A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT REPORT

ON

STUDY OF AGRICULTURE

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

CSE-ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

by

M. ASHWIKA 21751A3352

SREENIVASA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

STUDIES, CHITTOOR-517127, A.P.
(Autonomous)

(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu)

DEPARTMENT OF CSE-ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND

MACHINE LEARNING

(2023-24)
 SREENIVASA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
STUDIES, CHITTOOR-517127, A.P.
(Autonomous – NAAC Accredited)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA,
(Ananthapuramu)

DEPARTMENT OF CSE-ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE

LEARNING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the community service project report “STUDY OF
AGRICULTURE” is a genuine work of

M.ASHWIKA 21751A3352

Signature of the Faculty Guide Signature of the Head of Department

Mrs. R. Geetha, Dr. M. ARTHI,
Assistant Professor, Professor & HOD,
Department of CSE-AI & ML, Department of CSE-AI & ML,
Sreenivasa Institute of Technology and Sreenivasa Institute of Technology and
Management Studies, Management Studies,
Chittoor, A.P. Chittoor, A.P.
Submitted to the department of CSE-Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
CSE-Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, during the academic year 2023-24.

Submitted for Semester End Examination held on ……………………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 Student’s Declaration
I, M.Ashwika ,a student of B.Tech CSE-AI & ML Program, 21751A3352 of the Department
of CSE-AI & ML, Sreenivasa Institute of Technology and Management Studies do hereby
declare that I have completed the mandatory community service from 01.05.2023 to
03.06.2023 in Study of Agriculture under the Faculty Guideship of Mrs.R.Geetha.

(M. Ashwika)

Project Supervisor

Head of the Department

 Certificate from Official of the Community

This is to certify that M.Ashwika Reg. No21751A3352 of Sreenivasa Institute of Technology

and Management Studies underwent community service in Study of Agriculture from
01.05.2023 to 03.06.2023.

The overall performance of the Community Service Volunteer during her community
service is found to be good.

Authorized Signatory with Date and Seal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise does not depend solely on the individual
effort but on the guidance, encouragement and cooperation of intellectuals, elders, and friends.
We would like to take this opportunity to thank them all.

We feel ourselves honoured for placing our warm salutation to THE MANAGEMENT,
SITAMS, which gave us the opportunity to obtain a strong base in B. Tech and profound
knowledge.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. N. VENKATACHALAPATHI, B.Tech., M.Tech.,

Ph.D., PGDPE(CIPET)., PGDIRPM., F.I., our beloved Principal for his encouragement and
suggestions during our course of study.

With deep sense of gratitude, we acknowledge Dr. M. Arthi B.E., M.E., Ph.D., Head of the
Department, Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning, for her valuable support and help in
processing our Community Service Project.

We also express thanks to our supervisor Mrs.R.Geetha, Assistant Professor in Department

of Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning for encouraging us in doing this Community
Service Project.

Finally, we would like to express our sincere thanks to all the Faculty Members of CSM
Department, and Lab Technicians, Friends & Family members, who all have motivated and
helped us to do this Awareness.

M. Ashwika (21751A3352
 INDEX

CHAPTER PAGE
CHAPTER NAME
NO. NO.

1 ABSTRACT & INTRODUCTION

1.1 Abstract 6
1.2 Introduction 6-8
2 OBJECTIVE 9
2.1. Overview of the community 9
2.2. Objective 10
MY COMMUNITY PROJECT IS ABOUT
3.
STUDY OF AGRICULTURE
3.1 Agriculture 11
3.2 Agricultural Practices & Soil Preparation 11
3.2.1 Sowing 12
3.2.2 Manuring 12
3.2.3 Irrigation 12
3.2.4 Weeding 13
3.2.5 Harvesting 13
3.2.6 Storage 14
3.3 Crop Rotation 14-17
4. ACTIVITY LOG FOR EACH WEEK 18-27

5. ACHEIVEMENT & CONTRIBUTION

5.1. ACHEIVEMENT 28

5.2. CONTRIBUTION 28-29

5.3. OUTCOME 29-30

6. CONCLUSION & REFERENCE 31-33

7. PHOTOS & VIDEO LINKS 36-38

CHAPTER 1
6
 ABSTRACT & INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABSTRACT

Community service-learning, where students serve as community volunteers in poor, urban

neighborhood, holds the potential to enhance the sociology curriculum. Moreover, after
completing the community service program, students see themselves as more socially responsible
citizen. The results revealed that community service-learning program has a positive impact on the
social skills of zero-level students. Besides, students had also a positive learning experience. The
findings of the study indicated that the awareness to encourage community service in Colleges and
Universities is grounded on the acceptance that it does not only give students extra credit points,
but serving others or one’s own community also makes them better citizens. The main motive of
community service project is to interact with the society and to serve the society by sharing the
useful information. The methodologies used in community service project are: PowerPoint
Presentation, Oral presentation, Face to Face Interaction.

For implementing this community service project in a better way researches have been done
on various information to convey the correct knowledge to the society for better results for
creating awareness in the society. Discussions have been conducted on various aspects and queries
a raised on those discussions has been cleared with prior knowledge gathered and also with
personal experiences. Every individual involved in this community service has learned to be more
patient and productive in interacting with the people.

1.2 INTRODUCTION

The community service report shall have only a one-page executive summary.It shall include
a brief description of the Community and summary of all the activities done by the student in CSP
and five or more learning objectives and outcomes.

Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock.
It includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their distribution to
markets.

7
 Agriculture provides most of the world’s food and fabrics. Cotton, wool, and leather are
all agricultural products. Agriculture also provides wood for construction and paper products.
These products, as well as the agricultural methods used, may vary from one part of the
world to another.

Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries and

forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of
sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses
that enabled people to live in cities.

Today, small farms produce about a third of the world's food, but large farms are
prevalent. The largest one percent of farms in the world are greater than 50 hectares and operate
more than 70 percent.

CHAPTER 2
8
 OVERVIEW OF COMMUNITY &OBJECTIVE

2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE COMMUNITY

About tummindapalyam

Thummindapalyam is a Village in Chittoor Mandal in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh State,

India. It belongs to Rayalaseema region. It is located 18 KM towards South from District
headquarters Chittoor. 19 KM from Chittoor. 565 KM from State capital Hyderabad

particulars total male female

Total population 1,648 875 773

Farmers & workers 1062 684 378

Students& children’s 302 184 118

This village’s local language is Telugu. This village total population is 1648 and number of houses
are 973.the total farmers &workers are 64.44% in that male are64.40% and female are 35.59%

9
 2.2 OBJECTIVE

 To produce food of high nutritional quality in sufficient quantity.

 To work with natural system rather than seeking to dominate them.
 To encourage and enhance biological cycles within farming system-involving
microorganisms, soil flora and fauna, plants, and animals.
 To maintain and increase long term fertility of soil.
 To use, as far as possible, the renewable resources. To work as much as possible, within
a closed system, regarding organic matter and nutrient elements.
 To give all livestock’s, conditions of life that allow them to perform all aspects of their
innate behavior.
 To avoid all forms of pollution that may result from agricultural techniques.
 To maintain the genetic diversity of agricultural system and its surroundings, including
the plants and wildlife habitats.
 To allow agricultural producers an adequate returns and satisfaction from their work
including safe drinking water.

10
 CHAPTER 3

MY COMMUNITY PROJECT IS ABOUT STUDY OF AGRICULTURE

3.1 AGRICULTURE:

Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising
livestock. It includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their
distribution to markets. Agriculture provides most of the world’s food and fabrics. Cotton, wool,
and leather are all agricultural products. Agriculture also provides wood for construction and
paper products. These products, as well as the agricultural methods used, may vary from one part
of the world to another. Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture,
fisheries and forestry for food and non-food products.

In agriculture, there are certain parameters to be considered such as the type of crop,
properties of soil, climate etc. Depending upon these parameters, farmers decide which crop is to
be cultivated at what time of the year and place. Moreover, to yield a high-quality product,
suitable soil, climate and season are not sufficient. It requires a set of procedures which needed
to be followed. The measures which are followed to raise crops are called agricultural practices.
Different agricultural practices are discussed below.

3.2 Agricultural Practices & Soil preparation

Fig:Process

Before raising a crop, the soil in which it is to be grown is prepared by ploughing,

levelling, and manuring. Ploughing is the process of loosening and digging of soil using a
plough. This helps in proper aeration of the soil. After ploughing, the soil is distributed evenly
and levelled in the process called leveling. The soil is then manured.

Fig: Soil preparation

11
3.2.1 Sowing

Selection of seeds of good quality crop strains is the primary stage of sowing. After the
preparation of soil, these seeds are dispersed in the field and this is called sowing. Sowing can be
done manually, by hand or by using seed drilling machines. Some crops like paddy are first
grown into seedlings in a small area and then transplanted to the main field.

Fig: Sowing

3.2.2 Manuring

Crops need nutrients to grow and produce yield. Thus, the supply of nutrients at regular
intervals is necessary. Manuring is the step where nutritional supplements are provided and these
supplements may be natural (manure) or chemical compounds (fertilizers). Manure is the
decomposition product of plant and animal wastes. Fertilizers are chemical compounds
consisting of plant nutrients and are produced commercially. Apart from providing nutrients to
crop, manure replenishes soil fertility as well. Other methods for soil replenishment are
vermicompost, crop rotation, planting of leguminous plants.

Fig: Manuring
3.2.3 Irrigation
Irrigation is the supply of water. Sources of water can be wells, ponds, lakes, canals,
dams etc. Over irrigation may lead to waterlogging and damage the crop. This frequency and
interval between successive irrigation need to be controlled.

12
 Fig: Irrigation
3.2.4 Weeding

Weeds are unwanted plants which grow among crops. They are removed by using
weedicides, by manually pulling them with hands and some are removed during soil preparation.

Fig: Weeding

3.2.5 Harvesting

Once the crop is matured, it is cut and gathered, this process is called harvesting.
Followed by harvesting, grains are separated from the chaff either by threshing, or manually in
small scale (winnowing).

Fig: Harvesting

13
3.2.6 Storage

Grains yielded are stored in granaries or bins at godowns for later use or marketing.
Therefore, methods of crop protection need to be better. In order to protect grains from pest and
rodents- cleaning, drying, fumigation, etc., are done prior to storing.

Fig: Storage

3.3 CROP ROTATION

A new practice named ‘polyculture’ is in trend these days. In polyculture, a variety of

crops can be cultivated simultaneously to fulfil the increasing demand for food items across the
world. On the other hand, traditional farmers were used to practicing ‘monoculture’ where only
one kind of crop was used to cultivate in a particular location.

Fig: Crop Rotation

There are different types of crops

 Sugarcane
 Ragi Jonna
 Lady’s finger
 Mango

14
Sugar cane:

Sugarcane is a major crop in many countries. It is one of the plants with the highest
bioconversion efficiency. Sugarcane crop is able to efficiently fix solar energy, yielding some 55
tons of dry matter per hectare of land annually. After harvest, the crop produces sugar juice and
bagasse, the fibrous dry matter.

This plant does have several other applications, in addition to the manufacture of sugar,
such as the manufacture of ethanol, bio-plastics, and fertilizers. It is also used in livestock
farming. Sugarcane products include rum, bagasse, and molasses.

Fig:

Ragi jonna

Ragin is a great source of dietary fibre,complex carbs and proteins that keep you
satiated and delay gastric emptying time,thereby helping one to reduce overall calorie intake and
promote weight loss.besides this,it also helps in controlling blood sugar spikes and maintaining
bone health.

Fig: Ragi jonna

15
BENEFITS OF RAGI:

 Natural weight loss

 High protein
 Prevents your skin
 Good for your hair
 Loads of calcium
 Increases production of mothers milk
 Keeps you relax
 Prevents colon cancer

Lady’s finger

Ladyfinger, popularly known as bhindi in India, is rich in nutrients. It is considered a good

source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, enzymes, calcium, potassium and many
other nutrients.

 Lady finger is a vegetable. It is green in colour.

 In India is popularly known as Bhindi and in the USA as Okra.
 It is grown in winters as well as in summers in many parts of the world.
 It is rich in many nutrients like Vitamin B6.
 I love ladyfinger and often eat it.

Fig: Lady’s finger

16
Mango

Mango is the national fruit of India which is loved by one and all. It is a very juicy,
pulpy and luscious fruit. Ripe mangoes can either be consumed raw or in the form of salad,
juice, jams, milkshake or pickles. Mango is a rich source of various vitamins and minerals.

Mango is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, and it has been associated with
many health benefits, including potential anticancer effects, as well as improved immunity and
digestive and eye health. Best of all, it's tasty and easy to add to your diet as part of smoothies
and many other dishes.

Fig: Mango

17
 CHAPTER 4
ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FIRST WEEK

DAY BRIEF LEARNING PERSON IN-CHARGE

& DESCRIPTION OUTCOME SIGNATURE
DATE OF THE DAILY
ACTIVITY
I visited a village I came to know that
DAY 1 farmer and I came to farming is the source
01/05/2023 know the process of of income for many
ragi Jonna crop villages

Brief knowledge on Farming is not an

DAY 2 the crop plantation easy work.hope is the
02/05/2023 day by day by the only option
farmer
Know their growth People are very kind
DAY 3 and concern on that and friendly
03/05/2023 specific crop

Came to know some People has a patient

DAY 4 outcomes of the crop and helping
04/05/2023 by the farmer nature,they never give
up at any moment
Ask about the I am getting to learn
problems they face social skills
DAY
while harvesting the
05/05/2023
crop

Tell them some Learn to get along

solutions for their with people
DAY 6
problems from our
06/05/2023
research.

18
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK-1(FROM 01/05/2023 TO 06/05/2023)
Objective of the Activity Done:

Survey on RAGI JONNA

Detailed Report:

In the first week, I came to know about ragi jonna, in that I am doing agriculture as a
project. First, I started the project by the village and I conclude that farming is the source of
income for many villagers. I found that most of the farmers are cultivating the ragi crop by using
Organic NPK fertilizer. I met the head of the village and ask few volunteers to create the
awareness. About ragi Jonna and explains the effects and cause of using chemical products for
cultivation. In Village I experienced lot of things. The villagers are loved and peaceful
atmosphere, I gather up all the required materials for the community service. We have many
benefits in ragi, It helps in getting Relief from constipation, It prevents stereopsis, It improves
the body’s metabolism and promotes Weight loss, It reduces risk of diabetes.

19
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SECOND WEEK

DAY BRIEF LEARNING PERSON IN-

& DESCRIPTION OF OUTCOME CHARGE
DATE THE DAILY SIGNATURE
ACTIVITY

DAY 1
Get the basic information of The villagers are
08/05/2023
another crop by the farmer honest and polite

DAY 2 Brief knowledge on the I felt peaceful and

09/05/2023 crop plantation day by day loved the village
by the farmer atmosphere

DAY3 Know their growth and I found that most of

10/05/2023 concern on that specific the farmers are using
crop chemicals
DAY4 Came to know some The head of the
11/05/2023 outcomes of the crop by the village was too
farmer helpful

DAY5 Ask about the problems

I learnt a lot from the
12/05/2023 they face while harvesting
materials I gathered
the crop
I came to many
things from the
DAY6 Tell them some solutions
farmer,that farming
13/05/2023 for their problems from our
is the source of
research
income and it helps
to many peoples.

20
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 2 (From Dt 08-05-23 to Dt 13-05-23)

Objective of the activity done:

Survey on lady’s finger

Detailed report:

In this 2nd week, I came to know about the crop lady’s finger requires long warm
growing season during its growing period.it gives good yield in warm humid condition.it
can be grown well in all kinds of soil. The land should be well prepared with 2-
3ploughing.if soil is heavy, sowing should be done on ridges. The crop is sown between
January - march, June-august. The exact month of sowing depends on region. The seeds
germinate in about 4-5 days. Drip irrigation is most suitable to the ladies finger crop. I go
through and explains the use of plants and animals wastages, I explained to the farmers
how animal and plants are converted into the manures fertilizers etc. I created awareness to
the farmers and farmers are also interested and co-operative in the agriculture. I felt very
happy such a positive and interest on and interest on supporting the agriculture.

21
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE THIRD WEEK

DAY BRIEF LEARNING PERSON IN-

& DESCRIPTION OF OUTCOME CHARGE
DATE THE DAILY SIGNATURE
ACTIVITY

I had a lot doubts how

DAY 1 I prepared a survey on
well does the farmers
15/05/2023 another crop
know about farming

I conducted a survey in
DAY 2 The village people are
the village and came to
16/05/2023 very cooperative with us
know about the crop

I came to know lot of

DAY 3 Visited farming, know
policies to encourage the
17/05/2023 their growth of the crop
farming

Explaining uses of
There are different types
DAY 4 plants and I came to
of crops are cultivating
18/05/2023 know outcome of the
in the village
crop

I came to know how

Ask about the problems
DAY 5 these wastages are
they face while
19/05/2023 converted to helpful
harvesting the crop
fertilizers

Tell them some

Farmers are much
DAY 6 solutions for their
interested to cultivate the
20/05/2023 problems from our
crops
research

22
 WEEKLY REPORT

WEEK – 3(From Dt 15-05-23 to Dt 20-03-23)

Objective of the Activity Done:

Detailed Report:

Agriculture fertilizers are rich in nutrients than chemical fertilizers, and I collect
information about. Different farming methods from the local agriculture officer, I
surprised to know that there are. Different farming methods, they are crop rotation,
compost, crop diversity, green manure, and cover crop Here I learnt how These are
helpful In daily life, where crop rotation is a farming technique where farmers do not
cultivate the same crop on same land every year: instead, they grow different crops in
rotation to compost is one of the best natural fertilizers used in farming, crop diversity is
Fundamental for agricultural plant growth. Green manures means the dying plants that
are uprooted and turned into the soil. Some traditional methods or using technology
methods in farmers. I conclude most of the farmers using technology methods in
farming, and we visited mango fields and explaining what organic methods will be
used to farmers and, they showing more interest which proposed , I also ploughing land
with farmers to know, and gave some suggestions to farmers by using
organic materials.

23
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FOURTH WEEK

DAY BRIEF DESCRIPTION LEARNING PERSON IN-

& OF THE DAILY OUTCOME CHARGE
DATE ACTIVITY SIGNATURE

DAY 1
I prepared a survey on To improve
22/05/2023
another crop confidence

DAY 2 I conducted a survey in To improve

23/05/2023 the village and came to awareness on
know about the crop agriculture

Learnt about the

DAY 3 Visited farming ,know
effect of disease in
24/05/2023 their growth of the crop
crops

DAY 4 Explaining uses of plants Learnt step by step

25/05/2023 and I came to know process to cultivate a
outcome of the crop crop

Ask about the problems Got to know about

DAY 5
they face while harvesting the problems faced
26/05/2023
the crop by them

To improve
DAY 6 Tell them some solutions knowledge and to
27/05/2023 for their problems from understand the
our research condition of the
farming

24
 WEEKLY REPORT

WEEK – 4 (From Dt 22-05-23 to Dt 27-05-23)

Objective of the Activity Done:

Detailed Report:

I am collecting materials like cow dung, cow urine, milk, curd, jaggery, ghee,
banana, tender coconut and waste by using these materials. I Learnt how these natural
materials help to increase the fertility of the land. by using these materials, I learnt now
to make panchagavya and how it will be Be used in fields. Panchagavya is a natural
manure it is prepared by using all these components such as cow urine, dung, ghee,
curd. The mixtures must be Left Undisturbed for 5 days. It is an organic product has the
potential to play. The role of promoting growth and providing immunity in plant
system. It is an eco-friendly insecticide and organic growth promoter of plants, and I
visit the sugarcane fields and collecting information from the formers about Which
methods they using to cultivate, and I create awareness to the Farmers that how farming
can be helpful in sugarcane cultivators, and in farming which is harmful to human
health. And I give some suggestions to farmers compared with conventional agriculture,
farming use fewer pesticides, reduces soil erosion, Decreases nitrate leaching into
groundwater and surface under and recycles Animal wastes back into the form. To
which is better for the environment.

25
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FIFTH WEEK

DAY BRIEF DESCRIPTION LEARNING PERSON IN-

& OF THE DAILY OUTCOME CHARGE
DATE ACTIVITY SIGNATURE

Taking proper
DAY 1
I prepared a survey on decision when
29/05/2023
another crop multiple options are
available

I conducted a survey in Knowing about their

DAY 2
the village and came to lifestyles and
30/05/2023
know about the crop traditions

DAY 3 Visited farming, know Improves knowledge

31/05/2023 their growth of the crop on agriculture

Explaining uses of plants Effective

DAY 4
and I came to know communication with
01/06/2023
outcome of the crop higher people

Ask about the problems Solutions to

DAY 5
they face while harvesting overcome the
02/06/2023
the crop problems

DAY 6 Tell them some solutions Speaking effectively

03/06/2023 for their problems from and interacting with
our research people

26
 WEEKLY REPORT

WEEK – 5 (From Dt 29-05-23to Dt 03-06-23)

Objective of the Activity Done:

Detailed Report:

First I start the day with collecting manures of plant and animal Wastages which
are added to the soil to increase its fertility, fertilizers are chemical formulations which
are either provided directly to plants are added to the soil. To supply minerals required
for optimum growth of plants as These manures are from nature. These are cost
effective, and I join with The Farmers while they are working in fields to know how
hard the farmers Working in cultivating crops. I also plucking weeds. In the fields with
Farmers, I realize how hard work they are putting to complete one crop farming their
hard work is the reason that most of us have food on Our tables every day, after i
experience with farmer in fields, i decide to visit gram panchayath and conducting
awareness camp about farming, we went near-by explained to peoples about farming,
school management is helpful and Co-operative and peoples are very interested to
know about this farming, and I distribute the panchagavya and organic fertilizers to the
farmers. I felt so happy to distribute it to the farmers and they are also showing more
interested about farming om agriculture.

27
 CHAPTER 5
ACHIEVEMENTS AND CONTRIBUTION

5.1 ACHIEVEMENTS

Increases in quality seed and fertilizer use, irrigated land area, crop yields
per acre, and cropping intensity have all contributed to record food grain
production in recent years.

Horticulture production has surpassed foodgrains production since 2012-13

and accounts for 35% of overall crop output in agriculture. A growing number of
people, including small and marginal farmers and landless labourers, rely on
livestock as a reliable source of income due to the progressive decline in
operational land holdings.

The agriculture sector’s proportion in international commerce of

agricultural and allied sector products has increased from 1.1% in 2000 to 2.2%
in 2018, demonstrating a shift in the industry’s dynamics. In 2020–21, agriculture
and related industries accounted for 14.2% of India’s exports.The unpredictability
of food prices increases

 Climate/weather and few resources

 Small landholdings.
 A deficiency in soil fertilization.
 Inadequate storage facilities and supply chain services include
harvesting, packaging, and transporting.
 Overproduction of rice, wheat, and sugarcane has led to fast
groundwater depletion, soil degradation, and massive air pollution,
raising issues about the sustainability of existing agricultural
methods in India. A tractor trailed sprayer is ideal for treating tall
plants like mango, coconut, and date palms.
 India’s crop production is significantly lower than other developed
and developing market economies for several reasons, including
smaller farm sizes, less mechanization of farming, and fewer
resources allocated to the sector overall.

5.2 CONTRIBUTION

Agriculture is the most significant source of income for the central and state
governments. The government of the country has substantial revenue from rising
land revenue. Also, the movement of agricultural goods helps generate revenue for
the Indian railways, which helps the government in revenue generation.

28
Food production:

Farmers are responsible for producing the vast majority of the world’s food
supply. They grow crops, raise livestock, and produce other food products.

Environmental stewardship:

Farmers manage large tracts of land. their practices have a significant impact on
the environment. Sustainable farming practices help to conserve natural resources,
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and protect biodiversity.

Economic development:

Farming is a major contributor to the economy both in terms of employment and

output. In many developing countries, agriculture is the main source of livelihood
for the majority of the population.

Rural development:

Farming is often the backbone of rural communities. Farmers play a key role in
maintaining vibrant and thriving rural areas.

5.3 OUTCOMES

Details of the socio-Economy Survey of the village/habitation. Attach the questionnaire

prepared for the survey.

1. What sprays/pesticides/herbicides do you use?

2. What kind of pest control measures do you use? Do you spray all year or at the
beginning of the season, or only as needed?
3. What kind of soil do you use?
4. Do you have any certifications?
5. What variety of crops do you grow?
6. What is the main reason for using local/traditional seeds?
7. What is the main reason for using Chemical/Uria fertilizers?
8. Have you grown any commercial crops? Yes / No
9. How do you market your crops?
10. How many months are required by sugarcane to mature?
11. The Rabi crops are sown in which months?
12. What do you already know about farming?
13. How did you hear about this position?
14. Why do you want to work on our farm?
15. Which responsibilities have you had on a farm before?
16. What got you into farming as a career?
17. Do you have previous experience caring for livestock?
18. Which pieces of farming equipment do you know how to use?
19. Do you prefer working on small farms or large farms?
20. What would you describe as the most difficult aspect of working on a farm?

29
21. Which crops do you have experience growing?
22. Do you have any favorite methods for repelling pests and weeds?
23. Have you ever implemented new techniques or processes on a farm?
24. How many acres were the farms you've worked on in the past?
25. What types of agriculture do you have experience performing?
26. How do you feel while you are working on farming?
27. How much time will u take to grow a crop?

30
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION & REFERENCE

The main conclusions from the study follow:

If the assumptions on increasing land productivity and the population scenario for the
period 1990-2025 are realistic, the arable land area in the developing countries may stabilize or
even decrease to a level close to the current one. In the medium scenario, i.e. with crop and
animal production increasing at current trends or trends that have been predicted by FAO, the
area in use for crop production will decrease between 2025 and 2050. This is caused by the
simultaneous slowing down of the growth in demand for agricultural products - as determined by
population and economic development - and continued possibilities for increasing the
productivity of the land. This conclusion is in line with Alexandratos (1995). It should be noted
that potential effects of land degradation on the land's productivity and deforestation are not
considered.

The scenarios for irrigated land are based on the trend predicted for 1990-2010, with a
slowly decreasing growth rate in the course of time. For the developing countries, including
China, this resulted in a 50% increase for the medium scenario. For the Near East and North
Africa regions the assumptions on total crop production had to be adjusted to avoid projections
that exceed the land and irrigation potential. For the other regions the future irrigated areas do
not exceed the estimates of the irrigation potential based on information available in the late
1970s, although the result of the medium scenario that about half of the total increase in irrigated
land will occur in South Asia may be unrealistic.

By looking into the interactions between the different production systems, the study has
helped to lay bare a number of important knowledge gaps and this has resulted in the following
recommendations for future studies:

LAND DEGRADATION

There are few studies on the effect of land degradation on productivity in developing
countries. This information is crucial for studies such as this one. If yields are negatively
influenced by degradation, the crop production scenarios may not be realized, leading to effects
on the arable land areas. Further detailed analysis of the results of the Forest Resources
Assessment Project may provide answers to questions about the importance of loss of
productivity in shifting cultivation as a driving force of deforestation and other land use changes.
In addition, in most developing countries in both dry and humid climates many changes in the
state of forest resources are caused by pastoral uses of forests and woodlands with no or
insufficient management.

LAND USE

Worldwide grazing areas are known from FAO country estimates of permanent
pastures. To complement the understanding of land use dynamics worldwide, geographic
31
information on the extent, productivity and the intensity of use of pastures and arable lands is
urgently required. It is interesting to study the possible evolution of forest conversion for
livestock production. This seems to be a process occurring in many countries, particularly in the
Amazon Basin. This information will also help to quantify the contribution of grazing to animal
nutrition.

IRRIGATION POTENTIAL

The most recent information on the irrigation potential is the estimate for Africa and for
other regions from FAO (1984). In the near future analysis of the most recent data on fresh-water
resources will yield revised estimates for all developing countries.

Because additional uncertainties are associated with possible effects of climatic change,
it is more difficult to forecast irrigation potentials. River discharges are extremely sensitive to
minor changes in annual rainfall and seasonal distribution patterns. In addition, the seasonal
water usage depends very much on the cropping patterns, which may change as a result of
adaptation to climate change. A possible way to study future irrigation potentials may be through
scenario analysis of climate change and adaptation.

ANIMAL NUTRITION

Estimates of the proportions of the various crops used as animal feed are derived
indirectly from the supply-utilization accounts. Direct estimates of feed use from the Livestock
Environment Study may lead to different estimates of the feed intensity for the various regions.
Combination of the direct and indirect approaches may lead to more reliable estimates of feed
intensities. Agricultural products that do not enter the market are neither recorded in the FAO
statistics, nor in those of many individual countries. Therefore, no data are available on the
production of fodder crops or on the extents of land needed to produce them. Information on the
use of agricultural residues is very scarce as well. Crop residues may play an important role in
animal nutrition, but they may also be burnt. During the burning many polluting compounds are
released into the atmosphere. More complete knowledge on the direct use of crop products as
animal feed, and the role of fodder's and crop residues would be a major contribution to
understanding the interactions between livestock and crop production.

PLANT NUTRITION

It will be useful to repeat the assessment of fertilizer intensity on the basis of country
data. The greatest uncertainty of the model presented in this study is the arbitrarily chosen
maximum fertilizer intensity. For example, the required phosphorus inputs may decrease with
continued fertilization (Van Duivenbooden, 1995). An alternative to developing scenarios or
making projections on fertilizer use is based on yield response functions. Response functions
cannot be developed on the basis of total country fertilizer use. Country and crop-specific data
on the percentage of the area that is actually fertilized and the fertilizer application rates are
needed. A first attempt has been made by FAO/IFA/IFDC (1994), with reported data for 81
countries. Such information should be linked with data on nutrient inputs from animal wastes,
crop residues and biological nitrogen fixation, which are important contributors to plant
nutrition. These need to be quantified to better understand the observed changes in the fertilizer
intensity and to assess strategies to reduce avoidable losses and increase fertilizer recovery.
32
ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION

No abatement strategies have been taken into account in this study, except for the
assumption that higher animal productivity leads to lower CH4 production from enteric
fermentation and less waste production per unit product. Strategies to avoid environmental
pollution effects from fertilizer use include the promotion of slow-release fertilizers that may
increase the N-use efficiency and decrease NH3 volatilization and N2 emission. Similarly,
incorporation of animal manure prevents NH3 volatilization and improves the N recovery rate.

33
 Student Self-Evaluation for the Community Service Project

Student Name: M.Ashwika

Registration No: 21751A3352

Period of CSP: From:01/05/23 To:03/06/23

Date of Evaluation:

Name of the Person in- Mrs.Geetha Mam

charge: Address with mobile
number: 40-101,Thimmasanipalli,Chittoor,517128

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1) Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5

2) Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3) Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4) Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5) Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6) Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7) Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8) Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9) Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10) Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11) Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12) Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13) Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14) Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15) OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Ashwika
Date: Signature of the Student

34
35
PHOTOS AND VIDEO LINKS

36
37
38