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APPROVAL SHEET
This undergraduate thesis entitled “Association of Mental Illness-Related

Knowledge, Attitude, and Stigma in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo: A Baseline
Assessment” prepared and submitted by the following:
Salmeron, Josseyle L. Dela Pena, Adrian Zeuwyne B.
Geromiano, Cinderella P. Engada, Elly Nor B.
Becera, Juden Mae C. Abalos, Nick Aaron M.
Resmundo, Queenie Anne S.
ANNA LIZA MACALALAG, MAEd HENNI KUSUMA MSc, RN

Panelist Panelist
WALTER JEROME CABALE, MAN, R.N. RODENIE OLETE, R.N.

Panelist Adviser
RODENIE OLETE, R.N.

Overall Adviser
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing.
MA. JOSEPHINE B. PROVIDO, R.N., Ph.D.

Dean, College of Nursing
Version 1.0; May 2022

Acknowledgment
“If you think you can, then you can. If you think you can’t, then think again.”
This quote motivated the researchers to try their very best to keep going and
persevere despite the constant challenges and obstacles they faced in completing and
achieving the aims of the study.
The researchers would like to acknowledge the following people for their
support and guidance in the preparation and completion of this research paper:
Sir Rodenie A. Olete, R.N., research instructor, for his invaluable guidance
throughout this research, his knowledge and insights which he generously shared with
us, his patience and trust during the entire process of writing this paper.
The panelists, Mr. Walter Jerome S. Cabale, R.N., M.A.N., Ms. Apiradee
Pimsen, Mrs. Anna Liza Macalalag, for the approval of the research proposal.
Mr. Miguel Sajonia, Brgy. Captain of Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, for
allowing them to conduct their study and gather their data from the residents.
To the respondents who gave their trust and took their time to participate in
the
research study.
To the family of the researchers, for their undying love, financial, and moral
support and understanding prayers and words of encouragement to make this
endeavor possible.

Finally, praises and gratitude are offered tooffered to God Almighty for
guiding the
researchers from the beginning until the end.
Salmeron, Josseyle L.
Geromiano, Cinderella P.
Becera, Juden Mae C.
Resmundo, Queenie Anne S.
Dela Pena, Adrian Zeuwyne B.
Engada, Elly Nor
Abalos, Nick Aaron M.
(Include adviser’s name here)
May 2022

Salmeron, Josseyle L., Geromiano, Cinderella P., Becera, Juden Mae C.,
Resmundo, Queenie Anne S., Dela Peña, Adrian Zeuwyne B., Engada, Elly
Nor B., Abalos, Nick (include adviser’s name here)
“Association of Mental Illness-Related Knowledge, Attitude, and Stigma in

Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo : A Baseline Assessment”
An undergraduate thesis in the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Abstract
Around the world, more than 70% of individuals who have mental
illness don't get treatment from mental health professionals. Inadequate
knowledge about distinguishing factors of mental illnesses, ignorance on
how to access care, and discrimination towards people with mental
illness have contributed to the delay of treatment. The purpose of this
study was to determine the association between mental illness-related
knowledge, attitude, and stigma in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo.
This study utilized a correlational design to determine the
association between knowledge, attitude, and stigma in Brgy. San Jose,
San Miguel, Iloilo. A total of 150 participants from Brgy. San Jose, San
Miguel, Iloilo, chosen through purposive sampling, responded to the
paper and pen questionnaire. Data gathering tool includes questionnaire
formulated from 10 myths and facts of mental illness, and modified
questionnaires from two related mental health studiesy.

The study revealed that there is a weak significant association
between mental illness-related knowledge and stigma toward persons
with mental illness (p=0.004, r=-0.231). On the other hand, attitude were
found to have a moderate significant association on the level of stigma
towards people who have mental illness in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel,
Iloilo (p=<0.001, -0.497).
Therefore, this study concludes that the respondents' level of
knowledge and their attitude towards people with mental illness can
influence the occurrence of stigma in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo.
The presence of stigma can also affect the respondents’ attitudes and
level of knowledge regarding mental illness.
Table of Contents
Content Page
Approval Sheet 1
Acknowledgment 2
Title Page 4
Abstract 5
Table of Contents 7
I. Introduction 10
Background and Rationale 10
Statement of the Problem 11
Aims and Objectives of the Study 12
Definition of Terms 13

Significance of the Study 14
II. Review of Related Literature 16
Conceptual Literature 16
Research Literature 20
Synthesis of the Literature Review 30
III. Methodology 31
Research Framework 31
The Rationale of the Study Designs 33
Study Setting, Population, and Justification of the Sample 34

Size
Criteria of the Study Population 34
Recruitment Process 35
Data Gathering 35
Statistical Analysis 40
Ethical Approval 39
IV. Results & Discussion 42
Sociodemographic Profile 42
42
Distribution of Respondents according to their socio-
demographic profile
43
Respondent’s level of knowledge about mental illness
Respondent’s attitude towards people with mental illness 47

51
Respondent’s stigma towards people with mental illness
Discussion 60
V. Summary of Findings & Conclusion 64
Summary of Findings 64
Limitations of the Study 64
Conclusion 65
Recommendations 66
References 68
Appendices 76
Table 1. Distribution of Respondents according to their socio- 104

demographic profile
Table 2. Respondent’s level of knowledge about mental illness 106

when taken as a whole and classified according to age, sex, civil
status, and educational attainment
Table 3. Respondent’s attitude towards people with mental 108

illness when taken as a whole and classified according to age,
sex, civil status, and educational attainment
Table 4. Respondent’s stigma towards people with mental 110

illness when taken as a whole and classified according to age,
sex, civil status, and educational attainment
111
Table 5. Spearman’s Correlation Result for the Significant
Association Between Mental Illness-Related Knowledge and
Attitude Toward People who have a Mental Illness
Table 6. Cramer’s V Result Between Mental Illness-Related 112

Knowledge and Attitude People with Mental Illness
Table 7. Spearman’s Correlation between mental illness- 113

related knowledge and stigma towards people who have a
mental illness
Table 8: Spearman’s Correlation between attitude and stigma
towards people who have a mental illness

Figure 1. Research Framework 113
Figure 2. Distribution of the Overall Knowledge about Mental 114
Illness in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo 115
Figure 3. Distribution of the Attitude of People in Brgy. San 116
Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo
Figure 4. Distribution of Stigmatizing Behavior of the People in
Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo towards People with Mental
Illness.

Chapter 1CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background and Rationale
Mental illness is a disorder that essentially influences how an
individual feels, thinks, acts, and works together with others. Around the
world, more than 70% of individuals who have mental disorders do not
get treatment from mental health care professionals. Factors increasing
the chances of treatment prevention or delay prior to actually providing
for care include inadequate knowledge about distinguishing factors of
mental illnesses, ignorance on how to access care, discrimination towards
people with mental disorder, and expectation of discrimination towards
people suffering from mental illness (Henderson et al., 2013).
Mental illness is the Philippines' third leading disability. Mental
illness includes anxiety and depression, among others. About 6 million
Filipinos are reported to suffer from depression and anxiety, making the
country in the region of Western Pacific ranks third -highest in the
percentage of mental illness (Martinez et al., 2020). The Special
Initiative program on mental health conducted by the World Health
Organization (WHO) shows that there are greater than or equal to 3.6
million Filipinos who suffer from one or more mental, neurological, or
substance-abusing disorders. According to the WHO, stigma is a primary
component of discrimination and exclusion because it affects people's

self-esteem, breaks familial ties, and limits their capacity to interact,
obtain housing, and work. It makes avoiding mental health concerns,
promoting mental well-being, and providing appropriate treatment and
care more challenging and also contributes to abuses of human rights.
Individuals who suffer from mental illnesses may be stigmatized, and they
are treated in different ways than others, as somehow, they are less
important. Many people are afraid of being considered "crazy" for getting
help from a therapist. None of these descriptions are accurate, and they
all spread misinformation, causing pain and preventing people from
receiving the treatment they require.
Intervention programs aimed toward decreasing mental health
stigma and growing engagement with mental health services have to
start with an intensive grasp of public perceptions and attitudes about
mental health. However, awareness and knowledge about mental health
and the stigma are limited in rural areas and people have poor access to
mental health facilities and services due to stigma. Thus, this study
sought to assess the association of mental illness-related knowledge,
attitude, and stigma to accessing mental health services.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
Stigma is still the leading hindrance to individuals who want to
seek help for medical treatment and mental health is not given
importance. In addition, knowledge and attitude towards mental illness
also contribute to this factor. According to Yin et al. (2020), the majority

of individuals are less likely to take an opinion seriously if it was from
someone who has been in a psychiatric facility. Furthermore, there is a
negative attitude toward those who have been diagnosed with mental
illness, especially when it comes to developing closer personal
relationships with them. The vast majority of individuals are unaware of
what causes mental illness, how to treat it, or how to avoid it (Yin et al.,
2020). These intersecting issues still remain unexplored in Iloilo.
As a response, this research aims to assess the association of
mental illness-related knowledge, attitude, and stigma in Brgy. San Jose,
San Miguel, Iloilo.
1.3. Aims and Objectives of the Study
1.3.1. Overall Aim
This research aimed to determine the association
between mental illness-related knowledge, attitude, and
stigma in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo.
1.3.2. Secondary Objectives
1. To describe the socio-demographic profile of the
respondents in terms of age, sex, civil status, and
educational attainment.
2. To describe the overall knowledge about mental
illness in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo.

3. To describe the attitude of people in Brgy. San Jose,
San Miguel, Iloilo towards people with mental illness.
4. To determine the stigma towards people in Brgy. San
Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo.
1.4. Null Hypothesis
There is no significant association between mental illness-
related knowledge, attitude towards people who have a mental
illness, and stigma in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo.
1.4. Definition of Terms
Mental illness - Mental health conditions are associated with
changes
in emotion, thinking, and behavior due to problematic functions in
society, work, and personal activities (Parekh, 2018).
In this study, it is the primary subject to be observed in
determining
the attitudes, knowledge, and stigma towards it; as well as in
determining its association with mental health services in rural
Iloilo.
Attitude - How a person assesses situations, people,
conflicts, or

occasions and behaves toward them in a certain way. It involves
summing up a positive or negative impact on the situation and can
be uncertain at times (Parekh, 2018).
In this study, it is one of the dependent variables that will be
assessed
in relation to mental illness and how the respondents visualize
mental illness.
Stigma - Social negative perceptions, attitudes, or beliefs
towards a
group based on a certain distinguishing characteristic such as
health conditions, mental illnesses, or disabilities (Caddell, 2020).
In this study, it is a determining factor that inhibits people
from accessing mental health services in Brgy. San Jose, San
Miguel, Iloilo
1.5. Significance of the Study
In assessing the knowledge related to mental illness, attitude
towards people who have mental illness, and the stigma, particularly in
Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo. This inquiry aimed to provide
recommendations in enhancing the interventions to reduce stigma. The
result of this study will be used as current evidence to address mental
illness issues in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo.
Moreover, the results of the investigation will benefit the
participants and community by increasing awareness about mental illness

and mental health to ensure mental well-being, particularly in Brgy. San
In addition, the outcomes of this study will be used by Iloilo
Doctors’ College’s Nursing Department to advance mental illness
awareness among nursing students by disseminating relevant information
about this disorder. Therefore, the students will be well equipped in
dealing with stigma to accessing mental health services.
Lastly, the findings of this study will serve as a reference for future
researchers who will also undergo similar studies in this field. This study
will furthermore be deemed beneficial as additional literature for the
enhancement of their particular results.

Chapter 2CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Conceptual Literature
2.1.1. Local literature
Mental Health in the Philippines
The "Mental Health Act," also known as REPUBLIC ACT No. 11036,
is a law that establishes a national mental health policy for the purposes of
improving integrated mental health service delivery, promoting, and protecting
the rights of people who use psychosocial health services, allocating funds for
these purposes, and other purposes. The Philippine Mental Health Act was
passed by the house and senate in 2017 (Senate Bill No. 1354, 2017) and
signed into law on June 21, 2018, after being introduced more than three years
previously. The Philippines was one of only a few countries without mental
health laws prior to the passage of this measure. Patients' rights were not
clearly defined, and practitioners were left in the dark about legal and ethical
issues. It was the usual practice, for example, for patients who lacked the
ability to be signed in by a relative. This bill's passage marked the turning
point in the Philippines' psychiatric history. (Mental Health Act, 2018).
According to the Department of Health, 3.3 million Filipinos
experience the ill effects of burdensome issues, with suicide paces of 2.5

males and 1.7 females per 100,000 individuals. From 2000 to 2012, the World
Health Organization (WHO) declared more than 2,000 instances of suicide
most of which affected individuals are 15 to 29 years old. With 11.6% of
Filipino youth aged 13 to 17 have considered suicide, and an alarming 16.8 %
have attempted suicide.
The Philippines has a deficiency of mental health professionals, with
only a little more than 500 practicing therapists. The proportion of 0.52
therapists per 100,000 individuals is lower than in different nations with
equivalent pay levels, like Malaysia (1.27 per 100,000) and Indonesia (1.27
per 100,000). (0.3 per 100,000). Also, admittance to psychological well-being
care isn't dispersed equally the nation over, as most of the specialists turn out
in for-benefit or private areas in bigger metropolitan urban communities like
Metro Manila (PAHO, 2013).
Response to Mental Health
In honor of this year's World Mental Health Day, the
Department of Health (DOH) today called for a coordinated
approach to strengthen mental health care in the country in light
of the pandemic's significant impact on global mental health.
This year’s theme “Mental Health for All: Unifying Voices for
Greater Investment and Access,” seeks to drive the conversation
on some of the challenges that the mental health care system

faces, such as negative perceptions and limited funding
commitment. Various activities to promote more awareness and
understanding of mental health, such as webinars and daily mental
cleanse challenges, are being conducted across the Philippines as
part of a collaborative effort between the government, private
sector, civil society, and various other stakeholders and partners.
The WHO will also launch its Quality Rights online platform, which
provides comprehensive information on the rights of persons with
mental health issues (DOH, 2020).
Additionally, Program for Resilience of Ilonggos in Mind and
Emotion (PRIME), a project launched by Gov. Arthur Defensor Jr in
2020. The newly implemented program will solely focus on the
residents of Iloilo province, with a proactive approach of
identifying and counseling specific groups (Sornito, 2020 ).
2.1.2. International Literature
Mental Health and Illness
Mental health is recognized by the World Health Organization
(WHO) as a "state of well-being”, in which an individual recognizes
his or her own potential, can cope with typical life stresses, can
work successfully and effectively, and can contribute to the
community. Mental illness and psychoactive substance-related

disorders are exceedingly frequent all over the world, and they
play a considerable role in morbidity, disability, and premature
death. However, the resources that countries have set aside to find
solutions and address this problem are insufficient, unequally
divided, and, at times, inefficiently used (PAHO, 2013).
Cross-cutting symptom measurements can help with a
comprehensive mental health evaluation by highlighting symptoms
that are common across disorders. They're meant to aid in the
discovery of new lines of investigation that can help with therapy
and prognosis. The cross-cutting measures are divided into two
levels: Level 1 questions are a quick survey of 13 domains for
adults and 12 domains for children and adolescents, while Level 2
questions are more in-depth assessments of specific domains (APA,
2021).
Comprehension and communication, getting around,
personal care, getting along with people, daily activities (e.g.,
household, work/school), and involvement in society are all
assessed using the World Health Organization Disability
Assessment Schedule, Version 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). The scale is self-
administered or administered by an informant, and it corresponds
to concepts in the WHO International Classification of Functioning,
Disability, and Health. (APA, 2021).
Negative effect, detachment, hostility, disinhibition, and
psychoticism are among the maladaptive personality qualities

measured by the Personality Inventories for DSM–5. There are
brief forms with 25 items and comprehensive versions with 220
things for adults and children aged 11 and up. There is also a full
version for informants (APA, 2021).
2.2. Research Literature
2.2.1. Local literature
Mental Health, Illness, and Stigma in the Philippines
According to Tanaka, et al. (2018), stigma and prejudice
towards those suffering from mental illnesses (PMHP) are
widespread, worldwide public health concerns that can have far-
reaching negative implications in all areas of employment and
housing, as well as social and family life, are all aspects of a
person's existence. Public stigma, or the general public's reaction
to a stigmatized group, can be broken down into three categories.
To begin, a stereotype is defined as a negative belief about a
stigmatized group. Second, bias is defined as an emotional reaction
to a stereotype. Third, discrimination is a behavioral manifestation
of bias (Tanaka et al., 2018).
Historically, research on stigma connected to mental health
has focused mostly on public perceptions of the Preventive Mental
Health Program, including preconceptions, prejudices, and
discriminatory intentions. According to the findings of Tanaka et al

(2018), the general population typically labels Persons with Mental
Health Problems as dangerous, blameworthy, incompetent, and
weak, which is frequently followed by feelings of fear and wrath
and can lead to avoidance, punishment, and coercion behavior.
Internalization of public stigma, or self-stigma, is also common
among PMHP, according to the literature, which lowers self-
esteem, creates social isolation, and limits help-seeking behavior
(Tanaka et al., 2018).
In the Philippines, a low-middle-income Asian country,
PMHP may be stigmatized and discriminated against. Personal
characteristics (such as self-centeredness and "soul weakness")
were perceived by Filipino immigrants as causing mental health
problems, which were associated to PMHP blaming and
discriminating conduct in other scenarios. From 16 countries
examined, a multi-country poll indicated that out of 16 countries
examined, the Philippines had the second-highest number of
citizens who stated that PMHP should not be employed even if they
are qualified. (Tanaka et al., 2018).
Furthermore, some studies involving Filipino immigrants in
Australia and the United States, as well as a sample of the overall
population, revealed that Filipinos were hesitant to seek help from
mental health professionals as they were worried about being
called "crazy" and ruining their family's reputation (Tanaka et al.,
2018).

Associated Barriers in Seeking for Mental Health Services
In the Philippines, mental illness is strongly stigmatized, and
to escape from the negative label of "insane," Filipinos try to hide
their mental illness and, as a result, avoid obtaining professional
care. This aligns with the Filipino ideal of hiya (sense of propriety),
which views any divergence from socially accepted behavior as
shameful.
As a result, stigma tolerance and face loss may have a more
nuanced impact on assistance-seeking, depending on whether the
individual avoids the stigma by not seeking help or avoids the
stigma by actively seeking treatment (Camorongan, 2007).
Filipinos across the world have a general reluctance and
unfavorable attitudes toward formal help-seeking despite high
rates of psychological distress (Martinez et al., 2020). They prefer
seeking help from close family and friends. Barriers cited by
Filipinos living in the Philippines include financial constraints and
inaccessibility of services, whereas overseas Filipinos were
hampered by immigration status, lack of health insurance,
language difficulty, the experience of discrimination, and lack of
acculturation to the host culture. Despite high rates of
psychological suffering, Filipinos around the world have a
widespread avoidance and negative attitude toward formal help-
seeking. They prefer to seek assistance from close relatives and

friends. Financial restrictions and inaccessibility of services were
cited as barriers by Filipinos residing in the Philippines, whereas
immigrant status, lack of health insurance, language difficulty,
discrimination, and lack of acculturation to the host culture were
cited as barriers by Filipinos living abroad. Filipinos were hindered
by social stigma that is attached to mental illness due to Asian
values in adherence to norms where mental illness is disgraceful
(Martinez et al., 2020).
2.2.2. International Literature
Prevalence of Mental Illness Worldwide
According to Polanczyk et al. (2015), mental problems were
found to be prevalent in 13.4% of the world's population. Any
anxiety disorder accounted for 6.5 percent of the global population,
whereas any depressive illness accounted for 2.6 percent,
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder accounted for 3.4 percent,
and any disruptive disorder accounted for 5.7 percent. As a result,
anxiety disorder is the most commonly diagnosed mental condition
worldwide. In the past three decades, the global literature on the
prevalence of mental diseases that affect children and adolescents
has grown dramatically (Polanczyk et al., 2015).
Over 70% of people who are mentally ill do not receive
treatment from health care providers. Finding suggests that
factors increasing the chances of treatment prevention or delay

prior to actually providing for care include an inadequate
knowledge about distinguishing factors of mental illnesses,
ignorance on how to access care, discrimination towards those who
suffer from mental diseases, and expectation of prejudice against
people diagnosed with mental illness (Henderson et al., 2016).
Quality of Mental Health Intervention
According to Kilbourneto Kilbourne et al. (2018), initiatives
to standardize quality monitoring in mental health care are making
gradual progress around the world. Routinely measuring and
reporting the quality of care allows for quality improvement at the
provider, clinic, and health system levels, as well as accountability
measures such as public reporting and monetary penalties and
rewards. However, assessing the quality of mental health care
around the world is difficult since it varies depending on how
services are organized in each nation (Kilbourne et al., 2018).
The National Center for Mental Health (NCMH) in Mandaluyong City,
Metro Manila (4200 beds), and the Mariveles Mental Hospital in Bataan,
Luzon are the Philippines' only two tertiary care psychiatric hospitals (500
beds).
NCMH is home to 67 percent of all psychiatric beds in the
country, according to previous estimates (Conde, 2004). According
to more recent data, conventional hospitals have 1.08 mental
health beds and psychiatric beds have 4.95 per 100,000 people.

Outpatient facilities (0.05 per 100,000 inhabitants) and community
residential facilities (0.02/100,000) are also available (WHO, 2014).
NCMH operates 12 smaller satellite hospitals across the country.
Overcrowding, poorly functioning units, chronic personnel shortages, and
funding limits continue to be issued, especially in outlying facilities. Although
forensic beds are located at the National Center for Mental Health, there are no
separate forensic hospitals (Lally et al., 2019).
Stigma towards people with mental illness
People who decided to seek professional help for
depressive symptoms were perceived negatively by rural residents
with a history of the disorder more than their own urban
counterparts. The more individuals are condemned, the less likely
depressed people living in rural areas were to seek therapy,
according to logistic models that controlled for socio-demographics
(Rost et al., 1993).
According to Eissa et al. (2020), patients with mental
diseases are viewed as dangerous, unpredictable, and difficult to
interact with, as well as having a distinct appearance. Negative
opinions about persons with depression were also seen,
particularly with regards to their capacity to communicate to
others and their ability to "get themselves" together (Eissa et al.,
2020).

As a result, individuals with mental illnesses die younger
than those without mental illnesses; one explanation for this is that
physical healthcare for people with mental illnesses is on average
worse than for people without mental illnesses. Discrimination
against persons with mental illness by health professionals who
share the general public's stigmatizing perceptions of such people
is one possible mechanism behind these discrepancies (Eissa et al.,
2020).
Mental Health Knowledge and Attitude
According to Lanfredi et al. (2019) which revealed that an
increase in knowledge is linked to an increase in positive attitudes
toward those suffering from mental illness. The study investigated
the effects of three distinct school-based anti-stigma programs on
information acquisition and attitudes toward mental illness
(Lanfredi et al., 2019).
According to the study of Yin et al. (2020), most people were
not familiar with the causes, treatments and prevention of mental
illness. A sizable proportion of participants responded that others
would hold a negative attitude towards (former) mental patients,
especially with regard to engaging in closer personal relationships
(Yin et al., 2020).
Moreover, based on the study of Li et al. (2018), there is no
link between knowledge of mental illness and positive attitude

towards them. Li et al. (2018) further discussed that Chinese
people's overall mental health awareness has improved over time
however, most Chinese people still have negative attitudes
regarding mental illness (Li et al., 2018).
Furthermore, Puspitasari et al. (2020), state that students
have good knowledge about mental illness. The students acquired
the most information about mental health through social media.
However, some continue to have negative attitudes about
approaching someone with a mental illness, which creates fear and
distrust (Puspitasari et al., 2020).
Mental Health Stigma and Mental Health Knowledge
According to Yin et al. (2020), the majority of individuals felt
that if people know someone has been in a psychiatric hospital,
they are less likely to take their opinions seriously. Additionally,
there is a negative attitude towards people who are diagnosed with
mental illness, particularly when it comes to forming tighter
personal interactions with them. The majority of people have no
idea what causes mental illness, how to cure it, or how to prevent it
(Yin et al., 2020).
Additionally, according to a cross-sectional study conducted
in Ethiopia, 96.9% of the respondents think that showing
uncommon behaviors and talking by oneself and laughing
hysterically is a symptom of mental illness. 32.9% responded that

leaving them alone is the best option or treatment. The
comprehension of society is in contrast with the scientific
knowledge about mental illness. This implies that the level of
knowledge of the general population is poor (Tesfaye et al., 2021).
Moreover, according to the study of Girma et al. (2013)
which states that, at various levels of exposure to information
about mental illness, stigma often decreased as educational status
increased (Girma et al., 2013).
Attitudes Toward Mental Illness and Stigma
People's attitudes and ideas about mental illness shape how
they interact with, give opportunities for and assist people who are
suffering from it. People's views and ideas about mental illness
influence how people experience and express emotional issues and
psychological pain, as well as whether they reveal these symptoms
and seek help (Choudhry et al., 2016).
Personal understanding of mental illness, knowing and
engaging with someone suffering from mental illness, societal
assumptions about mental disease, media tales, and familiarity
with institutional procedures and prior constraints all influence
attitudes and ideas regarding mental illness (e.g., health insurance
restrictions, employment restrictions; adoption restrictions). When
these attitudes and beliefs are expressed favorably, they can lead

to behaviors that are helpful and inclusive (e.g.,eagerness to date a
person suffering from mental illness or employ a person suffering
from mental disease). Negative expressions of such perspective
and beliefs can lead to avoidance, ostracization from daily
activities, and, in the worst-case scenario, exploitation, and
discrimination (Choudhry et al., 2016).
Other factors that influence stigma toward mental illness
There was a high level of awareness of, and compassion for,
people with mental issues among Ukrainian adults, though this
varied by gender, region, and education level. The findings indicate
a need for the implementation and efficiency of anti-stigma
interventions that have been shown to be effective. There were
found to be relationships among gender, age, educational
background, and knowledge and perception measures.
There was a significantly positive relationship between those
who are male and positive intended behaviors toward people with
mental illness. Older age was associated with a decrease in
positive intended behaviors toward people with mental illnesses
(Quirke et al., 2021). Furthermore, the study of Ewalds-Kvist, et al.
(2013) stated that as people get older, the positive attitude toward
people with mental illness also increases.
The study by Riffel and Chen (2019) stated that students

demonstrated a broad understanding of mental health and
generally positive attitudes toward people who suffer from mental
diseases. People who were single had a lower social restrictive
stigma score than those who were married (Adorjan et al., 2016).
2.3. Synthesis of Literature Review
Mental illness is a serious disorder that has been well-
documented but hard to overcome. The negative perception and
attitudes toward people with mental illnesses caused by the stigma
have a significant impact. People who are diagnosed with a mental
disorder frequently find that living under the scrutiny and negative
perceptions caused by stigma compromises their personality and
esteem. Awareness and knowledge about mental health and stigma
are limited in rural areas, and people have limited access to mental
health services as a result of stigma. Stigma remains the most
significant barrier to individuals seeking medical treatment, and
mental health is not prioritized. Studying and assessing these
factors that lead to poor access to mental health facilities can give
insights and current evidence that can help in raising awareness
and give knowledge and campaign to reduce this mental health
stigma.
In the Philippines, stigma towards people with mental illness
is frequently expressed with humor or disrespect, whereas media
portrayals of them are frequently associated with harm and

wrongdoing. Criticism exists in school settings, the workplace, and,
notably, among medical care professionals in clinical settings. In
rural areas, there are factors presenting unique challenges to the
delivery of mental health services (Tanaka et al., 2018).

Chapter 3CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY & RESEARCH DESIGN
3.1. Research Framework
Figure 1 above shows how socio-demographic data, such as
age, sex, civil status, and educational attainment, can influence the
outcome variables such as level of knowledge, attitude towards
people with mental illness, and stigma in Brgy. San Jose, San
Miguel, Iloilo

Respondents' attitudes toward mental health and the stigma
associated with it differ depending on their age, sex, civil status,
and educational attainment. According to Quirke et al. (2021),
older age was linked to a decrease in positive intended behaviors
toward people with mental illness. Males are also more likely than
females to have favorable intentions toward people with mental
illnesses. In terms of educational attainment, higher education is
positively linked with stigma-related mental disorders and
negatively linked with attitudes toward people with mental health
issues (Quirke et al., 2021). According to the study entitled “Public
Stigma against People with Mental Illness in Jimma Town,
Southwest Ethiopia” by Adorjan et al. (2016), people who were
single had a lower social restrictive stigma score than those who
were married.
Moreover, this study sought to figure out the association
between the outcome variables. In the outcome variables, the
knowledge, attitude, and stigma can be an independent or
dependent variable; in which knowledge can affect attitude and
attitude can affect the mental illness-related knowledge of the
respondents. There is an expected intersecting association among
knowledge, attitude, and stigma. According to the study of Yin et
al. (2020), the majority of individuals felt that if people know
someone has been in a psychiatric hospital, they are less likely to
take their opinions seriously. Additionally, there is a negative

attitude toward those who have been diagnosed with mental
illness, especially when it comes to developing closer personal
relationships with them. The majority of people have no idea what
causes mental illness, how to cure it, or how to prevent it.
3.2. Rationale of the Study Designs
This study utilized a correlational design to describe the
association
between mental illness-related knowledge, attitude towards mental
illness, and stigma to accessing mental health services.
According to Sousa et al. (2007), descriptive correlational
studies
are used to describe variables and the natural correlations that
exist between and among them. Descriptive-correlational research
is an appropriate design as this study sought to find out the
association between knowledge, attitude, and stigma. This design
would also determine how stigma affects a patient's health-seeking
behavior, acknowledging that there are other factors that could
also be associated with the likelihood that the patient will seek
medical attention.

3.3. Study Setting, Population, and Justification of the Sample
Size
The target population of this study were the residents of
Brgy. San
Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo. This study utilized a purposive sampling
technique in which the residents who were qualified through the
inclusion criteria would be chosen as respondents (Davies, 2020). A
sample size of 150 was used to represent the total population. To
produce a representative sample size for correlational
investigations, 50 participants are sufficient to prove a connection
(Fraenkel et al., 2012).
3.4. Criteria of the Study Population
3.4.1 Inclusion criteria
The chosen respondents were bonafide residents of Brgy.
San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo, ages 18-60 years old and could either
be employed, unemployed, student or nonstudent.
3.4.2. Exclusion criteria
Residents who are not registered in this barangay may not
be able to participate. To identify the registered residents, it will
be included in the first part of the questionnaire in which they will
be asked if they are registered residents or just renting.

3.5. Recruitment Process
1. The recruitment of the respondents was performed through
purposive sampling and evaluated whether selected
respondents are qualified through inclusion and exclusion
criteria.
2. Informed consent was provided to determine the willingness
of the chosen respondents to participate and to assure
confidentiality and anonymity.
3. Performed data gathering in February 2022.
3.6. Plans for Data Processing and Analysis
3.6.1. Instrumentation Plan
In data gathering, concurrent data analysis was utilized in
which present data collected was analyzed. In evaluating the
overall knowledge about mental illness, the attitude towards
people with mental illness, and stigma in Brgy. San Jose, San
Miguel, Iloilo, a researcher-made questionnaire in the form of a
paper-pen survey questionnaire was used. It was translated into
the respondents' native dialect for a better understanding and
more accurate response.

3.6.2. Sample Survey Questions
Part I. Contains the demographic tool in terms of age, sex, civil
status, and educational attainment. It also contains an inquiry
whether they are registered residents or just renting in Brgy. San
Jose.
Part II. Questionnaire Proper is subdivided into three sections;
Section A. Questionnaire to measure overall knowledge
about mental illness using 10-item questions. The questions
were formulated from 10 facts of mental illness by WHO
(2019) and 10 myths of mental illness by Newman (2020).
The knowledge about Mental Illness were categorized as
Less knowledgeable if the mean score ranges from 1.00 -
2.80, Fairly knowledgeable if the mean score is 2.81 - 4.60,
Moderately knowledgeable if the mean score is 4.60 - 6.40,
Highly knowledgeable if the mean score is 6.41 - 8.20, and
Very highly knowledgeable if the mean score is 8.21 - 10.00.
The complete questions with corresponding answers are
found below:
Sample Questionnaire for Knowledge with Correct Answers:
TRUE 1. Feeling down or sad is a common symptom of mental

disorder.
FALSE 2. Only people without friends need therapists.

FALSE 3. Mental disorder is not curable.
FALSE 4. Children don’t experience mental problems.
FALSE 5. Personality weakness or character flaws cause mental

health problems.
TRUE
6. Serious mental illness causes people to die 10 to 20 years
earlier than the average population.
FALSE 7. Everyone with a mental condition is an aggressive person.
FALSE
8. Eating disorders do not affect males.
TRUE
9. Panic attacks are not fatal.
TRUE
10.Mental health is a common problem.
The questions were formulated from 10 facts of mental illness by WHO
(2019) and 10 myths of mental illness by Newman (2020).
The range value of the mean score was calculated based on the
study of Portana et al. (2021), in which 1 (constant) is subtracted from
the total items of the questionnaire. The difference is then divided by the
total number of categories which equals 1.8. Starting from 1, 1.8 is added
until 10 is reached.
Section B. Questionnaire to evaluate the attitude towards people with
mental illness using 10-item questions. The questions were adapted from

the study entitled “Perceptions, Knowledge, and Attitude Toward Mental
Health Disorders and Their Treatment Among Students in an Indonesian
University” by Puspitasari et al. (2020). The respondents were required
to choose their answers from a set of pre-provided answers using a five-
point Likert scale (5=strongly agree, 4=agree, 3=neither 2=disagree,
and 1=strongly disagree). The score obtained was categorized as positive
attitude if the mean score ranges from 3.41-5.00, neutral attitude if the
mean score ranges from 2.61-3.40, and negative attitude if the mean
score ranges from 1.00-2.60.
Section C. Questionnaire to determine the severity of stigma toward
people with mental illness using 10-item questions. The questions were
adapted from the study entitled “Attitudes toward mental illness,
mentally ill persons, and help-seeking among the Saudi public and
sociodemographic correlates” by Abolfotouh et al. (2018). The
respondents were required to choose their answers from a set of pre-
provided answers using a five-point Likert scale (5=strongly agree,
4=agree, 3=neither, 2=disagree and 1=strongly disagree). The score
obtained were categorized as positive stigma if the mean score ranges
from 3.41-5.00, neutral stigma if the mean score ranges from 2.61-3.40,
and negative stigma if the mean score ranges from 1.00-2.60.
Validity

The research instrument was evaluated for validity by three
experts we requested from Iloilo Doctors’ College-College of Nursing. The
experts used Good and Scates criteria composed of nine statements for
validation. A score of 3.5 - 4.0 is regarded as valid and can be utilized
without further changes (Sumiyarti et al., 2019). Overall, the
questionnaire was good with an average score of 3.85 and no need for
revisions.
Reliability
In this study, Cronbach's Alpha was used to assess the
questionnaire's internal consistency and reliability, and this test was
conducted in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo. The questionnaire is
divided into 3 thematic clusters: (a) Knowledge, (b) Attitude, and (c)
Stigma. The Cronbach’s Alpha result for (a) Knowledge is .80 which is
interpreted as “very good” level of reliability, (b) Attitude is .813,
interpreted as “very good” level of reliability, and (c) Stigma is .743
which is interpreted as “acceptable” level of reliability. The results were
interpreted based on the study by Ursachi et al. (2015).

3.4.4 3.4.4. Data Processing
Data was tabulated and analyzed numerically using IBM SPSS Statistics
25; a
statistical analysis program. In descriptive statistics, the demographic
data, such as age, sex, civil status, and educational attainment, were
measured using nominal scale and analyzed using frequency distribution,
and percentage. As for inferential statistics, mean, mode, standard
deviation, and spearman correlation coefficient were used to determine
the association between overall knowledge about mental illness, attitude
towards people with mental illness, and stigma in Brgy. San Jose, San
Miguel, Iloilo.
3.4.5. Statistical Analysis
The following descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data
from the respondents:
Frequency Distribution. Reveals how frequent the values in the data
collection occurs
(Khandelwal, n.d.). This was used to determine the frequency of
the variables
based on the responses of the participants.
Mode. Value that appears most frequently (Corporate Finance

Institute, 2022). This
was utilized to determine which variable shows variation among
others, based
on the value that often appears as responded by the participants.
Mean. The average or sum of numbers in a data set divided by the total
number of
values in the data set (Jackson, n.d.). This was used to acquire a
general
impression of the data set.
The following inferential statistics were used:
Spearman’s rho. This was utilized as all of the data were ordinal,
meeting the assumptions of this tool which enables it to be used to
determine the association between overall knowledge about mental
illness, attitude towards people with mental illness, and stigma in
Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo.
Reverse coding was utilized since the results revealed a negative
correlation between the variables. The values assigned to each
scale were re-encoded in reverse, in which the high score is

converted into the corresponding low score on the scale, and
assessed using SPSS to produce the necessary conclusions (Guides:
MASH Guide: Reverse Scoring, n.d.).
3.7. Ethical Approval
This research was reviewed and approved by Iloilo Doctors’
College - Research Department. See Appendix D for the approval letter.

Chapter 4CHAPTER IV
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
4.1 Sociodemographic Profile
A total of 150 participants in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo
responded to the paper and pen questionnaire. The data showed that
more than half (62.7%) of the respondents were between 18 to 30 years
old (M= 30.19, SD = 0.954). Most (52%) of the respondents were male.
Half (50%) of the respondents were single. Almost half (46.7%) of the
respondents were at the college level.
Table 4.1. Distribution of Respondents according to their socio-
demographic profile
Category n %
Entire Group 150 100.0
Age Groups
18-30 years old 94 62.7
31-40 years old 34 22.7
41-50 years old 8 5.3
51-60 years old 14 9.3
Sex
Male 78 52
Female 72 48
Civil Status
Single 75 50
Married 71 47.3

Widow 4 2.7
Educational
Attainment
Elementary 3 2
Level
High School 10 6.7
Level
High School 33 22
Graduate
SHS Level 2 1.3
SHS Graduate 1 0.7
College Level 70 46.7
College 31 20.7
Graduate
Note: Age groups were clustered based on the study of Quirke et al. (2021)
4.2 Overall Level of Knowledge about Mental Illness in Brgy. San
Jose, San Miguel Iloilo
Out of the 10 statements to assess the knowledge about mental
illness, the 3 statements got a higher percentage of correctly answered.
First, the majority (87.33%) of the respondents correctly answered
“false” in the statement “mental disorder is not curable”. Similarly, the
statement “feeling down or sad is a common symptom of mental
disorder”, is correctly answered by 130 (86.66%) respondents. Third, the
statement “personality weakness or character flaws cause mental health
problems” is correctly answered by 107 (71.33%) respondents
Meanwhile, both the statements “Only people without friends need
therapists” and “Mental health is a common problem” are the statements
having only 28 (18.66%) respondents who answered it correctly

45
Figure 4.2: Level of knowledge among respondents in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel,Iloilo using an assessment tool
answerable by true or false

Table 2 shows the respondents’ overall level of knowledge about
mental
Illness. The results revealed that respondents from Brgy. San Jose, San
Miguel, Iloilo are generally “Fairly knowledgeable” about mental illness
(M = 4.30; SD = 1.36).
More specifically, when clustered according to age groups, those
aged 51-60 years old with a mean score of 4.86 is slightly higher than
those aged 41-50 years old that have a mean score of 4.75, both of which
are interpreted as moderately knowledgeable.
When grouped according to sex, both are fairly knowledgeable
with the female respondents having a slight variation than men with a
mean score of 4.47.
When grouped according to civil status, all are fairly
knowledgeable, with those who are widowed having a higher mean score
of 4.50.
When grouped according to their educational attainment, both the
respondents at senior high school level and senior high school graduate
are “highly knowledgeable”, with a mean score of 7.

Table 4.22. Respondent’s level of knowledge about mental illness
when taken as a whole and classified according to age, sex, civil status,
and educational attainment
Category Mean SD Interpretation p-value
Entire Group 4.30 1.36 “Fairly

Knowledgeable”
Age Groups .055
18-30 years old 4.18 1.29 “Fairly

Knowledgeable”
31-40 years old 4.29 1.45 “Fairly

Knowledgeable”
41-50 years old 4.75 1.04 “Moderately

Knowledgeable”
51-60 years old 4.86 1.66 “Moderately

Knowledgeable”
Sex .137
Male 4.14 1.11 “Fairly

Knowledgeable”
Female 4.47 1.57 “Fairly

Knowledgeable”
Civil Status .888
Single 4.29 1.44 “Fairly

Knowledgeable”
Married 4.30 1.27 “Fairly

Knowledgeable”
Widow 4.50 1.73 “Fairly

Knowledgeable”
Educational Attainment .097

Elementary Level 3.00 1.00 “Fairly
Knowledgeable”
High School Level 5.20 1.14 “Moderately

Knowledgeable”
High School 4.30 1.16 “Fairly

Graduate Knowledgeable”
SHS Level 7.00 <0.0 “Highly

1 Knowledgeable”
SHS Graduate 7.00 <0.0 “Highly

1 Knowledgeable”
College Level 4.37 1.53 “Fairly

Knowledgeable”
College Graduate 3.71 0.59 “Fairly

Knowledgeable”
The interpretation of the mean scale for knowledge was according to Portana
(2021).
M = 8.21-10.0 is interpreted as Very Highly Knowledgeable
M= 6.41-8.20 is interpreted as Highly Knowledgeable
M = 4.60-6.40 is interpreted as Moderately Knowledgeable
M = 2.81-4.60 is interpreted as Fairly Knowledgeable
M = 1.00-2.80 is interpreted as Less Knowledgeable
4.3 Attitude towards People with Mental Illness in Brgy. San Jose,
San Miguel Iloilo
As illustrated in the figure below, 110 out of 150 respondents
strongly agreed
that people with mental illnesses deserve respect. 115 had agreed that
“the behavior of people with mental illness are unpredictable”, 112 had
agreed that “People with mental illness are considered special”, and 109
had agreed that “Avoiding people with mental illnesses is not a good
idea”.

On the other hand, out of 150 respondents, only 1 strongly
disagreed that
“people with mental illness are not as dangerous as most people think
they are” and “the behavior of people who have mental illness are
unpredictable”.
Moreover, 85 respondents disagreed with “I would trust the work
of a
mentally ill person assigned to my work team”, 64 had disagree with
“People with mental health illnesses should have the same rights as
anyone else”, and 62 disagreed with “A person with mental illness is
more likely to function well as a parent”.

50
Figure 4.3: Attitude towards people with mental illness among respondents in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo,
51
classified using 5-point Likert Scale. The total scores were divided by the total items and multiplied by 100% to get
the average attitude.
Table 3 shows that respondents from Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel,
Iloilo
generally have “Neutral Attitude” toward people with mental illness (M =
3.33; SD = 0.47).
aged 41-50 years old have a positive attitude with a mean score of 3.43.
When grouped according to sex, both has neutral attitude with the female
having a slight variation in men with a mean score of 3.33.
When grouped according to civil status, all have a neutral attitude,
with those who are married having a higher mean score of 3.39.
When grouped according to their educational attainment, the
respondents that are high school graduates (M=3.44), senior high school
level (M=3.95), and senior high school graduates (M=4.20) have a
positive attitude toward people with mental illness.
Table 4.3. Respondent’s attitude towards people with mental
illness when taken as a whole and classified according to age, sex, civil
status, and educational attainment
Entire Group 3.33 0.47 “Neutral”
Age Groups .060
18-30 years old 3.35 0.36 “Neutral”
41-50 years old 3.43 0.66 “Positive”

Sex .992
Male 3.32 0.45 “Neutral”
Female 3.33 0.49 “Neutral”
Civil Status .433
Single 3.28 0.53 “Neutral”
Married 3.39 0.39 “Neutral”
Widow 3.05 0.52 “Neutral”
Elementary Level 2.80 0.44 “Neutral”
High School Level 2.79 0.78 “Neutral”
High School 3.44 0.47 “Positive”

Graduate
SHS Level 3.95 0.64 “Positive”
SHS Graduate 4.20 <0.01 “Positive”
College Level 3.35 0.43 “Neutral”
College Graduate 3.32 0.15 “Neutral”

The interpretation of mean scale for attitude was according to Dorji (Research
Gate, 2017)
M = 3.41-5.00 is interpreted as Positive
M = 2.61-3.40 is interpreted as Neutral
M = 1.00-2.60 is interpreted as Negative
4.4 Stigma towards People in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo.
The figure below shows the number of responses to each question
when
categorized according to the 5-point Likert scale (5-strongly agree; 1-
strongly disagree). Out of 150 respondents in Brgy, San Jose, San Miguel,
Iloilo, 25 respondents strongly disagree with “I will not neglect the
opinion of someone who has been diagnosed with mental illness”.
Moreover, 103 respondents disagree with the statement “I would treat a
person who seeks mental treatment just as I would treat anyone else”.
On the other hand, 103 respondents agreed on both statements
“Seeking mental services is not a sign of personal failure” and “ Talking
nonsense or cursing words is not a sign of mental illness”

55
56
Figure 4.4 presents the distribution of the respondent’s stigmatizing behavior towards people with mental illness,
classified using 5-point Likert Scale. The total scores were divided by the total items and multiplied by 100% to get
the average stigmatizing behavior
In table 4, the results revealed that, generally, respondents had
“Neutral”
stigmatizing behavior towards people with mental illness (M = 3.26; SD
= 0.58).
aged 41-50 years old have a negative stigmatizing behavior with a mean
score of 2.51. When grouped according to sex, both have neutral
stigmatizing behavior with a mean score of 2.74.
When grouped according to civil status, those who are married
have a negative stigmatizing behavior with a mean score of 2.40.
When grouped according to their educational attainment, the
respondents that are in high school level have positive stigmatizing
behavior with a mean score of 3.49. On the other hand, high school
graduates (M=2.57), senior high school level (M=1.90), and senior high
school graduates (M=1.60) have negative stigmatizing behavior toward
people with mental illness.
Table 4.4 Respondent’s stigmatizing behavior towards people with
mental illness when taken as a whole and classified according to age, sex,
civil status, and educational attainment
Age Groups .447

41-50 years old 2.51 0.95 “Negative”
Sex .934
.159
Civil Status
Widow 2.40 0.47 “Negative”
High School Level 3.49 0.86 “Positive”
High School 2.57 0.59 “Negative”

Graduate
SHS Level 1.90 1.13 “Negative”
SHS Graduate 1.60 <.01 “Negative”
The interpretation of mean scale for stigma was according to Dorji (Research
Gate, 2017)
M = 3.41-5.00 is interpreted as Positive
M = 2.61-3.40 is interpreted as Neutral
M = 1.00-2.60 is interpreted as Negative
Inferential Analysis
Domain 1: Knowledge and Attitude
Table 5 presents the significant association between mental illness-
related knowledge and attitude towards people who have a mental
illness.
The findings revealed that there is no significant relationship
between mental
illness-related knowledge and attitude toward persons with mental
illnesses in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo. The p-value of 0.236 is
greater than the alpha level of 0.05. As a result, the null hypothesis,
which states that there is no significant relationship between mental
illness-related knowledge and attitude toward persons with mental
illnesses at Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo is not rejected.
Table 4.5. Spearman’s Correlation Result for the Significant

Association Between Mental Illness-Related Knowledge and Attitude
Toward People who have a Mental Illness
Knowledge
RS - value p-value Interpretation
Attitude 0.097 0.236 Not significant

weak correlation
*Statistically significant correlation at p-value of less than 0.05
Table 4. 6. Cramer’s V Result Between Mental Illness-Related
Knowledge and Attitude towards People with Mental Illness
Value Approximate Interpretation

Significance
Phi 1.470 <.001
Cramer’s V .600 <.001 Relatively

Strong
Association
Note: The interpretation of Cramer’s V value was according to f Lee & Dong
(Research Gate, 2016)
Negligible = 0.00–0.10
Weak = 0.10–0.20
Moderate = 0.20–0.40
Relatively strong = 0.40–0.60
Strong = 0.60–0.80
Very strong = 0.80–1.00
Table 4.6 presents the result of the cCramer’s v value and its
interpretation that the mental-illness related knowledge and
attitude towards people with mental illness have relatively strong
association with a value of .600.
Domain 2: Knowledge and Stigma
related
knowledge and stigma towards people who have a mental illness.
The findings revealed there is a significant association between
mental
illness-related knowledge and stigma toward persons with mental
illnesses in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo, with a p-value of 0.004
which is less than the alpha level of 0.05. The correlation coefficient of -
0.231 for the association between mental illness-related knowledge and
stigma/discriminatory behavior toward persons with mental illnesses
appears to have weak relationship.
As a result, the null hypothesis, which states that there is no
significant
connection between mental illness-related information and stigma toward
persons with mental illnesses in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo is
rejected.
Table 4. 7. Spearman’s Correlation between mental illness-related
knowledge and stigma toward people who have a mental illness
Stigma
Knowledge -.231 0.004* Statistically

Significant Weak
Negative
Relationship
Note: *Statistically significant correlation at p-value of less than 0.05
Interpretation of the relationship was based on the Guideline for interpretation
of the Spearman rho's (ranked) correlation of Prion and Haerling (2014).
RS = 0.20 or lower is interpreted as “negligible”
RS = 0.21 to 0.40 is interpreted as “weak relationship”
RS= 0.41-0.60 is interpreted as “moderate relationship”
RS= 0.61 to 0.81 is interpreted as “strong relationship”
RS= 0.81 to 1.00 is interpreted as “very strong relationship”
Domain 3: Attitude and Stigma
related attitude and stigma toward people who have a mental illness.
The findings revealed that there is no significant association
between the attitude and stigma toward people who have a mental illness
at Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo. The p-value of <0.001 is less than
the alpha level of 0.05. The correlation coefficient of -0.497 for the
association between attitude and stigma toward persons with mental
illnesses appears to have moderate relationship.
As a result, the null hypothesis, which states that there is no
significant association between the attitude and stigma toward people
with mental illness in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo, is therefore
rejected.
Table 8. Spearman’s Correlation between attitude and stigma

toward people who have a mental illness
Stigma
Attitude -.497 <.001* Statistically

Significant
Moderate Negative
Relationship
Note: *Statistically significant correlation at p-value of less than 0.05
Interpretation of the relationship was based on the Guideline for interpretation
of the Spearman rho's (ranked) correlation of Prion and Haerling (2014).
RS = 0.20 or lower is interpreted as “negligible”
RS = 0.21 to 0.40 is interpreted as “weak relationship”
RS= 0.41-0.60 is interpreted as “moderate relationship”
RS= 0.61 to 0.81 is interpreted as “strong relationship”
RS= 0.81 to 1.00 is interpreted as “very strong relationship”
4.5 Discussions
Knowledge, Attitude, and Stigma in Accessing Mental Health
Services
The overall knowledge about mental illness when classified
according to socio-demographic profile, revealed several notable results
that agree with the study of Puspitasari et al. (2020), Ewalds-Kvist, et al.
(2013), Riffel and Chen (2019).
The attitude towards people with mental illness when classified
according to age, respondents aged 41-50 years old have a positive
attitude. This result is supported by the study of Ewalds-Kvist, et al.
(2013) stating that as people get older, the positive attitude toward
people with mental illness also increases.
When classified according to educational attainment, the HS
graduate, SHS level, and SHS graduate have a positive attitude towards
people with mental illness. This agrees with the study of Riffel and Chen
(2019) stating that students demonstrated a broad understanding of
mental health and generally positive attitudes toward people who suffer
from mental diseases.
The stigma towards people with mental illness when classified
according to educational attainment, the HS graduate, SHS level, and
SHS graduate have negative stigma towards people with mental illness.
This result is supported by the study of Girma et al. (2013) conducted in
Southwest Ethiopia, which states that at various levels of exposure to

information about mental illness, stigma often decreased as educational
status increased.
Correlation between Mental Illness-Related Knowledge and
Attitude
The association between mental illness-related knowledge and
attitude
toward people with mental illness has no significant association. This
result is supported by the study of Li et al. (2018), stating that there is no
link between knowledge of mental illness and positive attitude towards
them. Li et al. (2018) further discussed that Chinese people's overall
mental health awareness has improved over time however, most Chinese
people still have negative attitudes regarding mental illness.
Moreover, the findings in the study of Jha & Mandal (2021)
conducted in
selected community of Biratnagar, Nepal, indicated that while
respondents' knowledge levels were sufficient, the majority of them had
negative views on mental illness. Similarly, Corrigan & Watson (2002)
stated that not just misinformed people of the general public, but also
well-trained experts from the majority of mental health specialties, hold
stigmatizing opinions regarding mental illness. Some related factors
associated with negative attitude is the defiant to agree with a set of
stereotypes, which are generalized belief, despite having knowledge
about it as some believes that people with mental illnesses are in control
of and accountable for their disabilities (Corrigan & Watson, 2002).

In addition to related factors associated with negative
attitude, there is a
change of perception regardless of adequate knowledge due to
fear instilled by media, films, and other violent experiences. by
others which oftenThese scenarios shows depicts people with mental
illness as harmful, and therefore, needs to be feared, and must be
kept out of the communities. Study participants are less inclined
to feel sorry for those who suffer from mental illness, instead
behaves rudely and think that they don't need help (Corrigan &
Watson, 2002).
On the contrary, the study of Lanfredi et al. (2019) revealed that an
increase in knowledge is linked to an increase in positive attitudes toward
those suffering from mental illness.
Furthermore, based on the study of Yin et al. (2020), most people
were not
familiar with the causes, treatments, and prevention of mental illness. It
was found that a sizable proportion of participants responded that others
would hold a negative attitude towards (former) mental patients,
especially with regard to engaging in closer personal relationships.
Correlation between Stigma and Mental Illness-Related
Knowledge
The association between mental illness-related knowledge and

stigma/discriminatory behavior toward persons with mental illnesses
appears to have a weak negative significant relationship. Overall
awareness of mental illness has a considerable impact on respondents'
stigma towards people with mental illnesses at Brgy. San Jose, San
Miguel, Iloilo. This result acknowledges the study of Ojio et al., (2021),
stating that players with greater knowledge about mental health tended
to have less stigma toward others with mental health problems.
Additionally, according to Yin et al., (2020), the majority of
individuals felt
that if people know someone has been in a psychiatric hospital, they are
less likely to take their opinions seriously. Furthermore, in the study of
Tesfaye et al. (2021) conducted in Ethiopia, majority of the respondents
think that showing uncommon behaviors and talking by oneself and
laughing hysterically is a symptom of mental illness while 32.9%
responded that leaving them alone is the best option or treatment. The
comprehension of society is in contrast with the scientific knowledge
about mental illness. This implies that the level of knowledge of the
general population is poor.
Correlation between Attitude and Stigma
The association between the Attitude and Stigma of residents in
Brgy., San
Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo toward mental Illness showed that there is
moderate negative significant relationship. This result is supported

by the findings of Choudhry et al. (2016), stating that people's attitudes
and ideas about mental illness shape how they interact with, give
opportunities for, and assist people who are suffering from it. Personal
understanding of mental illness, knowing and engaging with someone
suffering from mental illness, societal assumptions about mental disease,
media tales, and familiarity with institutional procedures and prior
constraints all influence attitudes and ideas regarding mental illness
(e.g., health insurance restrictions, employment restrictions; adoption
restrictions).
Additionally, when these attitudes and beliefs are expressed
favorably, they can lead to behaviors that are helpful and inclusive
(e.g.,eagerness to date a person suffering from mental illness or employ a
person suffering from mental disease). Negative expressions of such
perspective and beliefs can lead to avoidance, ostracization from daily
activities, and, in the worst-case scenario, exploitation, and
discrimination (Choudhry et al., 2016).

Chapter 5CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS & CONCLUSION
This research determined the association between mental illness-
related
5.1 Summary of Findings
Generally, the findings of the study revealed that there is a
negative significant association between knowledge and stigma. The
overall awareness of mental illness has a considerable influence on respondents'
stigma toward people with mental illnesses.
Additionally, attitude and stigma appears to have a negative
significant association with each other. Whereas, knowledge and attitude
do not have a significant association.
The overall level of knowledge about mental illness in Brgy. San
Jose, San
Miguel, Iloilo showed fairly knowledgeable result with a neutral attitude
and stigma toward people with mental illness.

5.2 Limitations of the Study
Among all the municipalities of District 2, this study only focuses
on the
municipality of San Miguel, Iloilo particularly, in Brgy. San Jose. This
study is not generalizable due to the inability to conduct the study in the
whole province of Iloilo. As a consequence, the results could be biased
because there were only 150 participants that answered the survey. Thus,
the sample size is insufficient and is in need of scaling up.
Following the investigation of respondents’ knowledge, attitude,
and stigma
towards people with mental illness, educational attainment skewed from
other categories such as age, sex, and civil status. Based on the
distribution of respondents within the three categories (high school
graduate, senior high school level, and senior high school graduate)
which result always deviates from other categories, there is a
disproportionate distribution which can be a representativeness bias.
5.3 Conclusion
The findings from 150 residents of Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel,
Iloilo who participated in this study revealed that there is a statistically
significant weak negative relationship between mental illness - related
knowledge and stigma. This shows that as the level of knowledge
increases, the stigma towards people with mental illness decreases.

Additionally, the results revealed that there is a statistically
moderate negative relationship between attitude and stigma. This
appears that as there is a positive attitude towards people with mental
illness, the stigma is less likely to occur.
Overall, it was concluded that there is a significant association between
San Miguel, Iloilo. Therefore, the results reject the null hypothesis stating
that there is no significant association between mental illness-related
5.34 Recommendations
Among all the municipalities of District 2, this study was only
conducted in the municipality of San Miguel, Iloilo particularly, in Brgy.
San Jose. Therefore, it is not generalizable to the whole province of Iloilo
and will only serve as baseline data. Hence, it is recommended for future
researchers to undertake a study with a larger sample to supplement the
generalizability of their findings.
As the findings revealed no significant association between
knowledge and attitude, enhancing mental health awareness to decrease
negative attitude may be inadequate. It is recommended for future
researchers to explore other methods to enhance people’s attitudes
toward those suffering with mental illness. Interventions aimed at
modifying how mental diseases are portrayed in the media could be a

viable way to affect a large positive shift in public attitudes about people
with mental illnesses (Li et al., 2018).
In order to ameliorate the neutral attitude of residents of certain
municipalities within Iloilo province towards mental health, academic
institutions may strengthen their mental health awareness and support
programs in every department by organizing seminars, small group
discussions, and forums. These programs may be implemented in
collaboration with the guidance counseling and psychology departments
of schools and other institutions within the province of Iloilo. Improved
contact may aid in the understanding of people with mental illness and
the reduction of stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors (Fang et al., 2020).
The contact hypothesis is a psychological theory that suggests that
through interacting with one another, prejudice and conflict between
groups might be minimized (What Is the Contact Hypothesis in
Psychology?, 2019).
Future researchers may implement a mental health support
program, parallel
to the Program for Resilience of Ilonggos in Mind and Emotion (PRIME) --
a project launched by Gov. Arthur Defensor Jr in 2020. The newly
implemented program will solely focus on the residents of Iloilo province,
with a proactive approach of identifying and counseling specific groups.
For the enhancement of this study, future researchers may utilize a
qualitative approach in obtaining their data in order to acquire more
comprehensive data.
5.43 Conclusion
The findings from 150 residents of Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel,
Iloilo who participated in this study revealed that there is a statistically
significant weak negative relationship between mental illness - related
knowledge and stigma. This shows that as the level of knowledge
increases, the stigma towards people with mental illness decreases.
Additionally, the results revealed that there is a statistically
moderate negative relationship between attitude and stigma. This
appears that as there is a positive attitude towards people with mental
illness, the stigma is less likely to occur.
Overall, it was concluded that there is a significant association between
San Miguel, Iloilo. Therefore, the results reject the null hypothesis stating
that there is no significant association between mental illness-related
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APPENDICES
Appendix A: Informed Consent Form
INFORMED CONSENT FORM
1. KEY INFORMATION ABOUT THE RESEARCHERS AND THEIR
STUDY
Study Title: “Association of Mental Illness-Related Knowledge, Attitude,
and Stigma in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo : A Baseline
Assessment”
Principal Investigator: Josseyle L. Salmeron
Brgy. Madarag, San Enrique, Iloilo
09612542740
[email protected]
Name of Researchers: Nick Aaron M. Abalos
Juden Mae C. Becera
Adrian Zeuwyne B. Dela Pena
Elly Nor B. Engada
Cinderella P. Geromiano
Queenie Anne S. Resmundo

Research Adviser: Ligaya B. Demafiles, RN, MAN, RSW
Overall Adviser: Rodenie A. Olete, RN
Department/College: College of Nursing
Institution: Iloilo Doctors’ College
2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This research aims to determine the association between
San Miguel, Iloilo
Specifically, this study intends to answer the following objectives:
1. Describe the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms
of age, sex, civil status, and educational attainment.
2. Describe the overall knowledge about mental illness in Brgy. San
3. Describe the attitude of people in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel,
Iloilo towards people with mental illness.
4. Determine the stigma in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo.
Study Population
The study will be conducted in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel Iloilo.
This study will utilize purposive sampling technique in which the

residents who are qualified through the inclusion criteria will be
chosen as respondents.
3. PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY
With the given consent, the respondents will be asked if they are
willing to participate in completing the questionnaire, without forcing
them to do so. If the respondent agrees, they will be asked to sign the
informed consent form to establish a confirmation that they fully
understand the purpose of the study and that they voluntarily agreed
to partake in this study. The researchers will answer any queries or
provide any information regarding the questionnaire and any
confusion about the study.
This research will utilize a researcher-made questionnaire wherein
respondents will be asked to answer the printed questionnaire with
the use of permanent black ballpen to elicit information in terms of
their knowledge, attitude, and stigma towards seeking mental health
services. They will be given 10-15 minutes to complete the
questionnaire, and if extra time is needed upon completion, they may
ask the distributors/researchers to extend it.

The data collection tool will be returned to the
distributors/researchers after it has been completed, and we will
begin the data documentation process.
4. INFORMATION ABOUT STUDY RISKS AND BENEFITS
For the benefits, participants’ knowledge will be enhanced,
self-confidence in seeking mental health services will be boosted,
seeking mental health treatment will be considered a priority
rather than a non-essential and embarrassing option, and will
encourage people to advocate against stigma to accessing mental
health services.
Furthermore, enhanced knowledge can help reduce the
stigma to
accessing mental health services, and develop a positive attitude
towards people with mental illness in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel,
Iloilo.
Contrarily, potential risks to subjects involved in this study is
putting
the participants into a pressure state while requiring them to
answer intrusive questions about their perceptions toward mental
illness, potential self-stigma that the respondents might feel when
they are experiencing the same mental distress and they tend to
stigmatize themselves, the trigger of emotional and psychological
trauma which may make them uncomfortable, feeling depressed,
embarrassed, guilty, and loss of self-esteem upon responding to the
questionnaire.
Moreover, unintended disclosure of data due to loss of
backup material
such as the flash drive, loss of hard copy documents,
website/malware attacks, and unauthorized password bypasses
may occur.
Participants’ Rights to Refuse and Withdraw
The right to refuse and withdraw shall be explained in the
beginning of the study. The participants are free to refuse and
withdraw from answering the questionnaire at any time during the
data gathering with no repercussions or penalties. The researchers
may also withdraw participants from the research to ensure their
safety or if the participants are unable to follow the study
procedures. The study participants are allowed to withdraw their
data and it will not be included in the analysis.
5. CONFIDENTIALITY AND SHARING RESEARCH INFORMATION
The responses collected will be kept with the highest
confidentiality; the information will not be shared with anyone and will
only be used for research purposes. Numbers rather than names of
respondents will be utilized to ensure anonymity and privacy. We will
preserve surveys for safekeeping when the study is completed. When
the study's findings have been disseminated, these research materials
will be discarded. The respondents’ participation is entirely voluntary
and they may withdraw from the study anytime they wish.
------------------------------------------- CONSENT ------------------------------------------
Please check the box on the left of the statement which corresponds to
your decision
I fully understand the nature and purpose of this study and I am
voluntarily submitting myself as a participant for the survey only. No
part of my personal information shall be publicly disclosed without my
knowledge and written consent.
I do not give consent to participate in this study.
Signature/thumbmark of the participant with date
For any questions, clarifications, and more information, kindly contact
the Principal Investigator via the details provided above.
For any questions or complaints regarding any unethical conduct done in
the process of implementing this study, you may contact the chairperson
of the Philippines Research Ethics Board - National Ethics Committee

(PHREB-NEC), Filipinas F. Natividad, Ph.D. through (63-2) 837-7537 or
email at [email protected].
Appendix B: Informed Consent Form

INFORMED
CONSENT FORM
1. IMPORTANTE NGA IMPORMASYON PARTE SA
TIGPANALAWSAW KAG SA ILA PANALAWSAW
[2.]
Titulo sang amon nga panalawsaw: “Association of Mental Illness-
Related Knowledge, Attitude, and Stigma in Brgy. San
Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo : A Baseline Assessment”
Puno nga Tigpanalawsaw: Josseyle L. Salmeron
Brgy. Madarag, San Enrique, Iloilo
09612542740
[email protected]
Dugang nga Tigpanalawsaw : Nick Aaron M. Abalos
Juden Mae C. Becera
Adrian Zeuwyne B. Dela Pena
Elly Nor B. Engada
Cinderella P. Geromiano
Queenie Anne S. Resmundo
Adviser sa Research: Ligaya B. Demafiles, RN, MAN, RSW
Kabilugan nga Adviser: Rodenie A. Olete, RN
Departmento/Kolehiyo: College of Nursing
Institusyon: Iloilo Doctors’ College
2. PULOS SANG AMON PAGPANALAWSAW
Ini nga pagpanalawsaw nagatumo nga mahibaluan ang
asosasyon sang kinaadman, panimu-ot kag diskriminasyon sa mga
tao nga naga pangita sang serbisyo para sa ila mental health sa
Brgy. San jose, San Miguel, Iloilo.

Ini nga pagtuon gina tuyo sabtan ang mga kasunod nga tuluyuon:
1. Isaysay ang edad, kinababayi/kinalalaki, may asawa ukon wala, kag
ang na dangtan sa pag eskwela sang mga responde.
2. Isaysay ang kabilugan nga kinaadman parte sa sakit sa paminsaron
sa Brgy. San jose, San Miguel Iloilo.
3. Isaysay ang pamatasan sang mga tao sa Brgy. San Jose, San
Miguel Iloilo, sa mga tao nga may sakit sa paminsaron.
4. Mahibaluan kung may diskriminasyon sa mga tao nga may sakit sa
paminsaron sa Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo.
PUMULUYO NGA NGA PAGATUN-AN
Ang ini nga pagpanalawsaw ang paga ubrahon sa Brgy. San Jose,
San Miguel,
Iloilo. Ang mga residente pagapili-on suno sa inclusion criteria.
Ang mga responde lamang nga naga edad 17-65 anyos, rehistrado
nga residente sng barangay, ukon ang mga may ubra man ukon
wala kag mga estudyante man ukon indi ang pwede maka partisipar
sa ini nga pagpanalawsaw.
3. PROSESO SANG AMON PAGPANALAWSAW
Sa ini nga kasugtanan, ginapangabay ang mga responde nga mag
partisipar sa pagsabat sang mga pamangkutanon, nga wala sang
pagpilit. Kung magpasugot ang responde sa pagpartisipar, ipa

permahan sa ila ang informed consent form para ma pamatud-an
nga na inchendihan nila ang katuyuan sang ini nga panalawsaw kag
sila hungod nga nag boluntaryo nga mag partisipar sa ini nga
panalawsaw. Kami nga mga tigpanalawsaw handa mag sabat sang
mga pamangkot kag mag hatag impormasyon kung may indi ma
inchendihan nga proseso.
Ang kwestyonaryo nga natapos na sabtan, pagabalik sa
tagatipon nga tigpanalawsaw. Ang ini nga pagtuon maga gamit
sang researcher-made questionnaire kung diin ang mga responde
magasabat sang printed nga kwuestyonaryo, pagasabtan ini gamit
ang kolor itom nga ballpen para ma hibalo-an ang impormasyon
parte sa ila kinaadman, panimu-ot kag diskriminasyon sa mga tao
nga naga pangita sang serbisyo para sa ila nga sakit sa paminsaron.
Paga tagaan sila 10-15 minutos para matapos sabtan ang mga
pamangkutanon, kag kung kulang ang oras para ma kompleto ini,
pwede sila maka pa mangkot sa distributor/researchers para
hatagan sila sang dugang nga oras.
4. IMPORMASYON PARTE SA MGA RISGO KAG BENEPISYO NGA
PWEDE MAKUHA SA PAGPARTISIPAR SA INI NGA PANALAWSAW
Para sa mga benepisyo, ang ka alam sang mga partisipante
ma dugangan, madula ang pagka huya sa pag dangop sa mga
serbisyo angot sa sakit sa paminsaron, ang pagdangop sa pag

pabulong para sa maayo nga paminsaron, mangin prayoridad kag
indi maging makahuluya nga butang kag ini maka hikayat sa mga
tawo nga mangin adbokante batok sa stigma sa pag pakig-angot sa
mga serbisyo para sa ika-ayo sang paminsaron.
Lubos pa, ang pagdugang sang kaalam makabulig sa
pagbuhin sang stigma para sa pag pakig-angot sa mga serbisyo
para sa ika-ayo sang paminsaron, kag ang pagpakita sang positibo
nga pamatasan sa mga tawo nga may sakit sa paminsaron sa Brgy.
San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo.
Sa kabaliskaran, potensyal nga mga risgo sa mga tuluyuon
nga may kahilabtanan
sa sini nga pagtuon amo ang pagbutang sang mga partisipante sa
estado nga gina presyur sa ila samtang kinahanglan nila nga mag
sabat sang mapanghilabot kag sensitibo nga mga pamangkot
natuhoy sa ila paghangop sang sakit sa mentalidad, potensyal self-
stigma na mabatyagan sang mga maga responde kun sila naga
eksperyensya sang kasubo kag sila mag stigmatize sang ila
kaugalingon, ang pag-trigger sang emosyonal kag psychological na
trauma na makahimo na sila mangin indi komportable, makabatyag
sang depresyon, kahuy-anan, may kasal-anan, kag madula ang ila
self-esteem samtang naga sabat sang kwestyonaryo.
Kapin pa sini, ang indi hungod nga pag pahayag sang mga
impormasyon tungod sang pagkadula sang back-up nga materyales

kaangay sang flashdrive, pagkadula sang hardcopy nga mga
dokyumento, pag-atake sang website o malware, kag ang pagsulod
sang wala ginpahintulutan sang password pwede matabo.
KINAMATARUNG SANG MGA MAKIPAGBAHIN NGA MAG PAN-
INDI KAG MAG UNTAT SA PAG PARTISIPAR
Ang kinamatarung na mag pang-indi kag mag untat kinahanglan
na ipa-athag sa umpisa sang pagtuon. Ang mga partisepante pwede
mag pang indi kag mag untat sa pagsabat sang kwestyonaryo
biskan ano nga oras samtang nagakuha sang mga data nga wala
sing hinimulatan o silot. Ang mga naga imbistega, pwede man
magpa untat sa mga partisepante sa ila pagpanalawsaw para
masigurado nila ang ila kahilwayan ukon ang partisepante indi
maka sunod sa mga paagi sang pagtuon. Ang partisepante sang
pagtuon, pwede nila makuha ang ila data kag ini indi na pag-ilakip
sa pag analisar. Ang mga naga imbestiga, kinanglan nga i-
dokyumento ang pag pang-indi kag pag-untat sang mga maga
responde, lakip ang petsa kag ang rason sang pag pang-indi.
5. KOMPEDENSYAL KAG PAKIGBAHIN NGA IMPORMASYON
Ang ini nga resulta pagatipunon sang insakto kag pagahalungan
nga indi maglapta ang impormasyon biskan kay sin-o kag

pagagamiton lang sa sulod sang pagpanalawsaw kag wala na sang
iban. Numero lang pagagamiton imbis nga pangalan sang mga
responde para indi ma kilal-an kag ma sigurado ang kinaugaling
sang mga responde. Kung ang pagpanalawsaw nga ini matapos na,
ang mga materyales nga gin gamit pagataguon kag dulaon
matapos ang lima ka tuig.
Ang mga responde may kahilwayan sa pagdesisyon kung mag
partisipar sa ini nga pagpanalawsaw ukon indi kag pwede maka
untat sa pagsabat sang mga pamangkutanon sa biskan ano nga
oras.
------------------------------------------------
KONSENTE---------------------------------------------------
Palihog marka sang kahon nga naga koresponde sa imo desisyon.
Na inchindihan ko ang pulos sang ini nga pagpanalawsaw kag gina
boluntaryo ko ang akon kaugalingon nga mag partisipar sa surbey lang.
Hindi ko gusto nga ang akon personal nga impormasyon mag lapta sa
publiko nga wala gin pabalo ukon gin lisensya sa akon.

Indi ako mag hatag sang konsente sa pagpartisipar sa ini nga
pagpanalawsaw.
Perma / thumbmark sang partisipante nga may petsa
Kung may mga pamangkot, pa-athag, kag dugang pa nga impormasyon,
palihog tawag ukon email sa Puno nga Tagapanalawsaw sa detalye nga
nakabutang sa ibabaw.
Kung may mga pamangkot ukon reklamo parte sa mga indi insakto nga
kinaugali samtang gina ubra ang pagpanalawsaw, pwede mo ma tawgan
ang chairperson of the Philippines Research Ethics Board - National
Ethics Committee (PHREB-NEC), Filipinas F. Natividad, PhD paagi sa
(63-2) 837-7537 ukon pag-email sa
[email protected]
Appendix C: Questionnaires
A Questionnaire on Association of Mental Illness-Related

Knowledge, Attitude, and Stigma in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel,
Iloilo.
Name (optional): __________________________________ Age:_____ Sex: _____
Civil Status: _____________________ Educational Attainment:
_____________________
Please check one box whether you are:
● Registered Resident of Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel
● Renting/Not owning the land or property
● Others:
Part II. Questionnaire Proper
Below are the number of statements regarding mental illness which are
composed of three sections. Section A contains topics related to the
knowledge on mental health. Section B contains topics related to attitude
towards accessing mental health services. Section C contains topics
related to stigma towards accessing mental health services.

Direction: For section A, please read each item and check one box for
each statement.
Section A: Knowledge TRUE FALSE
1 Feeling down or sad is a common symptom of mental
disorder.
(Ang kasubo ukon pagpangasubo isa ka sintoma sang
sakit sa paminsaron.)
2 Only people without friends need therapists.
(Ang tawo nga wala sang abyan nagakinahanlan sang
bulig sang isa ka espesyalista sa paminsaron o
panghuna-huna.)
3 Mental disorder is not curable.
(Ang sakit sa paminsaron indi na pwede mabulong.)
4 Children don’t experience mental problems.

(Ang mga kabata an wala na ga eksperyensa sang sakit
sa paminsaron.)
5 Personality weakness or character flaws cause mental
health problems.
(Ang mahuyang na personalidad isa sa makatuga sang
6. Serious mental illness causes people to die 10 to 20
years earlier than the average population.
(Ang sakit sa paminsaron mangin isa ka rason sang
timprano na pagtaliwan sang isa ka tawo.)
7 Everyone with a mental condition is an aggressive
person.
(Ang tawo nga may sakit sa paminsaron isa ka agresibo
na personalidad.)
8 Eating disorders do not affect males.
(Wala na ga apekto ang wala gana sa pakaon o
problema sa pagkaon sa mga lalaki.)

9 Panic attacks are not fatal.
(Ang nerbiyos o panic indi makamamatay o malala na
balati an.)
10 Mental health is a common problem.
(Ang sakit sa paminsaron isa ka simple na problema.)
Direction: For sections B and C, please read and rate each item
accordingly. Remember to check one box only for each statement.
Strongly Disagree - 1 Disagree - 2 Neither- 3 Agree –
4 ly Agree-5
Section B: Attitude 1 2 3 4 5
11. People with mental illnesses deserve
respect.
(Ang mga tawo na may sakit sa
paminsaron dapat gina respeto.)

12. People with mental illness are not as
dangerous as most people think they are.
(Ang sakit sa paminsaron indi delikado
parehas sa iban na masakit.)
13. People with mental health illnesses should
have the same rights as anyone else.
(Ang tawo na may sakit sa paminsaron
may parehas o alangay na kinamatarong
parehas sang iban.)
14. Avoiding people with mental illnesses is
not a good idea.
(Ang paglikaw sa tawo nga may sakit sa
paminsaron indi tsakto na desisyon.)
15. People with mental illness are considered
special.
(Ang tawo na may sakit sa paminsaron isa
ka pinasahi.)
16. A person with mental illness is more likely
to function well as a parent.
(Ang may sakit sa paminsaron magin
manami na ginikanan.)
17. I would trust the work of a mentally ill
person assigned to my work team.
(Gasalig ako magupod sa trabaho sa tawo
na may sakit sa paminsaron.)
18. The behavior of people who have mental
illness are unpredictable.
(Indi mapaktan ang paminatasan sang isa
ka tawo na may sakit sa paminsaron.)
19. I am not afraid of what my boss, friends,
and others would think if I were
diagnosed with a mental illness.
(Wala ako nakulbaan o nahadlok na mabal
an sang akun kakilala na may sakit ako sa
paminsaron.)
20. I am not afraid of people who are
suffering from mental illness.
(Wala ako nahadlok sa mga tawo na may
Section C: Stigma 1 2 3 4 5
21. An individual who receives mental
treatment is trustworthy.
(Ang may sakit sa paminsaron nga
nagapabulong masaligan.)
22. Seeking mental services is not a sign of
personal failure.
(Ang pagpabulong o pa check up sa sakit
sa paminsaron indi isa ka kapaslawan .)
23. I would treat a person who seeks mental
treatment just as I would treat anyone
else.
(Parehas na pagtrato sa tawo na
gapabulong sa ila sakit sa paminsaron kag

sa wala na gapabulong .)
24. I am not reluctant to date someone who
has been hospitalized for a serious mental
disorder.
(Wala ako pagpangduha-duha na maluyag
sa isa ka tawo na ka experiensya
pabulong sa sakit sa paminsaron.)
25. I will not neglect the opinion of someone
who has been diagnosed with mental
illness.
(Tagaan balor ang opinyon sang tawo na
may sakit sa paminsaron.)
26. I would not be upset or disturbed being in
the same environment as a mentally ill
person.
(Komportable kung ara ako sa isa ka
sitwasyun o lugar upod sa tawo na may
27. I could maintain a friendship with

someone who seeks mental health
treatment.
(Pwede ako makipag abyan sa isa ka tawo
na may sakit sa paminsaron.)
28. Talking nonsense or cursing words is not
a sign of mental illness.
(Ang pagpamuyayaw indi senyales sang
may sakit sa paminsaron.)
29. Anyone who seeks mental health
treatment is not a crazy person.
(Ang isa ka tawo na gakadto sa isa ka
espesyalista sa paghuna-huna o
psychiatrist wala sakit sa paminsaron.)
30 It is not embarrassing to seek mental
health services.
(Indi kahuluya magkadto o pabulong sa
sentro o klinika para sa sakit sa .)

TOTAL
Appendix D: Approval Letters
Appendix E: Validation of Instrument Scoresheet

Using the criteria developed for evaluating the survey
questionnaires set forth
by Carter V. Good Douglas B Scates, please evaluate the attached
researcher-made survey instrument by checking 1 box each statement
below that corresponds to your judgment.
5 - Excellent 4 - Very Good 3 - Good 2 - Fair 1 - Poor

Criteria for Validity Evaluator Evaluato Evaluat
1 r or
Ms. Oyco 2 3
Mrs. Mrs.
Melliza Jañala
1. The questionnaire is short enough and 4 5 3

respondents
respect it and would not drain much of their
precious
time.
2. The questionnaire is interesting and has a 4 4 3

face
appeal-such that respondents will be induced
to
respond to it and accomplish it fully.
3. The questionnaire can obtain some depth 4 4 3

to
respondents and avoid superficial answers.
4. The items questions end their alternative 5 5 3

responses are not too suggestive and not too
stimulating.
5. The questionnaire can elicit responses 5 4 3

which are
definite but not mechanically forced.
6. Questions items are stated in such a way 4 5 3

that the
responses will not be embarrassing to the
person
concerned.
7. Questions/items are formed in such a 4 4 3

manner as to
avoid suspicion on the part of the
respondents.
8. The questionnaire is not too narrow nor 4 4 3
restrictive
nor limited in its philosophy.
9. The responses to the questionnaire when 4 4 3

taken as a whole could answer the basic
purpose for which the questionnaire is
designed and therefore considered valid.
MEAN 4.2 4.3 3
OVERALL MEAN 3.85

Interpretation: Good
Appendix F: Table of Reliability Test Result
Appendix G: Supplemental Tables
Table 1. Distribution of Respondents according to their socio-demogaphic
profile
Category n %
Entire Group 150 100.0
Age Groups
18-30 years old 94 62.7
31-40 years old 34 22.7
41-50 years old 8 5.3
51-60 years old 14 9.3
Sex
Male 78 52
Female 72 48
Civil Status
Single 75 50
Married 71 47.3
Widow 4 2.7
Educational
Attainment
Elementary 3 2
Level
High School 10 6.7

Level
High School 33 22
Graduate
SHS Level 2 1.3
SHS Graduate 1 0.7
College Level 70 46.7
College 31 20.7
Graduate
Table 2. Respondent’s level of knowledge about mental illness when
taken as a whole and classified according to age, sex, civil status, and
educational attainment
Category Mean SD Interpretation
“Fairly
Entire Group 4.30 1.36
Knowledgeable”
Age Groups
“Fairly
18-30 years old 4.18 1.29
Knowledgeable”
“Fairly
31-40 years old 4.29 1.45
Knowledgeable”
“Moderately
41-50 years old 4.75 1.04
Knowledgeable”
“Moderately
51-60 years old 4.86 1.66
Knowledgeable”
Sex
“Fairly
Male 4.14 1.11
Knowledgeable”
“Fairly
Female 4.47 1.57
Knowledgeable”
Civil Status
“Fairly
Single 4.29 1.44
Knowledgeable”
Married 4.30 1.27 “Fairly

Knowledgeable”
“Fairly
Widow 4.50 1.73
Knowledgeable”
Educational
Attainment
“Fairly
Elementary Level 3.00 1.00
Knowledgeable”
“Moderately
High School Level 5.20 1.14
Knowledgeable”
High School “Fairly

4.30 1.16
Graduate Knowledgeable”
“Highly
SHS Level 7.00 0.00
Knowledgeable”
“Highly
SHS Graduate 7.00
Knowledgeable”
“Fairly
College Level 4.37 1.53
Knowledgeable”
“Fairly
College Graduate 3.71 0.59
Knowledgeable”
Table 3. Respondent’s attitude towards people with mental illness when
Category Mean SD Interpretation

Age Groups
41-50 years old 3.43 0.66 “Positive”
Sex
Civil Status
Widow 3.05 0.52 “Neutral”
Educational Attainment
High School Level 2.79 0.78 “Neutral”
High School Graduate 3.44 0.47 “Positive”
SHS Level 3.95 0.64 “Positive”
SHS Graduate 4.20 . “Positive”

Table 4. Respondent’s stigma towards people with mental illness when
Category Mean SD Interpretation p-
value
Age Groups .447
41-50 years old 2.51 0.95 “Negative”
Sex .934
.159
Civil Status
Widow 2.40 0.47 “Negative”
Educational .503
Attainment
Elementary 2.70 0.75 “Neutral”
Level
High School 3.49 0.86 “Positive”
Level
High School 2.57 0.59 “Negative”
Graduate
SHS Level 1.90 1.13 “Negative”
SHS Graduate 1.60 <.01 “Negative”
College 2.73 0.27 “Neutral”
Graduate
Table 5. Spearman’s Correlation Result for the Significant Association
between mental illness-related knowledge and attitude towards people
who have a mental illness.

Knowledge
Sig
Spearman’s Interpretation
Coefficient
Attitude 0.097 0.236 Not Significant

between mental illness-related knowledge and stigma toward people who
have a mental illness
Stigma
Sig
Coefficient
Knowledge -.231 0.004 Significant

between attitude and stigma toward people who have a mental illness
Stigma
Sig
Coefficient
Attitude -.497 <0.001 Significant

125
126
Appendix H: Supplemental Figures
Figure 1:Research Framework

127
Figure 2. Distribution of the Overall Knowledge about Mental Illness in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo
N = 150
Figure 3. Distribution of the Attitude of People in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo
128
129
Figure 4. Distribution of Stigmatizing Behavior of the People in Brgy. San Jose, San Miguel, Iloilo towards People
with Mental Illness.

130
131
AAppendix I: Cross-Tabulations
Table 8: Cross-tabulation between Socio-Demographic Profile and Mental Illness-Related Knowledge

132
Table 9: Cross-tabulation between Socio-Demographic Profile and Attitude

133
Table 10: Cross-tabulation between Socio-Demographic Profile and Stigma

REMOVE ALL CV in the final manuscript. Sa Proposal lang na ya
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APPROVAL SHEET

This undergraduate thesis entitled “Association of Mental Illness-Related

Salmeron, Josseyle L. Dela Pena, Adrian Zeuwyne B.

Geromiano, Cinderella P. Engada, Elly Nor B.

Becera, Juden Mae C. Abalos, Nick Aaron M.

Resmundo, Queenie Anne S.

ANNA LIZA MACALALAG, MAEd HENNI KUSUMA MSc, RN

WALTER JEROME CABALE, MAN, R.N. RODENIE OLETE, R.N.

RODENIE OLETE, R.N.

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

MA. JOSEPHINE B. PROVIDO, R.N., Ph.D.

Version 1.0; May 2022

achieving the aims of the study.

support and understanding prayers and words of encouragement to make this

Version 1.0; May 2022

researchers from the beginning until the end.

Version 1.0; May 2022

“Association of Mental Illness-Related Knowledge, Attitude, and Stigma in

An undergraduate thesis in the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing

illness don't get treatment from mental health professionals. Inadequate

knowledge about distinguishing factors of mental illnesses, ignorance on

how to access care, and discrimination towards people with mental

illness have contributed to the delay of treatment. The purpose of this

study was to determine the association between mental illness-related

This study utilized a correlational design to determine the

association between knowledge, attitude, and stigma in Brgy. San Jose,

Miguel, Iloilo, chosen through purposive sampling, responded to the

paper and pen questionnaire. Data gathering tool includes questionnaire

formulated from 10 myths and facts of mental illness, and modified

questionnaires from two related mental health studiesy.

Version 1.0; May 2022

between mental illness-related knowledge and stigma toward persons

found to have a moderate significant association on the level of stigma

Iloilo (p=<0.001, -0.497).

Therefore, this study concludes that the respondents' level of

level of knowledge regarding mental illness.

Background and Rationale 10

Statement of the Problem 11

Aims and Objectives of the Study 12

Version 1.0; May 2022

II. Review of Related Literature 16

Synthesis of the Literature Review 30

The Rationale of the Study Designs 33

Study Setting, Population, and Justification of the Sample 34

Criteria of the Study Population 34

IV. Results & Discussion 42

Respondent’s attitude towards people with mental illness 47

Version 1.0; May 2022

V. Summary of Findings & Conclusion 64

Limitations of the Study 64

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents according to their socio- 104

Table 2. Respondent’s level of knowledge about mental illness 106

Table 3. Respondent’s attitude towards people with mental 108

Table 4. Respondent’s stigma towards people with mental 110

Table 6. Cramer’s V Result Between Mental Illness-Related 112

Table 7. Spearman’s Correlation between mental illness- 113

Version 1.0; May 2022

Version 1.0; May 2022

1.1. Background and Rationale