08/07/2024

Learning Competency/ies
 Solve measurement problems involving
conversion of units
 Expression of measurements with
correct significant figures and in
scientific notation.

Scientific Notation Scientific Notation Rules

 Offers a convenient way of expressing  To determine the power or exponent of
very large or very small numbers. 10, we must follow the rule listed below:
 The base should be always 10
 A form of presenting very large numbers  The exponent must be a non-zero integer, that
or very small numbers in a simpler form. means it can be either positive or negative
 The absolute value of the coefficient is greater
 It makes it easier to read, write, and
than or equal to 1 but it should be less than 10
calculate with very large and very small  Coefficients can be positive or negative
number numbers including whole and decimal numbers
 The mantissa carries the rest of the significant
digits of the number

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Operations with Numbers in Operations with Numbers in

Scientific Notation Scientific Notation
 Addition/Subtraction:  Multiplication/Division:
 Steps:
 Steps:
○ Rewrite the number with the smaller exponent
so that it has the same exponent as the ○ Multiply/divide the decimal numbers.
number with the larger exponent by moving
○ Multiply/divide the powers of 10 by
the decimal point of its decimal number.
○ Add/subtract the decimal numbers. The power
adding/subtracting their exponents.
of 10 will not change. ○ Convert your answer to scientific
○ Convert your result to scientific notation if
notation if necessary.
necessary.

Measurements
• Is the assignment of numerical Why measurement
value to an object’s physical
properties. is important in
• It is a process of comparing an Physics?
unknown quantity to a
standard quantity of the same
physical dimension.

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Measurements Measurements
We need to assign units to Physical quantity – any number
numerical quantity of that describes a physical property
measurements to convey the or a number together with the
relative size or magnitude of corresponding units.
property. And also to formulate
new concepts, theories, or laws,
and verify the existing ones.

Fundamental Quantities Fundamental Quantities

 Are basic quantities that are Quantities Unit Symbol
independent from one another. The units Length meter m
corresponding to these quantities are Mass kilogram kg
called base units or fundamental units. Time second s
 Or quantities that exists by themselves
Temperature Kelvin K
Electric Current Ampere A
Luminous candela cd
Intensity
Amount of mole mol
Substance

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Some common Derived

Derived Quantities Quantities
 Are quantities resulting from the Quantities SI Unit
combination of any fundamental Speed m/s m/s
quantities. Acceleration m/s 2
m / (s)(s)
 Or quantities that are dependent on Area m2 (m)(m)
other quantities 3
Volume m (m)(m)(m)
Force N Kg*m / (s)(s)
Energy J Kg(m)(m) / (s)(s)

Concept Builder Systems of

Measurement
 Identify whether the SI unit needed to
describe the following scenarios as Base
Units or Derived Units
1. The speed of a runner running around the Metric System English
oval. System
(SI Units)
2. Power consumed by the school.
3. Height of the Leaning tower of Pisa.
4. Low water pressure in Legazpi.
5. Distance from Merciful homes to SRNHS
campus. mks system cgs system fps system

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Units: Fundamental Quantities Units

 System of units  System of units
 SI (Système Internationale) – the universal system  SI (Système Internationale) – the universal system
used by the scientific community. used by the scientific community.
Quantities Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Electric Current Ampere A
Luminous candela cd
Intensity
Amount of mole mol
Substance

Unit Conversion SI Prefixes

 The value of different fundamental and
derived quantities is sometimes
composed of very large or very small
numbers.

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Dimensional Analysis
 A process of using units or dimensions
How do we convert in solving problems
from one unit to  Basic application is unit conversion –
equate value of a certain unit to its
another unit of physical equivalent units of the same physical
quantity
quantities?

Conversion Factors
 Are numerical fraction or ratio between
quantities which can be used as a
multiplication factor for converting one
units to another.

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SI Prefixes Steps in unit conversion

 Identify the value to be converted
 Find the conversion factors that can be
used to change the units
 Multiply the original value to the
conversion factor to eliminate and
change the units
 Write the equivalence

Precision
 Pertains to the degree of fineness of
the measurement taking into account
Measurements the ability of an instrument to measure
small quantities

Precision Accuracy

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Precision: Example Precision

Two digital balances, S1 and S2, are both  Pertains to the degree of agreement of
used to measure the mass of the brown the measured values. The closer the
block. The smallest measurement S1 can measured values to each other, the
show is 1g, while S2 can measure up to more precise the measurement.
one-tenth of a gram.

Precision Accuracy
Consider the two sets of measurements,  Pertains to the degree of agreement of
M1 and M2, of the temperature of a room the measured value to the standard
at a specific point in time. value. The closer the measured value to
the standard value, the more accurate
the measurement.

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Accuracy Accuracy: Example

The percent error, %error, indicates the  A student measured the specific gravity
nearness of the measured value to the of oil, and arrived at the value of 0.91. If
standard value, hence it can be the standard value of the specific gravity
considered as a gauge of the accuracy of oil is 0.92, how accurate was the
of the measurement. student’s measurement?
𝑥−𝑠
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100%
𝑠
Where x, is the measured value, and s, is
the standard value.

Errors
 In measurements, it does not imply
mistake or blunder, rather, it is related to
the deviation of the measured value to Errors
the true value.

Systematic Random

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Systematic Error Systematic Error: Example

 The measured values tend to be either  A broken metallic ruler tend to expand at
always smaller than the true value. This higher temperatures and shrink at cold
common shift of the measured value is temperature, this may result to a
caused by the imperfect calibrations of systematic error.
an instrument or due to the varied
response of an instrument to different
environmental conditions.

Random Error Random Error

 Due to the limitations of the measuring
device used or to the uncertainties on
the reading. These errors are
unavoidable because there is
uncertainty in every physical
measurement.

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Uncertainty and Significant Uncertainty and Significant

Figures Figures
 Measurements always have uncertainties.  Uncertainty is indicated by the number
 Uncertainties – refers to the fact that it is of meaningful digits, or significant
impossible to measure any physical quantity figures, in the measured value.
with perfect precision because all measuring  Significant figures – are number of the
devices/instruments have limitations and are digits in a given value or a
subject to various sources of error. measurement, necessary to decide the
 It is also called error as it indicates the maximum accuracy and precision of measurement,
difference between the measured value and the i.e., length, mass, or volume.
true value. Or, how much measured values
deviate from each other

Operations involving Significant

Rules for Significant Figures Figures:
 All non-zero integers are significant  Addition/Subtraction:
 All exact numbers have an unlimited number of  When we add or subtract numbers, it’s the
sig figs
location of the decimal point that matters,
 Zeroes are significant depending on what kind
of zeroes they are: not the number of significant figures.
 Zeros between non-zero integers are always  Multiplication/Division:
significant
 When numbers are multiplied/divided, the
 Zeros that come before non-zero integers are never
significant number of significant numbers in the result
 Zeros that come after non-zero integers and are can be no greater than in the factor with the
followed by a decimal point, they are significant fewest significant figures.
 If the zeros that come after non-zero integers but are
not followed by a decimal point, the zeros are not
significant.

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Uncertainty for Single

Uncertainty Measurement
 Is the doubt that exist for every  The uncertainty for a single
measurement. In physics, they are measurement, 𝜇, can be estimated using
expressed by reporting measurements the formula:
in intervals.
𝐿𝐶
𝜇=
2
where LC is the least count of the
instrument.

Uncertainty for Multiple Measurements

Example
 The uncertainty for multiple measurements, 𝛿, is calculated
using the formula:
𝜎𝑠  Consider the data on the table below.
𝛿=
𝑁 Find the best value of the acceleration
Where N is the number of trials, and 𝜎𝑠 is the standard due to gravity.
deviation: Best estimate of the acceleration due to
Trial
𝑁
(𝑥 − 𝑥)2 gravity, g 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 ) for different trials
𝜎𝑠 = 1 9.63
𝑁(𝑁 − 1)
𝑖=1
2 9.76
Where 𝑥 is the mean of the set of data/measured values and 𝑥𝑖
is the ith measured value. 3 9.87
 For multiple measurements, the best value is in the form: 4 9.78
𝑥±𝛿
5 9.58

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