PEd 3

Kia Adrienne G.
Bulacan August 7
BTVTEd-2B
Cognitive refers to processes related to the mental activities involved in acquiring knowledge and
understanding. This includes thinking, reasoning, remembering, problem-solving, and decision-
making. Cognitive functions are essentially the ways our minds work to process information and
interact with the world.
Metacognitive is the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes. It involves
higher-level thinking about how we think, learn, and approach problems. Metacognitive skills
include self-regulation, planning, monitoring one's own comprehension, and evaluating the
effectiveness of strategies used in learning or problem-solving. Essentially, it's about being aware
of and managing your own cognitive processes.
14 PSYCHOLOGICAL LEARNING PRINCIPLES
The 14 principles are divided into those referring to:
– Cognitive and metacognitive
– Motivational and affective
– Developmental and social
– Individual difference factors
COGNITIVE AND METACOGNITIVE FACTOR
1. Nature of Learning Process
The learning of complex subject matter is most effective when it is an international process of
constructing meaning from information and experience.
2. Goals of the Learning Process
The successful learner, over time and with support and instructional guidance, can create
meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge.
3. Construction of Knowledge
The successful learner can link new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways.
Knowledge widens and deepens as students continue to build links between new information and
experiences and their existing knowledge base.
4. Strategic Thinking
The successful learner can create and use a repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies to
achieve complex learning goals. Successful learners use in their approach to learning reasoning,
problem solving, and concept learning.
5. Thinking about thinking
Successful learners can reflect on how they think and learn, set reasonable learning or
performances goals, select potentially appropriate learning strategies or methods, and monitor their
progress towards these goals.
6. Context of Learning
Learning is influenced by environmental factors, including culture, technology and instructional

practices.
MOTIVATIONAL AND AFFECTIVE FACTOR
7. Motivational and emotional influences on learning
The rich internal world of thoughts, beliefs, goals, and expectation for success or failure can
enhance or interfere with the learner’s quality of thinking and information processing.
8. Intrinsic motivation to learn
Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by tasks of optimal novelty and difficulty, relevant to personal
interests, and providing for personal choice and control.
9. Effects of motivation on effort
Effort is another major indicator of motivation to learn. The acquisition of complex knowledge
and skills demands the investment of considerable learner energy and strategic effort, along with
persistence over time.
DEVELOPMENTAL AND SOCIAL FACTOR
10. Developmental influences on learning
Learning is most effective when differential developmental within and across physical,
intellectual, emotional, and social domains is taken into account.
Individuals learn best when material is appropriate to their developmental level and is presented
in an enjoyable and interesting way.
11. Social influences on learning
Learning can be enhanced when the learner has an opportunity to interact and to collaborate with
others on instructional tasks.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES FACTOR
12. Individual differences in learning
Individuals are born with and develop their own capabilities and talents. Educators need to help
students examine their learning preferences and expand or modify them, if necessary.
13. Learning and diversity
The same basic principles of learning, motivation, and effective instruction apply to all learners.
14. Standards and assessment
Assessment provides important information to both the learner and teacher at all stages of the
learning process.

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Kia Adrienne G.

14 PSYCHOLOGICAL LEARNING PRINCIPLES

The 14 principles are divided into those referring to:

– Cognitive and metacognitive

– Motivational and affective

– Developmental and social

– Individual difference factors

COGNITIVE AND METACOGNITIVE FACTOR

1. Nature of Learning Process

5. Thinking about thinking

Learning is influenced by environmental factors, including culture, technology and instructional

MOTIVATIONAL AND AFFECTIVE FACTOR

7. Motivational and emotional influences on learning

8. Intrinsic motivation to learn

DEVELOPMENTAL AND SOCIAL FACTOR

10. Developmental influences on learning

11. Social influences on learning

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES FACTOR

12. Individual differences in learning

13. Learning and diversity

14. Standards and assessment

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