Experiment 1 (BSC) PME PY 304

B.S.C.
(PME)PY 304
EXPERIMENT NO.1
1. Object: To study the charging and discharging of RC and LCR circuits.

APPARATUS: Ammeter (0-1A), Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor, oscilloscope function
generator ,Connecting Wires and Digital Multi-meter.
Circuit diagram:
Figure 1. Investigating an RC circuit

Function generator at 1khz
THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
Like resistors, capacitor values are also encoded on capacitors. Use the table
below to determine capacitor values from their codes or to determine codes from
the given value. Nano is represented with ‘n’ and is 10-9.
B.S.C.(PME)PY 304
The capacitor of code 104 has a value of 100 nano Farads or 0.1μF
We can quickly charge and discharge a capacitor by using a function generator set to generate
a square wave. The output of this voltage source is shown in Figure .
Output of square-wave generator
One control on the generator lets you vary the amplitude, V0. You can change the time period
over which the cycle repeats itself, T, adjusting the repetition frequency f = 1/T .
The generator is not an ideal voltage source because it has an internal resistance of 50
Thus, for purpose of analysis, the square-wave generator may be replaced by the two
circuits shown in Figure 2. When the voltage is “on,” the circuit is a battery with an EMF of
V0 volts in series with a 50-resistor. When the voltage is “off,” the circuit is simply a 50-
 resistor.
Square-wave generator equivalant circuit

Theory (see textbook) shows that for a capacitor, C, charging though a resistor, R, the voltage
across the capacitor, V, varies with time according to
V(t) = Vo (1 – e–t/RC), (1)

whereVo is the final, equilibrium voltage.
When the same capacitor discharges through the same resistor,
V(t) = Voe–t/RC (2)
The product of the resistance and capacitance, RC, governs the time scale with which the
changes take place. For this reason it is called the time constant, which we call  (tau). It can
be found indirectly by measuring the time required for the voltage to fall to Vo /2 (see Figure 4
below). This time interval is called the half-life, T1/2 , and is given by the equation T1/2 =
(ln2), so
= T1/2 /ln2 = T1/2 /(0.693) (3)
B.S.C.(PME)PY 304
F Discharge of a capacitor
PROCEDURE:
 Assemble the circuit shown in Figure 1.
 With initial values R = 10 kΩ, C = 0.1 µF, and f = 100 Hz, observe one period of the
charge and discharge of the capacitor.
 Make sure the repetition frequency is low enough so that the voltage across the
capacitor has time to reach its final values, Vo and 0.
 Use the ohmmeter to measure R.
 Sketch the waveform you observed on the data sheet.
GRAPHS:
Graph between ‘t’ on X-axis and ‘Vc(t)’ on Y-axis through Oscilloscope
____Charging______ _____Discharging____
CALCULATION
Calculate the time constant ?

B.S.C.(PME)PY 304
Resistance Inductance Capacitance
Circuit diagram:
Figure 2. Investigating the LRC circuit

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
As discussed in the textbook, a circuit containing an inductor and a capacitor, an LC circuit, is an
electrical analog to a simple harmonic oscillator, consisting of a block on a spring fastened to a
rigid wall.
Figure 1. LC Circuit and its analog, a mechanical SHM System

In the same way that, in the mechanical system, energy can be in the form of kinetic energy of
the block of mass M, or potential energy of the spring with constant k, in the LC circuit energy
can reside in the magnetic field of the inductor U = Li2, or the capacitor, U = q2/C. Both the
current and the charge then change in a sinusoidal manner. The frequency of the oscillation is
given by
o = 1/ (7)
All circuits have some resistance, and in the same way frictional forces damp mechanical SHM,
resistance causes energy loss (i2R) which makes the charge decay in time.
q(t) = qoe–t/cos1t (8)
1 = (o2 – 1/2)1/2 (9)

where = 2L/R or
T1/2 = ln2(2L/R) = (0.693) (10)
For large  the system is underdamped and the charge oscillates, taking a long time to return to
zero.
Note that in Equation (3) when o2 = 1/2 ,1, the argument of the cosine function of
Equation (2), is zero at all times. This condition is called critical damping. This condition exists
when R = 2
When the resistor is larger than the critical value the system is overdamped. The charge actually
takes longer to return to zero than in the critically damped case.
Experiment
The decaying oscillations in the LRC circuit can be observed using the same technique as used to
observe exponential decay. Again, a square-wave generator produces the same effect as a
battery switched on and off periodically. The scope measures the voltage across C as a function
of time.
B.S.C.(PME)PY 304
PROCEDURE:
 Assemble the circuit of Figure 2. Use a small value of R, say, 47Ω. Be sure to reduce
the signal generator frequency to 100 Hz or below so you can see the entire damped
oscillation.
 Measure the period and calculate the frequency of the oscillations. The period is NOT
0.01 s = 1/100 Hz, the repetition frequency of the square wave.
NOTE: You have actually measured 1, the damped frequency. This is slightly less than
o, the undamped frequency of Equation. 1 but the difference is negligible.
• Compare the 1 you measured with the calculated o = 1/.
• Note that in the equations, R represents the sum of the resistance of the inductor, the internal
resistance of the square-wave generator, 50 , and the resistor you put in.
• To study critical damping and overdamping, remove your fixed resistor and put in its place a
5-k variable resistor.
• Start with a small value of R. Sketch the underdamped oscillations.
• Increase R until critical damping is reached; that is, until the oscillations disappear. Sketch
this curve. Use the ohmmeter to measure the value of the variable (potentiometer) resistor.
Add the dc resistance of the inductor and 50 for the generator and compare with the
predicted value for critical damping, R = 2.
• What happens when the resistance is larger than the critical-damping value? Sketch your
results.
GRAPHS:
Graph between ‘t’ on X-axis and ‘Vc(t)’ on Y-axis through Oscilloscope
CALCULATION
Discussion Questions :
Q1. A series RLC circuit containing a resistance of 12Ω, an inductance of 0.15H and a capacitor
of 100uF are connected in series across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the total circuit
impedance, the circuits current, power factor and draw the voltage phasor diagram.
B.S.C.(PME)PY 304

Experiment 1 (BSC) PME PY 304

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Experiment 1 (BSC) PME PY 304

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Experiment 1 (BSC) PME PY 304

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

B.S.C.

1. Object: To study the charging and discharging of RC and LCR circuits.

Figure 1. Investigating an RC circuit

Output of square-wave generator

Square-wave generator equivalant circuit

V(t) = Vo (1 – e–t/RC), (1)

Calculate the time constant ?

Figure 2. Investigating the LRC circuit

Figure 1. LC Circuit and its analog, a mechanical SHM System

1 = (o2 – 1/2)1/2 (9)

You might also like