19 Jul Final

Experimental Investigation on Replacement of Fine Aggregate by m-sand 2021-2022
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA
A Project on
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON REPLACEMENT OF
FINE AGGREGATE BY M-SAND
Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the

requirements for the conferment of Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
Ms. Gowthami N USN: 1BC18CV002

Mr. Manish Sharma USN: 1BC18CV004
Mr. Mohit sharma USN: 1BC18CV005
Under the Guidance
Of
Mr VENGATESH G . ME
BANGALORE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
CHANDAPURA, BENGALURU - 560099
Dept of Civil Engineering, BCET, Bangalore page 1


TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTEMNT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical project report on the topic “ EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION ON REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE BY M-SAND” has been
successfully presented by GOWTHAMI N (1BC18CV002), MANISH SHARMA (1BC18CV004)
AND MOHIT SHARMA (1BC18CV005) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY in CIVIL
ENGINEERING. All corrections/suggestions indicated in the Internal Assessment have been
incorporated in the report and the report is deposited in the department library. The project report has
been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the
Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Civil Engineering.
PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL
MR.VENGATESH G ME DR. NARESH K PhD DR.CHANNANKAIAH PhD
Asst. Professor Professor&HOD PRINCIPAL

BCET,BANGALORE BCET,BANGALORE BCET,BANGALORE


TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTEMNT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
DECLARATION
I, hereby declare that the report on PROJECT - “ EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON

REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE BY M-SAND” is a record of original work undertaken
for the award of the degree Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2021- 22. We have completed this work under the
guidance of VENGATESH G .
Name: Gowthami N USN:1BC18CV002

Name: Manish Sharma USN:1BC18CV004
Name: Mohit Sharma USN:1BC18CV005

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
in complete without mention of the people who made it possible and under whose constant guidance
and encouragement the task was complete.
We express our gratitude to the Management of BANGALORE COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY for providing an Infrastructure for completion of seminar
work.
I would like to express my thanks to the Principal Dr CHANNANKAIAH Ph.D for their
encouragement that motivated me for the successful completion of project work.
We express our profuse gratitude to Dr NARESH K PhD Professor and Head of The
Department of Civil Engineering, Bangalore College of Engineering and Technology for his timely
cooperation while carrying the project work.
I would also like to thank the project guide Mr VENGATESH G assistant professor
department of civil engineering and all other teaching and non teaching civil engineering department
who has directly or indirectly helped me in the completion of the project report .
I would here by acknowledge and thank my parents who have been a source of inspiration and
also instrumental in the successful completion of the project work.

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 09
1.1 General 09
2 LETERATURE REVIEW 09
2.1 M – SAND 09
3 TESTING PROGRAM OF M SAND REPLACEMENT 13

3.1 Compressive Strength 13
3.2 Water Absorption 13
3.3 Density 13
4 MATERIAL AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES 14-19

4.1 Cement 14
4.2 Fine Aggregates 14
4.3 Coarse Aggregates 14
4.4 Water 14
4.5 M – Sand 15
4.6 Properties Of Concrete 15
4.7 Workability 15
4.8 Segregation Of Concrete 16
4.9 Shrinkage Of Concrete 16
4.10 Durability 16
4.11 Strength 17
4.12 Test On Cement 18
4.13 Test On Fine Aggregate (River Sand And M-Sand) 18
4.14 Test On Course Aggregate 18
4.15 Test On Concrete 18
5 TEST ON MATERIALS 19-26

5.1 Test On Cement 19
5.2 Test On Fine Aggregate And M Sand 20
5.3 Test On Coarse Aggregate 22
5.4 Test On Concrete 25
6 MIX DESIGN 27-30

6.1 Mix Design For M30 27
6.2 Mould Preparation 29
7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31-33

7.1 Introduction 31
7.2 Test Results On Materials 31
8 CONCLUTION 34

9 REFERENCES 35
LIST OF FIGURE PAGE NO.

Figure 5-1 : Consistency Test On Cement 20
Figure 5-2 : Specific Of Gravity Of Fine Aggregate 21
Figure 5-3 : Sieve Analysis Of Fine Aggregate 22
Figure 5-4 : Sieve Analysis Of Coarse Aggregate 23
Figure 5-5 : Determination Of Flakiness Index 23
Figure 5-6 : Determination Of Elongation Index 24
Figure 5-7 : Measure Of Slump 25
Figure 5-8 : Compaction Factor 26
Figure 5-9 : Hand Mixing 29
Figure 5-10 : Casting Of Greased Mould 30
Figure 5-11 : Demoulded Cubes After 24 Hours 30
Figure 5-12 : Compressive Strength Of M30 Grade Concrete Graph 30

LIST OF TABLE PAGE NO.

Table No 2-1: Comparison Between Fine Aggregate And M-Sand 12
Table No 2-1: Test Result On Cement 31
Table No 2-1: Test Result On Coarse Aggregates 32
Table No 2-1: Test Result On Fine Aggregates 32
Table No 2-1: Test Result On M Sand 33
Table No 2-1: Compressive Strength Of M30 Grade 33

ABSTRACT
Concrete is extensively used around the globe and its consumption rate is more than the water.
Due to infrastructure development, the natural resources depleting day by day . the use of m sand in
concrete has desirable benefits such as increases in the strength for various percentage of replacement
of natural sand and reduce mining of sand from the river bed . the various reasearchers has conducted
research work to study only the mechanical properties of concrete with M-sand . The durability of
concrete is the ability to resist weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its
desired engineering properties need of hour is to focus more on durability property of concrete with
M- sand for severe exposure condition to study the behaviour and residual strength properties.

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction material by construction industries, it is
usually associated With Portland cement and Fine aggregate as the main component for making
concrete. Due to restriction imposed on sand quarrying by government, Resulted scarcity of natural
river sand. The cost of river sand automatically increased due to huge material demand and
infrastructure development in India [10]. Most of the construction industries use river sand only as
fine aggregate. Investigations are going on due to increase in demand and depletion of river sand,
along With restrictions Imposed on the exploitation of the river sand.
The alternative materials for river sand Include manufactured sand, industrial by products
(some forms of slag, bottom ash), recycled aggregates, etc. Among the above material , manufactured
sand is relatively receiving significant attention as a replacement for river sand. The M-sand is
produced by impact crushing rock deposits to obtain a well graded fine aggregate. Generally, M- sand
contains high fines, whereas lesser amount of clay and silt. Rock dust is the major component of these
fines.
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 M-SAND
Shreyas. K et.al., “Characteristics of M-Sand as a Partial Replacement with Fine

Aggregate in Mix Design”, an introduction of manufactured sand in a proper proportions will lead
to increase in the compressive strength by 15 to 20% for the concrete cubes which are being tested for
7 days, 14 days & 28 days strength
Mr.Magudeaswaran.P et.al., “High Performance Concrete Using M Sand” The

mechanical parameter of concrete was tested by inoculation of silica fume at the progressive
interval of 2.5% with fully replacement of river sand by M sand. From the observation it was inferred
that rise in percentage of fractional replacement of silica fume, improve the compressive, tensile
strength, flexure strength and revealed a better picturesque in terms of allied standard durability
indicators of High Performance Concrete
SACHIN KUMARS et.al., “M-SAND, An Alternative To The River Sand In

Construction” Technology , A well processed manufactured sand as partial or full replacement to
river sand is the need of the hour as a long term solution in Indian concrete industry until other suitable
alternative fine aggregate are developed. In the present study, a comparison of the Compressive
strengths of River Sand and M-sand is done with the hundred percent replacement of river sand by
M sand.

2.1.2 MANUFACTURE OF M-SAND

Vertical Shaft Impactor principle is used for crushing bigger particles, for shaping the crushed
metal (giving better shape of the particle) and for crushing fine aggregates below 4.75 mm. It is the
best machine Impactor is of cubical shape. Such sand can be used for all types of construction work,
Concreting, Plastering etc and is better substitute to river sand V.S.I. Crusher is a most economical
machine for Crushing Stone m Cubical Shape and manufacturing artificial sand .1n this machine the
particles are thrown at high speed, those particles colloid with each other and shatter in cubical particles.
An Anvil ring, Shelf ring (Pigeon holering) are provided to get particles edges grounded.
Manufacturing process involves the following three steps:

Crushing by VSI crusher, Screening, Washing
Crushing of stones in to aggregates by VSI, then fed to Rotopactorcto crush aggregates into
sand to required grain sizes (as fines). Screening is done to eliminate dust. Particles and Washing of
sand eliminates very fine particles present within . The end product Will satisfy all the requirements
of IS:383 and can be used in Concrete and construction. The VSI Plants are available capacity up-to
400Ton Per Hour (TPH). OnIy sand manufactured by VSI crusher/Rotopactor is cubical and angular
shape .Sand made by other types of machines is flaky , which is troublesome in working The jaw
crushers are generally used for crushing stones in to metal aggregates. Manufactured sand from jaw
crusher, cone crusher, and roll crusher often contain higher percentages of dust and have flaky particles.
2.1.3 Properties of M-Sand
⚫ Higher Strength of concrete: - The manufactured sand has required gradation of fines, physical
properties such as shape, smooth surface textures and consistency which makes it the best sand
suitable for construction. These physical properties of sand provide greater strength to the concrete
by reducing segregation, bleeding, honeycombing, voids and capillary. Thus required grade of
sand for the given purpose helps the concrete fill voids between coarse aggregates and makes
concrete more compact and dense, thus Increasing the strength of concrete.
⚫ Durability of concrete: - Since manufactured sand (M-Sand) is processed from selected quality
of granite, it has the balanced physical and chemical properties for construction of concrete
structures. This property of M-Sand helps the concrete structures withstand extreme environmental
conditions and prevents the corrosion of reinforcement steel by reducing permeability, moisture
Ingress, freeze-thaw effect increasing the durability of concrete structures.
⚫ Workability of concrete: -Size, shape, texture play an important role in workability of concrete.
With more surface area of sand, the demand for cement and water increases to bond the sand with
coarse aggregates. The control over these physical properties of manufactung sand make the
concrete require less amount of water and provide higher workable concrete. The less use of water
also helps in increasing the strength of concrete, less effort for mixing and placement of concrete,
and thus increases productivity of construction activities at site.

⚫ Less Construction Defects: -Construction defects durmg placement and postconcreting such as
segregation, bleeding, honeycombing, voids and capillarity in concrete gets reduced by the use of
M-Sand as it has optimum initial and final setting time as well as excellent fineness.
⚫ Economy: - As discussed above, since usage of M-Sand has increased durability, higher strength,
and reduction in segregation, permeability, increased workability, decreased post-concrete defects;
it proves to be economical as a construction matenal replacing river sand.
⚫ Eco-Friendly:- may lead to environmental disaster like ground water depletion, water scarcity,
threat to the safety of bridges, dams etc. to make M-Sands more eco-friendly Usage of
manufactured sand prevents dredging of river beds to get river sand which than river sand.
2.1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Manufactured Sand
Advantages
⚫ It is well graded in the required proportion.
⚫ It does not contain organic and soluble compound that affects the setting time and properties of
cement, thus the required strength of concrete can be maintained.
⚫ Modern and imported machines are used to produce M-Sand to ensure required grading zone for
the sand.
Disadvantages
⚫ Crushed sand can be courser and angular texture. This can lead to more water and cement
requirement to achieve the expected work ability.
⚫ Manufactured sand can contain larger amounts of micro fine particles than natural sand; this can
affect the strength and work ability of concrete.
2.1.5 Comparison between Fine aggregate and M-Sand
Fine aggregate M-Sand
⚫ Excessive and illegal quarrying of natural ⚫ No scarcity , as the Govt. is encouraging the
sand at river beds , resulting into soil business to garner un-tapped revenue -
Govt. has identified the places and accorded

erosion and danger to the reservoir the sanction for carrying out quarrying and
structure. crushing activities without compromising
on any environmental issues
⚫ Scarcity due to ban on quarrying activity ⚫ Sand washing machine to ensure 0% silt
near the river bed by the Govt. to prevent content, benefiting best economized
depleting of natural resource concrete with possibilities of reduction in
cement content.
⚫ Uninterrupted supply even during rainy

⚫ No control on silt content season, which in turn facilitating timely
completion of the project.
⚫ Very long distance transportation ⚫ No adulteration

resulting into volume loss on the quantity
of sand received at site. ⚫ World class Machine is employed to get the
Top-Quality-Graded aggregates meeting
both BIS and Customer requirement, the
⚫ Adulteration with filter sand . Consistency on the required gradation is
guaranteed
⚫ No fear, the quality is the main focus.

⚫ No guarantee on gradation.
⚫ No additional manpower is required to of
remove boulders or pebbles, which is again
⚫ Fear of not getting sand, if rejected for cost saving
quality.
⚫ Transparency In pricing as the
manufacturing facility is legal and ethical.
⚫ Additional manpower for removal of
pebbles and boulder while loading into
batching plant to avoid pump choke ups
⚫ No mechanism on pricing
Table No 2-1 Comparison between Fine aggregate and M-Sand

CHAPTER 3
TESTING PROGRAM OF M-SAND REPLACEMENT

In order to study the behaviour of M-Sand replacement , normal concrete testing was done to
determine the material and structural properties of M-Sand and how will these properties differ
according to a different type of mixture and its composition Once concrete has hardened , it can be
subjected to a wide range of tests to prove its ability to perform as planned or to discover its
characteristics .For new concrete, this usually involves casting specimens from fresh concrete and
testing then for various properties as the concrete matures.
3.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Compressive strength is the primary physical property of concrete (others area generally
defined from it), and is the one most used in design. It is one of the fundamental properties used for
quality control for lightweight concrete. Compressive strength may be defined as the measured
maximum resistance of a concrete specimen to axial loading. It is found by measuring the highest
compression stress a test cylinder or cube will support.
There are three type of tests, which can be used to determine the compressive strength cube,
cylinder, prism test. The 'Concrete cube test' is the most familiar test and is used as the standard method
of measuring compressive strength for quality control purpose (Neville, 1994).Please appendix I for
details.
3.2 WATER ABSORPTION

The properties are particularly important in concrete, as well as being important for
durability .1t can be used to predict concrete durability to resist corrosion .Absorption capacity is a
measure of the porosity of an aggregates; it is also used as a correlation factor in determination of free
moisture by oven —drying method.
The absorption capacity is determined by finding the weight of surface —dry sample it has
been soaked for 24 hrs and again finding the weight after the sample has been dried in an oven; the
difference in weight, expressed as percentage of dry sample weight, is the absorption capacity.
Absorption capacity can be determine using BS absorption test The test IS Intended as durability
quality control check and the specified age IS 28-32 days (S.G Millard). Test procedure has been
described by BS 1881 part 121 IS as listed in the appendix 2.
3.3 DENSITY
The density of both fresh and hardened concrete is interest to the parties involved for numerous
reasons Including its effect and durability, strength and resistance to permeability Hardened concrete
density is determined either by simple dimension checks, followed by weighing and calculation or by
weight in air, quarter buoyancy methods (ELE International, 1993).

CHAPTER-4
MATERIALS AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES, MATERIAL USED
4.1 CEMENT
Cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets and hardens and can bind other
materials together. The most important types of cement are used as a component in the production of
mortar in masonry, and of concrete which is a combination of cement and an aggregate to form a strong
building material ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade, was utilized for the current exploratory
examination. The use of high strength cements is important to create high performance concrete. The
decision of brand and kind of cement is the most imperative to create a good quality of concrete. The
kind of cement influenced the rate of hydration. It is additionally essential to guarantee similarity of
the chemical and mineral admixtures with cement.
4.2 FINE AGGREGATES

It is the aggregate most of which passes 4.75 mm IS sieve and contains only so much coarser as
is permitted by specification. According to source fine aggregate may be described as:
• Natural sand: - it is the aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and which
has been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.
• Crushed stone sand: - it is the fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone.
• Crushed gravel sand: - it is the fine aggregate produced by crushing natural gravel.
Over the decades, river sand extract from the rocks in various weather conditions and it is accessible
on riverbanks. The quality of natural river sand segregated based on its texture, which decided the
grade and application in construction. In quality sand, adequate silt contains is three percentages and
in case of medium quality, sand silt will be around 5-20%.
4.3 COARSE AGGREGATES

It is the aggregate most of which is retained on 4.75 mm IS sieve and contains only so much finer
material as is permitted by specification. According to source, coarse aggregate may be described as:
Uncrushed Gravel or Stone:-it results from natural disintegration of rock
• Crushed Gravel or Stone : -it results from crushing of gravel or hard stone.
partially Crushed Gravel or Stone: -it is a product of the blending of the above two aggregate,
Aggregates are artificially inert material and it involves 70-80% space In concrete. 80mm size is
the maximum. The maximum Size outcome in reduction of drying shrinkage, reduction in water
requirement, reduction of the cement content.
4.4 Water
Fresh and clean water is used for casting and curing of specimen. The water is relatively free
from organic matters, silt, oil, sugar, chloride and acidic material as per requirements of Indian standard.
Combining water with a cementations material forms a cement paste by the process of hydration. A
cement paste glues the aggregate together fills voids within it, and makes floor freely.

4.5 M-sand
Rapid growth in construction and depleting natural source of river sand seeks the vision towards
alternate product so called Manufacture sand (M-sand). It is generate from hard granite rocks crushers
availability and transportation make M-sand easy accessibility Moisture is accessible just in water
washed M Sand Higher concrete strength contrasted with river sand utilized for concreting and it is
harmless to environment.
4.6 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

In order to control the quality and to achieve economy in cement concrete construction, it is
necessary to understand the behavior and properties of cement concrete. Workability, Segregation,
Shrinkage, Durability, Strength.
4.7 WORKABILITY
Workability is a complex property of concrete. The workability of freshly mixed concrete

determines the ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. A
good workable concrete should not show any segregation and bleeding after compaction.
Workability in concrete possess required lubrication for handling concrete without segregation,
and it should be placed in position without losing its homogeneity, compacted with minimum effort
and shall be finished easily.
The factors which influence workability of concrete:
⚫ Efficiency in mixing proportions
⚫ Water — Cement Ratio
⚫ Grading of aggregate
⚫ Percentage of fine materials in the mix
⚫ Use of admixtures.
4.7.1 Measurement of workability:

There is no unique test which can directly measure the workability However ,there are
numerous method of determining certain physical quantities which try to correlate workability to some
extent .None of these methods fully satisfactory although this provides useful guidance regarding
various in workability with certain limit .Since the workability of concrete plays an important role in
controlling hardened concrete ,its measurement and controlling is of great significance .Following are
the measuring workability
• l. Slump test
• 2. Compaction factor test

• 1. Slump test: - This test is used extensively at work Sites all over the world Although
the slump test for workability of concrete IS easy to carry out, It does not measure the
workability of concrete directly This method is quite useful In ariation In water content and
uniformity of the given proportions.
• 2. Compaction factor: - Since the slump test has no direct relation with the internal
energy required to achieve full compaction of concrete, other methods were development
relate the external work applied to internal work required for full compaction . The
compaction factor test is very useful especially in dry mixes to deduct variation In
workability.
4.8 Segregation of concrete:

Separation of coarse aggregate from the concrete mix is called Segregation of concrete. A good
concrete should show no to less segregation after mixing. Excessive segregation leads to
honeycombing and decreasing in the density of concrete and ultimately loss of strength of hardened
concrete.
Segregation can be prevented by the following methods:
⚫ Ensuring a certain minimum proportion of finer material In concrete mix
⚫ Properly grading of concrete
⚫ Adopting correct procedure
⚫ Controlling water content in concrete mix.
4.9 Shrinkage of concrete:
The property of decreasing in volume during the process of drying and hardening of concrete
is called Shrinkage of concrete. Shrinkage may lead to the surface cracks. An occurrence of shrinkage
cracks depends upon the proportions & ingredients of concrete and also environmental conditions. As
per IS456:2000 total shrinkage strain of 0.0003 is considered while designing a structure.
4.10 Durability:
The ability of concrete to withstand the conditions for which it is designed without deterioration
for a long period of years is known as durability. Durability is defined as the capability of concrete to
resist weathering action, chemical attack and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering
properties. It normally refers to the duration or life span of trouble-free performance. Different
concretes require different degrees of durability depending on the exposure environment and properties
desired. For example, concrete exposed to tidal seawater will have different requirements than indoor
concrete.
Concrete will remain durable if:
⚫ The cement paste structure is dense and of low permeability

⚫ Under extreme condition, it has entrained air to resist freeze-thaw cycle.
⚫ It is made with graded aggregate that are strong and inert
⚫ The ingredients in the mix contain minimum impurities such as alkali's, chlorides ,
sulphate and silt.
Factors affecting durability of concrete:
Durability of Concrete depends upon the following factors
⚫ Cement content: Mix must be designed to ensure cohesion and prevent segregation and bleeding.
If cement is reduced, then at fixed w/c ratio the workability will be reduced leading to inadequate
compaction. However, if water is added to improve workability, water / cement ratio increases and
resulting in highly permeable material.
⚫ Compaction: The concrete as a whole contain voids can be caused by inadequate compaction.
Usually it is being governed by the compaction equipment used, type of form works, and density
of the steelworks.
⚫ Curing: It is very important to permit proper strength development aid moisture retention and to
ensure hydration process occur completely.
⚫ Cover: Thickness of concrete cover must follow the limits set in codes
⚫ Permeability : It is considered the most important factor for durability. It can be noticed that
higher permeability is usually caused by higher porosity. Therefore, proper curing , sufficient
cement, proper compaction and suitable concrete cover could provide a low permeability concrete ,
4.11 Strength:
The compressive strength of concrete is one of the most important and useful properties of
concrete .The compressive strength frequently used as a measure of shear properties The concrete
making properties of various ingredients of mix are usually measured in terms of compressive
strength .Compressive strength is also used as a qualitative measure of other properties of hardened
concrete .No exact quantitative relationship between compressive strength and flexural strength ,
tensile strength , modulus of elasticity , wear resistance , or permeability have been established nor are
they likely to be However approximate or statistical relationships, In some cases , have been
established and these give much useful information to engineers.
The compressive strength of concrete generally determined by testing cubes or cylinder made
In laboratory or filed or core drilled from hardened concrete at site or from the non-destructive testing
of the specimen or actual structures.
For a given cement and acceptable aggregates, the strength that may be developed by workable ,
properly placed mixer of cement ,aggregates and water (under the same mixing, curing and testing
conditions) influenced by:
⚫ Ration of cement mixing water,
⚫ Ration of cement to aggregate

⚫ Grading, surface texture , shape , strength , and stiffness of aggregate particles;
⚫ Maximum sue of aggregate
4.12 TESTS ON CEMENT :
⚫ Fineness of cement
⚫ Normal consistency of cement
⚫ Specific gravity
⚫ Initial testing time of cement
⚫ Final testing time of cement
4.13 TESTSON FINE AGGREGATE (RIVER SAND and M-SAND):
⚫ Determination of bulk density and voids
⚫ Water absorption
4.14TESTS ON COURSE AGGREGATE:
⚫ Sieve analysis
⚫ Aggregate shape test Crushing value test
⚫ Impact test
⚫ Los Angeles abrasion test
4.15 TESTS ON CONCRETE:
⚫ Fresh concrete
⚫ Slump test

⚫ Compaction factor test
TESTS ON MATERIALS
5.1. TESTS ON CEMENT

FINENESS TEST ON CEMENT:
The fineness of cement IS one of governing property of cement for determining the strength
that the cement could attain after hardening. It is a well-known fact that cement IS excellent in resisting
the compressive force. But the compressive strength of cement IS dependent on the particle size
distribution of the cement which is determined by sieve test procedure to check fineness of cement.
The fineness of cement is a measure test by which the particle sizes of the cement is determined.
Take a certain amount of cement sample and make free from lumps by breaking down Weigh
accurately 10.0 g of cement With the help digital weighing machine. Place it on the 90 microns IS
sieve having a collecting plate fixed at the bottom and Agitate the sieve gently for 2 minutes. After
stirring the sieve measure the collected residue on the collecting plate with the help of a digital
weighing machine and take it as WI Brush out all the fine materials left on the sieve manually. Repeat
the sieve test procedure for one more times and calculate the mean as a percentage expressed to the
nearest 0.1 percentage.
5.1.2 CONSISTENCY TEST ON CEMENT
It is that cement consistency which will allow the Vicat plunger to penetrate to 5-7 mm point
from the bottom of vicat mould is known as standard consistency.
Keep the vicat apparatus on a level base (when using vicat apparatus with dashpot, keep the
bearing movable rod to its highest position and pin it.) Unscrew the top of the dashpot. Half fill the
dashpot with any suitable oil of viscosity and screw the top. Work the plunger a number of times.
Attach the plunger for determining standard consistency to the movable rod. Work the plunger a
number of times. Take 400 gm of cement in a pan and a weighed quantity of water in a beaker.
Prepare a paste with the water added to cement. Start a stopwatch at the time of adding water
to cement. Keep the vicarmould on a non porous plate and fill the cement paste in it. After completely
filling the mould, shake it slightly to expel the air. Smooth off the surface of the paste making it level
with the top of the molder. The cement paste thus prepared is the test block. Place the test block resting
on the non porous plate under the movable rod, bearing the needle. Lower the plunger gently to touch
the surface of the cement paste and quickly release; (when vicat apparatus with dashpot is used, place
the mould filled with cement paste and the non absorbent plate on the base plate of the vicat apparatus.
Raise the plunger of the dash pot, bring it in contact with the top cap of the movable beanng rod.
Remove the pin holding the movable bearing rod to the surface of the cement paste and quickly release
by pushing down the plunger to sink in to the paste). This operation shall be done Immediately after
filling the mould. Prepare trial test specimens with varying percentages of water until plunger
penetrates to a point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the vicatmould, which is read on the scale. Express
the water required as percentage by weight of the dry cement.

Fig. 5-1 consistency test on cement
5.1.3 INITIAL SETTING TIME
The time available for mixing the cement and placing it In position is an Initial setting time .1f
delayed further , cement loses its strength .For ordinary Portland cement , The initial setting time is 30
minutes.
5.1.4 FINAL SETTING TIME

Final setting is the time when the chemical reaction between cement and water is finished (The
time at which cement completely losses its plasticity and became hard is a final setting time of cement)
and for ordinary Portland cement, the final setting time 600 mm.
5.2 TEST ON FINE AGGREGATE AND M-SAND

5.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE AND M-SAND
Take an empty weight of pycnometer With stopper was weighed as WI About 100 gram of
oven dried sand was taken in the pycnometer and It was weighted With stopper let the be W2. Then
distilled water was added In the pycnometersuch that It IS half filled, the entrapped air was removed
by connecting to a vacuum source. The pycnometer was completely filled with water then the stopper
was fixed and wiped it clean Then the pycnometer was weighed with its contents and noted as W3.
The contents in the pycnometer was removed and cleaned thoroughly .1t was filled with distilled water,

the stopper fixed and weighed as W4. The steps I and 2 are repeated for two or more sample and
tabulated.
Fig. 5-2 Specific of gravity of fine aggregate
5.2.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATE
Take one kg of sand from the laboratory sample. Arrange the sieves in order of IS sieves no's
480, 240, 120, 60, 30 and 15, Keeping sieve no.480 at the top and 15 at the bottom and cover the top.
Keep the sample in the top sieve no.480.
Carry out the sieving in the set of sieves for not less than 10 minutes. Find the weight of sample
retained in each sieve. Tabulate the values in given tabular column Draw a graph with sieve opening
to log scale on the X-axis and 00 finer on Y-axis. The curve is called a grading curve.

5.3 TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE
5.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE
The coarse aggregate specific gravity is used to calculate the specific gravity of coarse
aggregate sample by determining the ratio of weight of a given volume of aggregate to the weight of
an equal volume of water.
Take an empty weight of pycnometer with stopper was weighed as WI. About 100 grams of
oven dried sand was taken in the pycnometer and it was weighted with stopper let the weight be
W2.Then distilled water was added in the pycnometer such that It is half filled, the entrapped air was
removed by connecting to a vacuum source.
The pycnometer was completely filled with water then the stopper was fixed and wiped it
clean .Then the pycnometer was weighed with its contents and noted as W3. The contents in the
pycnometer was removed and cleaned thoroughly.
It was filled with distilled water , the stopper fixed and weighed as W4.
5.3.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE
Take one kg of coarse aggregate Arrange the sieves one over the other In relation to of
opening (25mm, 20 mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 4.75mm)
Carry out the sieving for the specified time. Find the weight of aggregate retained on each Sieve
taken In order and tabulated table.

Fig. 5.3.2 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate
5.3.3 DETERMINATION OF FLAKINESS INDEX

The flakiness Index of aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles In it whose least
dimension (thickness) is less than three- fifth of their mean dimension .The test IS not applicable to
sue smaller than 6.3mm This test is conducted by using a metal thickness gauge, of the description A
sufficient quantity of aggregate is taken such that a minimum number of two hundred pieces of any
fraction can be tested -Each fraction is gauged in turn for thickness on the metal gauge A Flakiness
Index is taken as total weight Of the material passing the various thickness gauges expressed as
percentage of the weight of the sample taken.
Fig. 5-5 determination of flakiness index

5.3.4 Determination of elongation Index
Elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles whose greatest

dimension (length) is greater than one and four-fifth times (1.8 times or 9/5 times) their mean
dimension. It is measured on particles passing through mesh size of 63mm and retained on mesh size
of 6.3mm.
Take the aggregate sample which contains minimum 200 pieces of any fraction. Sieve the
sample through mentioned sieves i.e., from 63mm to 6.3mm sieves. The aggregate retained on 63mm
and passed through 6.3mm should not be considered. The aggregate passed through 63mm and retained
on 6.3mm and its above sieves is taken along With sieves.
Now we have specified size range for every particle. Now weigh aggregate retained on different
sieve and note down the total weight as "W1 "The aggregate particles from each of the size range is
taken and passed through corresponding gauge of length gauge or elongation gauge with its longest
side. Each gauge length is 1.8 times the mean dimension of . size range.
If particle retained on 10mm and passed through 16mm size is taken, then it should pass
through 23.4mm length gauge which is 1.8 times
the mean of 10mm and 16mm.
To keep accuracy and eliminate testing bias, the particle should be passed multiple times with
different facings. The particles which are not passed or retained on the length gauge are weighed which
is "W2".
Now calculate the elongation index which is the ratio of weight of particle retained on length
gauge to the total weight of the sample gauged and it is expressed in percentage.
Fig. 5-6 Determination of elongation Index

5.4 TESTS ON CONCRETE

5.4.1TESTS ON FRESH CONCERET:
5.4.1.1SLUMP TEST ON CONCRETE:
The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete.
"True Slump" had been got for the present research project work. The mold for the slump test is a
frustum of a cone, 300 mm (12 in) of height. The base is 200 mm (8in) in diameter and it has a smaller
opening at the top of 100 mm (4 in).
The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with concrete in three layers,
whose workability is to be tested. Each layer is temped 25 times with a standard 16 mm (5/8 in)
diameter steel rod, rounded at the end. When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface
is struck off (leveled With mould top opening) by means of screening and rolling motion of the temping
rod.
The mould must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so that it could not
move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by means of handles or foot rests brazed to
mold. Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled , the cone is slowly and
carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump. The decrease in the height of the
center of the slumped concrete is called slump. The slump IS measured by placing the cone just besides
the slump concrete and the temping rod is placed over the cone so that it should also come over the
area of slumped concrete. The decrease height of concrete to that of mold is noted With scale. (Usually
measured to the nearest 5mm (1/4 in).

5.4.1.2 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST ON CONCERET:

Compacting factor of fresh concrete is done to determine the workability of fresh concrete by
compacting factor test as per IS: 1199 — 1959. According to this test, the workability may be defined
as the amount of applied work required to compact the concrete to its maximum density. Compacting
factor weight of partially compacted concrete Weight of fully compacted concrete.
Compaction factor apparatus consists of trowels, hand scoop (15.2 cm long), a rod of steel or
other suitable material (1.6 cm diameter, 61 cm long rounded at one end) and a balance. Place the
concrete sample gently in the upper hopper to its brim using the hand scoop and level it. Cover the
cylinder. Open the trapdoor at the bottom of the upper hopper so that concrete falls into the lower
hopper. Push the concrete sticking on its sides gently with the road. Open the trapdoor of the lower
hopper and allow the concrete to fall Into the cylinder below. Cut of the excess of concrete above the
top level of cylinder using trowels and level it. Clean the outside of the cylinder.
Weight the cylinder with concrete to the nearest 10 g. This weight IS known as the weight of
partially compacted concrete (WI ).Empty the cylinder and then refills It With the same concrete mix
in layers approximately 5 cm deep, each layer being heavily rammed to obtain full compaction. Level
the top surface. Weigh the cylinder With fully compacted This weight is as the weight of fully
compacted concrete (W2).Find the weight of empty weight w1.
Fig 5.8 Compaction factor

CHAPTER-6
MIX DESIGN
The amount of raw material used is based on trial and error method. The initial trial mix
determined using the empirical graphs based on the extensive experimental investigation at the
Building Station, UK (Shown below).
The significant parameter influencing the mix proportions are:
a) Type of aggregate
b) Cement Content
c) Total water / cement ration
d) Workability
e) Strength
f) Relative density
6.1 MIX DESIGN FOR M30
Data required for mix design:

Required 28 days cube strength = M30
Size of C.A = 20 mm
Shape of C.A =Angular
Required Workability = 50-75mm
Type of Exposure = mild
Type of cement = 53 grade
OPCMethod of concrete pumping = Manual
Test data on material:

Specific gravity of cement = 3.15
Specific gravity of F.A = 2.64
Specific gravity of C.A = 2.84
Aggregates are assumed to be in saturated dry condition Fine aggregates confirm to zone IS 383.
Procedure
Taget strength = fck+1.65xS4
38.25 N/mm or Mpa

Selection of w/c ratio:
Max. W/C ratio 0.45 [IS 456, page no]

0.4 < 0.45 hence ok
Selection of water content
Max water content = 186 kg [IS 10262. 20091

Estimated water content 191.6 kg/m3
Selection of cement content
Water cement ratio 0.4

Cement Content = 191.6/0.4 = 479 kg/m3
Min. Cement = 360 kg/m3
Max .Cement = 450 kg/m3
Cement content = 450 >360 kg/m3
= 450 kg/m3 , hence ok
Estimation of C.A
Size of C.A = 20 mm [10262- 2009]

Zone of aggregate= Zone
And for W/C ratio 0.62.
Volume of C.A
0.62 x 0.9=0.56
Volume of F.A
1-0.56=0.44
Calculation of mix proportion ingredients

Vol. of concrete = 1 m3
Vol. of Cement = 0.143 m3
Vol. of water =0.1916 m3
Vol. of = a-[b+c] m3
Mass of C.A
= 0.65 x 0.56 X 2.84 X 1000

= 1057.616 kg/m3
Mass of F.A
=0.665*0.44*2.64*1000
=777.404 kg/ m3

Concrete mix properties
Cement = 450 kg/m3

Concrete = 191.0 kg/m3
F.A =772.466 kg/m3
C.A = 1057.616 kg/m3
W/C = 0.4 kg/m3
Proportion
Cement: F.A • CA: Water

1 : 1.71: 235
6.2 MOULD PREPARATION

6.3.1 Hand mixing
Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until the mixture
is thoroughly blended and IS of uniform colour. Add the coarse aggregate and mix
with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse aggregate is uniform distributed throughout the batch.
Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired consistency.
Fig. 6-1 Hand mixing
6.2.2 SAMPLING OF CUBES FOR TEST

Clean the mounds and apply oil .Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5 cm
thick Compact each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel bar 16mm
diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end). LeveI the top surface .and smoothen it with a
trowel.

Fig. 6-2 Casting of greased Mould
6.2.3 Curing of Cubes

The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24 hours and after this period the specimens are
marked and removed from the molds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until taken out prior to
test.
Fig. 6-3 Demoulded cubes after 24 hours

CHAPTER 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter discussion will be focused on the performance of partially replacement of fine
aggregate by M-Sand All the tests methods adopted were described in the earlier chapter. The results
are presented in this chapter are regarding compressive strength test. density for different trial mixes
of the M-Sand replacement.
With the volumetric batching for the plain concrete material mix is done to analyze the amount
of quantity required for casting each cube specimen considering the design mix as M30 grade
(cement :fine aggregate : coarse aggregate ) is 1: 1.67 : 2.52 as per IS 383 – 1970 and IS 456 -2000
specifications and tested for its strength for 7,14 and 28 days strength in which compressive strength
by testing under compressive testing machine which are more than permissible limit as per
specification respectively.
7.2 TESTS RESULTS ON MATERIAL

7.2.1 CEMENT
Ordinary Portland cement (opc cement ) of 43 grade is used is used confirming to IS : 456-
2000 it was tests as per Indian standard specification. Following are the basic text conducted on
cement and the value obtained are within the allowable limits.
Table 7-1 Tests Results On Cement
PARTICULAR TEST EXPERIMENTAL STANDARD AS
METHOD OUTCOME PER IS : 456-
2000
Specific gravity Density bottle 3.15 3.0-3.15
method
Setting time(min) Vicats apparatus
Initial setting time Needle is 1mm sq 30 minutes Which isn’t lower
section than 30 min
Final setting time Needle is 1mm sq Which is isn’t more
section with 5mm 240 minutes than 600 min
dia attached
Fineness of cement Finess by sieving 5.33 % < 10 %

7.2.2 Coarse Aggregates:
Locally available crushed granite coarse aggregate has been used The present work having
maximum size 20mm coarse aggregate used Accordingly, tests have been carried out as per procedure
given In IS 456-2000.
Physical property Coarse aggregate test result
Specific Gravity
2.6
Impact Test 6.9%
Water Absorption
0.50%
Angular Number 9.84

Table 7-2 Test Result on Coarse Aggregates
7.2.3 Fine Aggregates:

Locally available river sand has been used. The present work having maximum size 4.75mm
fine aggregate used. Accordingly, tests have been can-ted out as per procedure given in IS 456-2000
Physical Property Fine

Aggregate test result
Specific Gravity Of Sand 2.50
Fm 2.54
Grading Zone II
Water Absorbtion 1%
Table 7-3 Test result on Fine Aggregates.

7.2.4 Manufactured Sand (M-Sand):

Manufactured sand confirming to Zone Il as per IS. 456-2000 IS used. It was tested as per
Indian standard specification.
PHYSICAL MANUFACTURED
PROPERTIES AND RESULT
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.5
FINENESS MODULUS 2.75
WATER ABSORPTION 0.26%
Table 7-4 Test result on M-Sand
7.3.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULTS OF M30 GRADE
% of M —Sand 7 Days (N/mm2) 14 day (N/mm2) 28 days(N/mm2)

Replacement
0% 21.93 25.41 30.59
60% 24.29 30.13 33.76
80% 23.52 26.62 31.85
100% 19.63 22.63 26.67

CONCLUSION
• Point from the above result it has been founded that 60% 80% 100% of fine aggregate can be
replaced by M- sand.
• M-Sand satisfy the requirement of fine aggregate such as strength gradation safe angularity etc.
• for up to 60% (33.76 N/MM2) replacement weekend batter compressive strength of natural
sand.
• M-Sand qualifies itself as suitable substitute for natural sand at reasonable cost.

REFERENCES
IS CODES:
1. IS 12269 : 1987 Specification for 53 grade opc.
2. IS 10086 : 1982 specification foe moulds for using tests of cements and
concrete.
3. IS 456 : 2000 plain and reinforced concrete code book.
4. IS 10262 : 2009 Concrete mix proportioning codebook.
BOOKS:
1) Concrete technology theory and practice by MS Setty.
2) Concrete technology by SS bhavikatti3design of concrete mixes by Krishna Raju.
3) M. S. Shetty “ concrete technology theory and practice “ , S. Chand and company ltd, 2009.
4) International research journal of engineering and technology , partial replacement of fine

aggregate with M-Sand.
5) Kulkarni D.B. (2016) “ mix proportioning of HSC Using manufactured sand” international journal
of science and research ( IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 index Copernicus value (2013): 6.14 .
Impact factor (2015): 6.391 Volume 5 issue.

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Experimental Investigation on Replacement of Fine Aggregate by m-sand 2021-2022

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the

Ms. Gowthami N USN: 1BC18CV002

BANGALORE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

Dept of Civil Engineering, BCET, Bangalore page 1

BANGALORE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL

MR.VENGATESH G ME DR. NARESH K PhD DR.CHANNANKAIAH PhD

Asst. Professor Professor&HOD PRINCIPAL

Dept of Civil Engineering, BCET, Bangalore page 2

BANGALORE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

I, hereby declare that the report on PROJECT - “ EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON

Name: Gowthami N USN:1BC18CV002

Dept of Civil Engineering, BCET, Bangalore page 3

We express our gratitude to the Management of BANGALORE COLLEGE OF

Dept of Civil Engineering, BCET, Bangalore page 4

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

3 TESTING PROGRAM OF M SAND REPLACEMENT 13

4 MATERIAL AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES 14-19

5 TEST ON MATERIALS 19-26

6 MIX DESIGN 27-30

7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31-33

Dept of Civil Engineering, BCET, Bangalore page 5

LIST OF FIGURE PAGE NO.

Figure 5-2 : Specific Of Gravity Of Fine Aggregate 21

Figure 5-3 : Sieve Analysis Of Fine Aggregate 22

Figure 5-4 : Sieve Analysis Of Coarse Aggregate 23

Figure 5-5 : Determination Of Flakiness Index 23

Figure 5-6 : Determination Of Elongation Index 24

Figure 5-7 : Measure Of Slump 25

Figure 5-8 : Compaction Factor 26

Figure 5-9 : Hand Mixing 29

Figure 5-10 : Casting Of Greased Mould 30

Figure 5-11 : Demoulded Cubes After 24 Hours 30

Figure 5-12 : Compressive Strength Of M30 Grade Concrete Graph 30

Dept of Civil Engineering, BCET, Bangalore page 6

LIST OF TABLE PAGE NO.

Table No 2-1: Test Result On Cement 31

Table No 2-1: Test Result On Coarse Aggregates 32

Table No 2-1: Test Result On Fine Aggregates 32

Table No 2-1: Test Result On M Sand 33

Table No 2-1: Compressive Strength Of M30 Grade 33

Dept of Civil Engineering, BCET, Bangalore page 7

Dept of Civil Engineering, BCET, Bangalore page 8

Shreyas. K et.al., “Characteristics of M-Sand as a Partial Replacement with Fine

Mr.Magudeaswaran.P et.al., “High Performance Concrete Using M Sand” The

SACHIN KUMARS et.al., “M-SAND, An Alternative To The River Sand In

Dept of Civil Engineering, BCET, Bangalore page 9

2.1.2 MANUFACTURE OF M-SAND

Manufacturing process involves the following three steps:

2.1.3 Properties of M-Sand

Dept of Civil Engineering, BCET, Bangalore page 10

2.1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Manufactured Sand

⚫ It is well graded in the required proportion.

2.1.5 Comparison between Fine aggregate and M-Sand

Fine aggregate M-Sand

Dept of Civil Engineering, BCET, Bangalore page 11

⚫ Uninterrupted supply even during rainy