PACESETTERS’ COLLEGE GWARINPA ABUJA

FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK FOR SS3 2020/2021 ACADEMIC

SESSION
WEEK CONTENT
1 Network: definition, types of network, network
devices, benefits
2 Introduction to world-wide web: definition, brief
history, basic terminologies associated with www,
protocols
3 Uses/benefits of www: navigations
4 Database: definition, examples, basic terminologies,
forms of database
5 Database: creating database
6 Graphic packages (Corel Draw): environment,
definition and examples
7 Graphics: simple design
8 BASIC programming: NEXT, WHILE, END statements
9 High level language: examples and definition
10 High level language: classification, features,
advantages
11 Cables and connectors
12 Number bases
13 Revision
14 examination
WEEK OF THE TERM: WEEK ONE
NETWORKING

A network is a collection of two or more computers and devices interconnected by

communications channels that facilitate communications among users and allows users to share
resources.
A computer network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing
resources. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet. Other shared
resources can include a printer or a file server.

We can also say that computer network is an interconnection of various computers to share
software, hardware and data through a communication medium between them.
The computers connected in a network share files, folders, applications and resources like
scanner, web-cams, printers etc.

TYPES OF NETWORKS
1. Ethernet​: this is a bus topology LAN network system.
This the most widely installed local area network (LAN) technology. ​Ethernet​ is a link layer
protocol in the TCP/IP stack, describing how networked devices can format data for transmission
to other network devices on the same network segment, and how to put that data out on the
network connection.
An ​Ethernet​ cable is one of the most common forms of network cable ​used on ​wired
networks. ​Ethernet​ cables connect devices within a local area network, like PCs, routers, and
switches.
 2. TOKEN RING:
A token Ring​ local area network (LAN) technology is a communications protocol for local area
networks. It uses a special three-byte frame called a "​token"​ that travels around a logical "​ring​"
of workstations or server.
It is the hub that manages the network in a ring topology manner. Physically, when implemented,
the computers are connected through cables to a “hub”.

3. ARCNET: This is an acronym for Attached Resource Computer Network is a star

topology network. It was the first widely available networking system for
microcomputers and became popular in the 1980s for office automation tasks.

ARCNET​ is a widely-installed local area network (LAN) technology that uses a token-bus
scheme for managing line sharing among the workstations and other devices connected on the
LAN.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
A network topology refers to the layout of connected devices.
The pattern of the computer nodes and the way they are interconnected is referred to as
Topology.
In connecting computers together to form a network, the structure and layout of the computers
and the cabling required to link them together must be taking into consideration.

TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY

1. The physical topology: this is layout of the cables and network devices.
2. The logical topology: this is the method of communication of the network devices.

Different categories of topologies available to LAN are as follows:

Star Topology
Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point
called a "hub node" that may be a ​network hub​, ​switch or ​router​. Devices typically connect to the
hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.

Data on a star network passes through the hub, switch or concentrator before continuing to its
destination. The hub, switch or concentrator manages all the functions of the network.
It also acts a repeater for the dataflow. This configuration is common with twisted pair, coaxial
cable or fiber optic cable.

Ring Topology
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbours for communication purposes. All
messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or "counter clockwise").
A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.

Bus network topology

In local area networks where bus topology is used, each node is connected to a single cable. Each
computer or server is connected to the single bus cable. A signal from the source travels in both
directions to all machines connected on the bus cable until it finds the intended recipient.

NETWORK DEVICES

Different networking devices have different roles to play in a computer network. These network
devices also work at different segments of a computer network performing different works.

1. Network Hub:

Network Hub is a networking device which is used to connect multiple network hosts. A network
hub is also used to do data transfer. The data is transferred in terms of packets on a computer
network. So when a host sends a data packet to a network hub, the hub copies the data packet to
all of its ports connected to. Like this, all the ports know about the data and the port for whom
the packet is intended, claims the packet. Due to the fact that the hub broadcast messages, any
message sent by the hub is received by all the devices because the hub is not able to identify the
device that owns the message. This is the reason why, people say the hub is not intelligent.

However, because of its working mechanism, a hub is not so secure and safe. Moreover, copying
the data packets on all the interfaces or ports makes it slower and more congested which led to
the use of network switch.

2. Network Switch:

Like a hub, a switch also works at the layer of LAN (Local Area Network) but you can say that a
switch is more intelligent than a hub. While hub just does the work of data forwarding, a switch
does ‘filter and forwarding’ which is a more intelligent way of dealing with the data packets.

So, when a packet is received at one of the interfaces of the switch, it filters the packet and sends
only to the interface of the intended receiver. For this purpose, a switch also maintains a CAM
(Content Addressable Memory) table and has its own system configuration and memory. CAM
table is also called as forwarding table or forwarding information base (FIB).

3. Modem:

A Modem is somewhat a more interesting network device in our daily life. So if you have
noticed around, you get an internet connection through a wire (there are different types of wires)
to your house. This wire is used to carry our internet data outside to the internet world.

However, our computer generates binary data or digital data in forms of 1s and 0s and on the
other hand, a wire carries an analog signal and that’s where a modem comes in.
A modem stands for (​Mo​dulator+​De​modulator). That means it modulates and demodulates the
signal between the digital data of a computer and the analog signal of a telephone line.

4. Network Router:

A router is a network device which is responsible for routing traffic from one to another network.
These two networks could be a private company network to a public network. You can think of a
router as a traffic police who directs different network traffic to different directions.

5. Bridge:

If a router connects two different types of networks, then a bridge connects two sub-networks as
a part of the same network. You can think of two different labs or two different floors connected
by a bridge.

6. Repeater:

A repeater is an electronic device that amplifies the signal it receives. In other terms, you can
think of repeater as a device which receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher
power so that the signal can cover longer distances.

For example, inside a college campus, the hostels might be far away from the main college
where the ISP line comes in. If the college authority wants to pull a wire in between the hostels
and main campus, they will have to use repeaters if the distance is much because different types
of cables have limitations in terms of the distances they can carry the data for.

When these network devices take a particular configurational shape on a network, their
configuration gets a particular name and the whole formation is ​called ​Network topology​. In
certain circumstances when we add some more network devices to a network topology, it’s
called​ Daisy chaining​.

BENEFITS OF COMPUTER NETWORKING

Computing devices are networked for the following reasons:

1. Helps to enhance connectivity: as networks helps to connect computers together so does

it connect the computer users together. In a work environment, people within one work
group can actually be connected through Local Area Network. For example, e-mail is an
easy and cheaper way of sending and receiving messages in an office.
2. It helps in sharing hardware resources: Hardware devices can be shared among people
within an office, as obtainable in banks. This helps to save a lot of cost.
3. It eases out management of data: since everyone within an area is sharing resources, this
can help to manage data very easy and better as data can be submitted to a central
location.
4. Internet: as internet is a network that connects different people on a global scale. It helps
people in different part of the world to communicate and share resources.
5. Data sharing: computer network facilitates data sharing at a limited time and energy. It
also facilitates the use of applications like databases that are based on ability of many
individuals to access and to share exactly the same data.
6. Networking promoted games: many games are available on the internet, networking
therefore gives room for users to play on common server. Example WOW account
WEEK OF THE TERM: WEEK TWO
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD WIDE WEB

This is often abbreviated as www or simply w3 and commonly known as web. It is the system of
interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet. With a web browser, one can view
web pages that may contain text, images, videos and other multimedia and navigate between
them via hyperlinks.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

An English Engineer and a computer scientist by the name Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now the
Director of the World Wide Web consortium, used the concepts from earlier hypertext systems
and wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web.

At CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, Berners lee and Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau
proposed in 1990 to use “Hypertext ...to link and access information of various kinds as a web of
nodes in which the user can browse at will” and publicly introduced the project in December.

The www was developed to be a pool of human knowledge and human culture which would
allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of a common project.

WWW VERSUS INTERNET

The World Wide Web is what most people think of as the Internet. It is all the Web pages,
pictures, videos and other online content that can be accessed via a Web browser. The Internet,
in contrast, is the underlying network connection that allows us to send email and access the
World Wide Web. The early Web was a collection of text-based sites hosted by organizations
that were technically gifted enough to set up a Web server and learn HTML. It has continued to
evolve since the original design, and it now includes interactive (social) media and
user-generated content that requires little to no technical skills.

The ​World Wide Web​, or simply web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of
the internet.​ It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the internet. The web uses
the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the internet, to transmit data. Web
services, which use HTTP to allow applications to communicate in order to exchange business
logic, use the web to share information. The web also utilizes ​browsers​, such as ​Internet
Explorer​ or ​Firefox​, to access Web documents called ​webpages​ that are linked to each other
via ​hyperlinks​. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video.

The web is just one of the ways that information can be disseminated over the internet. The
internet, not the web, is also used for ​email​, which relies on ​SMTP​, ​Usenet​ news groups, ​instant
messaging​ and ​FTP​. So the web is just a portion of the Internet, albeit a large portion, but the two
terms are not synonymous and should not be confused.

BASIC TERMINOLOGIES OF WWW

The basic terminologies of the internet are:

1. www
2. web browser
3. website
4. web page
5. home page
6. protocols

WORLD WIDE WEB

- This refers to all web sites, resources and users in the internet that are using HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol).

- It is a resource global set of documents, images and other resources, logically interrelated by
hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform

- It is also a universe of network accessible information, an embodiment of human knowledge.

The documents are formatted in a mark-up language called HTML (Hypertext Mark-up
Language) that supports links to other documents, as well as graphics, audio and video files. This
means you can link from one document to another simply by clicking on hot spots.

WEB BROWSER
It is a software application used to locate, access and display Web pages. Two popular web
browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Firefox. Web browsers, often referred to just as
browsers, are software applications used to locate and display Web pages on the World Wide
Web.
They translate the basic HTML code that allows a user to see images, text, videos and listen to
audios on websites and connects to other web pages through hyperlinks.
WEBSITE
This is also written and Web site or simply site. It is a collection of related web pages containing
images, videos or other digital assets.
It can also be said to be a series of interconnected web pages, containing medias such as text,
image and video, all connected for viewing on the internet. It is hosted on at least one web
server, accessible through a network such as the internet or a private LAN through an internet
address also called URL.
BENEFITS OF WEBSITES
1. Cheaper and flexible Advertisement
2. Market expansion
3. Promotes e-commerce
4. Supports e-learning
5. Increases in sales and revenue earning
6. 24 by 7 by 365
7. Offer convenience
8. Add value and satisfaction
9. Improves credibility
10. Growth opportunity
11. Two-way communicative marketing

WEB PAGE OR WEBPAGE

This is website HTML document which is displayed by a web browser.

HOME PAGE
This refers to the initial or main web page of a website. It is the webpage that automatically loads
when the website is invoked by a web browser.

PROTOCOLS
Protocols are sets of rules that govern the communication between computers in a network. It is a
standard or convention that controls or enables the connection, communication and data transfer
between computing devices.
TYPES OF PROTOCOLS IN WEB TECHNOLOGY
1. HTTP
2. HTML
 3. STMP
HTTP
This means HyperText Transfer Protocol. It is a networking protocol that governs exchange,
transfer, and distribution of html documents in the www. HTTP is the foundation of data
communication for the World Wide Web.
HTML
This means HyperText Markup Langugae. It is the basic building block for web pages. It is the
predominant markup language for web pages.
SMTP
This means Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. SMTP is an internet standard for electronic mail
(E-mail) transmission across internet Protocol (IP) networks.
WEEK OF THE TERM: WEEK THREE
USES AND BENEFITS OF WWW
1. Easy access of information from any part of the world.
2. E-mail and chatting allows quick, cheaper and convenient means of communication
between people.
3. Ideas, knowledge and skills can be shared across the globe.
4. It enables social networking, collaborations and making of friends across the globe.
5. It enables e-learning which helps the educational system.
6. It enables e-commerce which helps in the trading system.
7. It enables working from home
8. Enables tele- and video conferencing
9. It enables the establishment of online book stores and e-libraries.
10. Allows online flight bookings and hotels reservation.
11. It enables decentralisation of information and establishment of e-government, e-payments
and so on.
12. It provides internet telephone services like Skype.
13. It enables the use of multimedia objects for advertisement.
14. Many individuals and some companies and groups use web logs and blogs, which are
largely used as easily updatable online diaries.
NAVIGATION THROUGH A WEBSITE

Creating good web site navigation is the most important task a web designer has to accomplish in
the web design process. Website navigation is the pathway people take to navigate through sites.

Navigation is the single most important element in creating accessible and usable web sites.

THE PURPOSE OF NAVIGATION

1. To present readers with the most user-friendly path through the classification so that they
can find the content they want quickly.
2. Ensure readers always know where they are on the site.
3. Allow readers always know where they are on the site.
4. Give readers the proper context of the document they are reading.
5. Highlight for the reader parts of the classification that the organisation wants to promote.
TYPES OF NAVIGATION

1. LEFT NAVIGATION

This is the most common type of navigation. This has become the most common type because it
responds to user behavior of reading from the left.

2. RIGHT NAVIATION

These are navigations placed on the right of the web pages.

3. TOP NAVIGATION

This is the second most common navigation; they are at the top of the web pages.

4. CENTRAL NAVIGATION

This is where the body of the information is represented.

5. GLOBAL NAVIGATION

This contains links to pages that are accessible from every page on the site (Home, Contact Us
etc). These are often placed at the top and bottom of every page.

6. FEATURE NAVIGATION

This uses features to attract some content on the website.

7. RELATED NAVIGATION

This is navigation that occurs at the end of a document

8. CONTENT NAVIGATION

This is navigation that occurs within a particular document. If the document mentions another
document or classification, for example, then a link can be made.

9. HISTORY TRAIL NAVIGATION

This navigation tells you exactly what part of the classification you are in and how that relates to
the overall classification system. It always begin with a Home link and end with the section you
are in.

10. DROP-DOWN NAVIGATION

This is navigation delivered by a drop-down menu.

 11. LANGUAGE NAVIGATION

This is a navigation that allows the user to choose from different language options.

12. GEOGRAPHIC NAVIGATION

When a website is broken into options of country or region, this allows the user to choose from
different geographic locations available.

13. UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR NAVIGATION

The URL is the address of a document on the internet that consists of a communications protocol
followed by a colon and two slashes. This navigation tells you where you are in the URL
structure.
WEEK OF THE TERM: WEEK FOUR
Assignment: 1. Define a database.
2. What is DBMS and list 4 functions
3. Who is DBA?
4. WRITE SHORT NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING
a. Primary key.
b. Candidate key
c. Key field
d. Foreign key
e. Query

BOARD SUMMARY
DATABASE CONCEPT
A database can be defined as a structured collection of related records stored at a central location
with the aim of retrieving them at later date. It is also referred to as the arrangement of related
data and information in an organized manner for easy access and manipulation. It is a special
way of organizing computer data.
A database stores, manages and retrieves information.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of computer programs designed to
control the creation, maintenance and the use of database. It is a software package that helps the
use of integrated collection of data records and files known as database.
The Database Management System is a software that structures, manipulates and ensures that
security and recovery. The primary goal of a Database Management System is to provide a
convenient and efficient environment in retrieving and storing database information,
EXAMPLES of DBMS are:
DBASE III plus or Dbase IV, Microsoft Access, FoxPro, oracle, FoxBASE plus, Sybase,
MySQL.
FUNCTIONS OF DBMS
The DBMS performs the following functions:
1. Creation of database files.
2. Update and retrieve data
3. It is used to query data stored in a database for retrieval, manipulation etc.
4. Recover data in the database in the event of system failure
 5. Back-up data in the database.
DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR (DBA)
This is a person who is responsible for managing a database. She/he maintains or carries out
operations on the database to keep it up-to-date.
DATABASE TERMINOLOGIES
Some terminologies related to DBMS include the following:
1. DATA: this is defined as raw facts or unprocessed facts or known facts from which
conclusion can be drawn. Examples are: A, &, 46 and Barry.
2. FIELD: this is an item of data within a record. It is a portion of a record. It refers to a
column of data in a table. Columns run vertically from top to bottom. Examples: Name,
Age, sex, Class etc.
3. RECORD: it is a collection of fields in a database. It refers to a row of data in a table. It
is made up of one or more fields. A record runs horizontally from left to right.
4. FILE: this is a collection of related record.
5. KEY: A key is an identifier for a record or group of records in a data file. Examples: A
student’s registration number can be used as a key to individual student’s records which
uniquely distinguishes them.
The common types of keys in database are:
a. Primary key: ​it is a special relational database table column (or combination of
columns) designated to uniquely identify all table records. A primary key'smain
features are: It must contain a unique value for each row of data. It cannot contain
null values.
b. Candidate key:​It is a column, or set of columns, in a table that can uniquely identify
any database record without referring to any other data. Each table may have one or
more candidate keys, but one candidate key is unique, and it is called the primarykey.
c. Key field: ​key field or A field in a record that holds unique data which identifies that
record from all the other records in the file or database. Account number, product
code and customer name are typical key fields. As an identifier, each key value must
be unique in each record.
d. Foreign key: ​A ​FOREIGN KEY​ is a ​key​ used to link two tables together. A ​FOREIGN
KEY​ is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that refers to the PRIMARY ​KEY​ in
another table. The table containing the ​foreign key​ is called the child table, and the
table containing the candidate ​key​ is called the referenced or parent table.

6. TABLE: this is a set of data elements that is organized a model of vertical and horizontal
rows, the cell being the unit where a row and a column intersect.
Assignment: 1. List several common types of database models we have.
2. Differentiate Flat Model and Hierarchical Model, Network and
relationship models

BOARD SUMMARY
FORMS OF DATABASE
There are several common types of databases and each type of database has its own data model
(how the data is structured).
They include: Flat Model, Hierarchical Model, Relational Model and Network Model.
FLAT MODEL
In a flat model database, there is a two dimensional (flat structure) array of data, ​where all
members of a given column are assumed to be similar values, and all members of a row are
assumed to be related to one another

THE HIERACHICAL MODEL

In a ​hierarchical model​, data is organized into a ​tree-like structure​, implying a single parent for
each record such as how Microsoft Windows organizes folders and files. This structure is very
efficient to describe many relationships in the real world; recipes, table of contents, ordering of
paragraphs/verses, any nested and sorted information.
THE NETWORK MODEL
In network model, the defining feature is that record is stored with a link to other records that are
in a network. These networks (sometimes referred to as pointers) can be a variety of different
types of information such as node numbers or even a disk address.

RELATIONSHIP DBMS
This is a type of DBMS in
which database relationships are treated in the form of a table. They table is composed of rows
and columns used to organize the database and its structure. Typical examples of this database
are MYSQL, MS SQL server, DB2, Oracle etc.
Serial number Name Date of Birth
1 Gideon Obi 21/04/1998
2 OlutayaOmolaro` 15/3/200
 WEEK OF THE TERM: WEEK SIX
ASSIGNMENT 1. What is a graphic package?
2. Mention and explain five features of a graphic package?

GRAPHIC PACKAGES
A graphic package is an application software that deals with pictures, static or moving, flat or
3-dimensional. It includes programs used for drawing and painting with the computer.
Computer graphics are graphics created using computer and, more generally, the
representation and manipulation of image data by a computer.
Examples of graphic packages
Graphic packages are grouped into two categories:
1. Drawing graphic packages: these includes software used for drawing of structures e.g. Auto
CAD (Automatic Computer Aided), CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing), Corel draw, Adobe
Illustrator, Macromedia, freehand, instant Artist, Harvard graphic etc.

2. Painting Graphic Packages: These are programs that allow users to simulate painting on screen.
E.g. Paint, Adobe Photoshop, Corel photo paint, etc.

Features of Graphic packages

1. Tool Bar​: this is a bar that consists of instructions/ commands. It has the standard tool bar
which consists of commands in tool bar which consist of commands in picture form. The
drawing tool bar are the drawing tools needed to draw.
2. Menu Bar:​ this is a bar that consists of instructions written in text form that a user clicks, it
causes the command to executed
3. Printable Area: ​This is the area where writings or drawings take place
4. Colour Palette:​ This is a place or a pallet that consists of all the colours a user chooses to
assign to a portion `of his drawing.
5. Formatting Tool:​ this is the tool that gives the different formats of text. It includes the font
size, font style, alignment, etc. the height and weight of the objects
6. Code Editors​: for examples, CAM, and CAD Drawing are specified.
7. Rulers​: this serve as a positioning and sizing aid.
8. Drawing Window​: this is the large portion of the screen which is the drawing window. The
rectangle with the drop shadow is the printable area.
9. Free Form Select Tool: This is used to select a portion of picture freely.
10. Select Tool: This is used to select a picture in form of a square or rectangle.
11. Eraser/ Colour Eraser: This is used to erase drawings or colours
12. Pencil Tool: This tool is used for free-hand drawing
13. Text Tool: It is used for typing text
14. Brush Tool: used for painting
15. Air Brush Tool: Used to create air brush effect. For instance, It is used to apply different
colours to various portions shapes,
16. Rectangle Tool: This is used to draw rectangles and square.
17. Rounded Rectangles Tools: It is used to draw rectangles and squares with round edges
18. Ellipse: Used to draw circles and ellipse
19. Polygon: used to polygons such as rectangle, heptagon, octagon, etc.
20. Curve Tool: Used to draw curve lines
21. Line Tool: used for drawing straight line, vertical, horizontal or diagonal line
22. Magnifier Tool: used to increase the view of a selected object.
23. Pick Colour Tool: This is used to copy colour from one area or object to another
24. Fill with Colour Tool: It is used to fill a closed drawing with a selected colour
WEEK OF THE TERM: WEEK SEVEN
SUBJECT: ICT
PERIOD: ONE AND TWO
TOPIC: COMPUTER GRAPHICS
SUB-TOPIC: PRACTICAL ON GRAPHICS PACKAGES (COREL DRAW)
TIME: 1:30PM – 2:10PM
DURATION: 80 MINUTES
CLASS: SS3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ​By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Say what the computer graphics means?
2. Mention and explain five features of computer graphics?
3. Give examples of computer graphic packages.

PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE: The students have used some of these computer graphic
packages.
LEARNING MATERIALS: ​Computer system with
REFERENCE MATERIAL: ​Computer Studies for Senior Secondary School, by HiiT Plc
WEEK OF THE TERM: WEEK EIGHT
ASSIGNMENT 1. Define a programming language
2. Mention and explain the different levels of programming language.
3. Write THREE differences between a high level language and low level
language

BOARD SUMMARY
What is programming language?
A programming language is a set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform
specific tasks.

LEVELS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

They are:
1. Machine language
2. Low level language
3. High level language

MACHINE LANGUAGE
This is a system impartible instructions executed directly by a computer’s central processing unit
(CPU). It is the only language the computer understands. They consist of strings of numbers
made up of zeros and ones and that makes easy for human to understand. It requires no
translation for the computer to execute it. The language is machine dependent that is to say that a
program written in machine language can only run on that particular computer.

LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE

Low level language abbreviated as LLL, are languages close to the machine level instruction
set. They provide less or no ​abstraction​ from the ​hardware​. A low-level programming language
interacts directly with the registers and ​memory​. Since, instructions written in low level
languages are machine dependent.

They are machine oriented languages. It can be converted to machine code without using a
compiler or interpreter, and the resulting code runs directly on the processor. They are very close
to the hardware than the high-level programming languages, which are closer to human
languages. Typical example of low level language is Assembly language.

Assembly languages have the same structure and set of commands as Machine languages, but
they enable a programmer to use names instead of numbers. It uses ​mnemonic codes or symbols
such as ADD for addition, STO for stop, SUB for subtraction etc. Assembly language programs
are translated into machine language by a software called Assembler.
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
High level languages are called high level because they are very close to human languages and
farther from machine languages. They are problem oriented and human independent.
Examples of high level languages are FORTRAN (FORmulaTRANslation), Pascal, COBOL
(Common Business Oriented Language, BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code)

ASSIGNMENT 1. List the levels of programming language

2. Mention the features of different levels of programming language.

BOARD SUMMARY
FEATURES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Machine language
1. Computers can understand and execute it directly, that is, it ​is the ​language​ used by the
computer
2. It uses binary, that is, ​it is comprised entirely of ONs and OFFs (denoted by 1's and 0's),
3. It is machine dependent that is, it ​varies from one (type of) ​machine ​to another
4. It is time consuming when it is being written.

Low-level language
1. Symbolic addresses are used instead of machine addresses.
2. Very clumsy method of writing.
3. Mnemonic codes are used in writing the programs.
4. It interacts directly with the registers and ​memory​.

High level language

1. It is a compilation of symbols, sentences and words.
2. The high-level language is a problem oriented language,
3. It is machine independent,
4. It comprises of sets of rules that must be obeyed.
5. It is translated into machine codes instructions.
WEEK OF THE TERM: WEEK NINE
ASSIGNMENT What is the full meaning of the acronym BASIC?

BOARD SUMMARY

BASIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Thomas Eugene Kurtz (born February 22, 1928) is a retired ​Dartmouth professor
of ​mathematics​ and ​computer scientist​, who along with his colleague ​John G. Kemeny​ set in motion
the then revolutionary concept of making computers as freely available to college students as library
books were, by implementing the concept of ​time-sharing​ at ​Dartmouth College​. In his mission to
allow non-expert users to interact with the computer, he co-developed the ​BASIC programming
language​ (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) and the ​Dartmouth Time Sharing
System​ during 1963 to 1964.
They language can be used to solve problems covering a wide range of applications on many
different types of digital computers. In BASIC, statements are written in English-like and
mathematical notations.

RULES FOR BASIC PROGRAMMING

1. BASIC statements must begin with a letter

2. Every statement must begin with a new line number.
3. There must be no full stop at the end of every BASIC statement.
4. Every line must begin with a BASIC statement
5. Spaces should be inserted to make the program more readable.
6. BASIC statements must be written in capital letters.
7. There must be END or STOP at the end of a BASIC program.
8. BASIC programs are executed in line number sequence.
9. Semicolons (;) are used to separate the input statement with the variables.

BASIC CHARACTERS
BASIC has character set consisting of the following characters:
a. Alphabets A to Z
b. Digits 0 to 9
c. Special characters
BELOW IS A SIMPLE BASIC PROGRAM

10 REM “THIS PROGRAM WILL COMPUTE 20*10”

20 CLS
30 LET A=20
40 LET B=10
50 LET C=A*B
60 PRINT C
70 END

BASIC STATEMENT
In BASIC, programs are written in lines, each line starts with a line number which is label of that
particular line. Each line is called a statement. Line numbers vary between 1 and 9999. The
computer carries the instruction base on how they are numbered.
Some of the BASIC statements are:
a. CLS: this means Clear Screen. This starts BASIC screen to avoid getting unexpected
display on the screen.
b. REM: this means Remark. Any BASIC statement that begins with REM is not executed.
It is used to introduce a BASIC program. Therefore, it is used to make the program more
readable
c. LET: this is used to assign a value to a variable
d. READ
e. INPUT: this allows a value, numeric or character string to be typed into the computer via
the keyboard and stored in the computer’s memory at the data name specified.
Example:

10 INPUT A
OTHER VARIATIONS OF INPUT STATEMENT
● INPUT C: The above statement allows a numeric value for C to be entered at the
keyboard and stored in the memory under the data name C.
● INPUT A$: this will allow a string value for A$ to be entered at the keyboard and stored
under the data name A$
● INPUT “ENTER NUMBER”; B
This will display ‘ENTER NUMBER”; B and enable the numeric value for B to be entered at the
keyboard and stored under the data name B.
● INPUT “WHAT IS YOUR NUMBER?” B$
This will display “WHAT IS YOUR NUMBER?” during the execution of the program and
enable string value for B$ to be entered through the keyboard and stored under the data name B$
f. PRINT
BASIC uses the output statement to display the results of the task assigned to it. A very common
output statement in BASIC is the PRINT statement. It is an output statement that allows literal or
the content of the data name specified to be printed on the monitor or printer.
EXAMPLES
 ● 30 PRINT “LEARNING PROGRAMMING” (This prints on the monitor and returns the
cursor to the next line.
● PRINT N: this will print a value for N on the monitor; if N contains a numeric value 100
then 100 will be printed on the screen.
● PRINT “MY NAME IS “, B$: this will print MY NAME IS JACOB. If the value of B$
were JACOB, the computer will print the above statement.
g. DATA
DATA AND READ STATEMENT: These work hand in hand. They are used when large
amount of data is to be entered into the computer memory through the keyboard. It is used
instead of the INPUT statement when the large amount of data is involved. Both the INPUT and
the READ statement cannot be used at the same time in a particular program.
The total number of data items supplied in the DATA statement must correspond with the total
number of data items supplied in the DATA statement must correspond with the total number of
items in the READ statement.
EXAMPLES:
10 READ A, B, C, D
20 DATA 20, 30, 40, 50

h. END: this is also called a program terminator as the name implies, it is used to specify
the endpoint in a BASIC program. The END/STOP commands are used as program
terminator statement in BASIC. It is compulsory otherwise; the program will have no
end.

BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

The following is the order of BASIC must follow in execution of a program
1. Bracket ( )
2. Exponential ^
3. Division /
4. Multiplication *
5. Addition +
6. Subtraction -
BASIC ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
Algebraic expressions are similar in a way to BASIC arithmetic expressions except for
differences in some of their operators.
Examples:
Algebraic BASIC Arithmetic Expression
expression
A+B A+B
A–B A-B
A÷ B A/B
A​5 A^5
A+BC A+(B*C)
A= B*C A= B*C
X=AX-BY+C/Z X=A*X-B*Y+C/Z
WEEK OF THE TERM: WEEK TEN
Assignment: 1. What are the four number base system taught?
Explain these terms: base, absolute value and positional value of number
base system?

REPRESENTATIONS OF DATA
Representations of data in the computer make use of number base system. When the data and
instruction is entered into the computer, the computer will convert it into machine readable
language which is understandable by the computer system,.i.e. zeros and ones. They are called
binary digits, bits or simply machine language. In other words, 0 represents Off while 1
represents On. This is the only language the computer understands.
NUMBER BASE SYSTEM
Most computer system operates using binary logic. The binary number system works like the
decimal number system except that the binary number system uses base 2, and also includes only
the digits 0 and 1.
Converting between different number bases is actually fairly simple. There are different number
base systems. These are:
1. Decimal number system (base 10/base 10/ denary)
2. Binary number system (base 2)
3. Octal number system (base 8)
4. Hexadecimal number system (base 16)

BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN NUMBER BASE SYSTEM

Basically, when we talk about number system there are some terms that are indispensable. They
are:
a. Base: the base of a number indicates how many absolute values are used in the system.
For example in the decimal system there are ten absolute values represented by the digits
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. In the binary system, there are only two absolute values (0, 1)
and octal system has eight absolute values (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) etc.
b. Absolute value: this denotes whole numbers represented by a symbol e.g. 6, 7, 8, 4, 5
etc.
c. Positional values: these are values assigned to digits denoting their position. The
positional values are whole numbers counted backward from the highest digit to zero. In
the decimal system, the zero position has the positional value 10​0 which is equivalent to
one.

Example​:
Position: 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Positional value: 2​6 2​5 2​4 2​3 2​2 2​1 2​0
Quantity represented by positional value: 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

DECIMAL NUMBER BASE SYSTEM

The Decimal Number System uses base 10. It includes the digits from 0 through 9. Decimal
number base system and their digits are:
BASE NAME DIGITS NO. OF DIGITS
10 Decimal 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10
ASSIGNMENT 1. Convert the following
decimal to binary: 120, 29,
100
2. Convert from binary to
decimal: 1111, 10110.
CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY
In conversion form decimal to binary, we divide the decimal (whole number/integer)
successively by 2, recording the remainder from each division.
Example:

To get your answer, you start writing from the last remainder (down) towards the top. So the
answer now is ​10011​.
Further examples:

Convert the following to binary to base 10:

a. 11101two
= 1*2​4 ​+ 1*2​3​ +1*2​2​ + 0*2​1​ +1*1
= 1*16 + 1*8 + 1*4 + 0*2 + 1*1
= 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 +1
= 29ten
WEEK OF THE TERM: WEEK ELEVEN
SUBJECT: ICT
PERIOD: ONE
THEME: BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
TOPIC: NUMBER BASES
SUB-TOPIC: CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
DATE:
TIME:

DURATION: 40 MINUTES
CLASS: JSS2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ​By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Convert from hexadecimal to binary
2. Convert to binary number base.
PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE: The students know a little about conversion of number
base system.
LEARNING MATERIALS: ​Text materials, and Star board
REFERENCE MATERIAL: ​Computer Studies for Junior Secondary School 2, by HiiT Plc.

STAGE/STEPS TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES PUPILS’ ACTIVITIES

INTRODUCTION The teacher uses these questions to The students answer.

(5 MINUTES) assess the previous ideas of the students
about the topic: mention the number
base systems we have.
PRESENTATION The teacher explains the need for The students listen and ask
STEP 1 conversion of number systems. question for better clarification.
3MINUTES
STEP 2 She explains digits used to represent Students listen and jot down
3MINUTES numbers using hexadecimal notation some facts as the teacher
explains.
STEP3 The teacher further explains how The students listen and ask
2 MINUTES conversion is made from ​other bases to question where and when
base 10 necessary.
STEP 4 The students listen attentively
4 MINUTES The teacher introduces the binary and ask questions for better
number base system and explain that the clarification.
binary is made up of zeros and ones.
EVALUATION The teacher evaluates the students as The students carry out these
9 MINUTES follows: activities. They are also asked
1. What are the number base questions for any clarifications.
system we have?
2. Another name for base 2, 8, 10 and
16 is____?
3. The basic computer base is _____.
CONCLUSION The teacher summarizes the lesson by The students listen attentively,
10 MINUTES giving the highlights of the lesson, gives and copy their assignments and
them assignment to do and allows the the board summary.
students to do copy down the board
summary.

Assignment: 1. Convert 101 to base 10.

2. In a tabular form, write the binary and hexadecimal equivalent for 1 to
20

BOARD SUMMARY
CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
The digits used to represent numbers using hexadecimal notation are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A,
B, C, D, E and F. this table shows the hexadecimal equivalents for decimal numbers from 1 to
30.
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 A
11 B
12 C
13 D
14 E
15 F
16 10
17 11
 18 12
19 13
20 14
21 15
22 16
23 17
24 18
25 19
26 1A
27 1B
28 1C
29 1D
30 1E

CONVERSION FROM OTHER BASES TO BASE 10

To convert from any base to base 10, each digit number should be multiplied by its base number and
increasing the power of the base form right to left starting from zero before adding:
Example: convert 101 to base 10.
Solution:
= 101
= 1​2​0​1​1​0

= (1*2​2​) + (0*2​1​) + (1*2​0​)

= (1*4) + (0* 2) + (1*1)

=4+0+1

=5​10

BINARY NUMBER BASE SYSTEM

This comprises of two digits which are 0 and 1, they are number system used by the computers.
The following are the binary equivalent for 1 to 10
1 1
2 10
3 11
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
8 1000
9 1001
10 1010
CONVERSION FROM OCTAL TO DECIMAL
Conversion from octal to decimal system is more or less like the conversion from binary to decimal.
Example:
1. Convert 1707​8​ to decimal
2. 345 to base 8

HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

The hexadecimal number system has a base of 16 absolute numbers. It is represented by values (0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F) and positional values which are in the powers of 16.

BASE NAME DIGITS NO. OF DIGITS

16 hexadecimal 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16
9, A, B, C, D, E, F

CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

Each hexadecimal digit is represented by its equivalent binary digit in groups of four. For example:
Convert 30F16 to binary system
3​16​=0011​2
0​16​=0000​2
F=1111​2
30F​16​=001100001111​2

CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL TO BASE 10

Convert 2C5​16 to
​ base 10
2C5​16​=2​2​ C​1​ 5​0
= 2*16​2​+12*16​1​+5*16​0
=512 +192+5
=709​10