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Marking scheme

MARKING SCHEME
MURANG’A SOUTH MULTILATERAL EXAM
HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1
END TERM ONE YEAR 2024
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
1.Name one pre-historic sites in Kenya where remains of kenyapithecus were located (1mks)
• samburu hills
• lake baringo
• Lake Turkana basin.
• fort ternan
2.Identify the community that displaced the Pokomo from Shungwaya. (1 mark)
 Oromo
3.State one role of warriors among the pre-colonial Mijikenda. (1 mark)
• Conducted raids
• Protected the community
4.State two roles of the Orkoiyot among the pre-colonial Nandi community. (2mks)
• Advised council of elders on matters of running of the community.
• Advised the warriors before raiding or waging war.
• Arbitrated in cases and disputes between members of the community and a
council of elders / Arbitrated in inter-clan disputes.

5.Outline two responsibilities of a good Kenyan citizen.

(2mks)

 Participate in all democratic process in the country like elections and referendum to ensure
good governance.
 Obeying the laws of the land so as to enhance peace in the society.
 Contribute positively one’s views on issues affecting the community like taking part in
debates.
 Promotes rule of law by report law breakers and those intending to break the law to the
police.
 To promote and protect the rights and freedoms of all people in the society for harmonious
coexistence.
 Maintain high moral and ethical standards in the society / fights corruption / promotes
proper utilization of resources for all.
 Participate in community development activities to improve the welfare of the people in
the community.
 Paying tax to the government to ensure smooth financial operations.

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 Take care of the environment to promote healthy living.
 To contribute to positive development of the country through hard work, regardless of the
work one is doing.
 Ensure proper use of public and private facilities and property / taking care of the
environment for a healthy living.
 Be mindful of other people’s welfare, like helping the disabled, the aged, the children and
the less fortunate in the society
6 Name one peaceful method of resolving conflict. (1mk)

 Mediation -

 Negotiation / Reconciliation

 Legislation -

 Litigation / Court System

 Arbitration
7. Give two limitations of freedom of movement. (2mks)
• Areas of state security e.g. state house.
• Private farms
• During state of emergency (curfew)
• During crisis, an area can be declared a no-go zone.
• By the government to compel one to attend court proceedings.
• When transferring suspected person to another country (deporting a suspect)
• Controlling spread of a disease.
• When one is a minor.

8.Name two rights of children in Kenya (2mks)

The Kenyan bill of rights guarantees every child the right:
 To a name and nationality from birth.
 To free and compulsory basic education.
 To basic nutrition, shelter and health care.
 To be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices, inhuman
treatment and exploitation.
 To parental care and protection.
 Not to be detained except as a measure of last resort.

9. Identify two principles of democracy (2mks)

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 • Consent of the peple
• Equity
• Free press
• Free and fair elections
10.Identify one communities that exhibited mixed reactions in Kenya
1mk
• Agikuyu
• Akamba
• Luo

11.Give one reasons why oathing was administered to Agiriama warriors during their resistance
to the British (1 mark)
• To unite the warriors
• To give them confidence
12. Identify two challenges faced by settler farmers in Kenya during the colonial period
(2 marks)
• Raids by locals whose land had been taken.
• Unwilling Africans to offer labour, there was a shortage.
• They lacked basic skills and experience as many had not practiced agriculture
before.
• The settlers were not familiar with the seasons and therefore could not predict
when and what to plant.
• Shortage of capital to invest in agriculture.
• They were unable to market their produce during the world wars.
• There was inadequate transport and communication network which affected the
movement of people and goods.
• Pests and animal and crop diseases, hence high cost in production.

13.State two features of Missionary education in Kenya during the colonial period.
(2marks)
• It was elementary. The subjects taught included religion, writing, reading, reading,
hygiene and arithmetic.
• It was industrial and technical in approach, aiming at training Africans to be carpenters,
masons, agricultural assistants and shoe repairers.
• It was denominational and aimed at inculcating doctrines of a particular church in the
learners
14.Give the main reason for the construction of Uganda railway. (1 mark)

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 • For easy movement of troops and administrators
15Identify one type of elections in Kenya. (1 mark)
• General
• By-election
16.Who is the administrative head of the Kenyan Judiciary? (1
mark)
• Chief justice
17.Identify any two pillars of Nyayo philosophy (2MKS)
• Peace
• Love
• unity
SECTION B
18.a) Give five results of the migration and settlement of the Agikuyu in Kenya during the
Pre-colonial period (5mks)
• Displacement of some communities / Redistribution of population.
• Intermarriage with other communities
• Expansion of trade with their neighboring communities
• Cultural exchange with the other communities / Assimilation of some communities by the
others e.g. Bantus learned the art of circumcision from them and taboo against fish eating.
• It led to pressure over land, hence conflicts and warfare
• Intercommunity conflicts led to loss of lives and destruction of property
• Other communities learned some agricultural practices from the Bantu.
• They spread the knowledge of iron working to different parts of Kenya.

b). Describe the social organization of the Nandi during the pre-colonial period (10 marks)

• The family was the smallest social unit.

• They had age-sets; Maina, Korongoro, Sawe, Chumo, Kipkoimet, Kaplelach, Kimnyigei and
Nyongi
• Initiation was marked by circumcision for boys and girls, and thereafter the boys were grouped
in to age-sets.
• They had ceremonies to mark change from one stage to another.This was the saket apeito
(Slaughter of a bullock).
• Marriage was polygamous and exogamous.
• They believed in a creator God-Asis.
• They prayed to God through ancestral spirits.
• They had a class of specialists like prophets and medicine people.
• They had religious leaders, with Orkoiyot as the overall.
• Related families formed a clan

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 • They had sacred places of worshipping and offering sacrifices.
• Education was informal and the elders imparted knowledge in the youths.

19.a) Give features of the coastal city states (3mks)

• Kiswahili was the language.

• Islam was the religion.
• They ate rice as the staple food
• Arabic and Persian architecture was used in construction of houses.
• Trade was the main economic activity / India ocean trade.
• The also practiced spinning and weaving.
• They fished on the Indian Ocean.
• The people were divided in to Muslims and Africans.
• They were ruled by Imams / Sultans / Sheikhs.
• They were independent political entities.
• They minted and used their own coins / money.
• The people wore woven and silk clothes

b) Explain six reasons for the coming of European Christian missionaries to Kenya in the
19th century (12mks)

• They came to control the Indian Ocean Trade / They came to trade with the Coastal towns.
• They came to find the sea rout to India (main reason)
• They came for exploration of the East African Coast.
• They came to look for the Legendary Christian king Prester John and form an anti-Muslim
alliance with him.
• They came to protect their trading interests/ create a trading empire at the East African Coast.
• They came to make the place a refilling station where they would obtain fresh supplies e.g.
fruits.
• They wanted to force the wealthy Coastal merchants / States to pay taxes to Portugal
• The place was strategic for the protection of Portuguese ships against the Turks and the
Egyptians in the region.

20.a) give 5 reasons why Africans were opposed to the British colonial rule between 1920 –
1939? (5mks)

Their land was alienated

They were discriminated/ segregated on racial basis

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The British introduced kipande system

They resented forced labour

They were against some policies such as destocking policy and soil conservation

They were taxed heavily

They were paid low wages

b) Explain five methods used by African Nationalists in Kenya in their struggle for
independence (10mks)

• The use of mass media such as newspapers like Coast African Express.
• Protests e.g. the Akamba trek to Nairobi
• Writing memorandums
• Addressing protest letters to the governor e.g. Taita Hills Association

21.a) Identify five methods that the colonial government used to discourage the activities of Mau
Mau. (5mks)
• During the war, the government moved scores of Kikuyu, Meru and Aembu communities
from Nairobi to detention centres and reserves in a bid to cut the fighters off from their
communities.
• Ditches were dug around the villages where they were detained so that they could not get
food or any equipment to the guerrillas.
• Fighters of Mau Mau were dealt with ruthlessly to discourage others from joining. Bodies
of those killed were displayed in villages.
• They also engaged spies among the Africans who reported on the movement of mau mau
fighters.

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 • Europeans got reinforcements and fighting equipments from Britain to assist.
• They arrested and executed leaders of Mau Mau e.g. Kimathi Dedan.

(b) Explain five factors that led to the migration of Africans to the urban areas in Kenya during the
colonial period.
• The overcrowded unproductive reserves created by the colonial government made living
conditions difficult thereby resulting into migrations to towns.
• The recreational facilities and other social amenities in urban centred attracted the Africans.
• The taxes imposed on Africans forced them to towns in search for jobs.
• Towns had better infrastructure such as tarmacked roads which gave people better life.
• Widespread poverty in the rural areas caused a lot of suffering.This forced the people the people
to move away into the towns.
• Land alienation had pushed Africans into reserves forcing them to seek alternative livelihood in
town.
• African entrepreneurs wanted to take advantage of markets in towns by starting smallsacle
business.
• There were jobs in the towns with better wages than in rural areas.

SECTION C(30MARKS)

22(a) state three causes of a conflict (3mks)

o Differences among political parties over ideology or policies.
o Failure to uphold the laws of a country.
o Denial of citizens’ rights.
o Improper conduct of election.
o Border disputes between countries.
o Un-equal allocation of economic resources.
o Disputes over natural resources.
o Differences between employers and workers.
o Differences over trading policies, e.g. tariffs among nations
o Failure to adhere to contractual obligations.
o Religious differences among people.
o Cultural intolerances between communities.
o Influx of refugees from neighbouring countries leading to pressure on resources.
o Mistrust between family and community members.
o Tribalism, nepotism and racism within a nation

b) Describe the constitution making process in Kenya (12mks)

 Civic education making the people aware of the need to have a new constitution.
 Collecting views from the public about their wishes.
 Documentation of the people views and publication of the draft.

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  Holding of public hearing throughout the country so as to get the people’s views.
 Holding the national constitutional conferences for delegates, MPs and commissioners.
 The drafted constitution is taken to parliament for discussion and thereafter published by attorney
general.
 The referendum is held.
 If passed, it is taken to the attorney general who takes it to parliament for approval.
 Thereafter, it receives presidential assent.
The final step is promulgation where president presents it to the people

23.a). State five functions of the Cabinet in Kenya? (5mks)

• They appear before a committee of the national assembly or the senate when required by the
committee and answer questions pertaining various ministries.
• They provide parliament with full and regular reporters concerning matters under their control.
• They assist and advices the president on day to day running of the government.
• They chart out and lay down guidelines on Kenya domestic and foreign policy.
• They discuss matters of national and international importance.
• They expound government policy.
• They ensure governement policy is implemented by the civil servants.

b)explain five challenges facing the Kenya Defense Forces. (10MKS)

• There has being cases of indiscipline, such as the abortive coup attempt in 1982.
• There have been rampant cases of corruption facing some members of the Kenya Defence Forces,
especially on matters of recruitment of new members.
• Tribalism, regionalism and nepotism have also been experienced in the Kenya Defence Forces,
thereby demoralizing hardworking officers who are left out unfairly during promotions.
• Sometimes the Kenya Defence Forces faces the problem of lack of adequate funds to equip the
forces with good equipment to facilitate their work.
• The majority of the military personnel are not provided with opportunities to acquire further
education.
• Piracy and militia attacks and raids at the Kenyan Borders also present a major security challenge to
the Defence Forces.
• Invasion of Kenya’s territorial waters by foreign fishermen and foreign fishing vessels from the big
nations challenges the ability of the Kenya Navy to curb illegal fishing.
• The location of Moi Airbase at Eastleigh presents a big challenge to the air force. The Airbase was
built by Britain in 1964 when the population in the area was scarce. Today the area has human
congestion
• The defense forces also face challenges related to allegations on violations of human rights

24.Identiy 3 ways in which harambee philosophy contributed to national unity in Kenya(3mks)

• It encourages people to work together.

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 • It promotes cooperation.
• It promotes equity in the distribution of resources.
• It enhances interaction of the people.
• It promotes patriotism.

b). Discuss 6 impacts of Nyayo philosophy (12mks)

• Education has been promoted through philosophies like the Harambee that have assisted in
construction of schools, laboratories and libraries.
• Medical services have been improved
• Cooperation, understanding and unity have been encouraged since the philosophies emphasized
togetherness for nation-building.
• The philosophies have promoted the spiritual and social welfare of people by raising their living
standards.
• Through the Harambee spirit, the plight of persons with disabilities and other disadvantaged groups has
been looked into.
• The philosophies have promoted African cultures, since they are drawn from African traditions. Chif
justice
• Self-reliance and the Africanization process through which the people of Kenya were able to take over
from foreigners was made possible by the philosophies.
• Due to the policy of pooling together resources and the spirit of cooperation derived from African
socialism, cooperative societies have been formed in agriculture and other sectors.
• Transport and communication has been improved through African socialism and Harambee spirit.
• The agricultural sector has been boosted by the philosophies.
• The pillars of Nyayoism have created a conducive atmosphere for growth of tourism and foreign
investment in the country.
• The philosophies have promoted nationalism and patriotism in the country.
• African socialism has encouraged the democratization process as it champions for political equality.
• It has promoted international cooperation and understanding

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