Thed-andf

-bl
ock

el
ement
s

NAME:
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SCHOOL:_
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Pr
epar
edby
:
Mr
.Di
pakKumarPar
ida, 1|Page

Lect
ureri
nChemi
str
y,DAVschool
,Ct
c
 D-
BLOCKELEMENTS

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

i
) Theel
ement
si nwhichthed-or
bit
alsareprogr
essil
yfi
l
ledar
ecal
l
edd-
bl
ockel
ements.I
tcontai
ns10groupsi.
e.f
rom gr-
3to12.
i
i
) D-blockelementsarecall
edt
ransit
ionmetal
sbecausetheproper
ti
esof
theseelement sarei
nter
mediatebetweenhi
ghl
yelect
roposi
tiv
es-bl
ock
andhi ghl
yelectr
onegati
vep-
blockelement
s.
i
i
i) Tr
ansiti
onel
ementisdef
inedastheel
ementwhichhaspar
ti
all
yfi
ll
edd-
or
bital
sinthei
rgroundstateoranyoneoft hei
rcommonoxi dati
on
st
ates.
i
v) Thecoi
nagemet al
sl i
keCu,Ag,Auar etransi
ti
onelementasthei
r
i
ons(
+2oxidati
onstate)havepar
tial
l
y fi
ll
edd-orbi
talal
thought
hei
r
at
omshavefil
l
edd-orbit
ali
nthegr
oundst
ate.
Cu–[
Ar]3d104s1, Cu2+-[
Ar]3d9
v
) Howevergr
-12elementsl
i
keZn,Cd,Hgar enotconsi
derastransi
ti
on
el
ementsast heyhav
enopart
ial
l
yf i
l
ledd-orbi
talbot
hinthei
rground
st
ateaswellasincommonoxi
dati
onstat
e.
Zn–[
Ar]3d104s2, Zn2+-[
Ar]3d10
v
i) Thereare38el ementspresentind-blockoutofwhi ch4th and5th
peri
ods cont
ain 10 el
ements each,6th and 7th per
iods cont
ain9
el
ementseach.
v
ii
) Theseperi
odsar
ecall
ed3d,4d,5dand6dser
iesast
hecor
respondi
ng
or
bit
alsar
eprogr
essi
vel
yfi
l
led.
El
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
on:
1-
10
i
) Thegener
alel
ect
roni
cconfi
gur
ati
onoftransi
ti
onel
ementi
s(n-1)
d
0-
2
ns .Ther
eare4seriesofel
ementsandineachseri
esst
art
switha
memberofgr-
3andendswit
hamemberofgr -
12.
i
i
) Sometransi
ti
onelement
sshow ex cepti
onalelectr
onicconfigurat
ion.
Thi
sisbecauset
herei
sveryli
tt
leenergydif
ferencebetween(n-1)dand
nsorbi
tal
sandagainhalfandcompl et
elyfil
l
edor bit
alsarer el
ati
vely
morest
able.
i
i
i) Fir
sttransi
ti
onseri
esor3d–series:Thi
sseri
esconsi
stsofel
ements
l
ikeSc,Ti ,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Znwher ethe3d-orbi
tal
sare
graduall
yfi
ll
ed.I
n3dser
iesCrandCuhav eex
cepti
onal
confi
gur
ati
on:
5 1 10 1
Cr
-[Ar
]3d 4s Cu-[
Ar]3d 4s
i
v) Secondt
ransi
ti
onser
iesor4dser
ies:Thisser
iesconsi
stsofelement
s
l
ike Ytt
rium(
Y), Zi
rconi
um(Zr
), Ni obi
um(Nb), Molybdenum(Mo),
2|Page
 Technetuum(Tc) , Rut henium( Ru), Rhodium(Rh)
, Pal l
adium(Pd),
Sil
ver(Ag)
, Cadmi um(Cd)f r
om at omicno 39 to 48 wherethe 4d
orbi
talsaregr aduall
yf i
lled.In4dser i
esexceptY,ZrandCdot her
el
ement sexhibitexceptionalconfigur
ati
on.Iti
sduet ot
hef act
orslike
nuclearel
ect
ronandel ect ron-
electr
onforces
41Nb–[
Kr]4d45s1
46Pd-[
Kr]4d105s0
47Ag-[
Kr]4d105s1
v
) Thir
dtransi
ti
onseri
esor5dser ies:Thisser i
esconsistsofel ement
s
l
ike Haf ni
um(Hf), Tantal
um( Ta), Tungst en(
W) , Rheni um(Re),
Osmium(Os),Ir
idi
um(I
r)
,Pl ati
um( pt)
,Gol d(Au)
,Mer cury
(Hg) from
atomicno72t o80wher ethe5dor bital
sar egraduall
yfil
led.In5d
seri
esPtandAuhaveexcepti
onal conf
igurat
ion.
14
78Pt–[
Xe]4f 5d96s1 79Au–[ 14
Xe]4f 5d106s1
v
i) Fourt
htransit
ionser
ies:Thi
sseriesconsi
stsofelementsf
rom atomic
no 104 to 112 wheret he el
ementhaving Z=111 has except
ional
conf
igur
ation.
GENERALCHARACTERI
STI
CSOFTRANSI
TIONELEMENTS:
1.Met
all
i
cchar
act
er:
i
) Transiti
onmetalshavetypicalmetal
li
cstr
uct
urebecausetheyhave
rel
ati
velylow i
onizat
ionenergiesandhaveunpai
redelect
rons.The
unpairedelect
ronsar eresponsibl
ef ort
heformati
onofmet al
li
c
bonding.
i
i
) Gr
eat
ert
henoofunpai
redel
ect
ronsst
rongeri
sthemet
all
i
cbondi
ng.
i
i
i) Cr
,Mo,W arehar
dmet
alsast
heyhav
emaxi
mum noofunpai
red
el
ect
rons.
i
v) Zn,
Cd,
Hgar
esof
tmet
alsduet
oabsenceofunpai
redel
ect
rons.
2.Mel
ti
ngandboi
li
ngpoi
nt:
i
) Tr
ansit
ionmetal
shav
ehi
ghmel
ti
ngandboi
l
ingpoi
ntduet
ost
rong
metal
l
icbondi
ng.
i
i
) I
napar ti
cul
arseriesthemelti
ngpointandboi li
ngpoi
ntincreases
uptothe middle and t
hen goes on decreasi
ng.Thi
si s due to
i
ncreaseinstr
engt hofmetall
i
cbondingupt othemiddleasnoof
unpai
redel
ectronincr
easesuptothemiddle.
i
i
i) I
n3dser i
esupt
oCrt
hemel
ti
ngpoi
nti
ncr
easesandt
hendecr
eases
t
il
ltheend.
nd r
d
i
v) The2 and3 t r
ansit
ionseri
esmetalshavehi
ghermelt
ingpoint
thanf
ir
stt
ransi
ti
onseri
esduemor estr
ongermet
all
i
cbondingdown
thegr
oupasioni
zati
onenergi
esdecr
easesdownthegr
oup.
v
) Tungst
en(
W)hast
hehi
ghestmel
ti
ngpoi
nti
nthet
ransi
ti
onmet
als.
v
i) Mn,TcandRepossessl
owermel
ti
ngpoi
ntbecauset
heyhav
e
3|Page
 exactl
yhal
ffi
ll
ed d-or
bit
alsbywhi chelect
ronsaremoret i
ghtl
y
boundbythenucleus.Sodelocal
iz
ationofelect
ronsislessand
str
engthofmetal
l
icbondingislessandt heyhavelowermelti
ng
point
.

3.Ent
hal
pyofat
omi
zat
ion:
i
) The heatrequi
red t
o breakthe cr
yst
all
att
ice i
ntoi
ndi
vi
sual
at
omsi scal
ledent
halpyofat
omizati
on.
i
i
) Tr
ansit
ion met
als hav
e high enthal
pyofat
omi
zat
ion due t
o
pr
esenceofstr
ongmet al
l
icbonding.
i
i
i) Theenthal
pyofatomizat
ionincreasesf r
om l
eftt
ori
ghti
na
ser
iesuptothemi
ddl
eandt hendecreases.
i
v) The enthal
pyofat omiz
ation of2nd and 3rd transit
ion ser
ies
metalshavehighert
hanthemet sof1stt
al ransi t
ionser i
esduet o
i
ncreaseinstr
engthofmetall
i
cbondingdownt hegr oup.

4.At
omi
candi
oni
cradi
i
:
i
) Theat
omicandioni
cradi
ioft
ransi
ti
onmet
alsl
i
einbet
weent
hes-
bl
ockandp-
blockel
ement
s.
i
i
) Theatomicradi
iofd- bl
ockelementsdecr easewit
hincr
easei
n
atomi
cnoinaser ies.Af
termidwayt heatomi cr
adi
iofel
ement
s
remai
nscomparabl
eandatlastsl
ight
lyincr
eases.
i
i
i) Thi
sisbecausei
nthebegi
nni
ngnoofd-
elect
ronsi
slesswhi
chhav
e

4|Page
 weakershieldingeffectbywhi chef f
ecti
venucl earchar geincr
eases
andsi zedecreases.Af termidwaywi thincreaseinnoofd- el
ect
ron
screening eff
ecti ncreases whi ch counterbal ance t he nucl
ear
chargeandhencet hesi zeremainsnearlysame.Neart heendoft he
seri
est heincreasedel ectr
on-el
ectronrepulsionisgr eaterthanthe
att
ractiveforce due t ot he nuclearchar ge.Thisr esul
tsi nthe
expansionoftheel ect
roncl oudsandt hesizeincreases.
i
v) I
n3dser
iest
heat
omi
csi
zeoft
heel
ement
sar
e:
Sc, Ti
, V, Cr
, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni
, Cu, Zn
Si
zei
npm:162, 147,134,127,126,126,125,124,128,137
Thati
st heatomicsizedecreasesfr
om SctoCr
,thenr
emai
ns
compar
ableandfi
nal
l
yi ncr
easesatCuandZn.
v
) Theatomicr adiii
ncreasedownt hegroupduetoincr
easeintheno
ofshell
s.Soat omicr adi
iofsecondtr
ansit
ionser
iesarel
argert
han
thoseoffi
rsttransi
ti
onser i
es.
v
i) Buttheatomicradi
iofsecondandthir
dt r
ansi
ti
onseriesar
ealmost
the same due tolanthani
de cont
racti
on which i
s due to poor
screeni
ngeff
ectof4felect
rons.
v
ii
) Duetolant
hani
decontr
acti he2ndand3rdt
ont ransi
ti
onser
iesmet
als
possesssi
mil
arphy
sicalandchemi
calproper
ti
es.
v
ii
i) Zir
coni
um(Zr)andHafnium(Hf)possessi
milarradi
ili
keZr
=160pm
andHf=159pm duet
ol anthani
decontr
act
ion..
i
x) I
n3dseriest
hedensi
tyincr
easesfrom l
eftt
ori
ghtduetoincrease
i
nmassanddecreaseinatomicsize.Zi
ncisexcept
ionasitssize
i
ncr
easessoit
sdensi
tydecr
eases.

5. I
oni
sat
ionener
gies:
i
) Thef i
rsti
oni
z at
ionenergiesoft r
ansi
ti
onmet alsarehigherthan
thoseofs-blockelementsandl essert
hanp-blockelements.The
i
onizat
ionenergi
esgr aduall
yincr
easewi t
hincreaseinatomicno
alongagiv
entransi
ti
onser i
es.
st
i
i
) In3dseriesCrhaslow 1 ioni
zati
onenergybecausel
ossofone
5 st
elect
ron gi
ves st
abl
e 3d configur
ati
on.Zn has ver
y hi
gh 1
5|Page
 i
onizat
ionener
gybecausei
thasst
abl
ecompl
etel
yfi
l
ledor
bit
al3d10
(
2
4s)
nd
i
i
i) The2 i oni
zat
ionener
giesofCrandCuhav
ehi
gherv
aluesduet
o
thei
rd5andd10confi
gurat
ionsoft
heM+i
on.
+
Cr-[
Ar]3d5
Cu+-[
Ar]3d10
i
v) Cu,NiandZnhav
ehighvalueof3rdi
oni
zat
ionener
gyf
orwhi
cht
hey
showamaximum ox
idat
ionstat
eof+2.
v
) The1sti
oni
zationenergyof5delementsarehigherthanthoseof3d
and4dseri
esel ementsduetopoorscreeni
ngef f
ectof4felect
rons.
Thi
sr esul
ts great
eref f
ect
ive nucl
earcharge bywhi ch val
ence
el
ectr
onsarediffi
cul
ttoremove.
6.Oxi
dat
ionst
ates:
i
) Alltr
ansi
ti
onel ement
sex ceptt
hef
ir
standl
astel
ement
sex
hibi
t
vari
abl
eoxidat
ionstat
es.
i
i
) Thisi
sbecausei
nd-
blockel
ement
sbothnsand( n-
1)dor
bit
alsar
e
usedinbondfor
mat
ionastheenergydi
ff
erencebet
weenthem i
s
veryl
ess.
i
i
i) I
n3dseri
esScandZndon’texhi
bitv
ari
ableoxi
dati
onstat
e.Schas
onl
y+3oxi
dat
ionst
ateandZnhas+2oxidat
ionst
ates.
i
v) Theelementswhichexhi
bitgreatestnoofoxidat
ionstat
esoccurat
orneart he middl
e ofthe ser ies.Thi
si s because atmiddle
maximum noofunpair
edel ect
ronsar epr
esentwhichareinv
olvein
bondfor
mation.
v
) I
n3dseries,Mnex
hibi
thi
ghernoandhi
ghestoxi
dat
ionst
atel
i
ke
f
rom +2t
o+7.
v
i) Low oxidat
ion stat
es areformed when a complexhas l
i
gands
capabl
eof - accept
orchar
act
eral
ongwi
th -bondfor
mati
on.
Ex.I
nNi
(CO)
4andFe(
CO)
5theoxi
dat
ionst
atesofNi
andFear
ezer
o.
v
ii
) Oxidationstat
esofp- bl
ockdiff
erby2uni
tbecausetheiroxi
dat
ion
st
at esar eexpl
ainedbyexcitati
onofoneelect
ronfrom nstonp
orbi
t albuti
nd- bl
ock itdi
ff
ersbyoneunitduetolossofelect
ron
fr
om nsaswel las(n-
1)dor
bital
.
v
ii
i) Highestoxi
dati
onstatesar
eshowni
nfl
uori
desoroxi
desasF2orO2
arestrongeroxidi
zi
ngagentsduetothei
rhigherel
ect
ronegat
ive
value.
i
x) O2 i
sbettert
hanF2 t
oex hi
bithi
gherox
idat
ionst
atesbecausei
tis
abl
et of
orm mul
ti
plebonds.
x) Thehigheroxidat
ionstat
esaremor establ
eforheavierel
ement
s
duet
ot hei
rlar
gersizeandsmal
lerel
ect
ronegat
ivev
alue.

6|Page
 7.St
andar
dreduct
ionpot
ent
ial
s:
i
) I
nsoluti
onthest
abi
l
ityofcompoundsdependont
hei
rel
ect
rode
pot
ent
ial
s.
i
i
) The el
ect
rode pot
enti
al value depends on the enthal
py of
subl
i
mati
on,thei
oni
zat
ionenthal
pyandt hehy
drat
ionent
halpy
.
i
i
i) Thetotalenergychangefort
hesol
i
d met
alt
o conv
erti
ntoi
ts
monovalentaqueousf
ormi
s:

i
v) Thelowertheelectr
odepotenti
ali.e.more–vethestandardr
educt
ion
pot
enti
aloftheelect
rode,mor
est ablei
stheox
idati
onstateoft
hemet al
i
ntheaqueoussoluti
on.
v
) TheE0v
aluef
ort
hedi
val
entmet
ali
onsar
e:
Met
als: Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

7|Page
Eov
alue(
V):-
1.63 -
1.18 -
0.91 -
1.18 -
0.44 -
0.28 -
0.25 +0.
34-
0.76
v
i) Their
regul
art
rendsofE0 val
ueisduetheir
regul
arv
ari
ati
onof
i
oni
zati
onandsubl
imat
ionener
gyacr
osst
heper
iod.
v
i) TheE0 v
i alueofcopperi
s+v eduet
oit
shigherv
alueofent
hal
pyof
at
omizati
onandlowerhydr
ati
onent
hal
py.
v
ii
i) The–v eE0 val
uedecr
easesacrosstheperi
oddut
oincr n1st
easei
nd
and2 i oni
zati
onener
gyacrosstheper
iod.
i
x) Thev uesofE0 f
al orMnandZnar emore–v
ethanexpect
eddueto
5 2+ 10
extr
astabi
l
ityofhalff
il
led(
3d forMn )andcompl
etel
yfil
l
ed(3d
2+
forZn )orbit
al.
x) TheE0v ueofMn3+/
al Mn2+i
smuchmoreposi
ti
veduet olar
gert
hir
d
3+
i
onizat
ionofMn.Forthi
sMn act
sasast
rongeroxi
dizi
ngagent
.
2+
xi
) OutofCr andFe2+,Cr2+
act
sasast
rongerr
educi
ngagentduet
o
0
i
tshi
gher–v eE balue.
xi
i
) The endency to exhibit+2 oxi
dat
ion st
ate acr
oss t
he per
iod
decr
easesduet oi ncreasei
nsum off i
rstandsecondioni
zat
ion
ener
gyacrosstheperiod.
xi
i
i) Cu+islessst
ablei
naqueoussolutionduetoit
slower–vehydrat
ion
energy.Cu+ in aqueous sol
ution under
goes dispr
opor
tinat
ion
2+
reacti
ontoform morestabl
eCu duet oitshigher–vehydrat
ion
enthal
py.
Cu+ Cu2++Cu
8.For
mat
ionofoxi
des:
i
) Theabili
tyofoxygentostabil
i
zehigheroxidat
ionstat
esex ceeds
thanF2becauseO2isabl
etoform mul
ti
plebondswit
hmet al
s.
i
i
) The oxi
desofl oweroxidati
on st
ates ar
e basi
c,t
he oxi
desoin
i
nter
mediateox i
dati
onstatesareAmphot er
icand t
heoxidesof
hi
gheroxidat
ionstat
esar
eacidici
nnature.
Ex:
CrOi
sbasi
c,Cr
2O3i
sAmphot
eri
c,Cr
O3i
saci
dic
MnOi
sbasi
c,MnO2i
sAmphot
eri
c,Mn2O7i
saci
dic.
i
i
i) Theaci
dicnat
ureofoxi
desi
ncr
easeswi
thi
ncr
easei
n%ofOxy
gen.
Theaci
dicst
rengt
hincr
easesi
ntheor
der
:
2+ 2- -
VO <Cr
2O7 <MnO4
Thisisduetoincreasein%ofoxygen,i
ncreaseinoxidat
ionst
ateas
wellasincreaseinstabil
i
tyofthelowerspeciestowhichtheyare
reducedfr
om v anadi
um oxidet
omanganeseoxi de.
9.Magnet
icpr
oper
ti
es:
i
) Thesubstanceswhi
char eatt
ract
edbytheappli
edmagnet
icf
iel
d
arecal
ledparamagneti
candwhi char
er epel
l
edbythemagneti
c
fi
eldar
ecall
eddiamagneti
c.

8|Page
 i
i
) Mostoft he transi
ti
on metalions and t
hei
rcompounds are
par
amagneti
cinnat ureduetopresenceofunpai
redel
ectr
onsin
i
nnermostd-or
bital
s.Thet r
ansi
ti
onelementswhi
ch havepai
red
el
ectr
onsar
ediamagnet i
c.
i
i
i) Themagneti
cmomentofasubst
ancecanbecal
cul
atedf
rom spi
n
onl
yfor
mula,
Magnet
icmoment
, B.
M
Wher
en=Noofunpai
redel
ect
rons
Ex:
InMn2+,
n=5So = = =5.
91B.
M

nFe2+,
I n=4,
So = = =4.
89B.
M

nCo2+,
I n=3, = = =3.
87B.
M
10.
For
mat
ionofcol
our
edi
ons:
i
) Mostofthetr
ansi
ti
onmet alcompoundsar
ecol
our
edbot
hint
hesol
i
d
st
ateandi
ntheaqueoussolut
ion.
i
i
) Thecolouri
sduetothepresenceofunpai
redel
ectr
onsinthed-subshel
l
.
Theunpair
edel
ect
ronabsorbsenergyandunder
goesd-
dtransi
ti
on.
i
i
i) Thecolourobser
vedcor
respondst
othecompl
ement
arycol
ouroft
he
l
ightabsor
bed.
i
v) Themet
ali
onswhi
chhav
enounpai
redel
ect
ronar
ecol
our
less.
Sc3+,
Ex: Ti4+
,Zn2+ar
ecol
our
lessduet
oabsenceofunpai
redel
ect
rons.

11.
For
mat
ionofcompl
excompounds:

9|Page
 i
) Tr
ansit
ion metalions form alarge no ofcompl
ex compounds l
i
ke
3- 2+ 2-
[
Fe(CN)6],[Cu(
NH3)4], [
Ni(
CN)
4]e tc.
i
i
) Thecompl
exf
ormat
iont
endencyoft
ransi
ti
onmet
alcompoundsi
sduet
o:
a)Compar
ati
vel
ysmal
l
ersi
zeofmet
ali
ons
b)Thei
rhi
ghi
oni
cchar
ges
c)Av
ail
abi
l
ityofv
acantd-
orbi
tal
forbondf
ormat
ion.
12.
Cat
aly
ticpr
oper
ti
es:
i
) Manyoft hetransi
ti
onmetlsandtheircompoundsar eusedascat al
ysts
l
ikeV2O5 int
hemanuf act
ureofH2SO4 incont
actprocess,Fein Haber’s
process,Nii
nhy dr
ogenati
onofalkenesoralkynes,Zigl
erNattacatal
yst
[
TiCl4andAl(
CH3)3]i
nthemanufact
ureofpolyt
henef r
om ethaneetc.
i
i
) Thecataly
stsform bondswitht hereact
antmoleculesbywhicht
heconc.
ofreactants atit
s surface increase and t
he bonds inthe r
eact
ing
molecul
esal sobecomesweaker .Sot hecatalystlower
stheacti
vat
ion
ener
gyoft hereact
antandincreaset her
ateofreacti
on.
i
i
i) Thecat
aly
ticpr
oper
tyoft
het
ransi
ti
onel
ement
sisduet
o:
a.Abi
l
ityt
oexhi
bitv
ari
abl
eoxi
dat
ionst
ates
b.Provi
deasuit
abl
elargesur
facear
eawi
thf
reev
alancesonwhi
ch
react
ant
sar
eadsor
bed.
Ex:Fe3+cat
aly
sest
her
eact
ionbet
weeni
odi
deandper
sul
phat
eions.
-
2I+S2O82- I
2+2SO42-
sm: 2Fe3++2I
Macani -
2Fe2++I
2

2Fe2++S2O82- 2Fe3++2SO42-

13.
For
mat
ionofi
nter
sti
ti
alcompounds:
i
) Thenonstochi
ometri
ccompoundsoft r
ansi
ti
onmetal
sinwhi
chsmal l
at
omsl i
keC,H,BandN ar eoccupyintheempt
yspacesori
nter
sti
ti
al
si
tesar
ecal
ledi
nter
sti
ti
alcompounds.
Ex:
TiH1.7,
Fe3C,
VH0.56
i
i
) Transi
ti
onmetalsfor
minterst
it
ialcompoundsduet
opr
esenceofempt
y
spaceorvoi
dsinthei
rcr
ystall
atti
ce.
i
i
i) Theinter
sti
ti
alcompoundshavehi
ghermelt
ingpoi
nt,
arev
eryhar
d,r
etai
n
metall
i
cconductiv
ityandar
echemi
call
yiner
t.
14.
All
oyf
ormat
ion:
i
) Anal
l
oyisahomogeneoussoli
dsolut
ionoft
woormoremet
alsi
nwhich
at
omsofonemet
alisdi
str
ibut
edrandomlyamongt
heat
omsofot
her
.
i
i
) Theall
oysaref
ormedbyat
omswi
thmet
all
i
cradi
ithatar
ewi
thi
n15%of
eachother
.
i
i
i) Tr
ansi
ti
onmet
alsf
orm al
l
oysduet
othei
rsi
mil
arat
omi
cradi
i
.
Ex:
Brass(
Cu+Zn)
,Br
onze(
Cu+Sn)
,St
ainl
essst
eel
(Fe,
Cr,
C)

10|Page
 Pr
epar
ati
on,
proper
ti
esandusesofK2Cr
2O7:

Pr
epar
ati
onf
rom chr
omi
teor
e:
i
) Thechromiteoreorf
errochr
omei smixedwi
thNa2CO3andr
oast
edi
na
rev
erberat
oryfur
nacetoform sodi
um chr
omate.
4FeCr
2O4+8Na2CO3+7O2 8Na2Cr
O4+2Fe2O3+8CO2
i
i
) Sodi
um chr
omat
eist
reat
edwi
thconc.H2SO4t
ofor
m sodi
um di
chr
omat
e.
2Na2Cr
O4+H2SO4 Na2Cr
2O7+Na2SO4+H2O
i
i
i) Sodi
um di
chr
omat
eist
reat
edwi
thKCl
tof
orm pot
assi
um di
chr
omat
e.
Na2Cr
2O7+2KCl K2Cr
2O7+2NaCl
Chemi
calpr
oper
ti
es:
1.Act
ion of heat
:potassi
um dichr
omate on t
her
maldecomposi
ti
on gi
ves
pot
assi
um chromat
eandchromi
coxide.
4K2Cr
2O7 4K2Cr
O4+2Cr
2O3+3O2
2.Act
ionwithal
kal
i:di
chr
omat
eioni
nal
kal
i
nemedi
um conv
ert
edi
ntoy
ell
ow
col
ourchr
omat
eion.
K2Cr
2O7+2KOH 2K2Cr
O4+H2O
2- -
Or
,Cr
2O7 +2OH O42-+H2O
2Cr
Agai
nthechr
omat
eiononaci
dif
icat
ionf
orm or
angecol
ourdi
chr
omat
eion.
O42-+2H+
2Cr Cr 2-
2O7 +H2O

Oxi
disi
ngpr
oper
ti
es:
K2Cr
2O7act
sanoxi
dizi
ngagenti
nconc.H2SO4asi
tpr
ovi
desnascentoxy
gen.
K2Cr
2O7+4H2SO4 K2SO4+Cr
2(SO4)
3+4H2O+3[
O]
2-
4H++6e-
3+
Or
,Cr
2O7 +1 2Cr +7H2O
Exampl
es:
-
i
) React
ionwi
thI:Di
chr
omat
eionoxi
dizest
hei
odi
dei
ont
ofor
miodi
ne.
2-
4H++6e-
3+
Cr
2O7 +1 2Cr +7H2O
-
2I I
2+2e-]x3
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
2-
4H++6I
- 3+
Cr
2O7 +1 2Cr +7H2O+3I
2

i
i
) React
ionwi
thSn2+:Di
chr
omat
eionoxi
dizesst
annousi
ont
ofor
m st
anni
c
i
on.
2-
4H++6e-
3+
Cr
2O7 +1 2Cr +7H2O
Sn2+ Sn4++2e-]x3
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
2-
4H++3Sn2+
3+
Cr
2O7 +1 2Cr +7H2O+3Sn4+

11|Page
 i
i
i) React
ionwi
thH2S:
Dichr
omat
eionoxi
dizesH2St
ofor
m sul
phur
.
2-
Cr
2O7 +14H++6e- 3+
2Cr +7H2O
H2S S+2H++2e-]x3
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
2- + 3+
Cr
2O7 +8H +3H2S 2Cr +7H2O+3S
i
v) Reacti
onwit
hFer
roussal
ts:Di
chr
omat
eionoxi
dizesf
err
ousi
ont
ofor
m
fer
ri
cion.
2-
Cr
2O7 +14H++6e- 3+
2Cr +7H2O
Fe2+ Fe3++e-]x6
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
2-
Cr
2O7 +14H++6Fe2+ 3+
2Cr +7H2O+6Fe3+
St
ruct
ure:I
tconsi
stsoft
wot
etr
ahedr
alst
ruct
ureshav
i e1260.
ngbondangl

Uses:
i)asanoxi
dizi
ngagent
.
i
i
)usedi
nvol
umet
ri
canal
ysi
s.

Pr
epar
ati
on,
proper
ti
esandusesofKMnO4:
Pr
epar
ati
on:
1.Fr
om py
rol
usi
teor
e:
i
) Py
rol
usiteisfused wi
th an al
kal
ili
keKOH i
n O2 t
ofor
m pot
assi
um
manganate.
2MnO2+4KOH+O2 2K2MnO4+2H2O
i
i
) The pot
assi
um manganate under
goes di
spr
oper
ti
onat
ion r
eact
ion i
n
aci
dicmedi
um t
ofor
m pot.Permanganat
e.
3MnO42-+4H+ 2MnO4-+MnO2+2H2O
Not
e:
i
) Themanganat
eioncanbeconv
ert
edi
ntoper
manganat
eionusi
ngCO2orCl
2.

3K2MnO4+2CO2 2KMnO4+MnO+2K2CO3
2K2MnO4+Cl
2 2KMnO4+2KCl
i
i
) Themanganat
eioncanbeconv
ert
edi
ntoper
manganat
eionbyel
ect
rol
yti
c
oxi
dat
ion.
MnO42- MnO4–
12|Page
 2.I
nt he laborat
ory
,potassium per
manganat
eis pr
epar
ed by oxi
dat
ion of
manganeseionbyper
oxodisul
phat
e.
2Mn2++5S2O82-+8H2O 2MnO4-+10SO42-+16H+
Chemi
calpr
oper
ti
es:
1.Acti
onofheat:potassi
um per
manganat
eiononheat
ingdecomposedt
o
for
m pot
assi
um manganate.
2KMnO4 K2MnO4+MnO2+O2
2.Oxi
disi
ngnat
ure:
a)In aci
dicmedium:Potassium per
mangat
eact
sasast
rongoxi
dizi
ng
agentindi
l
utesul
phur
icacid.
2KMnO4+3H2SO4 K2SO4+2MnSO4+3H2O+5[
O]
Or
,MnO4-+8H++5e- Mn2++4H2O
Ex.
i
) Reacti
onwi
thi
odi
dei
on:per
manganat
eionox
idi
zesi
odi
dei
ont
ofor
m
i
odine.
MnO4-+8H++5e- Mn2++4H2O]x2
-
2I I
2+2e- ]x5
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
MnO4-+10I
-
+16H+ 2Mn2++8H2O+5I
2

i
i
) React
ionwi
thFe2+:Per
manganat
eionox
idi
zesFe2+i
ont
of m Fe3+.
or

MnO4-+8H++5e- Mn2++4H2O]
Fe2+ Fe3++e- ]x5
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
MnO4-+5Fe2++8H+ Mn2++5Fe3+ +4H2O
i
i
i) React
ionwi
thoxal
atei
on:Aci
dif
iedKMnO4 oxi
disesoxal
atei
ont
ofor
m
CO2.
MnO4-+8H++5e- Mn2++4H2O]x2
C2O42- 2CO2+2e-]x5
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
2MnO4-+16H++5C2O42- 2Mn2++8H2O+10CO2
i
v) React
ionwi
thH2S:
Aci
dif
iedKMnO4oxi
disesH2St
ofor
m sul
phur
.
MnO4-+8H++5e- Mn2++4H2O]x2
H2S S+2H++2e-]x5
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
2MnO4- +6H++5H2S 2Mn2++8H2O+5S
v
) React
ionwi
thSO32-:
13|Page
 Aci
dif
iedKMnO4oxi
disesSO32-i
ont
ofor
m sul
phat
eion.
MnO4-+8H++5e- Mn2++4H2O]
x2
2-
SO3 +H2O SO42-+2H++2e-]x5
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
2- 2-
2MnO4- +6H++5SO3 2Mn2++3H2O+5SO4
v
i) React
ionwi
thNO2-:
Aci
dif
iedKMnO4oxi
disesni
tr
it
eiont
ofor
m ni
tr
ate.
MnO4-+8H++5e- Mn2++4H2O]
x2
NO2-+H2O NO3-+2H++2e-
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
2MnO4- +6H++5NO2- 2Mn2++3H2O+5NO3-
b.Inneutr
aloralkal
inemedi
um:KMnO4 act
sasamodeat
eoxi
dizi
ngagenti
nneut
ral
aqueoussolut
ion.
2KMnO4+H2O 2KOH+2MnO2+3[
O]
, MnO4-+2H2O+3e-
Or MnO2+4OH-
i
) Reacti
onwi t
hIodi
dei
on:KMnO4oxi
disesi
odi
dei
oni
nal
kal
i
nemedi
um
tofor
mi odatei
on.
, 2MnO4-+H2O+I
-
2MnO2+2OH-+I
O3-
i
i) React
ionwit
hthi
osul
phat
eion:KMnO4 oxi
disest
hiosul
phat
eiont
ofor
m
sul
phatei
on.
8MnO4-+3S2O32-+H2O 8MnO2+6SO42-+2OH-

i
ii
) React
ionwi
thManganousi
on:KMnO4oxi
disesmanganousi
ont
ofor
m

MnO2.

i
v) 2MnO4-+3Mn2++2H2O 5MnO2+4H+

Note:Permanganateti
tr
ati
oncan’
ttakespl
acei
npr
esenceofHClasCl
-is
-
oxi
dizedbyMnO4 tofor
m Cl2.

Str
uct
ureofPermanganateandmanganareion:Inbothpermanganat
eand
3
manganat
eionthecentr
alat
om Mni
sSP hy bri
disedandhencebot
hoft hem
havet
etr
ahedr
alst
ruct
ure.

14|Page
 F-Bl
ockel
ement
s

Theelementsinwhi chthel astelect

ronenter
si nt
otheant i
-penult
imate(n-2)
f
–orbi
talsarecall
ed f -
blockel ement
s.Theseel ementsareal so cal
led i
nner
tr
ansit
ion el
ements.The gener alouterelectr
onic conf
igurati
on off -
block
1-
14
el
ement si
s(n-2)
f (n-
1)d0-1ns2.Thef-
blockel
ementscanbecl assif
iedint
otwo
seri
esofelementslike:
A)
Lant
hani
desB)Act
ini
des
A)
Thel
ant
hani
desorl
ant
hanoi
ds:
Theelement sinwhichthelastelect
ronentersint
ot he4for bitalsarecal l
edthe
1-
14
l
anthanides.They hav e generalelect
roni
c configurati
on 4f 5d0-1.
. 6s2.the
el
ement s of l ant
hanide ser i
es ar e Lant hanum( La), Cer ium(Ce)
,
Praseodymium(Pr), Neody mium(Nd), Pr omethium( Pm), Samar i
um( Sm)
,
Europi
um( Eu), Gadol
ini
um( Gd), Terbi
um(Tb), Dy sprosi
um( Dy ),
Holmium( Ho)
,
Erbi
um( Er)
,Thuli
um(Tm),Ytterbi
um(Yb),Lut
eti
um(Lu)f rom atomi cno57t o71.
El
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
on:
a) Lant
hanoi
dshav
etheel
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onwi
th6s2common.
Xe]5d16s2
La–[ Ce–[ 2 0 2
Xe]4f5d6s
3 0 2 4 0 2
Pr-[
Xe]4f5d6s Nd-[
Xe]4f5d6s
5 0 2 6 0 2
Pm-[
Xe]4f5d6s Sm-[
Xe]4f5d6s
7 0 2 7 1 2
Eu-[
Xe]4f5d6s Gd-[
Xe]4f5d6s
9 0 2 10 0 2
Tb-[
Xe]4f5d6s Dy
-[Xe]4f 5d6s
11 0 2 12 0 2
Ho-[
Xe]4f 5d6s Er
-[Xe]4f 5d6s
13 0 2 14 0 2
Tm-[
Xe]4f 5d6s Yb-[
Xe]4f 5d6s
14 1 2
Lu-[
Xe]4f 5d6s
b) Theelect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onofEuandGdhav
eexact
lyhal
f-
fi
ll
edf
-
orbi
tal
.
2 0 2
c) Theout
erel
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onofCei
s4f5d6s
14 1 2
d) Theouterel
ect
roni
cconfi
gur
ati
onofLui s4f 5d6s whi
chi
sduet
o
ext
rast
abil
it
yofcompl
etel
yfi
l
ledor
bit
als.
At
omi
candi
oni
csi
zes:
i
) Theregulardecr
easei
nt heat
omi
candioni
cradiiofl
ant
hanoi
dswi
th
i
ncreasi
ngatomicnoisknownasl
ant
hani
decontr
acti
on.
i
i
) Thi
si sduetotheimperfectorpoorshi
eldi
ngofthe4felectrons.Thi
s
i
mper f
ectshiel
ding i
s unableto count
erbal
ance t
he effectoft he
i
ncreasednucl
earcharge.
i
i
i) Theconsequencesofl
ant
hani
decont
ract
ionsar
e:
a.Asthechangeinsi
zeoft
helant
hani
desi
sv er
ysmall,
thei
rchemi
cal
pr
opert
iesaresi
mil
ar,
sotheyar
edif
fi
cul
ttosepar
ate.
15|Page
 b.Theel
ement
sofsecondandthi
rdt
ransi
ti
onser
iesbel
ongi
ngt
o
samegr
ouphav
esi
mil
arsi
ze.
Ex:
ZrandHfhav
esi
mil
arsi
zeduet
olant
hani
decont
ract
ion.
c.Thebasi
cstrengthofthehy dr
oxidesofthelant
hani
desdecr
eases
3+ 3+
fr
om La t o Lu duet oincreasein coval
entcharact
erofthe
hydr
oxi
desfr
om leftt
orightbecauseofdecr
easeinsi
zeofcati
ons.
Ex:
La(
OH)
3ismostbasi
cwher
easLu(
OH)
3isl
eastbasi
c.
Oxi
dat
ionst
ates:
i
) Thecommonoxi
dat
ionst
atesofal
lthel
ant
hanoi
dsi
s+3.
i
i
) The oxi
dati
on stat
es of+2 and +4 ar
e also exhi
bit
ed by some
0 7 14
l
anthani
destoacqui
redst
abl
eelect
roni
cconf
igur
ationoff orforf .
Ex:
Cer
ium,
Ter
bium exhi
bit+4oxi
dat
ionst
ate.
Ce4+-[ 0
Xe]4f
Tb4+-[ 7
Xe]4f
Eur
opi
um andy
tter
bium exhi
bit+2oxi
dat
ionst
ates.
Eu+2–[ 7
Xe]4f
Yb+2–[
Xe]
4f14

i
i
i) But+4and+2oxidati
onst
atesar
elessst
ableascompar
edt othei
r
commonoxi
dat
ionstat
e+3whichi
schar
act
eri
sti
coft
hel
anthani
des.
i
v) Ce4+ i
sunst
ableandhencei
treadi
l
ygai
nsel
ect
ront
oconv er
tint
oi t
s
commonoxi dat
ionst
ate+3andhencei
tact
sasastrongeroxi
dizi
ng
agent.
Ce4++e- Ce3+ E0=+1.
74V
Si
mil
arl
yTb4+act
sasanoxi
dizi
ngagent
.
v
) Eu2+ andYb2+ act
sasst rongreduci
ngagentt
oconv
erti
ntot
hei
rmor
e
stablecommonoxi dat
ionstat
eof+3.
2+ -
Eu -
e Eu3+ E0=-
; 2.0V

16|Page
Col
our
edi
ons:
i
) Manyofthel
ant
hani
dei
onsar
ecol
our
edi
nsol
i
dst
ateaswel
lasi
n
sol
uti
ons.
i
i
) Thecolouri
sduet
opr
esenceofunpai
redel
ect
ronswhi
chal
l
ow f
-f
tr
ansi
ti
ons.
i
i
i) Themet ali
onshaving4f
0,4f14conf
igur
ati
onsar
ecol
our
lessduet
o
absenceofunpai
redel
ect
rons.
La3+-[ 0
Xe]4f
Lu3+-[ 14
Xe]4f
Magnet
icpr
oper
ti
es:
i
) ExceptLa3+ and Lu3+ otherposit
iveions ofthe l
ant
hanides ar
e
paramagnet
icduetopr esenceofunpai
redel
ectr
onsi
nthef-
orbit
al.
i
i
) Lanthanides dif
ferf r
om the t r
ansit
ion el
ementsint heirmagnetic
moment s because inf -
block elementst he magnet
ic momenti s
calculat
edbyconsi deri
ngbothspinandor bi
talmot
ionofelectr
ons.But
i
nt ransit
ionmet al
stheorbitalspi
nisquenchedbyt heelectr
icfi
eldof
theligands.
i
i
i) Themagnet
icmomenti
sgi
venas
B.
M
Wher
eS=Spi
nquant
um no
L=Or
bit
alquant
um no
Chemi
calbehav
ior
:
i
) Thel
ant
hani
deswhenheat
edwi
thH2f
ormt
hei
rhy
dri
des.
i
i
) Thel
ant
hani
deswhenheat
edwi
thcar
bonf
ormt
hei
rcar
bides.
Ln+C Ln3C (
Ln-Lant
hani
des)
i
i
i) Thel
ant
hani
desonbur
ningwi
thhal
ogensf
ormt
hei
rhal
i
des.
Ln+X2 LnX3
i
v) The l
ant
hani
des bur
n wi
th O2,N2,S t
ofor
m t
hei
roxi
des,ni
tr
ides and
sul
phi
des.
Ln+O2 Ln2O3
Ln+N2 LnN
Ln+S Ln2S3
v
) Thel
ant
hani
desr
eactwi
thdi
l
uteaci
dst
oli
ber
ateH2gas.
Ln+HCl LnCl
3+H2

v
i) Thel
ant
hani
desr
eactwi
thH2Ot
ofor
mthei
rhy
droxi
des.
Ln+H2O Ln(
OH)
3+H2

Usesofl
ant
hani
des:

17|Page
 i
) Lant
hani
desar
eusedf
ort
hepr
oduct
ionofal
l
oyst
eel
sforpl
atesandt
il
es.
Ex:Mi
schmetalwhi
chconsi
stsofl
ant
hani
demet
al(
95%)
,ir
in(
5%)andt
races
ofC,S,Al
andCa.
i
i
) TheMischmet
ali
susedi
nMgbasedal
l
oyt
opr
oducebul
l
ets,shel
land
l
ight
erf
li
nt.
i
ii
) Mi
xedoxi
desofl
ant
hani
desar
eusedascat
aly
stsi
ncr
acki
ngofpet
rol
eum.

A) Theact
ini
desoract
inoi
ds:
Theel ement
si nwhi cht helastelectr
onent er
sintothe5for bi
talsarecalledthe
1-
14 0-
1 2
acti
nides.
They hav e gener al electr
onic configur
ati
on 5f . 6d . 7s. The
el
ement sofact i
nideser iesar eAct i
nium(Ac),Thori
um( Th),Protacti
nium(Pr)
,
Uranium(U), Neptuni um(Np), Pl ut
onium(Pu), Amer i
cium(Am) , Curium(Cm),
Berkeli
um(Bk),
Calif
or nium(Cf),Ei
nstenium(Es),Fermi
um( Fm),Mendel ivi
um(Md),
Nobel i
um(No),Lawr encium(Lr)fr
om atomi cno89t o103.
El
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
on:
i
) Act
inoi
dshav
etheel
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onwi
th7s2common.
Rn]6d17s2
Ac–[ Rn]6d27s2
Th–[
2 1 2 3 1 2
Pa-[
Rn]5f6d7s U-[
Rn]5f6d7s
4 1 2 6 0 2
Np-[
Rn]5f6d7s Pu-[
Rn]5f6d7s
7 0 2 7 1 2
Am-[
Rn]5f6d7s Cm-[
Rn]5f6d7s
9 0 2 10 0 2
Bk-[
Rn]5f6d7s Cf
-[Rn]5f 6d7s
11 0 2 12 0 2
Es-[
Rn]5f 6d7s Fm-[
Rn]5f 6d7s
13 0 2 14 0 2
Md-[
Rn]5f 6d7s No-[
Rn]5f 6d7s
14 1 2
Lr
-[Rn]5f 6d7s
e) Theelect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onofAm andCm hav
eex
act
lyhal
f-
fi
ll
ed5f
-
orbi
tal
.
3 1 2
f
) Theout
erel
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onofUi
s5f6d7s
14 1 2
g) Theouterel
ect
roni
cconfi
gur
ati
onofLris5f 6d7s whi
chi
sduet
o
ext
rast
abil
it
yofcompl
etel
yfi
l
ledor
bit
als.
At
omi
candI
oni
csi
ze:
i
) Thedecr
easeinatomi
candioni
cr adi
ioft
heact
ini
deswi
thi
ncr
easei
n
at
omicnoiscall
edact
ini
decont
racti
on.
i
i
) Theacti
nidecontr
actionismorethanlant
hani
decont
racti
onduemore
poorscreeni
ng eff
ectof5fel ectronsoftheacti
nidesthan t
he4f
el
ectr
onsofthelanthanides.
Oxi
dat
ionst
ates:
i
) The common oxi
dation st
ates ofthe act
inoi
ds ar
e +3.Some
el
ementsal
soexhi
bit+4oxidati
onst
ates.
i
i
) Act
inoidsexhi
bitl
argenoofoxi
dat
ionst
atesunl
i
kelanthanoi
dsdue
toverysmallener
gygapbetween5f,6dand7sorbit
als.Soallt
he
18|Page
 el
ect
ronsoft
heset
hreeor
bit
alcant
akepar
tinbondf
ormat
ion.
i
i
i) Themaximum ox
idati
onstatef
ir
sti
ncr
easesupt
othemi
ddl
eoft
he
ser
iesandt
hendecreases.
Ex:
Npex
hibi
ts+7oxi
dat
ionst
ate.

Col
ourofi
ons:
Acti
noidcati
onsarecol
ouredduetopresenceofunpai
redel
ect
ronsi
nt he
f-
orbi
taland theyunder
go f-
ftransi
ti
onbyabsor pti
onofenergyfrom
vi
sibl
eradiat
ion.
Thecati
onshav i
ngnounpai
redel
ect
ronsor7el
ect
ronsi
nthe5for
bit
al
arecol
ourl
ess.
Ac3+,
Ex: Am3+ar
ecol
our
less.

Compar
isi
onbet
weenLant
hani
desANDact
ini
des:
i
) The acti
nides havelowerionizati
on enthal
pythan t
he lant
hani
des
because 5forbitali
slesspenet rat
ing t
han 4fand henceismor e
eff
ecti
vel
yshieldedfr
om thenuclearchar
ge.
i
i) Themagneti
cproper
ti
esoft
heact
inoi
dsar
emor
ecompl
ext
hant
hose
oft
hel
anthanoi
ds.
i
ii
) Al
ltheact
inoi
delementsareradioacti
veandhi
ghl
yunst
abl
e.Sot
he
st
udyoft
heacti
noidsi
sverydi
ffi
cult.
i
v) Act
ini
decont
ract
ioni
smor
ethant
hel
ant
hani
decont
ract
ion.
v
) Act
inoi
dsex
hibi
tlar
gernoofoxi
dat
ionst
atest
hant
hel
ant
hanoi
ds.

19|Page
DandF-bl
ockel
ement
s
Pr
act
icequest
ions:
1. Wr
it
etheout
erel
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onofCrandCu.
2. Thereishardlyanydecr
easei
nat
omi
csi
zewi
thi
ncr
easi
ngat
omi
cnosi
naser
iesoft
ransi
ti
on
metals.Expl
ain.
3. Whati
sthehi
ghestoxi
dat
ionst
ateshownbyCrandMn?
4. Def
inet
ransi
ti
onel
ement
.
5. Wr
it
ethegener
alel
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onoft
ransi
ti
onel
ement
.
6. Wr
it
etwor
easonsf
orexcept
ional
elect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onoft
ransi
ti
onel
ement
.
7. Onwhatgr
oundcany
ousayt
hatSci
sat
ransi
ti
onel
ementbutZni
snot
?
8. Sil
veratom hascompl
etel
yfi
l
ledd-or
bit
ali
nit
sgr
oundst
ate.How cany
ousayt
hati
tisa
tr
ansit
ionel
ement?
9. I
ntheser
iesSct
oZn,
whyt
heent
hal
pyofat
omi
zat
ionofZni
sthel
owest
?
10.Whi
choft
he3dser
iesoft
het
ransi
ti
onmet
alsexhi
bitt
hel
argestnoofoxi
dat
ionst
atesandwhy
?
11.TheE0v
alueofcopperi
s+v
e.Whati
sthepossi
bler
easonf
ort
his?
2+
12.Whyi
sCr r ngandMn2+i
educi soxi
dizi
ngwhenbot ed4conf
hhav igur
ati
on?
13.Whi
choft
hed-
blockel
ement
smaynotber
egar
dedast
het
ransi
ti
onel
ement
sandwhy
?
14.Expl
aingi
vi
ngr
eason:
I
) Tr
ansi
ti
onMet
alsAndManyOfThei
rCompoundsShowPar
amagnet
icBehav
iour
.
I
I) TheEnt
hal
pyOfAt
omi
sat
ionOfTr
ansi
ti
onmet
alsar
ehi
gh.
15.Compar
ethest
abi
l
ityof+2oxi
dat
ionst
atef
ort
heel
ement he1stt
soft ransi
ti
onser
ies.
16.Expl
aingi
vi
ngasui
tabl
ereasonf
oreachoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
i
) Tr
ansi
ti
onmet
alsandt
hei
rcompoundsar
egener
all
yfoundt
obegoodcat
aly
sts.
i
i
) Met
al-
met
albondi
ngi
smor
efr
equentf
ort
he4dand5dser
iest
ransi
ti
onmet
alst
hanf
or
t
he3dser
ies.
i
i
i) ZrandHfhav
esi
mil
arsi
zeorsi
mil
arpr
oper
ti
es?
17.WhyareMn2+compoundsmor
est
abl
ethanFe2+compoundst
owar
dsoxi
dat
iont
othei
r+3
st
ate?
18.Expl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngobser
vat
ions:
i
) Tr
ansi
ti
onmet
alsgener
all
yfor
m col
our
edcompounds.
i
i
) Tr
ansi
ti
onmet
alshav
egr
eatt
endencyf
orcompl
exf
ormat
ion.
19.Expl
ainwhyCu+i
oni
snotst
abl
einaqueoussol
uti
on?
20.Whati
smeantbydi
spr
opor
ti
onat
ionr
eact
ion?Gi
vet
woex
ampl
esofdi
spr
opor
ti
onat
ionr
eact
ion
i
naqueousmedi
um.
21.Whi
chmet
ali
nthe1stt
ransi
ti
onser
iesex
hibi
t+1oxi
dat
ionst
atemostf
requent
lyandwhy
?
22.Accountf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng:
i
) Tr
ansi
ti
onel
ement
sfor
m al
l
oy.
i
i
) Tr
ansi
ti
onel
ement
sfor
mint
erst
it
ial
compounds.
2+
23.Whi
chi
sast
rongerr
educi
ngagentCr orFe2+andwhy
?
24.Whyi
sthehi
ghestoxi
dat
ionst
atesofamet
alexhi
bit
edi
nit
soxi
deorf
luor
ideonl
y?
25.Gi
veexampl
esAndSuggestReason:
i
) Thel
owestoxi
deoft
ransi
ti
onmet
ali
sbasi
c,t
hehi
ghesti
samphot
eri
coraci
dic.
20|Page
 i
i
) Thehi
ghestoxi
dat
ionst
atei
sexhi
bit
edi
noxoani
onsofamet
al.
26.Howdoy
ouaccountf
orf
oll
owi
ng:
i
) Cobalt(
II
)isst
abl
einaqueoussol
uti
onbuti
npr
esenceofcompl
exi
ngr
eagenti
tiseasi
l
y
oxi
dized.
1
i
i
) Thed conf
igur
ati
oni
sver
yunst
abl
eini
ons.
27.Why
i
) Tr
ansi
ti
onel
ement
sexhi
bitv
ari
abl
eoxi
dat
ionst
ates.
i
i
) Tr
ansi
ti
onel
ement
shav
ehi
ghermel
ti
ngpoi
ntandboi
l
ingpoi
nt.
28.How do accountfort
hei
rr
egul
arv
ari
ati
onofi
oni
zat
ionent
hal
piesi
nthe1st ser
iesoft
he
t
ransi
ti
onelements.
29.Howdoaccountf
ort
hei
ncr
easi
ngoxi
diz
ingpoweri
ntheser
ies:
VO2+<Cr
2-
2O7 < MnO4-
30.Cal
cul
atet
hespi
nonl
ymagnet
icmomentofM2+i
on.
(z=27)
31.Cal
cul
atet
hemagnet
icmomentofadi
val
enti
oni
naqueoussol
uti
oni
fit
sat
omi
cnoi
s25.
32.Whatar
eint
erst
it
ial
compounds?Whyt
ransi
ti
onel
ement
sfor
mthesecompounds?
33.I
nwhatwayt heel
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onoft
het
ransi
ti
onel
ementdi
ff
erentf
rom t
hatofnon
t
ransi
ti
onel
ement
s?
34.Nametheoxometalani
onsofthefi
rstser
iesoft
het
ransi
ti
onmet
alsi
nwhi
cht
hemet
alex
hibi
ts
t
heoxi
dati
onstat
eequal t
ogrno.
he3rdi
35.Whyt oni
zat
ionent
hal
pyofMni
sexcept
ional
l
yhi
gh?
2+
36.WhyCr isast
rongerr
educi hanFe2+?
ngagentt
37.WhyScandi
um sal
tsar
ewhi
te?
38.Howisthevar
iabi
l
ityi
noxi
dati
onstat
esofthet
ransi
ti
onel
ement
sdi
ff
erentf
rom t
hatoft
henon
t
ransi
ti
onel
ements?Il
l
ust
rat
ewi t
hexampl
e.
39.Expl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngobser
vat
ions:
i
) Tr
ansi
ti
onel
ement
sar
ewel
lknownf
ort
hef
ormat
ionofi
nter
sti
ti
alcompounds.
i
i
) General
l
ythereisanincr
easeindensi
tyofel
ement
sfr
om t
it
ani
um t
ocopperi
nthef
ir
st
ser
iesoftr
ansit
ionel
ements?
3+
i
i
i) Unli
keCr ,Mn2+,Fe3+ andthesubsequentotherM2+ i
onsofthe3dser
iesofel
ement
s,
the4dand5dser iesmet alsgener
all
ydon’tf
orm st
ablecati
oni
cspeci
es?
40.Compl
eteandbal
ancet
hef
oll
owi
ngchemi
cal
equat
ion:
2- + -
Cr
2O7 +H +I

41.Compl
eteandbal
ancet
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ionsi
naqueousmedi
um:
2- +
i
) Cr
2O7 +H +Fe2+

MnO4-+I
-
i
i
) +H+
42.I
ndi
cat
ethest
epsi
nthepr
epar
ati
onof:
i
) K2Cr
2O7f
rom Chr
omi
teor
e.
i
i
) KMnO4f
rom py
rol
usi
teor
e.
43.Whysecond(
4d)ser
iesandt
hir
d(5d)ser
iest
ransi
ti
onel
ement
shav
ever
ysi
mil
arat
omi
cradi
i
?
44.Whati
stheef
fectofPHont
hesol
uti
onofK2Cr
2O7sol
uti
on?
45.Wr
it
ethei
oni
cequat
ionofpot
assi
um di
chr
omat
eionwi
th:
I
) I
odi
de i
i
)Ir
on(
ii
)sol
uti
on i
i
i)H2S
46.Descr
ibe t
he pr
epar
ati
on ofPotassi
um per
manganate.How does t
he aci
dif
ied pot
assi
um
per
manganatesol
uti
onreactwi
th:
i)I
roni
onsi
i)SO2i
ii
)Ox al
i
caci
d.
21|Page
 Wr
it
ethei
oni
cequat
ionsf
ort
her
eact
ions.
47.Br
ief
lyexpl
ainwhyel
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onofl
ant
hani
desar
enotknownwi
thcer
tai
nty
.
48.Nameamemberofl
ant
hani
deser
ieswhi
chi
swel
lknownt
oexhi
bit+4oxi
dat
ionst
ate.
49.Act
ini
decont
ract
ioni
sgr
eat
erf
rom el
ementt
oel
ementt
hanl
ant
hani
decont
ract
ion.Why
?
50.Compl
etet
her
eact
ion:

i
) 3MnO42-+4H+

i
i
) 2KMnO4
51.Compar
ethechemi
str
yofact
inoi
dswi
tht
hatofl
ant
hanoi
dswi
thr
efer
encet
o:
i
) Ox
idat
ionst
atei
i
)At
omi
candi
oni
csi
zei
i
i)chemi
cal
react
ivi
ty
52.Whati
slant
hani
decont
ract
ion?Whatar
etheconsequencesofl
ant
hanoi
dcv
ont
ract
ion?
53.Whati
sthel
astel
ementi
ntheseri
esoftheacti
noi
ds?Writ
etheel
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onoft
hi
el
ement
.Commentont
hepossi
bleoxi
dat
ionst
atesoft
hisel
ement
.
54.Whyact
inoi
dsshowwi
der
angeofoxi
dat
ionst
atest
hanl
ant
hanoi
ds?
55.Nameani
mpor
tantal
l
oywhi
chcont
ainssomeoft
hel
ant
hanoi
dmet
als.Ment
ioni
tst
wouses.
56.Lant
hanum andl
utet
ium donotshowcol
our
ati
oni
nsol
uti
ons?
57.Wr
it
ethepr
epar
ati
onof:
i
) Pot
assi
um di
chr
omat
efr
om sodi
um chr
omat
e
i
i
) KMnO4f
rom K2MnO4
58.Whyt
hel
ant
hanoi
dsar
edi
ff
icul
ttosepar
ate?
59.Wr
it
eal
lthepossi
bleoxi
dat
ionst
atesofanel
ementhav
ingat
omi
cno25
60.W2hyi
sitnotadv
isabl
etodi
ssol
veKMnO4i
nconc.H2SO4?
61.Whyt
hechemi
str
yofact
ini
desar
edi
ff
icul
ttost
udy
?
62.WhyCe4+act
sasagoodoxi
dizi
ngagent
?
63.Whi
choutoft
het
wo,
La(
OH)
3andLu(
OH)
3ismor
ebasi
candwhy
?
64.Nameoneor
eeachofMnandCr
?
65.Whathappenswhenchr
omat
esar
ekepti
naci
dicsol
uti
onanddi
chr
omat
ear
ekepti
nal
kal
i
ne
sol
uti
on?
66.Whatisbasicdi
ff
erencebet
weent
heel
ect
roni
cconf
igur
ati
onoft
ransi
ti
onel
ement
sandi
nner
t
ransi
ti
onelement
s?
67.WhathappenswhenKMnO4andK2Cr
2O7i
sheat
ed?
68.Whatchemi
cal
changest
akespl
acewhenMnO2i
sfusedwi
thKOHi
nai
r?
69.Gi
ver
eason:
i
) Zn,
CdandHgar
esof
tmet
als.
i
i
) Chr
omi
um gr
oupel
ement
shav
ethehi
ghestmel
ti
ngpoi
nti
nthei
rrespect
edser
ies.
E0v heMn3+/
Mn2+coupl
3+ 2+
i
i
i) aluef
ort eishi
ghl
yposi
ti
ve(
+1.
57V)ascompar
edt
otoCr /Cr
70.Dr
awt
hest
ruct
ureofchr
omat
eion,
Dichr
omat
eionPer
manganat
eion,
manganat
eion.

22|Page
 DandF-bl
ockel
ement
s(Pr
act
icequest
ions)

A. Account
s:
1. Sil
veratom hascompl
etel
yfi
l
ledd-or
bit
ali
nit
sgr
oundst
ate.Howcany
ousayt
hati
tisa
tr
ansit
ionel
ement?
2. I
ntheser
iesSct
oZn,t
heent
hal
pyofat
omi
zat
ionofZni
sthel
owest
?
3. TheE0v
alueofcopperi
s+v
e.
2+
4. Cr r ngandMn2+i
educi soxi
dizi
ngwhenbot ed4conf
hhav igur
ati
on?
5. Tr
ansi
ti
onMet
alsAndManyOfThei
rCompoundsShowPar
amagnet
icBehav
iour
.
6. TheEnt
hal
pyOfAt
omi
sat
ionOfTr
ansi
ti
onmet
alsar
ehi
gh.
7. Tr
ansi
ti
onmet
alsandt
hei
rcompoundsar
egener
all
yfoundt
obegoodcat
aly
sts.
8. Metal
-met
albondi
ngi
smor
efr
equentf
ort
he4dand5dser
iest
ransi
ti
onmet
alst
hanf
ort
he
3dser
ies.
9. ZrandHfhav
esi
mil
arsi
zeorsi
mil
arpr
oper
ti
es.
10.Mn2+compoundsmor
est
abl
ethanFe2+compoundst
owar
dsoxi
dat
iont
othei
r+3st
ate.
11.Mn2O7i
saci
dicwher
easMnOi
sbasi
c.
12.Hi
ghestf
luor
ideofMni
sMnF4wher
east
hehi
ghestoxi
dei
sMn2O7.
13.Tr
ansi
ti
onmet
alsgener
all
yfor
m col
our
edcompounds.
14.Tr
ansi
ti
onmet
alshav
egr
eatt
endencyf
orcompl
exf
ormat
ion.
15.Cu+i
oni
snotst
abl
einaqueoussol
uti
on.
16.Tr
ansi
ti
onel
ement
sfor
m al
l
oy.
17.Tr
ansi
ti
onel
ement
sfor
mint
erst
it
ial
compounds.
18.Whyi
sthehi
ghestoxi
dat
ionst
atesofamet
alexhi
bit
edi
nit
soxi
deorf
luor
ideonl
y?
19.Thel
owestoxi
deoft
ransi
ti
onmet
ali
sbasi
c,t
hehi
ghesti
samphot
eri
coraci
dic.
20.Cobalt(
II
)isst
abl
einaqueoussol
uti
onbuti
npr
esenceofcompl
exi
ngr
eagenti
tiseasi
l
y
oxi
dized.
21.Thed1conf
igur
ati
oni
sver
yunst
abl
eini
ons.
22.Tr
ansi
ti
onel
ement
sexhi
bitv
ari
abl
eoxi
dat
ionst
ates.
23.Tr
ansi
ti
onel
ement
shav
ehi
ghermel
ti
ngpoi
ntandboi
l
ingpoi
nt.
24.I
ncr
easi
ngoxi
dizi
ngpoweri
ntheser
ies:
VO2+<Cr
2-
2O7 < MnO4-
25.The3rdi
oni
zat
ionent
hal
pyofMni
sexcept
ional
l
yhi
gh.
2+
26.Cr isast
rongerr
educi hanFe2+.
ngagentt
27.Scandi
um sal
tsar
ewhi
te.
28.Tr
ansi
ti
onel
ement
sar
ewel
lknownf
ort
hef
ormat
ionofi
nter
sti
ti
alcompounds.
29.General
l
ythereisanincr
easei
ndensi
tyofel
ement
sfr
om t
it
ani
um t
ocopperi
nthef
ir
st
ser
iesoftr
ansi
ti
onel
ements?
3+
30.Unl
ikeCr ,Mn2+,
Fe3+andt
hesubsequentotherM2+ionsofthe3dser
iesofel
ement
s,t
he4d
and5dseri
esmet al
sgener
all
ydon’
tfor
m stablecat
ionicspeci
es?

31.Second(
4d)ser
iesandt
hir
d(5d)ser
iest
ransi
ti
onel
ement
shav
ever
ysi
mil
arat
omi
cradi
i
.
32.Act
ini
decont
ract
ioni
sgr
eat
erf
rom el
ementt
oel
ementt
hanl
ant
hani
decont
ract
ion.
33.Whyact
inoi
dsshowwi
der
angeofoxi
dat
ionst
atest
hanl
ant
hanoi
ds
23|Page
34.Thechemi
str
yofact
ini
desar
edi
ff
icul
ttost
udy
.
4+
35.Ce act
sasagoodoxi
diz
ingagent
.
0 3+ 2+ 3+ 2+
36.E v
aluef
ort
heMn /
Mn coupl
eishi
ghl
yposi
ti
ve(
+1.
57V)ascompar
edt
otoCr /
Cr
37.Amonglant
hanoi
ds,Ln(I
II
)compoundsar
epredominant
.Howev
eroccasi
onal
l
yinsol
uti
ons
ori
nsol
i
dcompounds, +2or+4ionsar
eal
soobtai
ned.
38.Zn2+sal
tsar
ecol
our
less.
39.Or
angecol
ourdi
chr
omat
eionschangest
oyel
l
owi
nal
kal
i
nemedi
um.
40.Thehighestoxi
dat
ionstat
esar
eusual
l
yexhi
bit
edbyt
hemember
sint
hemi
ddl
eofaser
ies
oft
ransit
ionel
ements.
41.Zni
sconsi
der
edast
ransi
ti
onel
ement
.
B. Chemi
calr
eact
ions
1. I
ndi
cat
ethest
epsi
nthepr
epar
ati
onof:
i
)K2Cr
2O7f
rom Chr
omi
teor
e.
i
i
)KMnO4f
rom py
rol
usi
teor
e.
2. Wr
it
ethei
oni
cequat
ionofpot
assi
um di
chr
omat
eionwi
th:
i
)I
odi
de )Fe2+
i
i i
i
i)H2S i
v)Sn2+
3. Wr
it
ethei
oni
creact
ionofPer
manganat
eioni
naci
dicmedi
um wi
th
i
)C2O42- i
i
)sul
phi
tei
on i
i
i)H2S i
v)Ni
tr
it
eion
4. Wr
it
ethei
oni
creact
ionofPer
manganat
eioni
nal
kal
i
nemedi
um wi
th
i
)I
odi
dei
on i
i
)Thi
osul
phat
eion i
i
i)Mn2+
5. Compl
eteandbal
ancet
her
eact
ion:
2- -
i
)K2Cr
2O7 i
i
)Cr
2O7 +2OH

i
i
i) O42-+2H+
2Cr i
v)KMnO4
Mscel
laneous:
1. Whatismeantbydispr
opor
ti
onat
ionr
eact
ion?Gi
vet
woexampl
esofdi
spr
opor
ti
onat
ion
r
eact
ioni
naqueousmedi
um.
2. Whi
chmet ali
nt he1stt
ransi
ti
onser
iesexhi
biti
)+1oxi
dat
ionst
atei
i
)+3oxi
dat
ionst
ate
mostf
requent
lyandwhy?
3. Compar
ethechemi
str
yofact
inoi
dswi
tht
hatofl
ant
hanoi
dswi
thr
efer
encet
o:
i
)Oxi
dat
ionst
ate i
i
)At
omi
candi
oni
csi
ze i
i
i)chemi
cal
react
ivi
ty
4. Theel
ement
sof3dt
ransi
ti
onser
iesar
egi
venas:
Sc,
Ti,
V,Cr
,Mn,
Fe,
Co,
Ni,
Cu,
Zn
Answert
hef
oll
owi
ng:
i
)Whi
chel
ementhast
hehi
ghestm.
p.andwhy
?
i
i
)Whi
chel
ementi
sast
rongoxi
diz
ingagenti
n+3oxi
dat
ionst
ateandwhy
?
i
i
i)Whi
chel
ementi
ssof
tandwhy
?
5. Whenpy rol
usi
teor
eMnO2i sf
usedwithKOHinpresenceofai
r,agr
eencol
ourcompoundA
i
sobtainedwhichunder
goesdispr
opor
ti
onat
ionr
eactioni
nacidicmedi
um t
ogiveapurpl
e
col
ourcompoundB.
i
)Wr
it
ethef
ormul
aoft
hecompoundAandB
i
i
)WhathappenswhencompoundBi
sheat
ed.
6. Aviol
etcompoundofMn( A)decomposesonheati
ngtoli
ber
ateoxy
genandcompoundsB
andC.CompoundCreact
swi t
hKOHi nthepr
esenceofPot
assi
um ni
tr
atet
ogivecompound
B.Onheati
ngcompoundCwi thconc.H2SO4andNaCl,chlori
negasisli
berat
edanda

24|Page
compoundDofmanganesealongwi
thot
herpr
oduct
sisf
ormed.I
dent
if
ycompoundsAt
oD
andal
sother
eact
ionsi
nvol
ved.

25|Page