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Design and Construction of 1 KVA Power Inverter System

Article in Journal of Engineering Research and Reports · August 2018

DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2018/v2i19890

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 Journal of Engineering Research and Reports

2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article no.JERR.42644

Design and Construction of 1 KVA Power Inverter

System

A. E. Abioye1*, M. O. Ogbuatu1, M. O. Oluwe1, B. O. Egonwa1 and K. Ekiokeme1

1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1007,
Unwana, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author AEA designed and
simulated the circuit and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author MO. Ogbuatu, MO. Oluwe
and BOE did the implementation and performance evaluation. Author KE proof read the draft and
managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/JERR/2018/v2i19890
Editor(s):
(1) Anuj Kumar Goel, Associate Professor, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, (Deemed to be University), Ambala,
India.
Reviewers:
(1) Rajinder Tiwari, Model Institute of Engineering and Technology, India.
(2) Ali Algaddafi, Sirte University, Libya.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/25897

Received 4th June 2018

Accepted 7th August 2018
Original Research Article Published 16th August 2018

ABSTRACT

The inverter system is a device that converts the Direct Current (DC) from a battery to an
*Corresponding
Alternating author:
CurrentE-mail:
(AC)[email protected];
which can be used for appliances. It does not only convert the current but
also steps the voltage of the battery up to the required value. The inverter system does not require
fuel to make it function, that makes it cheap.
The circuit has seven (7) embedded circuits in it; namely the oscillator circuit, which comprises the
4047 Oscillator Integrated Circuit (IC), It converts the DC current signal to AC signal at the same
frequency.
The current modification circuit, this comprises the switching transistors and the cascaded
MOSFETs, which modifies the current to the desired input to the step up transformer which steps
it up to the required voltage and current. The battery low circuit indicates when the inverter battery
is low, while the battery full circuit indicates when the inverter battery is full. The change over
circuit changes the source from AC main to battery automatically. The rectifying circuit charges
the battery and lastly the inverter on circuit: this indicates when the inverter is on.
The inverter system also has the battery full indicator, which helps to safe – guard the life of
 Abioye et al.; JERR, 2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article

battery while charging and it automatically switches of charging mode once the battery is full. The
inverter system has timer for delaying the incoming current surge to protect the inverter from the
large surge current and increase the working life of the inverter. The inverter was tested and the
result obtained showed that it was able to bear the load up to 870 VA.

Keywords: Inverter; direct current; alternating current; step up transformer; MOSFET; oscillator IC.

1. INTRODUCTION simply the application of a steady constant

voltage across a circuit resulting in a constant
1.1 Background current. A battery is the most common source of
DC transmission as current flows from one end
Power stability has been one of the major of a circuit to the other. Alternating current, unlike
problems of Nigerian technological growth. The DC, oscillates between two voltage values at a
solution to power instability in Nigeria has been a specified frequency, and its ever changing
major problem for Nigerian government. Other current and voltage make it easy to step up or
neighboring African nations also suffer the same down the voltage. For high voltage and long
problem. This has popped lots of thoughts to the distance transmission situations, all that is
minds African Electrical Engineers. needed to step up or down the voltage is a
transformer. AC current is more viable but less
Following the intermittent electric power failure, available. Conversion of DC current to AC is
the need for stable power supply to equipment done by a device called INVERTER.
such as computer, TV sets, theatre equipment in
the hospitals and a host of others led to the A lot of engineers had earlier conceptualized
development of the inverter systems with a what they felt inverter system should look like.
different design based on the technology The incessant power outage in Nigeria has
employed. The inverter is a means through prompted the engineers to improve the inverter
which an Alternating Current (AC) is produced power system and this project is not an
from a Direct Current (DC) power of a desired exception. The power system is a very
output voltage, current and frequency [1]. paramount constituent of technological growth. A
constant supply of power improves productivity
Thus an inverter compensates for the possibility of factories and companies. Computer rooms, as
of power failure. Frequent public power outages well as domestic homes, require continuous
have led to the massive use of generators with supply of electricity. All this has prompted the
its negative consequences which include; noise, urgency to improve on the properties of the
fire outbreak and environmental pollution [2]. inverter power system in quality, durability,
maintainability and capacity.
Inverters overcome these draw backs as it does
not require fuelling, cheaper and environmentally 2.1 Review of Past Projects
friendly.
The inverter system usually has different parts,
The output frequency for this design is 50Hz, and
with some parts compulsory and others
a peak voltage of 240 V is in agreement with the
necessary. Amongst these parts are the
national standard. Its driving circuit incorporates
transistors for switching, the transformer and 555
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) as the main
Timer IC as an oscillator has been the basic
switching component. In this case, BJTs were
constituent of power inverter system. According
chosen as the high power output device due to
to [3], oscillator is a device that will accept direct
their excellent power handling capability, fast
input and give oscillating output. In this case, it
switching action, high voltage and high current
takes direct current to give an oscillating current.
rating with low heat dissipation.
This oscillating current is not a perfect sine wave
current, so there is a need for current
2. LITERATURE REVIEW modification and filtering to achieve the sine
wave as required for an oscillating current.
In the world today, there are currently two forms
Transistors are basically used for the current
of electrical transmission, Direct Current (DC)
modification and in-combination with resistors for
and Alternating Current (AC), each with its own
filtering to achieve the sine wave. This output is
advantages and disadvantages. DC power is
stepped up by a transformer of certain power

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 Abioye et al.; JERR, 2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article

rating. The power rating of this transformer gives

The output is in form of the input of the either the
is the power rating of the inverter system. The
inverting or the non-inverting, depending on what
inverter system requires a battery to function.
it is meant for. If the inverting input is higher than
The Direct Current (DC) is obtained from a DC
the non-inverting input, the output will be high
battery supply. The current rating of this DC
after comparing the two, but if the inverting is
battery must be of a high rating so as to carry the
less than the non-inverting, the output will be the
power required by the inverter. The battery
reference value of the non-inverting. In this case,
supply is 12 V DC. Combination of any type of
the reference value is the voltage supply, when
DC battery to achieve the 12V cannot be used
the voltage at the inverting is less than the non-
because of current rating. Usually, a Lead Acid
inverting, the output will be the input voltage.
Accumulator battery or a dry cell battery of
This is used to indicate battery low and battery
required current rating is used for the battery.
full with the aid of a voltage fixing diode (zener
When this battery is low, there will be a need for
diode). The room for future expansion is good for
the battery to be charged. The charger is a
any electrical project. To supply 1kVA, a
rectifier and a step-down transformer. The
combination of six MOSFETs in cascade can
rectifier converts the AC current to a DC current.
serve the purpose, but for this project, there is an
The bank of transistors is used for current
allowance in the number of MOSFETs used.
modification for the step up transformer input.
Fourteen MOSFETs are incorporated in the
The step up transformer has the secondary
design, these can supply five (5) times of 1 kVA,
winding that is a couple of the primary winding in
that is, it can supply up to 5 kVA with an increase
a number of turns, depending on the output
in the number of battery to be used. It can go as
voltage required and the current rating for which
far as supplying five (5) times the power that is
it is meant for. The core Area of the transformer
used for in this project.
is calculated based on the power rating to be
achieved as well. The wire for the primary
The power source switching has been made
winding is made very thick so as to carry the
automatic by 555 timer IC which controls the
power and bear the heat coming from the
transistors. The wire to be used for the switching from AC main and battery supply. The
secondary winding is dependent on the type of 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit that can
load for which it is meant. For house hold function in either monostable or astable mode
appliances, a 2.5 mm laminated cable is used for [5,6]. In the astable mode, the 555 timer can be
the secondary winding. The inverter is commonly used as a timer; it engages and dis-engages at
known as Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS). certain time controlled by its clock. This timing is
Usually, heat sink is used to cool down the to delay the supply by some microseconds
transistors. The heat sink is not sufficient to cool before the power comes up. The delay is to
the transistors, so a DC fan can be incorporated prevent transient current from the circuit.
to the circuit for better heat management. Transient current are the surge current which is
higher than the normal current [7]. Surge current
can damage electrical appliances. This surge
2.2 Review Modification current is imminent when the power is just
supplied. With the combination of the timer and
The inverter works as enumerated above, but the capacitor, the surge will not have an
radiates lots of heat. In this project, IRF 150 influence on the appliances. The capacitor
MOSFET has been incorporated in place of the absorbs the surge and the delay does the
transistor which radiates less heat. Furthermore, function of delaying the time and allows every
the IRF 150 MOSFETs gives room for surge to be absorbed before the circuit is
expansion. engaged with power. This will make the inverter
safe to use.
Battery level indicator is also incorporated to
show when the battery is low and when the In the inverter is also the charging circuit. When
batter is full. the battery goes down in voltage, the inverter will
definitely go off. Then there will need to charge
In the circuit for battery full and battery low is the the battery and this has been incorporated in the
comparator. A comparator is a device that takes inverter. The inverter battery charging circuit
two inputs and gives output after comparing the contains basically the step-down transformer and
two inputs [4]. the rectifier.

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 Abioye et al.; JERR, 2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article

The step-down transformer steps down the

voltage coming out of the charging circuit to the
voltage from the mains to the required voltage
required voltage. To show the voltage output of
needed to charge the battery. In this case, it will
the inverter, a meter indicator is used, this
step down from 220V/AC to 15V/AC before the
increases the viability of the inverter as it tells the
voltage is rectified. In the charging circuit, the
user when the battery is going low even before
voltage regulator maintains the amount of
the indicator indicates that the battery is low.
3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Transformer Design

3.1.1 1kVA step-up transformer

Starting with the 1kVA step-up transformer

P S

Fig. 1. KVA step-up transformer

P= transformer primary side (1)

S= transformer secondary side (2)

The transformer primary voltage = 12 volts

The transformer secondary voltage = 220 volts

1000 watts (power )

The transformer primary current =
12 (vol ts) (3)
= 83.3 Ampere

1000 watts (power )

The transformer secondary current =
220 vol ts(seCondary vol tage (4)
= 4.5 Ampere

The operating frequency = 50 Hz

3.1.2 Design of amplifying and current distribution circuit

IRF 150 (cascaded MOSFETs)

The IRF 150 is a metal oxide semiconductor with voltage divider combination of resistor at the gate
[8].
From the data sheet, it has on-state resistance of 0.05X and a drain current of 38A.

Power = (38)2 x 0.055 watts (5)

= 1444 x 0.055 watts
= 79.42 watts

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 Abioye et al.; JERR, 2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article

Fig. 2. Switching and a section of the current modification circuit

Now, using IRF 150 MOSFET (cascaded) for the power transmission and current modification,

1000 w𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
= number of IRF 150 MOSFETS required for the cascade (6)
79.42w𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
=12.5912

14 MOSFETS will be used for even power distribution.

The IRF 150 from the data sheet has;

Capacitance of 1.1pF, Charge(Q) of 125nC

To obtain the rise time of the pulse

Frequency = 50Hz

BDX53 Transistor(Q17 and Q18) has been selected for switching

The transistor Q1 and Q2 can be used as a switch by driving them to saturation.

IC = ICE (7)

To obtain the suitable current for the cascaded MOSFET, I have chosen 220X resistor for R3 and R4
so that,

VCC
=13 (8)
R3
12
= 0.06Amp
220

To obtain the current rating for each MOSFET,

1
the pusl eperiod =
1
frequenCy = = 0.02 seconds (9)
50

5
 Abioye et al.; JERR, 2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article

Pulse period = 20 msec

20msec
the rise time = = 10msec
2

the MOSFET gate current = CV

t (10)

C= capacitance (Farad), V= voltage (volts), t =

The voltage divider combination has been done
time (seconds)
to divide the supply voltage into fractions which
I G= 1.1pF x 12msec will then be compared with the fixed voltage,
10 which is the 5.1 volts.
IG= 1.32 x 10-6 = 1.32µAmpere 10 kΩ has been chosen for R2 and R 3. They are
For seven MOSFETS, just to divide voltage any equal combination of
=1.32µA x 7 resistors could have divided the voltage.
= 0.0092m
So, inverting input
Ampere (the required current to drive the entire 10kΩ
TheV−= ( ) Vsuppl y (11)
MOSFETS). (10kΩ+10kΩ)

3.1.3 Design of the battery low circuit Vsupply is the voltage from the battery.

From the circuit above, the diode D7 (IN4733A) V+ = 5.1 volts (fixed by zener diode (IN4733A)
is a zener diode used as a voltage regulator to fix When the supply voltage (battery voltage) is 14
a 5.1V voltage at the positive input of the volts (fully charged)
operational amplifier(LM358N1) (non-inverting
input). 470Ω resistor will be used as R 4, 49 mA is V−= ( 10kΩ
) 14vol ts (12)
maximum input current from the op-Amp 10kΩ+10kΩ
1
(LM358N) data sheet. = ( ) 14 vol ts
2
= 7 volts
12v
= 0.025319Amp
470 V+ = 5.1 volts
=25.5319mA V- > V+, the output voltage of the Op Amp is low
no current drives through the external circuit.
Any value other than 470Ω can be used but for
the sake of allowance, we have chosen 470Ω When the supply voltage (battery voltage) is 11
volts,

Fig. 3. The battery low circuit

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 Abioye et al.; JERR, 2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article

10kΩ
𝑉−= ( 10kv+10kΩ)11volts The capacitor of capacitance 1000µF has been
1
connected across LED (light emitting diode) to
= ( ) 11 vol ts supply 2V and a resistor of 1kΩ has been
2
= 5.5 volts connected to the LED to protect the LED from
blowing up as the maximum current requirement
V+ = 5.5 volts. for the LED is 10 mA.

V- > V+, the output voltage of Op-amp is low, The LED is an indicator, showing battery is low.
and no current drives through the external circuit.
When the supply voltage ( Battery voltage) is 10 The thyristor (D6) in Fig. 3, has been installed
volts. also across the transistor Q1 to protect the
transistor from the sudden charge from the relay.
10kΩ )volts= 1(10) volts
𝑉−= (10kΩ+10𝐾Ω 2 (Vs−Vi)
R = Ω (15)
6 i
V- = 5 volts
Vs is the source voltage = 12 V
V+= 5.1 volts Voltage required by LED = 2 V
i is LED current rating = 10 mA
V+ > V-, the output voltage of the Op Amp is high
and current drives through the external circuit. (12−2) 10
R6 = = mA
10 10
At the external circuit, a transistor BC 547(Q1)
has been selected for efficient switching. R6 = 1000 Ω

When the output equals to the supply voltage, R6 = 1kΩ

the transistor (Q1) switches on.
3.1.4 Design of the battery full circuit
The transistor has current gain (hfe) of 270 and
collector current of 100mA (from the data sheet). From the circuit above, the diode D3 (IN4736A)
is a zener diode to fix the voltage at the inverting
The base current I = IC input of 6.8 volts. R9 and R10 are equal resistors,
h𝐹e (13)
b that is resistors of equal value to serve as a
voltage divider, so that only half fraction is
Ib= 0.037mA
supplied to the non-inverting input.
The base voltage is less than 12 volts
R8 keeps the current at the non-inverting to a
value less than 49 mA (The maximum current
base vol tage
R 5= base Current (14 allowable at Op – amp input).
)
A value of 470Ω is chosen for R8 so that
R5 = 0.37 x 10
12𝑉 -3
12𝑉
=0.0255319 Amp
470
R5 = 3.448MΩ
2.2kΩ has been chosen as it’s the minimum 12V/470 = 0.0255319 Amp
value of resistance that will not blow up the
transistor. = 25.5319mA (input current) which is smaller
than the allowable current of the Op-Amp.
When the transistor is switched on, the relay When the voltage from the battery is 11 volts
(RL4) charges and closes up its switch
(Electomagnetic induction) there by ( R8
) Vsupply = V+; R = R (16)
R8+R9
disconnecting the inverter circuit and putting on 8

the main supply if the main supply is available. 1

= ( ) 11 VOl ts = 5.5 Vol ts
The diode D4 (IN4007) has been connected 2
across the relay to prevent any form of backward The inverting input is 6.8 volts (fixed by the zener
flow of current to the transistor (Q1). diode)

7
 Abioye et al.; JERR, 2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article

Fig. 4. The battery full circuit

The V- > V+, therefore the output voltage of the IC

Op Amp will be low. The base current I = (17)
b h𝐹e

Again, 100mA
= = 0.037mA
270
When the supply voltage is 12 volts
R The base resistance Rb Vb 14
= 0.037 mA
= Ib
8
( R8 + R9 ) 12 Vol ts
Ib = 378.37kΩ
and current gain (hfe) of 270
R8 = R9
1
( ) 12 Vol ts= V+ (non inverting input)
2

V+ = 6 volts

V- is still greater than V+ Output of the Op Amp

still low.

When the supply voltage is at 13.5 volts,

1
( ) 13.5 = 6.75 Vol ts, the output of the Op Amp
is
2
still low.

When supply is at 14 volts,

(R8/R8+R9) Vsupply = V+(1) 14 = 𝑉 +V+ = 7V

2

V+ > V- , the output voltage of the Op Amp is

high which is 14 volts.14 volts is the battery full
voltage.
This is used because of voltage drop across the
circuit so that allowance of +2 volts will be there
from the supply.

Transistor (Q2) BC547 has been connected at

the Op-amp output for efficient switching.

The transistor has collector current of 100 mA

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 Abioye et al.; JERR, 2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article

R11 = 3.78MΩ

2.2kΩ has been chosen as the minimum

resistor value to drive the BC547 without
blowing it up.

R11 = 2.2kΩ
When the transistor is switched on, current
flow through the relay (RL3) and the relay
closes, the inverter turns on and the inverter
is ready to power the load.

Light emitting diode (LED) has been used

as an indicator to show when the battery is
full.

The LED has maximum input current of

10 mA so resistor R29 has been connected
at the diode input to control the current to
the value less than the maximum diode
allowable current.

The capacitor C9 has been connected

across the LED to keep the led on.

Diode D6 (IN4007) has been connected to

prevent any current from flowing back to the
transistor from the relay (RL3).

The thyristor has been connected across

the transistor Q16 to prevent any current
from flowing back to the transistor when the
RELAY closes.

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 Abioye et al.; JERR, 2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article

Resistor of resistance 10 kΩ (R28) has been

3.1.5 Design of the change-over circuit
connected at the gate of the thyristor because
the thyristor maximum gate current is 1.2 mA.
The change-over circuit is a switching circuit that
switches supply between MAINS or inverter.
Relay (RL5) receives pulse from the timer
When the relay RL1 closes, the RL5 receives
circuit(RL1)
supply from the inverter battery full circuit and
powers the load, inverter is on.
R12 (Vs−Vi)
(18)
= i
When its battery low, the inverter circuit is
R12 is the resistor connected to LED opened and charging and the load is connected
to the MAINS if available. The inverter is OFF.

R12 12 − 2
= mA = 1000Ω = 1kΩ
10 Diode D2 in Fig. 5 below, has been connected to
prevent current from flowing to the ground from
Vs = 12 volts, Vload consumed by LED is 2v the 12 volts battery supply also isolates the
Max current needed by LED is 10 mA MAINS and the battery.

Fig. 5. Change-over circuit

AC/240V
Vcc

Fig. 6. The rectifying circuit (Battery charger)

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 Abioye et al.; JERR, 2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article

3.1.6 Design of the battery charging circuit

triggering is accomplished by applying a leading
(Rectifying circuit)
edge pulse to the +TRIGGER (+T) input. For –
TRIGGER (-T) and a high level to the
Transformer (T1) is a 15V/2000mA step-down
+TRIGGER [9].
transformer. It steps down the 220 Volts from
MAINS to 15V output secondary. 15V is required
at the output because of the voltage drop in the
bridge circuit (AC – DC converter circuit) and
voltage requirement of LM7812 voltage
regulator. The bridge rectifier selected is G25B80 4047
bridge rectifier with four diodes. Each diode has
a voltage drop of 1 volt (from the data sheet), the
total voltage drop is 2 volts at the output.
Fig. 7. 4047 Oscillator chip configuration
Capacitor C1 has been connected across the
input of the voltage regulator LM7812. From the 4047 data sheet, the wave form
obtainable for Astable mode is Astable Pulse
The voltage regulator LM7812 has a minimum from Pin 10 and Pin 11. The Integrated Circuit
input voltage of 14.7 volts, but the voltage at the (IC 4047), used as the Oscillator also has a
output of the rectifier is 13 volts. feedback action to regulate itself.
But 14.7 is the minimum input voltage for
3.1.8 The Inverter Output and Indicator
LM7812 voltage to obtain a capacitor to produce
a stored voltage of 2v to augment the current of The capacitor C7 in the circuit above augment
capacitor, the voltage regulator input voltage to the required
value. The voltage regulator has an input
dv
I=C (19) minimum (threshold) voltage of 14.7 volts, but
1dt
from the transformer input or battery, output is ≤
Idt = C1dv 14 volts.
Iʃdt=C1ʃdv
It =C1V From the step-down transformer,

it The current at secondary of (TR2) is 2000 mA

C= v
(20)
1
Capacitance = it Farad
10 msec x 2000mA v
C 1= 2 vol ts
Time (t) = 1
sec (21)
C1=10Mf =1000µF frequenCy

The LM7812 voltage regulator produces an 1 20msec

output voltage of 12 volts as indicated from the = = = 10msec(for one hal fcycl e)
50 2
data sheet.
2 volts to be supplied by the capacitor to
The capacitor C2 (100nF) is a bypass capacitor, augment the input of the voltage regulator:
ensuring no AC component at the output.
10msec X 2000mA
3.1.7 Monostable/astable multivibrator C 7= 2
(OSCILLATOR) C7 = 10mF = 10000µF
Integrated Circuit (IC) 4047 has been selected to For rise time of 1msec
obtain the alternating pulse signal from the 12
volts DC source from the battery. 1msec X 200mA
C 7= 2 F
The Astable operation is enabled by a high level
on the ASTABLE (AST) input. The period of the C7= 1mF
square wave at Q and Q is a function of the
external component employed. Pulse on the C7= 1000µF
MONOSTABLE or ASTABLE input allows the
circuit to be used as a gatable Multivibrator. C8 is a bypass capacitor to prevent any form of
In the Monostable mode, positive edge – ac component at the regulator output

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 Abioye et al.; JERR, 2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article

Fig. 8. The inverter on the indicator circuit

The LED (light emitting diode) has been

3.1.8 The delay and timer circuit
connected to indicate inverter is powered only.
In the Monostable mode, the 555 functions is a
A 1 KΩ resistor prevents the current at the output
“one – shot” pulse generator and application
from going directly to the LED as the LED
includes; timer, missing pulse detection, bounce
maximum current rating is 10mA
free switches, touch switches, frequency divider,
capacitance measurement and as pulse width
The LED resistor R46=Vs−VLΩ (22) modulation.
I

Vs= source voltage To be used as a one-shot generator, the pulse

VL = Load voltage begins when timer receives a signal at trigger
input falls below a third of voltage supply.
12−2
R 4 = 10mAΩ The width of the output is determined by the time
constant R17C6 network which comprises a
10 resistor (R) and capacitor (C).
R = 10mA
Ω
4
The output is obtained when the voltage of the
R46 = 1000Ω capacitor equals to 2/3 of the supply voltage.

Fig. 9. Delay circuit

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 Abioye et al.; JERR, 2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article

Fig. 10. Complete circuit diagram

4. Testing device can carry up to the power stipulated for it

to bear.
In the course building the inverter, various tests
are carried out amongst which are 4.2 Continuity Test
1. Device testing
2. Continuity test The continuity test is carried out to avoid any
form of an open circuit. The presence of an open
3. Short circuit test
circuit in any electrical system will create an
4.1 Device Testing open circuit fault in the system and the system
will not function. The wires have to be continuous
To test the Inverter, a load of up to 900 VA all the way from one terminal to another. The
was connected to the device to test if the lead used in the soldering of the components
must be well

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 Abioye et al.; JERR, 2(1): 1-14, 2018; Article

soldered and there should be no any form of

malfunction as the battery voltage began to fall
partial contact as this might initiate an open
and later the battery low indicator came up
circuit in the system.
before the inverter finally went off.
4.3 Short Circuit Test
It was also discovered that when the Inverter was
loaded, the output voltage initially drops and the
A short circuit occurs when the live and the
regulated itself back to 220 Volts. This was due
neutral wires touch each other. When this
to the feedback action of the Integrated Circuit
happens, the current goes infinitely high and can
(IC 4047), used as the Oscillator.
blow up the entire system [10]. There should be
no form of short circuit, be it on the legs of the
integrated circuits or along the wires. Short 5. CONCLUSION
circuit fault is a very costly fault as it can blow up
Based on this research work, it can be deduced
the whole system and should be avoided as
that an inverter system can be used to change
much as possible, so this test is very important
direct current to alternating current. This can be
prior to the powering of the inverter system. To
used to supply power to house hold appliances
determine the system failure rate, the part count
and can be made to have a higher power rating
analysis of the various components is required.
which can be used in factories. This will help
4.4 Result and Findings improve power stability and better the national
economy.
The Inverter was tested on a section by section
basis. The output voltage of the Oscillator was
6. RECOMMENDATION
obtained to be 4.24Volts on each side with the This paper has shown how Inverter system can
frequency set to approximately 50Hz. The other operate automatically; automatic in the sense
unit could not be tested until the final coupling that the supply changes from the mains to the
has been done. The lists of various parameters battery and battery to main depending on when
are found below: there is power supply from the Power Holding
Company of Nigeria. It is therefore
Table 1. Specifications of the inverter
recommended that both the engineers that
construct and the user of inverter system should
S/N Parameters Rating adopt this mode of inverter system configuration
1 Inverter Frequency 50 Hz for its flexibility, reliability, availability and high
2 Inverter Output Voltage 220 Volts resistance to stress. Since various parts are in
3 Minimum battery voltage 10 Volts the different model, fault can easily be identified
4 Maximum loading capacity 800 watts and repair can be carried out easily without
5 Minimum AC input Voltage 180 V affecting the other parts.
6 Maximum AC input Voltage 250
It is also recommended that the inverter should
After using the above parameter, the effect of be suspended on a wood or a stand as placing it
loading was carried out on the Inverter and the on the ground may allow it to come in contact
load test result is shown below. with water and this can lead to rust or damage to
some components in the inverter system.
Table 2. Load test result
COMPETING INTERESTS
S/N Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts)
1 250 230 Authors have declared that no competing
2 300 225 interests exist.
3 400 220
4 500 220
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6 700 220
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© 2018 Abioye et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.

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