TOPI

C:BI
OMOLECULES

Test
sforCar
bohy
drat
es
1. Tol
len’
sst
est
Al
lreduci
ngsugar
sgi
vesi
lv
ermi
rr
or
2.Bar
foed'
stest
Reagent
:Copper
(I
I)acet
ate
Simil
artoBenedi
ct’
sandFehl
ing’
stesti
tgi
vesRedpptwi
thal
l
reduci
ngsugars

3. Mol
isch’
sTest

Monosacchari
deswith5car
bonormor eandal lol
igoandpol ysacchari
desgivethi
stest
.
Sacchar
ideistreat
edwithanalcoholi
csoluti
onofα- naphtholandcon. H2SO4 t
ogive
purpl
e col
ourati
on.Pent
oses and hexoses getdehy drat
ed t o giv
ef urf
uraland 5-
(hy
droxymethyl
)fur
fur
al whichgi
vespurplecolourat
ionwith-naphthol.

4. Sel
iwanof
f’
stest
Usedt
odi
sti
ngui
shket
osesandal
doses
Reagent
:Resor
cinol
+HCl
Ketoesegetdehy
drat
edfast
erandhencet heygi
vethetestf
ast
er(
Cher
ryr
ed)
,Al
doses
dehydrat
edsl
owlyandgi
vecolour(
Blue-
greenorpeachcol
our
)sl
owl
y.
20CommonAmi
noAci
ds
Thef
oll
owingtabl
egiv
esthepKav
aluesf
ort
he-
car
boxy
li
caci
dgr
oup,
the-
ami
nogr
oup,
and
anyi
oni
zablesi
dechai
ns.

Ami
noAci
dpKaVal
ues
Si
de
Ami
noAci
d -
car
boxy
li
caci
d -
ami
no
chai
n
Al
ani
ne 2.
35 9.
87
Ar
gini
ne 2.
01 9.
04 12.
48
Aspar
agi
ne 2.
02 8.
80
Aspar
ti
cAci
d2.
10 9.
82 3.
86
Cy
stei
ne 2.
05 10.
25 8.
00
Gl
utami
cAci
d2.
10 9.
47 4.
07
Gl
utami
ne 2.
17 9.
13
Gl
yci
ne 2.
35 9.
78
Hi
sti
dine 1.
77 9.
18 6.
10
I
sol
euci
ne 2.
32 9.
76
Leuci
ne 2.
33 9.
74
Ly
sine 2.
18 8.
95 10.
53
Met
hioni
ne 2.
28 9.
21
Pheny
lal
ani
ne2.
58 9.
24
Pr
oli
ne 2.
00 10.
60
Ser
ine 2.
21 9.
15
Thr
eoni
ne 2.
09 9.
10
Tr
ypt
ophan 2.
38 9.
39
Ty
rosi
ne 2.
20 9.
11 10.
07
Val
i
ne 2.
29 9.
72

I
soel
ect
ri
cpoi
nt( )ofdi
ff
erentami
noaci
ds
Test
sforAmi
noaci
ds/Pr
otei
ns
1.TheNi
nhy
dri
nReact
ion

Inadditi
ont othesecommonr eacti
onsofaminesandcar boxyli
cacids, commonal pha-
ami no
acids,exceptproli
ne,undergoauniquereacti
onwi t
ht hetri
ketohydrindenehy drateknownas
ninhydri
n.Amongt heproductsofthi
sunusualreacti
on( shownont helef tbel
ow)i sapurple
colorediminoder i
vati
ve,whichprovi
desasausef ulcolortestfortheseami noacids,mostof
whichar ecolorl
ess.Acommonappl icat
ionoftheninhydrintesti
st hev isuali
zat
ionofami no
acidsinpaperchr omatography.

2.Bi
urett
est

Pepti
debondscompl exwihCu2+j
t ustli
keBiur
et(NH2CONHCONH2)t ogi
veblue/vi
olet
col
ourat
ionwhenanal kal
i
nesolut
ionofthepept
idei
streat
edwithCuSO4sol
ution.Ther
e
shoul
dbemi nimum twopepti
degroupsfort
hecomplexformat
ionandhencedipepti
desdo
notgi
vethisreact
ion.

3.Xant
hopr
otei
ctest

Whent
reat
edwit
hcon.HNO3,aminoaci
dshav
ingbenzener
inggetni
tr
atedt
ogi
vey
ell
ow
col
our
ati
onwhentur
nsorangeontr
eatmentwit
hNaOH.

4.Mi
ll
on’
stest

Whentr
eatedwit
hCon.HNO3andHg(I
I)ni
tr
ateTyr
osi
ne(asitcont
ainsaphenol
i
cgr
oup)
get
sni
tr
atedtogiv
eawhit
epreci
pit
atewhi
chturnsr
edonheati
ng.

5.Sanger
’st
est

Aminoaci
dsactasnucleophi
l
esandsubsti
tut
eFi
n2,
4-di
nit
rof
lour
obenzene(
DFNB–
Sanger
’s r
eagent
)togi
vey
ellowpreci
pit
ate.
6.Sodi
um ni
tr
opr
ussi
det
est

Cystei
necompl
exeswi
thsodi
um ni
tr
opr
ussi
dewi
thi
ts–SHgr
oupt
ogi
vev
iol
etcol
our
ed
compl
ex.

7.Sanger
’sr
eagent
:Cl
assnot
es