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    Science (Finals, 2nd)

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    Julliannah Claire Gotera

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    Science (Finals, 2nd)

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    Julliannah Claire Gotera
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    6 views3 pages

    Science (Finals, 2nd)

    Uploaded by

    Julliannah Claire Gotera

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 3

    Science

    Quantum Mechanical Model

    Duality of Matter
     Proposed by Louise de Broglie
     It states that all forms of a matter have a dual nature—is both a wave and a particle.
     Opposite is true for matter with significant mass

    Uncertainty Principle
     Proposed by Werner Heinsenberg
     It implies that even we know the precise momentum of a very small particle—we are
    uncertain of its position.
     These principles were used by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrodinger, to derive an
    equation that served as the basis for the quantum model
     This model defines region rather than points of orbits around the nucleus
     These regions are called orbitals—which have associated energy.

    The Quantum Numbers

    Principle Quantum Number (n)

     Denotes the main energy level or shell—where is electron mostly found.


     Signifies the distance of the electron from the nucleus.
     The greater the value of n, the farther the electron is from the nucleus.

    Example:
    n = 1, 2, 3, 4…

    Angular Momentum Quantum Number (ℓ)

     Also called the azimuthal quantum number


     Indicates the possible sub-levels in a given main energy
     Describes the type and shape of the orbital where the electron is located.

    Example:
    ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3, … (n-1)
    Orbital types corresponding to angular momentum:
    ℓ: Orbital type:
    0 s
    1 p
    2 d
    3 f

    For a given main energy level n, the total number of sub-levels ℓ is equal to the value of n.
    Magnetic Quantum Number (mℓ)

     Describes the possible orientation of an orbital in space


     The value of mℓ ranges from -ℓ to +ℓ including zero.

    Spin Quantum Number (ms)

     Corresponds to the direction of the axial spin of an electron: the clockwise and the
    counter clockwise motions.
     The only possible values of ms are +1/2 and -1/2
     The quantum numbers serve as the “electronic zip code” of each electron in an atom.

    S orbital has only one orbital orientation. It can accommodate two electrons spinning in an
    opposite direction.

    P orbital has three orbital orientation. It can accommodate six electrons.

    D orbital has five different orientation. There are total of ten electrons for all d orbitals.

    F orbital has seven complex orientations. It can accommodate a total of fourteen electrons

    Electronic Configuration

    1s2

    Aufbau Principle

     Electrons occupy the orbitals in order of increasing energy


     They fill up the low energy level first and then the high energy level

    Example:
    Nitrogen - 7
    = 1s2 2s2 2p3

    Hund’s Rule of Multiplicity

    ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↑↑
    1s 2s 2p

    Spin Quantum = +1/2

    Practice problems: Find the number of electrons and identify the Aufbau principle, Hund’s
    rule, and the Spin Quantum of each element.

    1. Silver
    2. Scandium
    3. Sodium
    4. Bromine
    5. Sulfur
    Condensed Form
    Symbol of noble gas preceding the given element substitute the electron
    configuration.
    Noble gases are found in group 8 of the Periodic Table

    (2) Helium - 1s2


    (10) Neon - 1s2 2s2 2p6
    (18) Argon - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
    (36) Krypton - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6

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