions 6, 7, and 8 refer to the following example:
A researcher believes that older people run faster. She conducts an experiment to test her
hypothesis. She recruits 30 children (age 8) and 30 teenagers (age 15). She finds that the
children have the slowest race times, and the teenagers have the fastest race time. She
concludes that being older makes you run faster.
6. In this example, age is:
a. The independent variable (IV)
b. The dependent variable (DV)
c. A sample characteristic (not a variable).
d. The hypothesis.
7. In this example, the time it takes to complete the race is:
a. The inclusion criteria.
b. The independent variable (IV).
c. The dependent variable (DV).
d. The outcome.
8. Children are usually shorter than teenagers. You point out to the researcher that
teenagers may run faster because they are taller, not because they are older. In this
example height is:
a. The unknown variable.
b. The independent variable (IV).
c. A confound variable.
d. The dependent variable (DV).
9. Ordinal, nominal, interval, and ratio refer to?

a. Statistical analyses.
b. Fixed variables.
c. Levels of measurement.
d. Frequency measurements.
10. An example of nominal variables is/are:

a. Male and Female.
b. Brown eyes and blue eyes.
c. Herbivores and carnivores.
11. In correlational research:

a. Researchers manipulate variables to look for causation.
b. Researchers measure variables to look for relationships.
c. Researchers measure variables to look for causation.
d. All of the above could be true depending on the type of research.
Version A
12. In experimental research:
a. Researchers manipulate variables to look for causation.
b. Researchers measure variables to look for relationships.
c. There are no dependent variables.
d. All of the above could be true depending on the type of research.
13. A researcher gives vitamins to girls and not to boys for a year. He then discovers at the
end of the year the girls perform better on tests. Can the researcher claim that vitamins
increased intelligence?
a. Yes, because there is a temporal precedence (e.g., she gave the vitamins before
measuring the intelligence).
b. Yes, because there is no alternative explanation (e.g., the vitamins were the only
difference between the two groups).
14. John and Mary want to know if their new lawn fertilizer works better than their old lawn
fertilizer. John puts the new fertilizer on half his lawn and the old fertilizer on the other
half of the lawn. He is careful to make sure that both halves are watered equally. Mary
puts the new fertilizer on half of her lawn and the old fertilizer on the other half of the
lawn. She also applies weed-killer to the entire lawn. Who’s study has better internal
validity.
a. Both, they conducted separate experiments and did not influence each other.
b. Both, they used the same fertilizers.
c. John, he ruled out other plausible explanations related to water and sun.
d. Mary, she controlled for the unknown variable of the weeds.
15. One way to demonstrate good internal validity is to:

a. Prove there is poor external validity.
b. Generate as many alternative explanations for the results as possible.
c. Demonstrate that the study can be replicated with the same results.
d. Both B and C are correct.
16. What is ecological validity?

a. The research setting is highly controlled.
b. The research setting aims to resemble ‘real-world’ conditions.
c. The research procedures are ethical in terms of being environmentally friendly.
d. It is the same as internal validity.
17. A hypothesis is:

a. The same as a theory.
b. A prediction that can be tested.
c. A prediction that cannot be measured.
d. A result that proved a theory is correct.
Version A
18. A researcher wants to know if eating apples makes people smarter. Her hypothesis is
that people who eat apples will have higher intelligence than people who do not eat
apples. Her hypothesis is:
a. Directional.
b. Null.
c. Non-directional.
d. Correct.
19. What is a case study?

a. Experiments were all individuals share the same single characteristic.
b. The in-depth study of one specific individual.
c. An in-depth study of a phenomena, not of people.
d. The study of patients in the hospital.
20. A researcher wants to know if vitamins impact intelligence. He divides the participants
in two groups: people who take vitamins, and people who don’t tale vitamins. These
two groups are:
a. Dependent samples.
b. Control groups.
c. Variable groups.
d. Conditions.
21. A small business is losing customers after opening a new customer service call-centre. A
quantitative researcher conducts a study that finds that phone calls take an average of 5
minutes, and therefore service is just as fast as the old call-centre. A qualitative
researcher conducts interviews and customers report that the new customer service is
slower than before.
a. The qualitative data is not useful because the service is slower (e.g., the
customers are wrong or are lying).
b. The qualitative data is useful because it tells the business owner why customers
are leaving (e.g., because they believe service is slower).
c. The quantitative data is wrong.
d. The qualitive data is wrong.
22. Which one of the following are forms of qualitative data collection:
a. In-depth interviews.
b. Case studies.
c. Direct observation.
Version A
23. A researcher wants to know if vitamins impact memory. His hypothesis is that people
who take vitamins have different memory abilities (i.e., either they will have better or
worse memory) than those who don’t take vitamins. His hypothesis is:
a. Directional.
b. Non-directional.
c. Null.
d. Correct.
24. The purpose of grounded theory research is to:

a. Gather data about a phenomenon and then use it to develop a theory about the
phenomenon.
b. Develop a theory about a phenomenon and then gather data to test the theory.
c. To test a theory about one phenomenon using several different approaches.
d. To test a theory about many phenomena using a single approach.
25. The approach in qualitative research that is most similar to anthropology is:
a. Phenomenology.
b. Cultural bias.
c. Grounded Theory.
d. Ethnography.
26. Why is experimentation one of the most useful approaches in psychology?

a. High level of control.
b. Elements of observation.
c. Inference.
27. In order to investigate a theory, researchers develop testable questions called:

a. Method questions.
b. Surveys.
c. Design questions.
d. Hypotheses.
28. A good theory is:

a. Falsifiable.
b. Testable.
Version A
29. When participants behave in a way that they think is expected of them, they are
responding to:
a. Expectation conditions.
b. The experimental manipulation.
c. Demand characteristics.
30. Which of the following are true about experiments?

a. They can be used to attempt to show cause and effect.
b. They can be replicated.
c. They may lack ecological validity.
31. What are examples of research without experimentation?

a. Correlational research.
b. Surveys.
32. Define psychometrics:

a. The measurement of variables that are directly observable (e.g., height, weight).
b. The measurement of variables that are not directly observable (e.g., skills,
personality).
c. The statistical analysis of data that is not numerical.
d. The analysis of data that is statistically significant.
33. The cashier at the at the grocery store charges you for 10lbs of potatoes, but you are
sure you bought less than that! You ask him to weigh the potatoes several more times
and the scale always reads 10lbs. The cashier tells you that the scale is reliable.
a. The cashier is correct; the scale is reliable.
b. The cashier is incorrect; the scale is not reliable.
c. The cashier is incorrect; the scale is valid but not reliable.
d. We do not have enough information to determine if the scale is reliable.
34. You take the bag of potatoes and weigh them on scales at many different stores. Every
time, the scales you use read 4lbs. Now that you have this information, you go back to
the first store and tell the cashier that his scale is:
a. Reliable and valid.
b. Not reliable and not valid.
c. Reliable but not valid.
d. Valid but not reliable.
Version A
35. A researcher developed a program to train dogs and finds that it works really well in the
lab. However, the program does not work when he uses it in a busy dog park. The
testing in researcher’s lab lacks:
a. Ecological validity.
b. Construct validity.
c. Concurrent validity.
d. Practical validity.
36. Replication of experiments gives researchers confidence:

a. That the results are generalizable.
b. That the results represent a true effect.
c. In their research assistants.
d. That the results are an important contribution to science.
37. What is the goal of classical test theory?

a. To understand classical conditioning.
b. To test theories directly, not hypotheses.
c. To test two mutually exclusive theories.
d. To improve the reliability and validity of psychometric tests.
38. When a measure or scale actually measures a construct it claims to measure, it has:
a. Predictive validity.
b. Construct validity.
c. Measurement reliability.
d. Experimental reliability.
39. The main weakness of qualitative research is that:

a. Findings cannot be generalized to the larger population.
b. Qualitative researchers are not as well trained as quantitative researchers.
c. Qualitative statistics are harder to understand.
40. What section of PSYC 1200 are in (A01, A02, D01, etc.) or what is the name of your
instructor/TA?
You will get 1 point out of 40 if you get this question correct.
You will get 0 points for this question if you leave it blank.
You will lose 1 point if you answer this incorrectly.
Answer:________________

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PSYC 1200 Research Opt-Out Exam

1. In research, the term population refers to:

2. In research, a sample refers to:

5. An example of an ordinal variable is/are:

9. Ordinal, nominal, interval, and ratio refer to?

10. An example of nominal variables is/are:

11. In correlational research:

15. One way to demonstrate good internal validity is to:

16. What is ecological validity?

17. A hypothesis is:

19. What is a case study?

24. The purpose of grounded theory research is to:

26. Why is experimentation one of the most useful approaches in psychology?

27. In order to investigate a theory, researchers develop testable questions called:

28. A good theory is:

30. Which of the following are true about experiments?

31. What are examples of research without experimentation?

32. Define psychometrics:

36. Replication of experiments gives researchers confidence:

37. What is the goal of classical test theory?

39. The main weakness of qualitative research is that:

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