Archives - Britannica Online Encyclopedia

1/20/2021 Archives -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Archives
Archives, also called records or record office, repository for an organized body of records
produced or received by a public, semipublic, institutional, or business entity in the transaction
of its affairs and preserved by it or its successors. The term archives, which also designates the
body of records themselves, derives from the French, and it, or a cognate, is used in most
continental European countries and in the Americas. The terms records and record office are
used in the United Kingdom and in some parts of the British Commonwealth.
Although the institution of archives and something of

National Archives: U.S. Constitution
The U.S. Constitution on display at the archival administration may be traced from antiquity,
National Archives, Washington, D.C.
National Archives; photo, Hugh Talman
archives and archival administration as they are
understood today date from the French Revolution. With
the establishment of the Archives Nationales in 1789 and of the Archives Départementales in
1796, there was for the first time a unified administration of archives that embraced all extant
repositories and record-producing public agencies. The second result was the implicit
acknowledgment that the state was responsible for the care of its documentary heritage. The
third result was the principle of accessibility of archives to the public.
Practice and principle have varied somewhat from country to country, but the pattern has
generally been a central repository and, if conditions warrant them, provincial repositories.
France has kept in the departmental archives not only the modern archives relating to the area
but also those from the prerevolutionary period. The Netherlands has a central state archives
and the provincial archives. The schism following World War II gave the Federal Republic of
Germany a Bundesarchiv at Koblenz and the German Democratic Republic a central archives
at Potsdam, but there are also repositories in the several Länder, or states. Italy has no single,
central institution for state archives but has a series of important repositories, united under the
ministry of the interior, which reflect the earlier divisions of the country. In the United States
the National Archives was established in 1934 to house the retired records of the national
government; the Federal Records Act of 1950 authorized the establishment also of
“intermediate” records repositories in the several regions into which the country has been
https://www.britannica.com/print/article/33033 1/3
divided by the General Services Administration. Under the federal system of government each
of the states of the United States independently has its own archival agency. In Canada,
similarly, both the federal Ottawa government and the several provinces maintain their own
archives. The Australian Archives has headquarters in Canberra and branches in all the state
capitals and in Darwin and Townsville; the states have their own archives, usually under the
management of state libraries.
The English Public Record Act of 1838 brought all separate collections together and placed
them under the Public Record Office (later part of the National Archives). England, therefore,
is the outstanding example of centralization, whereas the more usual practice, as already
suggested, is decentralization of archives to the domestic areas in which they originated. New
Zealand’s National Archives is similarly centralized, as are the archives of India and Pakistan.
Japan has no national archives; its records still remain in the custody of ministries.
The United Nations and the several international organizations maintain archives. The
International Council on Archives was founded in 1948 by professional archivists meeting in
Paris under the auspices of UNESCO. Membership is open to all professional archivists and to
representatives of (1) central archival directorates or administrations, (2) national or
international regional associations of archivists, and (3) all archival institutions.
The science of records control has had to face at least three central issues: (1) the
determination of types of records to be removed from agencies of origin, (2) the time of
disposition, and (3) the manner of disposition. Practice has varied, but elimination usually has
occurred before records have been transferred from the agency of origin. Some countries,
especially those whose history reaches back many centuries, have prohibited the elimination
of records made before a specified date.
In the 20th century, archivists were faced with handling new kinds of records, such as
photographic records, motion pictures, sound recordings, and computer-kept records.
Microcopy, or microfilm, the legal status of which as record copy usually has had to be
determined by special legislation, is a practical medium for making additional copies of
records as security against risk through acts of warfare; as preservation against normal
deterioration or damage; for use in international exchange; in lieu of loan or as a convenience

to scholars; for reducing costs of repair, binding, and storage; as a means of supplementing by
collateral materials the main bodies of records; and as a form of publication. Practice as well
as belief has varied from country to country. As the concepts of social, economic, and cultural
history developed, as industrialization played an increasingly prominent role in national and
international affairs, as democratization spread over the surface of the globe, so there was an
increasing awareness of the significance of business archives, institutional archives, and the
papers of persons not necessarily distinguished. Germany was the first to recognize the value
of business archives; Belgium, Switzerland, and the Netherlands followed shortly; and France,
England, Denmark, and the United States are examples, in varying degree and nature, of later
recognition.
This article was most recently revised and updated by Robert Lewis, Assistant Editor.
Citation Information
Article Title: Archives
Website Name: Encyclopaedia Britannica
Publisher: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Date Published: 16 June 2017
URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/archives
Access Date: January 19, 2021

Archives - Britannica Online Encyclopedia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Archives - Britannica Online Encyclopedia

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Archives - Britannica Online Encyclopedia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1/20/2021 Archives -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia

Although the institution of archives and something of

deterioration or damage; for use in international exchange; in lieu of loan or as a convenience

You might also like