Militarism in Japan (Module 2) Part 1

MILITARISM IN JAPAN
During World War I, Japan supported the Allied powers and emerged victorious, but Japan aggressive
policies in Siberia, China, and the Pacific raised concerns among the Allies. Even in China the anti-
Japanese movement have started.Therefore The Paris Peace Conference the allies partly curtailed her
ambitious designs and Washington Conference imposed further restrictions on Japan from 1922 to
1930, Japan rather kept aside her aggressive expansionist imperialistic policy and adopted rather a
mild and submissive foreign policy.
Rise of Democratic Governments (1918-1930)
Following World War I, democratic movements gained momentum in Japan with leaders advocating
for responsible government, a multi-party system, and individual liberty. In 1925, adult franchise
rights were granted. Political Party System rose to prominence.To win the elections, they required
money, which was provided by the big business houses called the Zaibatsus. The Zaibatsus, which
provided money to Political Parties and to the Government, enjoyed an important position in the
Japanese politics.
Rise of Militarism
People never had strong faith in democratic process. The political parties were not based upon any
firm ideology and there developed factionalism and corruption among the members of all political
parties. Zaibatsus' influence and political instability eroded public confidence in parliamentary
democracy. The prolonged conflict between political and military leaders eventually saw the rise of
the military, as public opinion shifted against the political establishment. After the Washington
Conference, Japanese military leaders temporarily restrained their activities, but their imperialistic
ambitions persisted. Believing territorial conquest was vital for Japan's strength, militarists gained
support from ultra-nationalist parties and the public's positive perception of soldiers. From 1930,
militarism shaped Japan's foreign policy. Initially bringing fame and prosperity, unchecked militarism
later led to widespread death, destruction, and misery in Asia and the Pacific, impacting millions of
lives.
Causes for the Rise of Militarism in Japan:
1.Military Tradition:
Japan's ancient traditions glorified martial virtues and the warrior class (Samurais), associating war
with proving one's ability and serving the emperor. The military held a significant role in Japan's
socio-political structure, with a history of victories in wars like the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese
conflicts, contributing to Japan's international prestige.
2. Failure of Democracy:
The defeat of militaristic Germany and the collapse of autocratic Russia influenced Japanese leaders.
Moving towards liberal governments, democratic experiments faced challenges. Attempts by political
parties like Seiyukai and Minseito failed to provide strong, stable governance, leading to domestic
crises and economic distress. Factionalism and corruption eroded public trust in the party system,
fostering discontent and paving the way for the rise of militarism.
3. Political Influence of the Zaibatsus :
Political parties received huge amounts donations from the Zaibatsus for fighting electoral battles.
Both politicians an bureaucrats received favours and bribes from the Zaibatsus. Because of their hold
on finance, banking and insurance business, and their great wealth and extensive organization, the
Zaibatsus influenced the policies of the government. The large Zaibatsu firms such as, Mitsui,
Mitsubishi, Yasuda and Sumitomo controlled ne 1/4th of the private capital. Politicians prioritized
their own power and positions, neglecting the welfare of the masses. The Zaibatsus manipulated
political parties, making them puppets and controlling financial policies. This led to public discontent
as the interests of peasants and workers were overshadowed by those of business and industry.
4. Discontent among the Workers and Peasants.
The democratic governments had failed to create a stable economy. Shopkeepers and small
businessmen were unable to withstand the increased concentration of industry and capital.
Post-World War I economic fluctuations caused unemployment and social unrest. Neglected by the
government, industrial workers suffered job losses. Although, agriculture was the backbone of the
Japanese economy, different governments neglected the interests of the peasants in favour of the
interests of the business and industry. The debt burden of peasants increased, especially after the fall
in agricultural prices. As the rural conditions worsened, and as younger military officers mainly came
from the rural background, they were convinced that Japan needed an honest, strong and efficient
government committed to the general welfare of all sections of the people.
5. International Situation Favourable for Militarism :
The rise of fascist and Nazi dictatorships in Italy and Germany , along with military dictatorships in
Turkey and Iran, created a global environment conducive to militarism. Military dictatorship arose in
Japan as well. The European Powers were so busy in solving their internal problems, they could not
do anything against the aggressive imperialistic activities of Japan, and Japan had well understood it.
The League of Nations was so weak that it could hardly take any action against Japanese military
activities.

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MILITARISM IN JAPAN

Rise of Democratic Governments (1918-1930)

Causes for the Rise of Militarism in Japan:

4. Discontent among the Workers and Peasants.

5. International Situation Favourable for Militarism :

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