BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Diesel Cycle
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
Introduction

▪ Diesel cycle, also known as constant-pressure

heat addition cycle, was proposed by Rudolf
Diesel in 1892.

▪ It is used as the basis of comparison for

compression-ignition engine.

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P-V & T-S Diagram

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 Processes

1-2: Isentropic Compression

❑ Piston moves from bottom dead

center to top dead center.

❑ Volume decreases
❑ Pressure increases
❑ Temperature increases
❑ Entropy remains constant

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Processes

2-3: Isobaric Heat Addition

❑ Heat is added to the working fluid at
constant pressure.
❑ When volume reaches V3, heat addition is
cut off.
❑ Since the compressed gas is pushing the
piston down, process 2–3 also makes up
the first part of the power stroke or
expansion stroke
❑ Volume increases
❑ Pressure remains constant
❑ Temperature increases
❑ Entropy increases

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Processes

3-4: Isentropic expansion

❑ The piston is still moving downwards,
therefore isentropic expansion from
state 3 to state 4 is the remainder of
the power stroke.

❑ Volume increases
❑ Pressure decreases
❑ Temperature decreases
❑ Entropy remains constant

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Processes

4-1: Isometric Heat Rejection

❑ Heat is rejected from the air while the

piston rest at bottom dead center for
a moment

❑ This process replaces the exhaust and

intake processes of the actual engine.

❑ Volume remains constant

❑ Pressure decreases
❑ Temperature decreases
❑ Entropy decreases

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
PVT Relationship
k −1
k −1
T1  V2   P1  k
Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression =   =  
T2  V1   P2 

T2 V2
Process 2-3: Isobaric Heat Addition =
T3 V3
k −1
k −1
Isentropic expansion T3  V4   P3  k
Process 3-4: =  = 
T4  V3   P4 

Process 4-1: Isometric Heat Rejection

T P
4
= 4
T1 P1
MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 T2 V2
=
T3 V3
k −1
k −1
T3  V4   P3  k
=  = 
T4  V3   P4 

k −1
k −1
T1  V2   P1  k
=   =   T4 P4
=
T2  V1   P2  T1 P1
Heat & Work
QA = mC p (T3 − T2 ) Ideal Power or Network:

Pi = Wnet = QA − QR

QR = mCv (T4 − T1 )

Cv - specific heat of air at constant volume (0.7186 kJ/kg.K)

Cp - specific heat of air at constant pressure (1.0062 kJ/kg.K)
MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Volume
Clearance Vc = V2
volume:
Volume
displacement: VD = V1 − V2
Percentage 𝑉𝑐 1
𝑐= =
clearance: 𝑉𝐷 𝑟𝑘 − 1

Cut-off Vco = V3 − V2
Volume:
Percentage Vco
co =
cut-off: VD
MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Ratios

Isentropic V1 1 + c
compression ratio: rk ( S =C ) = = rc
V2 c

𝑉3 T3 𝑐 + 𝑐𝑜 re
Cut-off ratio: 𝑟𝑐 𝑃=𝐶 = = =
𝑉2 T2 𝑐 rk
rp
Isentropic 𝑉4 𝑐+1
𝑟𝑒 𝑆=𝐶 = =
expansion ratio: 𝑉3 𝑐 + 𝑐𝑜

Pressure ratio: P4 T4
rp(V =C ) = =
P1 T1 rk = rc re
MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
Efficiency

Mean Effective Diesel cycle thermal

Pressure: Efficiency:

Wnet
Wnet Wnet  DC =  100%
Pm = = QA
VD V1 − V2
  1   rc k − 1  
 DC = 1 −  k −1      100%
  rk   k ( rc − 1)  

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 k −1
k −1
T1  V2  P k
PV = mRT =   =  1  𝑃3 = 𝑃2
Problems T2  V1   P2 

1. An engine operates in an air-standard Diesel cycle with the following

conditions: the pressure and temperature at the beginning of
compression are 100 kPa and 300 K, respectively. At the end of heat
addition, the pressure is 6400 kPa and temperature of 2100 K. Determine
the (a) compression ratio, (b) cut-off ratio, (c) thermal efficiency, and (d)
mean effective pressure.
Given: Find V1/m: Solve for rk:
 kN − m 
P1 =100 kPa  0.287 (300 K ) V1
V1 RT1  kg − K  V1
T1 =300K = = = ________ rk = = m
m P1 kN V2 V2
P3 =6400 kPa 100 2
m
m
T3 = 2100K Find V2/m:
k −1
k −1 1 rk = ________
 V2   P1  k  P1  k
  =    V2 = V1  
P 
 V1   P2   2 1
V2 V1  100kPa  1.4
=   = ______
m m  6400kPa  MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Problems
1. An engine operates in an air-standard Diesel cycle with the following
conditions: the pressure and temperature at the beginning of
compression are 100 kPa and 300 K, respectively. At the end of heat
addition, the pressure is 6400 kPa and temperature of 2100 K. Determine
the (a) compression ratio, (b) cut-off ratio, (c) thermal efficiency, and (d)
mean effective pressure.
Solve for rc:
Given: Find V 3 /m:
V3
 kN − m 
(2100 K )
V3
P1 =100 kPa  0.287 rc = = m
V3 RT3 
= kg − K  V2 V2
T1 =300K = m
m P3 kN
P3 =6400 kPa 6400 2 rc = ________
m
T3 = 2100K V3
= ______ Solve for nDC:
m
 1  rc − 1 
k
 DC = 1 −  k −1  
 k 
r k (rc − 1) 

 DC = _______
MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 k −1
T1  V2 
k −1
P Wnet Wnet
=   =  1 
k
 DC = Pm =
Problems T2  V1   P2  QA VD

1. An engine operates in an air-standard Diesel cycle with the following

conditions: the pressure and temperature at the beginning of
compression are 100 kPa and 300 K, respectively. At the end of heat
addition, the pressure is 6400 kPa and temperature of 2100 K. Determine
the (a) compression ratio, (b) cut-off ratio, (c) thermal efficiency, and (d)
mean effective pressure.
Given: Find T2 : Find QA/m:
k −1 k −1
P1 =100 kPa
T2  P2  P 
= C p (T3 − T2 )
k k QA
T1 =300K =    T2 = T1  2 
T1  P1   P1  m
P3 =6400 kPa
1.4−1 𝑄𝐴 𝑘𝐽
T3 = 2100K 6400𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.4 = 1.0062 2100𝐾 − 𝑇2
𝑇2 = 300𝐾 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
100𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑄𝐴
= _______
𝑇2 = ______ 𝑚

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Problems
1. An engine operates in an air-standard Diesel cycle with the following
conditions: the pressure and temperature at the beginning of
compression are 100 kPa and 300 K, respectively. At the end of heat
addition, the pressure is 6400 kPa and temperature of 2100 K. Determine
the (a) compression ratio, (b) cut-off ratio, (c) thermal efficiency, and (d)
mean effective pressure.
Given: Find Wnet/m : Solve for Pm:
P1 =100 kPa Wnet
 DC = Pm =
Wnet
=
Wnet
T1 =300K QA VD V1 −V 2
P3 =6400 kPa = P2 Wnet =  DC QA Wnet
T3 = 2100K
Wnet Q  Pm = m = ______
=  DC  A  = ______ V1 V2
m  m −
m m

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 k −1
k −1
T1  V2  P V1 V3 T3
= rk rc = =
k
=   =  1 
Problems T2  V1   P2  V2 V2 T2

2. For an engine working on the ideal Diesel cycle, the pressure and
temperature at the inlet is 120 kPa and 30°C. If the compression ratio is 25
and the cut-off ratio is 3.50, determine the (a) heat added, (b) work net,
and (c) cycle efficiency.
Given: Solve for nDC: Find T3:
P1 =120 kPa Wnet  1  rc − 1  k
T3
 DC = = 1 −  k −1   rc =  T3 = T2 rc
T1 =303K QA
 k 
r k (rc − 1) 
 T2
rk = 25
 1  3.50 − 1  T3 = T2 (3.50 )
1,4

rc = 3.50 ηDC = 1 −  (1.4−1)   = ______

 25  1.4(3.50 − 1) 
Find T2: T3 = _____
k −1 k −1
T2  V1  V  Solve for QA/m:
=    T2 = T1  1 
T1  V2   V2  = C p (T3 − T2 )
QA
m
T2 = T1 (rk ) = 303K (25)
k −1 1.4 −1
= ______
MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Wnet
 DC =  Wnet =  DC QA
Problems QA

2. For an engine working on the ideal Diesel cycle, the pressure and
temperature at the inlet is 120 kPa and 30°C. If the compression ratio is 25
and the cut-off ratio is 3.50, determine the (a) heat added, (b) work net,
and (c) cycle efficiency.
Given: Solve for QA/m: Solve for Wnet/m:
P1 =120 kPa QA
= C p (T3 − T2 ) Wnet Q
=  DC A
T1 =303K m m m
QA  kJ 
rk = 25 = 1.0062 (T3 − T2 ) Wnet
rc = 3.50 m  kg − K  = ______
m
QA
= _________
m
 V1 V1
rk =  V2 =
Problems V2 rk

3. A Diesel cycle operates with a compression ratio of 13.5 and with a cut-off
occurring at 6% of the stroke. State 1 is defined by 14 psia and 140°F. For the
hot-air standard with k = 1.34, compute the following:
a. v1, v2, T2, P2, T3, v3, P4 and T4
Given: Solve for V1/m: Solve for V2 /m:
rk = 13.5 P1V1 = mRT1 V1 V1
lb f − ft V2
co = 6% = 0.06 53.342 (600R ) = m= m
V1 RT1 lbm −  R m rk 13.5
P1 =14 psia = =
m P1 lb f (12in )2
T1 =140 OF+460= 600 OR 14 2  V2
in ft 2 = ______
k = 1.34 V1
= ______
m
m

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 k −1
k −1
T1  V2  P V1
= rk
k
=   =  1 
Problems T2  V1   P2  V2

3. A Diesel cycle operates with a compression ratio of 13.5 and with a cut-off
occurring at 6% of the stroke. State 1 is defined by 14 psia and 140°F. For the
hot-air standard with k = 1.34, compute the following:
a. v1, v2, T2, P2, T3, v3, P4 and T4
Given: Solve for T2 : Solve for P2 :
k −1
rk = 13.5 k −1 k −1 k −1 k
T2  V1  V   V1   P2   V1 
k
P2
co = 6% = 0.06 =    T2 = T1  1      
=    = 
T1  V2   V2   V2   P1   V2  P1
P1 =14 psia
k
T2 = T1 (rk )  V1 
k −1
T1= 600 OR
P2 = P1   = P1 (rk )
k

k = 1.34  V2 
T2 = 600 R(13.5)
1.34 −1

P2 = 14 2 (13.5)
lb 1.34

in
T2 = ______
P2 = ______

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 V3 T3
rc = =
Problems V2 T2
3. A Diesel cycle operates with a compression ratio of 13.5 and with a cut-off
occurring at 6% of the stroke. State 1 is defined by 14 psia and 140°F. For the
hot-air standard with k = 1.34, compute the following:
a. v1, v2, T2, P2, T3, v3, P4 and T4
Given: Find c : Find rc : Solve for T3 : Solve for V3 /m:
rk = 13.5 1 c + co T3 V3
c= rc = rc = V3
co = 6% = 0.06 rk − 1 c
T2 rc = = m
P1 =14 psia 1 0.08 + 0.06 V2 V2
𝑐= rc = T3 = T2 rc m
T1 = 600 OR 13.5 − 1 0.08 V3 V2
k = 1.34 T3 = _____ = rc
c = ______ rc = ______ m m
V3
= ______
m

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 k −1
k −1
T4  V3  P  k
=   =  4 
Problems T3  V4   P3 

3. A Diesel cycle operates with a compression ratio of 13.5 and with a cut-off
occurring at 6% of the stroke. State 1 is defined by 14 psia and 140°F. For the
hot-air standard with k = 1.34, compute the following:
a. v1, v2, T2, P2, T3, v3, P4 and T4
Given: Find T4 : Find P4 :
rk = 13.5 T4  V3 
k −1
P4 T4  T4 
=   =  P4 = P1  
co = 6% = 0.06 T3  V4  P1 T1  T1 
P1 =14 psia k −1 k −1
lb  T4 
V  V 
T1 = 600 OR T4 = T3  3  = T3  3  P4 = 14 2  
 V4   V1  in  600 R 
k = 1.34
1.34 −1 P4 = ______
 V3 
 m
T4 = T3  
V
 1 
 m
T4 = ______
MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Problems
3. A Diesel cycle operates with a compression ratio of 13.5 and with a cut-off
occurring at 6% of the stroke. State 1 is defined by 14 psia and 140°F. For the
hot-air standard with k = 1.34, compute the following:
b. heat rejected Find QR/m:
c. efficiency Q = mC (T − T )
R v 4 1
Given: Find Cv :
= Cv (T4 − 600 R )
QR
rk = 13.5 R
Cv = m
co = 6% = 0.06 k −1
P1 =14 psia lb f − ft QR
53.342 = ___________
T1 = 600 OR lbm −  R  1BTU  m
Cv = 
1.34 − 1  778lb − ft 
k = 1.34  f  Find nDC :
Cv = _____  1  rc k − 1 
 DC = 1 −  k −1  
 rk  k (rc − 1) 

 DC = ______
MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Wnet = QA − QR  QA = Wnet + QR
Problems
3. A Diesel cycle operates with a compression ratio of 13.5 and with a cut-off
occurring at 6% of the stroke. State 1 is defined by 14 psia and 140°F. For the
hot-air standard with k = 1.34, compute the following:
d. cycle work
Given: Find Wnet/m:
rk = 13.5 Wnet Wnet  1 
 DC = = QR = Wnet  − 1
co = 6% = 0.06 QA Wnet + QR   DC 
P1 =14 psia Wnet QR
T1 = 600 OR Wnet + QR =
 DC Wnet
= m
k = 1.34 m  1 
QR =
Wnet
− Wnet  − 1
 DC   DC 
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
= __________
𝑚

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Problems
3. A Diesel cycle operates with a compression ratio of 13.5 and with a cut-off
occurring at 6% of the stroke. State 1 is defined by 14 psia and 140°F. For the
hot-air standard with k = 1.34, compute the following:
e. mean effective pressure
Given: Find Pm :
rk = 13.5 Wnet  BTU  778lb f − ft  12in 
 lbm  BTU  ft 
Wnet Wnet m 
co = 6% = 0.06 Pm = = = ;
 (12in ) 
V1 −V 2 V1
3
V2  ft 3 ft 3

P1 =14 psia
VD −  lb − lb 
 m
 ft 
3 
m m m

T1 = 600 OR Pm = ______ psi

k = 1.34

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Problems
3. A Diesel cycle operates with a compression ratio of 13.5 and with a cut-off
occurring at 6% of the stroke. State 1 is defined by 14 psia and 140°F. For the
hot-air standard with k = 1.34, compute the following:
f. For a rate of circulation of 1000 cfm, compute the work net in horsepower.
Given: Find m : Find Wnet in hp :
rk = 13.5  P1V1 W 
P1V1 = mRT1  m = Wnet =  net m
co = 6% = 0.06 RT1  m 
P1 =14 psia 14
lb f

(12in ) 
2
1000
ft 3 
 W 778lb f − ft  lb
in 2 2  Wnet =  net  62.9898 m
T1 = 600 OR m =
1 ft  min 
 m 1BTU  min
 lb f − ft 
k = 1.34  53.342 (600 R ) Wnet = ______
1hp
 lbm −  R  lb f − ft
𝑽ሶ 𝟏 = 1000 ft3/min 33000
lb
m = 62.9898 m min
min Wnet = ______

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
Practice Problem
There are heat supplied 317 kJ per
cycle to an ideal Diesel engine
operating on 227 g of air: P1 = 97.91
kPa, t1 = 48.9°C. At the end of
compression, the pressure is 3930 kPa.
Determine (a) compression ratio, (b)
percent clearance, (c) cut-off ratio,
(d) work output, (e) efficiency and (f)
Pm.

MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME