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Design topology of a remote-controlled bi-directional rotation of an A.C. fan

with speed control

Article in International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) · April 2020
DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v10i2.pp1885-1892

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International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2020, pp. 1885~1892
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v10i2.pp1885-1892  1885

Design topology of a remote-controlled bi-directional rotation of

an A.C. fan with speed control

Boniface O. Anyaka1, Princewill C. Ene2, Amanze C. Fortune3, Luke U. Omeje4, Kenneth C. Chijioke5
1,3,4,5
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The use of remote control for alternating current fans in homes/offices is one
of the applications of electronics that enhances human comfort. It should
Received Jun 9, 2019 therefore not be seen as luxury, rather, it should be taken as a basic
Revised Oct 22, 2019 requirement of life. In this study, the bi-directional rotation and speed control
Accepted Nov 1, 2019 of ac fan was achieved using ardiuno microcontroller and tuned capacitors
circuits. The use of the new state-of- the art technique in this work is
significant because it helped in over-coming the drawbacks associated with
Keywords: the use of inductive, resistive and phase angle controlled regulators.
The significance of this study will be of great benefit to physically
Bi-directional challenged and aged persons who need to have their comforts in their various
Infrared sensor places of sitting. The designed topology of the work was executed and
Microcontroller achieved. Reliability test carried out on the finished work showed better
Remote control efficiency.
Speed control
Copyright © 2020 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.

Corresponding Author:
Boniface O. Anyaka
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The emergence of new technologies in the world of power electronics in recent times cannot be
over-emphasized. Management of electrical equipment in our homes and offices has become easier and
interesting due to the new state-of-the-art in recent research. According to [1], home automation allows every
owner to decide how convenient it is to control his or her own appliances/equipment from any distance of
choice. A home automation system is a combination of hardware and software technologies that enable
control and management of appliances/equipment within an environment [2]. The term “Home Automation”
is also known as “domotics” [3]. More details about home automation system can be seen in [4-15].
One of the electrical appliance used in homes/offices is the AC fan. It is one of the unavoidable
electric appliance in our everyday life. One can harness the knowledge of home automation using power
electronic principles to make life more suitable for a user of this home appliance [1]. The simultaneous
control of speed and bi-directional rotation of an AC fan using Ardiuno microcontrolled remote system is
what this study seek to solve.
This study is significant because it will add comfort to man‟s everyday living thus, removing
the inconvenience of having to move around to operate a stationary fan regulator. More significantly, it will
help the old and physically handicapped persons to operate their fans without getting up from their place of
comfort. As a follow-up to previous studies, a critical analysis of the state-of-art in the theory and design of
remote control fan regulators are discussed in this work. Other recent advances in relevant areas are also
considered along-side with well accepted traditional theories and principles associated with the proposed
design. A simple design and implementation of remote control fan regulator is presented in [1], however
the speed of the fan was in one direction only.

Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE

1886  ISSN: 2088-8708

In the work of [16], a fan speed regulator which uses microcontroller to control a dc fan was
presented. One drawback of the design was that the speed of the fan cannot be decided unless by the use of
thermistor judgment in the power supply circuit powering the microcontroller. Also, with the modification of
the circuit to power an AC fan, it was not possible to change the direction of rotation of the fan. In another
study conducted by [17], a microcontroller was used to regulate the speed of an AC fan using input from two
push buttons. One of the push buttons was used for increasing the speed of the fan, while the other one was
used for reducing the speed of the fan.
The pitfall of this work was that the user has to walk all the way to where the push button controls
are before he can operate the fan. This makes it difficult if not impossible for disabled people to use.
Abel [18], in his work used PIC microcontroller to control the Speed of an AC fan by changing the firing
angle of a triac as the room surrounding temperature changed. The temperature change in the surrounding
was observed by a temperature sensor and interpreted by the microcontroller. The microcontroller made
logical decisions about how fast the fan would rotate based on the temperature of the surrounding at
a particular moment. In this work, a standing fan which cannot achieve change in direction of rotation unless
its motor winding assembly is reoriented was used, hence only speed control was achieved. In system
automation, speed control can be classified into four groups: inductive regulator, resistive regulator, phase
angle-controlled regulator and capacitive regulator.
- Inductive regulator
Inductive voltage regulator is a type of electrical device in which the output voltage may vary from
zero to a certain maximum value depending upon the ratio of the turns in the primary and secondary winding.
The primary winding is connected to the circuit which is to be regulated and secondary is connected in series
with the fan. This type of fan regulator has a tapping on the winding of a transformer and the inductive
reactance is varied to achieve variation in speed. From the work of [19], the effective inductive reactance is
the combination of the transformer and the fan inductances which gives a voltage drop across the fan and
therefore, the speed is altered. At the highest speed, the fan is directly connected to the full AC mains supply
and at the lowest speed, there is a high value inductor in series with the load. This method used here has
an advantage of low heat power dissipation but has its disadvantages in giving low power factor, high cost of
implementing and bulkiness due to its excessive components like the transformer. This work also lacks
the function of being bi-directional in the rotation of the fan blades.
- Resistive regulator
Resistive regulator also known as conventional fan regulator consists of a wire wound resistor with
different taps which is connected in series with the motor of the fan. The resistance depends upon
the material of the conductor. The principle of operation is that of a rheostat or a resistance potential divider
arrangement. As the steps (of the knob on the regulator box) decreases, the resistance of the circuit increases
and lower power is applied to the fan [20, 21]. Obviously, the power consumption by the fan will be less at
lower speeds by this arrangement, but this is not an energy saving method. The voltage drop across
the resistance is converted into heat losses (I2R), so the energy is dissipated in the form of heat. This wastage
of energy which is a disadvantage of its usage is more at high resistance and lower speed condition.
- Phase angle-controlled (TRIAC and DIAC) regulator
Due to the advancement in power electronic technology, the alternative design of fan regulator
can be easily implemented to reduce the energy losses that are caused by conventional voltage regulators.
In the work of [22], Phase angle-controlled regulators were used and it employed active devices such as
DIAC (Diode Alternating Current) and TRIAC (Triode Alternating Current). The basic principle is to change
the firing angle of the TRIAC in order to change the voltage across the fan. This type of regulator provides
the step less control of the fan speed by deriving the required amount of power from the main supply at
a given instant. Hence, the power is conserved rather than wasted unnecessarily.
The importance of the TRIAC and DIAC is its continuous and step less control of the fan speed,
power saving is achieved at all the speeds by minimizing the energy losses. It consists of simple circuit which
requires a smaller number of components and it is efficient as compared with resistive type due to lower
power consumption. Its disadvantages are that its speed control is not linear and it is expensive. It produces
humming sound that is disturbing and has higher failure rate as active devices are susceptible to power
supply. Also, it has transients and interference which causes EMI/RFI (electromagnetic/radio frequency
interferences) creating disturbances in television and radio sets.
- The capacitor regulators
From the three-different method of control reviewed, we could overcome their deficiencies by using
the capacitor regulators [23]. This type of regulator helps to save power at all speeds of the fan. The idea
behind a capacitor regulator is to adjust the voltage across the motor of the fan. In the capacitor regulator,
the voltage where Q is the charge across the capacitor and C is the capacitance inversely
proportional to the voltage. Thus, as the capacitance decreases the voltage and the speed of the fan increases.

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2020 : 1885 - 1892
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  1887

Capacitor regulators present many obvious benefits: They produce no power loss in the circuit, no heat
generation, and consequently no extra expense, and it is not bulky. In addition, the capacitor provides linear
control of speed [24]. Since they are energy efficient, their power consumption is low and it has no
distracting humming sound when the circuit is in operation.

2. RESEARCH METHOD
The approach used in this work is the modular approach where the overall design was broken into
functional block diagram as shown in Figure 1, where each block in the diagram represents a section of
the circuit that carries out a specific function [25].

1. IR Dc power section A.C. power

Transmitter source
2.

Relay section and capacitor

3. Microcontroller control Ceiling fan

Figure 1. Block diagram of the bi-direction and speed control of the A.C fan

2.1. Remote control transmitting section

The remote-control device has the task of sending the infra-red signal, which is received by the
infra-red sensor. Its implementation process is described as follows.

2.1.1. Programming the microcontroller for the remote control

The AVR (Advanced Virtual RISC) microcontroller was chosen because of its easy usage and
the ability to accept programs written in “C++” language. AVR is a family of microcontrollers. FThese
are modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single-chip microcontrollers. The programing is divided into
two steps. In the first step, a program was written to enable the microcontroller decode the remote hex file.
Each remote has a unique hex file. In this project, we made use of a DVD remote control. The decoded hex
file is returned to the main program which is the second step of the programing.

2.1.2. Decoding the remote

The next step in achieving the remote signal transmission was determined by the transmitter hex
file & for this, we conducted an experiment which involved the use of an Arduino Uno software, Arduino
hardware, TFM5560 receiver, a DVD remote and a computer system. The hardware diagram that gave
the hex file of the remote is shown in Figure 2. Next, we ran a program. One problem encountered was that
our Arduino software had no IRremote.h. This library was downloaded unzipped and installed in the Arduino
library. As this was done, we then clicked on the remote button, collected the hex file and then wrote them
down. This was used in writing the main program for this study.

Figure 2. Circuit connection for determining the hex file of the remote

Design topology of a remote-controlled bi-directional rotation of an A.C. … (Boniface O. Anyaka)

1888  ISSN: 2088-8708

2.1.3. Inputting the hex file into the main program

The main program was written in “C++” language and the hex file was used as the key element that
drives the action in the code. The algorithm of the code is shown in Figure 3, while the main code is
contained in appendix B. The algorithm of Figure 3 shows how the program code functions. The IR
transmitter sends hex files which is received by the IR receiver. This information selects which relay to click.
The relay and the capacitor circuits were connected as the right relay was clicked.

Figure 3. The program algorithm for the hex file

2.2. The control section

This section is the control of the fan by the remote through the capacitor function. The remote was
decoded and set, a signal was sent from it to the receiver, after which the capacitor and relay circuits received
and understood the information and functioned accordingly in speed or direction.
- Operation of the relay and capacitor control circuit
The circuit diagram for the capacitor and relay control is given in Figure 4. Figure 4 design operates
on the fact that when a motor capacitor is connected in series with an A.C. source, the voltage across
the capacitor decreases, this increases the motor voltage and hence the speed. In other words, increasing
the capacitance of the capacitor decreases the voltage across it and hence the speed. The capacitors shown in
Figure 4 have different capacitance value. The speed level to be achieved is a function of the capacitance
value. The connection and disconnection of the capacitors are achieved by the switching of the relays. Relay
RL5 as depicted in Figure 4 is used to change the fan direction of rotation. When the capacitor is connected
in series with coil 2 by the NC terminal of the relay, the fan rotated anti-clockwise. In this case, coil 2 is
the starting coil while coil 1 is the running coil. When the common is moved to NO, the operation was
reversed and the fan rotated clockwise.

C2
L1
RL1
9V 100n 120nH

L2
120nH
C3
RL2
9V 100n

C1
100n
C4

RL3 100n
9V

C5

RL4 100n
9V

RL5
9V

Figure 4. The relay connection and capacitor speed control circuits

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2020 : 1885 - 1892
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  1889

2.3. Simulation of the circuit using proteus isis software

The circuit diagram for the control of the relay is shown in Figure 5. The program code in appendix
B was used to control the relays. The circuit also shows the proper connections made from the Arduino UNO
to the relays.

RL1
5V

U1
9
COM
1
1B 1C
16 RL2
2 15 5V
2B 2C
3 14
3B 3C
4 13
4B 4C
13
12

10
11
5 12

9
8

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5B 5C
6 11
6B 6C
DUINO1 7 10
PB4/MISO

PB0/ICP1/CLKO
AREF

TX PD1/TXD
RX PD0/RXD
PD7/AIN1
~ PD6/AIN0
~ PD5/T1

~ PD3/INT1
PD2/INT0
PB5/SCK

~PB3/MOSI/OC2A
~ PB2/SS/OC1B
~ PB1/OC1A

PD4/T0/XCK
7B 7C
ARDUINO UNO R3
ULN2003A
RL3
5V

DIGITAL (~PWM)

ATMEGA328P-PU
1121

RL4
5V
microcontrolandos.blogspot.com
PC4/ADC4/SDA
PC5/ADC5/SCL

ANALOG IN
PC0/ADC0
PC1/ADC1
PC2/ADC2
PC3/ADC3
RESET

A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5

RL5
5V

RL6
5V

Figure 5. The circuit diagram for relay control

3. WORK IMPLEMENTATION
The work was implemented on a printed circuit board and packaged using plastic locally available
materials as shown in Figures 6 and 7. From Figure 6, the relay section is seen in blue while the capacitor
with different tapings is shown at the left hand-side. The right-hand side is the microcontroller
atmega328P-pu it is packaged in Arduino Uno board. The capacitor with different tapping in Figure 7 has
4 tapping points which is responsible for different speed levels.

Figure 6. Control circuit implementation diagram Figure 7. Implemented circuit diagram showing
capacitor control with different tapings

- Testing
The infrared remote-control signal has a carrier signal range of 36KHZ or 38KHZ. A transmission
typically starts with a burst (“on” state) that is used for the automatic gain control (AGC) circulatory in
the receiver followed by the “off” state and the actual data transmission. Therefore, the signal can only be
“on” or “off” at a time. In the overall circuit shown in Figure 8, the three major components to be connected
together are: the fan, the control circuit and the power supply unit. The fan has three terminals namely- first
connection from the capacitor C1, second connection from the capacitor C2 and the third connection from
the live wire L1. The control circuit has 5 terminals namely: regulator R1 which is the first terminal of
the capacitor regulator, regulator R2 which is the second terminal of the capacitor regulator, the common „C‟

Design topology of a remote-controlled bi-directional rotation of an A.C. … (Boniface O. Anyaka)

1890  ISSN: 2088-8708

of the relay which is the neutral input to the fan, the normally open of the relay „NO‟ which is an extension
for reverse direction and „NC‟ the normally closed terminal of the relay. The A.C source has two terminals,
L live wire and N neutal wire which supplies power to the system.

4. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION

The study was focused on the development and implementation of a microcontroller based remote
control ac fan using infrared frequency. The remote control was able to regulate the speed and bi-directional
rotation of the fan. A transmitter was used to send signal at frequency of 36Khz via an ardiuno
microcontroller to the receive circuit that activates the remote operation. The microcontroller was able to
understand the command sent by the user through the transmitter. With the knowledge of
the new state-of-the art technique in Engineering, the variable speed control and the bi-directional rotation of
the fan were achieved at low cost making it possible for people to afford and keep their lives more
comfortable. The system was tested and found to meet expected result. From the completed work shown in
Figure 9, it can be concluded that speed control of fan using capacitors is very efficient and reliable. The use
of capacitors present many obvious benefits as they produce no power loss, no electromagnetic and radio
frequency interference, it is cost effective, and not bulky, devoid of humming due to heat dissipation.
The system presents better efficiency when compared with other works designed with TRIAC and resistor
control methods.

Figure 8. Test connection diagram of the work Figure 9. Image of the completed work

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Boniface O. Anyaka is currently a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. He had his M.Eng in Electric
Power System/Applied Automatics from the University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland in 1988
and his Ph.D. from the Department of Electrical Engineering. University of Nigeria, Nsukka in
2011. He has held a number of positions in the university system. He was the director, student‟s
industrial work experience scheme (SIWES), University of Nigeria Nsukka and Enugu campuses
(2006 – 2008). He was the acting Head, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka (2011-2013) and the immediate past Associate Dean, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka (2016-2018) Engr. Dr. Anyaka is a registered member of
the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN), corporate member, Nigeria
Society of Engineers (NSE), member, Solar Energy Society of Nigeria (SESN), and Member
Nigeria Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (NIEEE). His major field of research
interest is in the areas of power system modelling and renewable energy (Photovoltaic). He has to
his credit, over 50 publications in both local and international journals.

Ene Princewill Chigozie is a researcher under the Instrumentation and Robotic Control group at
the Exxon Mobile Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, ESUT. He obtained a B.Sc. Degree in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering and M.Eng. Degree in Instrumentation and Control
Engineering from EEE Dept. ESUT in 2006 and 2012 respectively. He is a member of Nigerian
Society of Engineers (NSE), Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN),
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). His scientific interests include Artificial
Intelligence in Robotic Control, Mechatronics, signal Processing, Computer Vision, and Power
System Security. He has collaborated actively with researchers in other disciplines of engineering.

Design topology of a remote-controlled bi-directional rotation of an A.C. … (Boniface O. Anyaka)

 1892  ISSN: 2088-8708

Fortune C. Amanze is a graduate researcher at the Department of Electrical Engineering,

University of Nigeria, Nsukka Enugu State, Nigeria. His research interest is in the field of Power
Systems, Control Engineering and Renewable Energy Systems.

Engr. Luke Uwakwe Omeje, B.Eng. 2014, M.Eng. 2019. He is a Staff in Department of
Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka His research interest is Power System
Modelling. He is also a Registered Member of the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in
Nigeria.

Kenneth C. Chike holds a bachelor degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from
Igbinedion University, Okada, Nigeria. He is currently a masters Engineering student in the
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. His Research area interest is
in Power Systems Engineering and Renewable Energy.

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2020 : 1885 - 1892

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