Examine Database 202304

Supplements · Health Outcomes
1
List of Interventions
1,3-Dimethylamylamine 16:8 Intermittent Fasting
5-HTP 7-Keto DHEA
Acupressure African Mango
Agmatine Alanylglutamine
Alcohol Aloe Vera
Alpha-GPC Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Amla Anatabine
Apple Cider Vinegar Arachidonic Acid
Arginine Artichoke Extract
Ashwagandha Astaxanthin
Astragalus Autoimmune Protocol (AIP) Diet
Bacopa Monnieri Banaba Leaf
Benfotiamine Berberine
Beta-Alanine Betaine
Bhringaraj Binaural Beats
Biotin Bitter Cucumber
Bitter orange Black Chokeberry
Black Cohosh Black Ginger
Black seed Bladderwrack
Blueberry Boron
Boswellia Branched-Chain Amino Acids
Bromelain Brown Seaweed Extract
Bulbine Natalensis Bushman's hat
Butcher's broom Butea Superba
Caffeine Calcium
Cannabidiol (CBD) Cannabis
Capsaicin Caralluma Fimbriata
Cat's claw Cat's whiskers
CDP-Choline Chaste tree
Chia seeds Chinese sweet leaf
Chlorella Chlorogenic Acid
Choline Chromium
Chrysin Cissus Quadrangularis
Citrulline Clary sage
Cocoa Extract Coconut Oil
Coenzyme Q10 Coffee
2
Coleus Forskohlii Colostrum
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Cordyceps
Cotton Seed Creatine
Curcumin D-Aspartic Acid
D-Ribose D-Serine
Dandelion Devil's Claw
DHEA Dill
DMAE ECA
Ecdysteroids Echinacea
Ecklonia Cava Eleuthero
Ephedrine Eucommia Bark
Fang Ji Fennel
Fenugreek Feverfew
Fish Oil Folic Acid
Fruits And Vegetables Gamma Oryzanol
Garcinia Garlic
Ginger Ginkgo Biloba
Glucosamine Glutamine
Glutathione Glycine
Gotu Kola Grains of Paradise
Grape Juice Grape Seed Extract
Grapefruit Green Coffee Extract
Green Tea Extract Guduchi
Guggul Hemp Protein
Hesperidin HMB
Holy Basil Horny Goat Weed
Horse Chestnut Inositol
Iodine IP6
Iron Japanese Knotweed
Jiaogulan Jujube
Kanna Kava
Kefir Kelp
Ketogenic Diet King of Bitters
Korean black raspberry Krill Oil
Kudzu Kutki
L-Carnitine L-Dopa
L-Tyrosine Lactase Enzyme
Lactobacillus Casei Lactobacillus Reuteri
3
Lavender Lemon Balm
Leucic Acid Leucine
Licorice Lion's Mane
Low-FODMAP Diet Maca
Magnesium Magnolia Bark Extract
Mango Meditation
Mediterranean Diet Medium-chain Triglycerides
Melatonin Menstrual Cups
Microlactin Milk Protein
Milk Thistle Minoxidil
Moringa MSM
Mucuna Pruriens N-Acetylcysteine
N-Phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester Nattokinase
Nefiracetam Nicotine
Nitrate Octopamine
Olive Leaf Extract OMAD And 20:4 Intermittent Fasting
Oregano Ornithine
Oxiracetam Paleolithic Diet
Panax Ginseng Patchouli
Peppermint Perilla Oil
Phenylpiracetam Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylserine Piracetam
Policosanol Polygala Tenuifolia
Polypodium Leucotomos Pomegranate seed oil
Potatoes PQQ
Pramiracetam PRL-8-53
Psyllium Pterostilbene
Pueraria Mirifica Punicalagins
Pycnogenol Pygeum
Pyruvate Quercetin
Raspberry Ketone Red Clover Extract
Reflexology Reishi
Resveratrol Rhodiola Rosea
Rooibos Rose Essential Oil
Rose Hip Roselle
Rosmarinic Acid Royal Jelly
S-Adenosyl Methionine Safflower Oil
Saffron Salacia Reticulata
4
Sarcosine Saw Palmetto
Schisandra Sea Buckthorn
Selenium Senna
Serrapeptase Sesamin
Shatavari Shilajit
Sodium Bicarbonate Soy Lecithin
Soy Protein Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD)
Spirulina Stevia
Stinging Nettle Sulbutiamine
Tart Cherry Juice Taurine
Terminalia Arjuna Tetradecyl Thioacetic Acid
Theaflavins Theanine
Tongkat Ali Torbangun
Trehalose Tribulus Terrestris
TUDCA Turkey tail mushroom
Type-II Collagen Umckaloabo
Uridine Ursolic Acid
Valerian Vanadium
Vegan Diet Velvet Antler
Vinpocetine Vitamin A
Vitamin B1 Vitamin B12
Vitamin B2 Vitamin B3
Vitamin B6 Vitamin C
Vitamin D Vitamin E
Vitamin K Vitamins E And C
Watercress Whey Protein
White Mulberry Yacon
Yerba Mate Yohimbine
Zinc
5
1,3-Dimethylamylamine
Also known as: 4-methylhexan-2-amine, DMAA, Dimethylamylamine, Geranamine, Methylhexaneamine, 3-
Dimethylpentylamine, Forthane, 1 3-DMAA, methylhexanamine, geranium extract
1,3-DMAA (1,3-Dimethylamylamine) is a neural stimulant with a structure similar to ephedrine and adrenaline
that has been used as a pre-workout stimulant. Not much information is available on 1,3-DMAA
supplementation, and is no longer commonly sold as a supplement.
Condition Outcome Grade Evidence Effect
General Cardiovascular Health

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Participants: 10 Notable Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
Participants: 10 No effect
Negligible potential
16:8 Intermittent Fasting

Also known as: Time-Restricted Feeding, Time-Restricted Eating
The 16:8 protocol is a type of intermittent fasting (known as time-restricted eating in the scientific
literature) that involves abstaining from calories for 16 hours of the day, and then eating within an 8 hour
window. The eating window can occur at any point in the day, but many people choose to eat between
around 12 p.m. and 8 p.m.
Studies: 3
Weight Loss & Maintenance
A
Total cholesterol Participants:
No effect
High potential 103
B Studies: 3
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Participants:
Moderate 103 Slight Increase
potential
B Studies: 3
Triglycerides Participants: Slight
Moderate 103 Improvement
potential
B
Studies: 2
Weight
Moderate Participants: 63 Slight Decrease
potential
B
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
Moderate Participants: 63 No effect
potential
B
Studies: 2
Muscle Mass
potential
6
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Participants: 26 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Blood Pressure
Participants: 63 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fasting Glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c Slight
Participants: 40
Low potential Improvement
C Study: 1
Leptin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Waist circumference
Low potential
C Study: 1
Waist-Hip Ratio Slight
Participants: 40
D
Study: 1
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Negligible Participants: 40 No effect
potential
D
Studies: 2
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Homocysteine
potential
7
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin Resistance
potential
D Studies: 3
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Participants:
Negligible No effect
103
potential
D
Studies: 2
Muscular Endurance
potential
D
Study: 1
Respiratory Quotient
potential
D
Studies: 2
Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
potential
D
Study: 1
Sleep Quality
potential
D
Studies: 2
Strength
potential
D
Study: 1
Stress Signs and Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Subjective Well-Being
potential
D
Study: 1
Vascular Function
potential
D
Study: 1
Visceral Fat
potential
8
D
Study: 1
vLDL-C
potential
Obesity
B
Studies: 2
Blood Pressure
potential
B
Studies: 2
Fasting Glucose
potential
B
Studies: 2
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Moderate Participants: 37 Slight Increase
potential
B
Studies: 2
Triglycerides Slight
Moderate Participants: 37
Improvement
potential
B
Studies: 2
Weight
potential
B
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
potential
B
Studies: 2
Total cholesterol
potential
C Studies: 2
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Heart Rate
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Basophil Count
potential
D
Constipation Signs and Study: 1
Symptoms Negligible Participants: 23 No effect
potential
9
D
Study: 1
Diarrhea Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Eating Disorder Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Eosinophil count
potential
D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
Study: 1
Homocysteine
potential
D
Studies: 2
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin Resistance
potential
D
Studies: 2
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
potential
D
Study: 1
Lymphocyte Count
potential
D
Study: 1
Microbiome
potential
D
Study: 1
Monocyte Count
potential
10
D
Study: 1
Nausea Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Neutrophil Count
potential
D
Studies: 2
Visceral Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
White Blood Cell Count
potential
Studies: 3
Muscle Strength
A
Muscle Mass Participants:
No effect
High potential 100
B
Studies: 2
Body Fat
potential
B
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
potential
C Studies: 2
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 1-beta
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Leptin
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Testosterone
Low potential
D Studies: 3
Cortisol Participants:
100
potential
11
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D
Studies: 2
Muscular Endurance
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 3
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) Participants:
100
potential
D
Study: 1
Sleep Quality
potential
D Studies: 3
Strength Participants:
100
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
D
Study: 1
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Vascular Function
potential
12
Body Composition
B
Studies: 2
Muscle Mass
potential
C Studies: 2
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 1-beta
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Leptin
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
D
Studies: 2
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Muscular Endurance
potential
13
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum T3
potential
D
Studies: 2
Strength
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Muscle Gain
B
Studies: 2
Muscle Mass
potential
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Leptin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
14
D
Studies: 2
Cortisol
potential
D
Studies: 2
Muscular Endurance
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
Sleep Quality
potential
D
Studies: 2
Strength
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Vascular Function
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Free Fatty Acids
Low potential
C Study: 1
Ghrelin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Low potential
15
C Study: 1
Satiety
Low potential
C
Study: 1 Slight
Triglycerides
Low potential Participants: 15 Improvement
General Cardiovascular
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Health
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 1-beta
Low potential
C Study: 1
Leptin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 34
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
16
D
Study: 1
Cortisol No effect
Negligible Participants: 34
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum T3
potential
D
Study: 1
Strength
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
17
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 1-beta
Low potential
C Study: 1
Leptin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 34
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
18
D Study: 1
Serum T3
Negligible
potential
D
Study: 1
Strength
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fasting Glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 23
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol Participants: 23 No effect
Low potential
19
D
Study: 1
Homocysteine
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin Resistance
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Visceral Fat
potential
Sleep Disturbances
D
Study: 1
Insomnia Signs and Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Sleep Quality
potential
Sleep Health
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Sleep Quality
potential
5-HTP
Also known as: 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin precursor
5-HTP is the precursor to serotonin, which is often described as the neurotransmitter responsible for
happiness. 5-HTP has successfully been used to restore serotonin levels in people with depression and
other conditions.
Obesity
B Studies: 2
Appetite
Participants: 39 Notable Decrease
Moderate potential
20
B Studies: 2
Weight
Moderate potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Panic Disorder
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
Sleep Disturbances
C Study: 1
Sleep Terrors
Participants: 45 Slight Improvement
Low potential

C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
7-Keto DHEA
Also known as: 7-ketodehydroepiandrosterone, 7-oxodehydroepiandrosterone, 7-ketoDHEA, 7-oxoDHEA, 7-oxo, 7-keto
7-Keto DHEA is a metabolite of DHEA that is nonhormonal, and it appears to be a fat loss agent as it may
increase the metabolic rate. Studies in humans show promise for helping during a fat loss diet, but currently
are of questionable quality due to potential conflicts of interest.
Obesity
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum T3
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
21
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Estrogen
D Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
D Study: 1
Parathyroid Hormone
D Study: 1
Serum T4
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum T3
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Estrogen
D Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
D Study: 1
Parathyroid Hormone
22
D Study: 1
Serum T4
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Overweight
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum T3
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Estrogen
D Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
D Study: 1
Parathyroid Hormone
D Study: 1
Serum T4
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Acupressure
Acupressure is a therapy involving the application of physical pressure (usually with the fingertips) to
specific acupoints in the body to restore and balance the body's flow of energy through meridians. It is
based in the theories of traditional Chinese medicine.
23
Lactation
B Studies: 2
Milk Production Participants: 140 Slight Increase
Moderate potential
African Mango
Also known as: African Wild Mango, African Mango Extract, African Bush Mango, Dika Nut, Irvingia Gabonensis
African mango supplements are derived from the seeds of the African mango fruit that grows on the
Irvingia gabonensis tree. They are reported to cause weight loss but there is currently only low-quality
evidence to support this claim.
Obesity
B Studies: 2
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Total cholesterol
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Weight
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Leptin
Low potential
24
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Overweight
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Leptin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
25
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Agmatine
Also known as: Clonidine-displacing substance, 4-(aminobutyl)guanidine, Decarboxylated arginine
Agmatine is a metabolite of L-Arginine. It shows promise for alleviating neuropathic pain and drug addiction
and shows some potential in protecting against strokes and benefitting cognitive health.
Chronic Low Back Pain

C Study: 1
Pain
Participants: 61 Notable Improvement
Low potential
Major Depressive Disorder

C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Participants: 3 Strong Improvement
Low potential
26
Alanylglutamine
Also known as: L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine, Alanyl-Glutamine, Sustamine (brand name)
L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine, also known by the brand name Sustamine, is a dipeptide molecule of glutamine and
alanine, which makes it more stable and water-soluble than glutamine by itself. Current evidence does not
support L-alanyl-L-glutamine’s use as a performance-enhancing supplement.
Study: 1
Basketball Performance
C
Fatigue Symptoms Participants: Slight
Low potential 10 Improvement
Study: 1
C
Reaction Time Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
Heart Rate Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
Hydration (Total Body
Participants:
Water) Negligible No effect
10
potential
D Study: 1
Power Output Participants:
10
potential
Cycling Performance
D Study: 1
Adrenocorticotropic
Participants:
Hormone Negligible No effect
10
potential
D Study: 1
Aldosterone Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
Blood Lactate (Exercise) Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
Growth Hormone Participants:
10
potential
27
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
Interleukin 6 Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
Testosterone Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
Vasopressin Participants:
10
potential
Study: 1
Human Immunodeficiency
C
Intestinal Permeability Participants: Slight
Virus 37 Improvement
Low potential
D Study: 1
CD4 Lymphocytes Participants:
37
potential
D Study: 1
HIV Viral Load Participants:
37
potential
D Study: 1
Weight Participants:
37
potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Plasma Glutamine
Low potential
Alcohol
Also known as: Ethanol, Drinking alcohol, Beer, Gin, Vodka, Wine, Jager
Alcohol is one of the world’s favorite intoxicants. It is frequently found at social gatherings because it
provides an anxiety-reducing effect. Consuming too much alcohol will result in alcohol poisoning, which can
be fatal.
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 3
Testosterone
Participants: 114 Mixed effect
Moderate potential
28
C Study: 1
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Growth Hormone
Low potential
D Studies: 2
Estrogen
D Studies: 2
Luteinizing Hormone
Low Testosterone
B Studies: 2
Testosterone
Moderate potential
Hormone Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Growth Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
Muscle Recovery
B Studies: 2
Testosterone
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Power Output
Participants: 10 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
Adrenaline
D Study: 1
Cortisol
Sexual Health
B Studies: 2
Testosterone Participants: 24
Moderate potential Mixed effect
29
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Prolactin
Low potential
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Estrogen
D Studies: 2
Luteinizing Hormone
Dyslipidemia
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D Study: 1
Estrogen
Hangover
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D Study: 1
Estrogen
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Power Output
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
Stress
C Study: 1
Prolactin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Estrogen
30
Aloe Vera
Also known as: Aloe Barbadensis
Aloe vera is a common houseplant that has traditionally been used topically to alleviate burns and pain on
the skin. Oral ingestion helps speed up intestinal motility (and has been used against constipation) and aloe
vera contains a large amount of antioxidants.
Canker Sores
B Studies: 2
Canker Sores Symptoms
Moderate potential
Alpha-GPC
Also known as: Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, L-alpha-glycerophosphocholin, glycerophosphocholine, L-alpha-glyceryl-
phosphorylcholine, Choline Alphoscerate
Alpha-glycerophosphocholine (alpha-GPC or α-GPC) is a cholinergic compound that is used for cognitive-

enhancement, and to increase power output in athletes. It appears to also support cellular membranes, and
may help prevent cognitive decline.
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 2
Growth Hormone
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Iron Absorption
Low potential
Alzheimer’s Disease
C Study: 1
Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cognitive Decline
Low potential
Dementia
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cognitive Decline
Low potential
Hormone Health
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
31
C Study: 1
Growth Hormone
Low potential
Iron Deficiency Anemia

C Study: 1
Iron Absorption
Low potential
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Power Output
Low potential
C Study: 1
Growth Hormone
Low potential
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Also known as: ALA, thioctic acid, 1 2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a mitochondrial compound involved in energy metabolism. It is commonly taken
with L-Carnitine supplements, as they are related in mechanisms. ALA provides a short but potent reduction
of oxidation by increasing antioxidant enzymes, and may decrease blood glucose acutely.
Type 2 Diabetes
B
Studies: 2
HbA1c
Moderate Participants: 54 Slight Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control Participants:
102
potential
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Health
Low potential
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
32
D
Studies: 3
Blood Pressure
potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Protein Carbonyl Content
Low potential
D Studies: 2
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Participants:
120
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
Obesity
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
Low potential
Studies: 3
C
1511 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure Participants:
1127
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
Studies: 2
Diabetic Neuropathy
C
Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
HbA1c Participants:
460 Slight Improvement
Low potential
33
Study: 1
C
460 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
460
potential
D
Study: 1
Dementia Symptoms
potential
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
Rheumatoid Arthritis
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms
potential
Acute Mountain Sickness

D
Study: 1
Motion Sickness Symptoms
potential
Study: 1
C
Nerve Repair Participants:
Low potential
Dementia
D
Study: 1
Dementia Symptoms
potential
End-Stage Renal Disease

C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
General Oxidation Slight Decrease
Virus Participants: 33
Low potential
Immune Health
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
34
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
Muscle Gain
C Study: 1
Muscle Creatine Content
Low potential
Muscle Recovery
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
Peripheral Arterial Disease

Intermittent Claudication C Study: 1
Symptoms Participants: 28 Notable
D
Study: 1
potential
Sickle Cell Disease

C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Studies: 2
120
potential
Amla
Also known as: Phyllanthus Emblica, Amla, Anwala, Indian Gooseberry, Emblica Officinalis
Emblica officinalis (Amla) is an ayurvedic herb which has all parts, including the fruits, used for preventative
and therapeutic purposes. It appears to be most used for regulating glucose metabolism and cardiac health,
and may also be neuroprotective.
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
35
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
Dyslipidemia
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
Anatabine
Also known as: Anatabloc (Brand Name)
Anatabine is an alkaloid compound found in tobacco and plants in the nightshade family, which includes
eggplant and peppers. Anatabine possesses anti-inflammatory properties but further research is needed to
determine if supplementation is practical.
Muscle Strength
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
Muscle Damage
D Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
36
D
Power Output Study: 1
Negligible potential Participants: 20 No effect
Apple Cider Vinegar

Also known as: ACV
Apple cider vinegar may provide some health benefits when taken with meals, such as reducing glucose
spikes and suppressing appetite. That being said, the magnitude of the benefits is unclear, and excessive
vinegar consumption may damage the gastrointestinal tract.
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Neuropeptide Y
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c
D Studies: 2
37
D Studies: 2
Insulin
D Studies: 2
D Studies: 2
Total cholesterol
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
General Oxidation
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
HbA1c
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Homocysteine
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
38
Obesity
B Studies: 2
Triglycerides
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Weight
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Neuropeptide Y
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
HbA1c
D Studies: 2
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Studies: 2
D Studies: 2
Total cholesterol
Type 2 Diabetes
B Studies: 2
Blood glucose
Moderate potential
39
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
General Oxidation
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
Homocysteine
D Studies: 2
Insulin
Overweight
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Neuropeptide Y
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Prediabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
40
D Study: 1
Insulin

C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Neuropeptide Y
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Arachidonic Acid
Also known as: ARA
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a fatty acid of the omega-6 class, and is the main fatty acid of interest when
referring to an omega-3:6 ratio (relative to fish oil fatty acids). It is proinflammatory and immunosupportive.
Anaerobic Exercise Performance

C Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Power Output
Low potential
41
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Power Output
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Testosterone
42
Muscle Gain
C Studies: 2
Power Output
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Muscle Strength
C Studies: 2
Power Output
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Arginine
Also known as: L-Arginine
Arginine is an amino acid involved in the regulation of vascular function and blood flow. Supplementation
may improve high blood pressure and erectile dysfunction.

B Studies: 3
Blood Flow Participants:
potential
B Studies: 3
Moderate 49 Slight Decrease
potential
43
B Studies: 3
Plasma Arginine Participants:
potential
Study: 1
C
Endothelial Function Participants: Slight
Studies: 2
C
Nitric Oxide Participants:
44 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 2
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (aka
Participants:
ADMA) Negligible No effect
44
potential
D Studies: 3
49
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
C
General Oxidation Participants:
38 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
23 Mixed effect
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
48 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
Ammonia Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
Blood glucose Participants:
38
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
38
potential
D Study: 1
Insulin Participants:
15
potential
44
D Study: 1
Plasma Nitrate Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
Somatomedin A Participants:
15
potential
Study: 1
Type 2 Diabetes
C
Adiponectin Participants:
33 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
33 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
144 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
144 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Body Fat Participants:
144 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Endothelin-1 Participants:
33 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Glycemic Control Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Lean Mass Participants:
144 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
33 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
144 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
45
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
144
potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
Study: 1
Cycling Performance
C
30 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Oxygenation Cost of Exercise Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
Glucagon Participants:
30
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
46
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
30
potential
Studies: 3
Muscle Gain
C
64 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
Muscle Strength
C
17 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 2
33
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
Study: 1
C
133 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
38 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Intermittent Claudication C
Participants:
Symptoms Mixed effect
Low potential 133
Study: 1
C
38 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
133 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (aka
Participants:
ADMA) Negligible No effect
133
potential
D Study: 1
38
potential
47
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
38
potential
D Study: 1
Subjective Well-Being Participants:
133
potential
Study: 1
Obesity
C
33 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
33 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
33 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
33 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Aerobic Exercise Performance
C
Anaerobic Capacity Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
9 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Anaerobic Exercise
C
Performance 9 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
C
9 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Intermittent Claudication
C
39 Slight Increase
Low potential
48
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 39
Study: 1
C
39 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Peripheral Arterial Occlusive
C
Disease 39 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 39
Study: 1
C
39 Slight Increase
Low potential
Artichoke Extract
Also known as: Artichoke
Artichoke Extract (Cynara scolymus) is an extract from the common bulb vegetable that appears to have
the ability to stimulate bile secretion; this may underlie a weak reduction in cholesterol and improved fat
digestion.
High Cholesterol
B Studies: 3
Moderate potential
B Studies: 3
Total cholesterol
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cell Adhesion Factors
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Studies: 2
49
D Studies: 3
Triglycerides
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Ashwagandha
Also known as: Withania Somnifera, Indian Ginseng, Smell of Horse, Winter Cherry, Dunal,
Solanaceae
Ashwagandha has been called the king of Ayurvedic herbs. It’s best known for reducing stress and anxiety.
It may also modestly enhance various aspects of physical performance, increase testosterone levels, and
improve reproductive health, but more research is needed to confirm these effects.
Studies: 6
Anxiety
A
Anxiety Symptoms Participants: Notable
High potential 340 Improvement
Studies: 3
A
184 Notable Decrease
High potential
B Studies: 2
Sleep Quality Participants: Notable
potential
B Studies: 2
Stress Signs and Symptoms Participants: Notable
potential
B
Studies: 2
Depression Symptoms
potential
50
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Motivation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sleep Latency
Low potential
C Study: 1
Social Functioning
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Sleep Duration
potential
Infertility
B Studies: 2
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Participants:
potential
B Studies: 3
Luteinizing Hormone Participants:
potential
B Studies: 3
Seminal Motility Participants:
Moderate 286 Slight Improvement
potential
B Studies: 3
Sperm Count Participants:
potential
B Studies: 4
Sperm Quality Participants:
potential
B Studies: 4
Moderate Slight Increase
361
potential
51
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
Studies: 3
Muscle Gain
A
Power Output Participants: Notable
B
Studies: 2
Weight
potential
C Study: 1
Aerobic Exercise Metrics
Low potential
C Study: 1
Exercise Capacity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Low potential
D Studies: 3
Negligible 114 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Creatinine
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
Study: 1
Hemoglobin
potential
D
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
potential
52
D
Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
potential
D
Study: 1
Rate of Perceived Exertion
potential
D
Study: 1
Urea
potential
Studies: 3
Muscle Strength
A
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Exercise Capacity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Low potential
D Studies: 3
potential
D
Study: 1
Creatinine
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
Study: 1
Hemoglobin
potential
53
D
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Urea
potential
Low Testosterone
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms Notable
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sperm Quality
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
135 Slight Increase
Low potential
Male Sexual Dysfunction

C Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Seminal Motility
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sperm Count
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sperm Quality
Low potential
54
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Erections
potential

B
Studies: 2
Oxygen Uptake
potential
C Study: 1
Power Output Notable
Participants: 40
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
potential
Body Composition
B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
Low-density lipoprotein C Study: 1

(LDL) Participants: 17 Slight Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Studies: 2
Body Fat
potential
55
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential

C Study: 1
Total cholesterol Notable
Participants: 17
C Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential

Low potential
C Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
High-density lipoprotein Study: 1
(HDL) Negligible Participants: 17 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
56
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Red Blood Cell Count
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Platelets
potential
Cognitive Improvement
B
Studies: 2
Executive Function
potential
C Study: 1
Alertness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Attention
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
C Study: 1
Motor Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Processing Speed Participants: 20 Slight Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
Reaction Time
Low potential
C Study: 1
Spatial Processing
Low potential
C Study: 1
Working Memory
Low potential
57
D
Study: 1
Processing Accuracy
potential
Cycling Performance
C Study: 1
Participants: 17
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Rate of Perceived Exertion Negligible No effect
Participants: 17
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Platelets
potential
General Mental & Brain Health

B Studies: 2
potential
58
B Studies: 2
Moderate 190 Notable Decrease
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Dry Mouth Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Irritability Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
DHEA Participants:
130 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Fatigue Symptoms Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
Insomnia Signs and C
Participants:
Symptoms Slight Improvement
Low potential 130
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Hemoglobin Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 130
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Participants: 17
C Study: 1
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
59

Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Muscle Recovery
B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Exercise Capacity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage
Low potential
60
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Studies: 2
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Creatinine
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
Study: 1
Hemoglobin
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
potential
D
Study: 1
Red Blood Cell Count Negligible Participants: 40 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Urea
potential
Schizophrenia
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Stress Signs and Symptoms Notable
Participants: 68
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
61
C Study: 1
Schizophrenia symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
Stress
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
C Study: 1
Study: 1
C
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Dry Mouth Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Irritability Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Total cholesterol Participants: Notable
62
Study: 1
C
130 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
DHEA Participants:
130 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 130
Study: 1
Low-density lipoprotein C
Participants:
(LDL) Slight Improvement
Low potential 130
C Study: 1
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Triglycerides Participants:
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Studies: 2
182
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Temperature
potential
D Study: 1
High-density lipoprotein
Participants:
(HDL) Negligible No effect
130
potential
D Study: 1
vLDL-C Participants:
130
potential
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Participants: 12
63
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential

Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
Insomnia
C Study: 1
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality Notable
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Sleep Latency
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Sleep Duration
potential
Obesity
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
DHEA
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Estrogen
potential
Osteoarthritis
C Study: 1
Osteoarthritis Symptoms Notable
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
64
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Participants: 12
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Diuresis
Low potential

Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
Bipolar Disorder
C Study: 1
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Attention
Low potential
C Study: 1
Bipolar Disorder Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Executive Function
Low potential
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
C Study: 1
Processing Speed
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Processing Accuracy
potential
Study: 1
Chemotherapy Side-Effects
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 100
65
Study: 1
C
Pain Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Social Functioning Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Generalized Anxiety Disorder

C Study: 1
Participants: 86
Insomnia Signs and C Study: 1

Symptoms Participants: 86 Slight Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Hypothyroidism
C Study: 1
Serum T3
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum T4
Low potential
Thyroid-Stimulating C Study: 1
Hormone Participants: 50 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Immune Health
C Study: 1
Immunity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Natural Killer Cell Activity
Low potential
Obsessive-Compulsive
C Study: 1
OCD Symptoms Notable
Disorder Participants: 30
Oligospermia
C Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Seminal Motility
Low potential
66
C Study: 1
Sperm Count
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sperm Quality
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
Overweight
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
DHEA
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Estrogen
potential
Running Performance
C Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
Low potential
C Study: 1
Quality of Life
Low potential
Sexual Health
C Study: 1
Sexual Function Notable
Participants: 50

C Study: 1
Stress Signs and Symptoms Notable
Participants: 52
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
67
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Temperature
potential
Joint Pain
C Study: 1
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
Chronic Nonspecific Knee

C Study: 1
Pain Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
Astaxanthin
Also known as: Cardax (Disodium Disuccinate Astaxanthin), 3, 3′-dihydroxy-b, b-carotene-4, 4′-dione
Astaxanthin is an aquatic carotenoid like fucoxanthin, but is the red pigment in salmon and krill; the most
stable of all carotenoids and touted to aid in eye health. Limited human evidence suggests that it has some
positive effects on oxidative stress, but it's unclear if it's particularly effective for any health outcomes.
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
Lipid Peroxidation Participants:
potential
Study: 1
C
39 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
DNA Damage Participants: Notable
C Study: 1
LDL Oxidation Participants: Notable
68
Study: 1
C
B Cell Count Participants:
42 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Interferon Gamma Participants:
42 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
42 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Muscle Damage Participants:
35 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Muscle Oxygenation Participants:
Low potential
C Study: 1
Parathyroid Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum Bicarbonate
Low potential
Study: 1
C
T Cell Count Participants:
42 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
TNF-Alpha Participants:
42 Slight Increase
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Arterial Stiffness
potential
D
Study: 1
Atherosclerotic Signs
potential
D Study: 1
Basophil Count Participants:
35
potential
D Studies: 4
Bilirubin Participants: No effect
Negligible 165
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
69
D
Study: 1
Blood Lactate (Exercise)
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood Pressure
potential
D Studies: 3
104
potential
D Studies: 4
182
potential
D Studies: 3
Creatinine Participants:
114
potential
D
Study: 1
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase
potential
D
Study: 1
Glomerular Filtration Rate
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Studies: 4
Hematocrit Participants:
165
potential
D Studies: 3
Hemoglobin Participants:
135
potential
D Studies: 3
(HDL) Participants: No effect
Negligible 131
potential
70
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
D Studies: 5
Liver Enzymes Participants:
205
potential
D Studies: 2
70
potential
D Study: 1
Lymphocyte Count Participants:
35
potential
D Study: 1
Monocyte Count Participants:
35
potential
D Study: 1
Natural Killer Cell Content Participants:
42
potential
D Study: 1
Neutrophil Count Participants:
35
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake Participants:
34
potential
D Studies: 4
Serum Albumin Participants:
165
potential
D Studies: 3
Total Antioxidant Capacity
Participants:
(TAC) Negligible No effect
95
potential
71
D Studies: 4
170 No effect
Negligible
potential
D Studies: 4
170
potential
D
Studies: 2
Urea
potential
D Studies: 3
Uric Acid Participants:
95
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Studies: 3
White Blood Cell Count Participants:
104
potential
Immune Health
B
Studies: 2
DNA Damage Notable
Improvement
potential
Study: 1
C
42 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Estrogen Participants:
29 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
42 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
42 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
35 Slight Decrease
Low potential
72
Study: 1
C Participants:
Natural Killer Cell Activity Mixed effect
42
Low potential
Study: 1
C
42 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
42 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
Bilirubin Participants:
35
potential
D Studies: 2
82
potential
D Studies: 3
104
potential
D Study: 1
Eosinophil count Participants:
35
potential
D Study: 1
Fibrinogen Participants:
29
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Studies: 2
Participants:
69
potential
D Study: 1
Inflammation Participants:
44
potential
73
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 2 Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 42
D Studies: 3
104
potential
D Studies: 2
69
potential
D Studies: 2
64
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
D Studies: 2
64
potential
D Study: 1
Red Blood Cell Count Participants:
35
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
Serum Platelets Participants:
35
potential
D Studies: 2
Participants:
69
potential
D Studies: 2
69
potential
74
D Study: 1
40
potential
D
Studies: 2
White Blood Cell Count Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 64
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Parathyroid Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum Bicarbonate
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Arterial Stiffness
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood Flow
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
75
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
Study: 1
Hemoglobin Negligible Participants: 61 No effect
potential
D
High-density lipoprotein Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
Plasma Vitamin C Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
Plasma Vitamin E Participants:
20
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Albumin
potential
D
Studies: 2
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Studies: 2
Triglycerides
potential
76
D
Study: 1
Urea
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Skin Health
B Studies: 2
Skin Elasticity Participants:
potential
B Studies: 2
Skin Quality Participants:
Moderate Slight Improvement
89
potential
Study: 1
C
Interleukin 1-alpha Participants:
65 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Skin Dryness Participants:
89 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
UV Skin Damage Participants:
Low potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
65
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
65
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
77
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
Wrinkles Participants:
65
potential
Studies: 2
Cycling Performance
C
Aerobic Exercise Metrics Participants:
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Resistance
Low potential
C Study: 1
Power Output
Low potential
D Studies: 2
53
potential
D
Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
potential
D Study: 1
Free Fatty Acids Participants:
32
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
D Study: 1
Oxygenation Cost of Exercise Participants:
32
potential
78
D Study: 1
Rate of Perceived Exertion Participants:
32
potential
D Study: 1
Respiratory Exchange Ratio Participants:
32
potential
Study: 1
Eye Health
C
Ocular Blood Flow Participants:
20 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
Intraocular Pressure Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
79
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Overweight
B Studies: 2
Moderate 50 Notable Increase
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
Low potential
C Studies: 2
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Kidney Function
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
80
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Chronic Kidney Disease

C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Parathyroid Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum Bicarbonate
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Arterial Stiffness
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
81
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
Study: 1
Hemoglobin
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Albumin
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Urea
potential
Gastroesophageal Reflux
D Study: 1
Disease No effect
Negligible 44
potential
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
44 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
82
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
83
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Study: 1
Infertility
C
Fertility Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Inhibin B Participants:
30 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
Ejaculate Volume Participants:
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Study: 1
Menopause
C
Study: 1
C
29 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
29 Slight Decrease
Low potential
84
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
Study: 1
Type 2 Diabetes
C
Fructosamine Participants:
44 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
44 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
85
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

D Study: 1
Carpal Tunnel Symptoms Participants:
63
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
63
potential
D Study: 1
63
potential
D Study: 1
63
potential
Digestive Health
D Study: 1
44
potential
Study: 1
General Liver Health
C
86
Study: 1
C
29 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
Study: 1
Indigestion
C
GERD Symptoms Participants:
132 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
Muscle Recovery
C
32 Slight Decrease
Low potential
87
Study: 1
C
32 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
Exercise-Induced Oxidation Participants:
32
potential
D Study: 1
Training Volume Participants:
32
potential
Study: 1
Soccer Performance
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential

C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
88
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Astragalus
Also known as: Astragalus, huangqi, (A Component Of) Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), Membranous Milk-vetch
Root, Ogi, Huang Qi, TA-65, TAT2, Astragalus Membranaceus
Astragalus membranaceus is an herb used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is claimed to have anti-
inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-aging effects.
Allergic Rhinitis
C Study: 1
Nasal Congestion
Low potential
Stroke
C Study: 1
Stroke Recovery
Low potential
Immune Health
C Study: 1
Immunity
Low potential
Kidney Health
C Study: 1
Diuresis
Low potential
Neuropathic Pain
C Study: 1
Kidney Function
Low potential
Autoimmune Protocol (AIP) Diet

Also known as: AIP, Autoimmune Protocol Diet
The Autoimmune Protocol (AIP) diet — an extension of the Paleolithic diet — is a multiphase elimination
diet used to reduce symptoms of autoimmune diseases. It’s based on the theory that certain foods trigger
inflammation or cause an imbalanced gut microbiome. A few open-label, uncontrolled studies suggest
improvements in quality of life, IBD disease activity, and inflammatory markers, but more research is
needed.
89
Inflammatory Bowel
B Studies: 2
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Disease Participants:
Symptoms Moderate Mixed effect
22
potential
Study: 1
C
Quality of Life Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
Fecal Calprotectin Participants:
18
potential
Study: 1
Hashimoto's disease
C
Body Mass Index (BMI) Participants:
17 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
17 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
17 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Signs Participants:
17
potential
D Study: 1
Serum T3 Participants:
17
potential
D Study: 1
17
potential
D Study: 1
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Participants:
17
potential
90
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
17 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
17 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Signs Participants:
17
potential
D Study: 1
17
potential
D Study: 1
17
potential
D Study: 1
17
potential
Bacopa Monnieri
Also known as: Brahmi, Aindri, Lysimachia Monnieri L. Cent., Graticola Monnieri L., Herpestis
Monniera L. Kunth., Water Hyssop, Thyme-leafed Gratiola, Indian Pennywort, Jalabrahmi
Bacopa monnieri is a nootropic herb that has been used in traditional medicine for longevity and cognitive
enhancement. Supplementation can improve memory, at least in the short-term, and there may be some
mental health benefits.
B Studies: 2
Anxiety Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
Depression Symptoms Participants: Slight
91
C Study: 1
Forgetting Participants: Slight
Studies: 10
C
Memory Participants: Slight
Studies: 4
C
Working Memory Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
Alzheimer's Disease
Participants:
Symptoms Negligible No effect
34
potential
D Study: 1
Arterial Stiffness Participants:
24
potential
D Studies: 7
Attention Participants:
370
potential
D Studies: 2
72
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
Intermediate-Term
Participants:
Memory Negligible No effect
36
potential
D Studies: 2
Motor Speed Participants:
96
potential
D Study: 1
Numerical Memory Participants:
36
potential
D Studies: 3
Reaction Time Participants:
156
potential
92
D Study: 1
Serum BDNF Participants:
36
potential
D Study: 1
Short-Term Memory
Participants:
(Simple) Negligible No effect
36
potential
D Study: 1
Stress Signs and
Participants:
24
potential
D Study: 1
Verbal Memory Participants:
36
potential
Age-Associated Memory Impairment and

B Studies: 3
Cognitive Decline (AAMCD) Memory Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Hemoglobin Participants: Slight
Low potential 65 Increase
Study: 1
C
Lymphocyte Count Participants: Slight
Low potential 65 Decrease
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
Granulocyte Count Participants:
65
potential
93
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
Processing Speed Participants:
65
potential
D Study: 1
Short-Term Memory
Participants:
(Simple) Negligible No effect
65
potential
D Study: 1
White Blood Cell
Participants:
Count Negligible No effect
65
potential
Study: 1
C
Alertness Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Calmness Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Cortisol Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 2
65
potential
D Study: 1
Stress Signs and
Participants:
17
potential
D Study: 1
Alzheimer's Disease
Participants:
34
potential
94
Study: 1
Anxiety
C
D Study: 1
66
potential
Study: 1
C
Anhedonia Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Memory Improvement
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
Study: 1
Mental Resilience
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
17
potential
95
D Study: 1
Stress Signs and
Participants:
17
potential
Mild Cognitive Impairment

D Study: 1
Alzheimer's Disease
Participants:
34
potential
Banaba Leaf
Also known as: Crape Myrtle, Crepe Myrtle, Lagerstroemia, Banaba
Lagerstroemia, also known as Banaba, is a plant whose leaves have been used for anti-diabetic purposes. It
contains a variety of molecules such as corosolic acid which may confer benefit to glucose control.
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
Benfotiamine
Also known as: S-{(Z)-2-{(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl) methyl-formylamino}-5-phosphonooxypent-2-en-3-yl}
benzenecarbothioate
Benfotiamine is a relative of the vitamin Thiamine (B1) that appears to have a therapeutic role in pain
reduction and diabetic complications (neuropathies and nephropathies); confers bioavailable Vitamin B1
after oral ingestion.
Type 1 Diabetes
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
67
potential
D Study: 1
67
potential
D Study: 1
67
potential
D Study: 1
Nerve Repair Participants:
67
potential
96
D Study: 1
Participants:
Total cholesterol No effect
Negligible 67
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
D Study: 1
Advanced Glycation End
Participants:
Products Negligible No effect
82
potential
D Study: 1
Proteinuria Participants:
82
potential
Study: 1
C
Protection from Smoking Participants: Slight
Health 20 Improvement
Low potential
Diabetic Nephropathy
D Study: 1
63
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
63
potential
D Study: 1
63
potential
D Study: 1
Kidney Function Participants:
63
potential
D Study: 1
63
potential
D Study: 1
63
potential
D Study: 1
63
potential
Diabetic Neuropathy
D Study: 1
Advanced Glycation End
Participants:
Products Negligible No effect
82
potential
97
D Study: 1
82
potential
Berberine
Berberine is a plant alkaloid with a long history of use in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine for the
management of various health conditions. Its seemingly potent ability to reduce blood sugar rivals that of
some anti-diabetic drugs.
Type 2 Diabetes
B Studies: 2
Moderate 1184 Strong Decrease
potential
B Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants: Strong
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
1068 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Participants: Slight
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
C
116 Strong Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
98
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
116 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver
C
Disease 184 Strong Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
184 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
184 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Canker Sores Canker Sores Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Cardiomyopathy Exercise Capacity (with Heart C
Participants: Slight
Conditions)
Study: 1
C
99
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
144 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Heart Failure Exercise Capacity (with Heart C
Conditions)
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Metabolic Syndrome
C
24 Strong Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Beta-Alanine
Also known as: b-alanine, β-alanine, carnosine precursor
Beta-alanine is the building block of carnosine, a molecule that helps buffer acid in muscles. Beta-alanine
supplementation improves performance during high-intensity exercise lasting from 1 to 10 minutes.
Carnosine appears to be an antioxidant and may have effects on aging.
100
Muscle Endurance
B Studies: 2
Muscular Endurance
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Growth Hormone
D Studies: 3
Power Output
D Study: 1
Testosterone

B Studies: 2
Muscular Endurance
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
D Studies: 3
Oxygen Uptake

C Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscular Endurance
Low potential
D Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
D Study: 1
Power Output
101
Cycling Performance
B Studies: 2
Muscular Endurance
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
D Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
D Study: 1
Power Output
Running Performance
C Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscular Endurance
Low potential
D Studies: 2
Power Output
Football Performance
B Studies: 2
Muscular Endurance
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
D Study: 1
Power Output
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscular Endurance
Low potential
102
D Study: 1
Power Output
Rowing Performance
B Studies: 2
Muscular Endurance
Moderate potential
D Studies: 2
Power Output
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
D Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake

C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
D Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
Fatigue
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
Muscle Gain
C Study: 1
Muscular Endurance
Low potential
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Growth Hormone
D Study: 1
Power Output
D Study: 1
Testosterone
103
Swimming Performance
C Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
Low potential
Wrestling Performance
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscular Endurance
Low potential
D Study: 1
Power Output
Betaine
Also known as: Betaine, TMG, Glycine Betaine, Oxyneurine, Trimethylglycine
Betaine (trimethylglycine) is an active metabolite of choline in the body and a component of beetroot. It
serves a vital role in methylation in the body alongside folate, and is an osmoregulator like creatine. Betaine
is also a possible ergogenic aid.
Studies: 6
Metabolic Health
A
Homocysteine Participants:
187 Strong Decrease
High potential
C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes Slight
Participants: 42

(LDL) Participants: 42 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Serum Methionine Participants:
152 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
104
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Creatinine
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Cobalamin
potential
D
Studies: 2
Serum Folate
potential
D
Thyroid-Stimulating Study: 1
Hormone Negligible Participants: 42 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Muscle Oxygenation Slight
Participants: 13
C Study: 1
Training Volume Slight
Participants: 13
105
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Studies: 3
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
Hydration (Total Body Study: 1
Water) Negligible Participants: 12 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Muscle Creatine Content
potential
D
Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
potential
D
Studies: 3
Muscular Endurance
potential
D
Study: 1
Nitric Oxide
potential
D Studies: 6
106
potential
106
D
Studies: 2
potential
Dry Mouth
B Studies: 4
Dry Mouth Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 3
Salivation Participants:
potential
Muscle Endurance
C Study: 1
Muscle Oxygenation Slight
Participants: 13
C Study: 1
Training Volume Slight
Participants: 13
D
Studies: 2
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 3
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
D
Studies: 2
Heart Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
potential
107
D
Studies: 2
Muscular Endurance
potential
D
Study: 1
Nitric Oxide
potential
D
Studies: 3
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D
Studies: 3
Power Output
potential
D
Studies: 3
potential

B
Studies: 2
Homocysteine
Moderate Participants: 75 Strong Decrease
potential
Study: 1
Participants:
(LDL) Slight Detriment
Low potential 152
Study: 1
C
152 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
152
potential
D
Studies: 2
Serum Cobalamin
potential
D
Studies: 2
Serum Folate
potential
108
D Study: 1
152
potential
Anaerobic Exercise
D
Study: 1
Performance Anaerobic Capacity
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
potential
D
Studies: 2
Muscular Endurance
potential
D
Studies: 3
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
B
Studies: 2
Homocysteine
Moderate Participants: 61 Strong Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
Low potential
109
C Study: 1
Participants: 27

Low potential
C Study: 1
Plasminogen Inhibitor-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Fibrinogen No effect
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Kidney Function
potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Cobalamin
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Folate
potential
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
B
Studies: 2
Liver Fat Slight
Improvement
potential
B
Studies: 2
Liver Fibrosis Slight
Improvement
potential
110
Running Performance
D
Studies: 2
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
Water) Participants: 10 No effect
Negligible
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Studies: 3
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Coronary Artery Disease

C Study: 1
Homocysteine
Participants: 27 Strong Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 27
111

Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Fibrinogen
potential
High-density lipoprotein D Study: 1

(HDL) Participants: 27 No effect
Negligible
potential
D
Study: 1
Kidney Function
potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Homocysteine
Low potential
C Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 27

Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Fibrinogen
potential
112
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Kidney Function
potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential

C
Study: 1
Disease Liver Enzymes Slight
Low potential Participants: 34
Improvement
C Study: 1
Liver Fat Slight
Participants: 34
C Study: 1
Participants: 34
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Homocysteine
Low potential

Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
113
D
Study: 1
Creatinine
potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Folate
potential
D
Hormone Participants: 42
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Cycling Performance
D
Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Muscle Gain
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
114
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Growth Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential

C Study: 1
Homocysteine
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes Participants: 42 Slight

Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Creatinine
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
115
D
Study: 1
Serum Folate
potential
D
Hormone Negligible Participants: 42 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Bhringaraj
Also known as: False Daisy, Yerba De Tago, Kehraj, Karisalankanni, Eclipta Alba
Eclipta Alba (False Daisy) is a herb that has traditional usage as a liver tonic in Ayurveda. It appears to have
preliminary evidence to suggest hair growth promotion as potent as Minoxidil and some anti-diabetic
effects as well as liver protection.
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Diuresis
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
vLDL-C
Low potential
116
D Study: 1
Binaural Beats
Binaural beats are a form of auditory beat stimulation in which two tones, varying slightly in frequency, are
played into each ear, producing an auditory illusion of a third tone. Binaural beats of certain frequencies
have a modest, positive effect on memory, attention, pain perception, and relaxation.
Studies: 4
A
Working Memory Participants: Notable
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
Memory Participants:
potential
Study: 1
C
Calmness Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Cognition Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Creativity Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
29 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Anxiety
B Studies: 2
Moderate
164 Improvement
potential
117
Study: 1
C
Memory Improvement
B Studies: 2
Working Memory Participants: Notable
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Heart Rate Variability Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
Surgical Recovery
C
Study: 1
C
Pain Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Sedation Participants:
49 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
C
Disorder 20 Slight Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
Fibromyalgia
C
Study: 1
Insomnia
C
Sleep Quality Participants:
Low potential
D Study: 1
Sleep Latency Participants:
21
potential
Study: 1
Chronic Pain
C
Focus & Attention

C Study: 1
Low potential 36 Slight Improvement
Study: 1
C
36 Mixed effect
Low potential
118
Study: 1
Learning Disability
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Mood Improvement
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
29 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
Pain Relief
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Sleep Health
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Stress
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
Stress Signs and
Participants:
64
potential
Biotin
Also known as: Vitamin B7, Vitamin H
Biotin is one of the essential B vitamins used by the body primarily as an enzymatic cofactor. While it is
popular as a beauty supplement for hair, skin, and nails and very preliminary evidence suggests it may have
a role in these uses, its role is not well supported. Potential interactions with diabetes are also not well
understood.
Multiple Sclerosis
D Studies: 4
Multiple Sclerosis
Participants:
360
potential
119
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Triglycerides Participants: 33 Slight Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
vLDL-C
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Health Participants: 40 Slight Improvement
Low potential
Dyslipidemia
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
vLDL-C
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
120
Nail Health
C Study: 1
Nail Quality Participants: 22 Notable
Bitter Cucumber
Also known as: Bitter Apple, Desert Gourd, Bitter Cucumber, Citrus Colocynthis
Citrullus colocynthis, also known as bitter cucumber, is a fruit-bearing plant. Low doses of its seeds and
fruit can reduce blood glucose levels. Higher doses are associated with side-effects like colonic
inflammation and rectal bleeding.
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Creatinine
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Urea
121
D Study: 1
Weight
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Creatinine
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Urea
D Study: 1
Weight
Dyslipidemia
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D Study: 1
122
D Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
D Study: 1

C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D Study: 1
Creatinine
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Urea
D Study: 1
Weight
Bitter orange
Also known as: Bitter Orange, P-synephrine, Citrus Aurantium, Synephrine
A molecule that is similar to ephedrine in mechanism, but less potent. Commonly referred to as "bitter
orange", synephrine appears to be a less potent fat-burner relative to ephedrine. It may exert some minor
health effects on digestion and circulation.
123

C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
D Study: 1
Alertness
D Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
D Study: 1
Appetite
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
Sedation
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
D Study: 1
Alertness
D Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
D Study: 1
Appetite
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
Sedation
Mood Improvement
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
124
D Study: 1
Alertness
D Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
D Study: 1
Appetite
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
Sedation
Black Chokeberry
Also known as: Chokeberry, Black Apple Berry, RowanBerry (hybrids With Aronia), Aronox (Brand Name), Aronia Melanocarpa
Aronia melanocarpa, commonly known as the black chokeberry, is a sour berry with a high anthocyanin and
anti-oxidant content. It is being researched for its potential health benefits.
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
125
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
Black Cohosh
Also known as: Cimicifuga racemosa, Bugbane, Bugroot, Snakeroot, Rattleroot, Blackroot, Black Snake Root
Black Cohosh is the most popular supplement for menopause in North America, but the human studies are
mixed. Pretty down the middle, and placebo effect seems to play a great deal in these studies. It holds
some benefit for controlling hot flashes and night sweats, but does not appear very potent.
Menopause
B Studies: 8
Menopausal Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
C Study: 1
Subjective Well-Being Slight
Participants: 122
D
Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Estrogen
potential
Breast Cancer
C Studies: 2
Menopausal Symptoms Slight
Participants: 135
D
Study: 1
Breast Density
potential
C Study: 1
Coronary Artery Disease Risk
Health Participants: 128 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood glucose Participants: 351 No effect
Negligible
potential
126
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Low-density lipoprotein Study: 1
(LDL) Negligible Participants: 351 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Anxiety
D
Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
potential
High Cholesterol
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Bone Health
D
Study: 1
Bone Mineral Density
potential
D
Study: 1
Cognition
potential
127
D
Study: 1
Memory Negligible No effect
Participants: 66
potential
Dyslipidemia
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential

C Study: 1
Participants: 87
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Metabolic Health
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Black Ginger
Also known as: Krachai Dum, Black Turmeric, Black Galingale, Thai Ginseng, Kaempferia Parviflora
Kaempferia Parviflora (Thai Ginseng) is a root plant that is touted to be an aphrodisiac and glucose support
agent, with its effects on testosterone and aphrodisia relatively unresearched; it may be (slightly)
erectogenic by various mechanisms.
128
Aerobic Exercise
D
Study: 1
Performance Aerobic Exercise Metrics
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Endurance
C
45 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Functionality in Elderly or C
Injured
Study: 1
Muscle Strength
C
45 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Injured
Black seed
Also known as: Nigella Cretica, Black Cumin, Black Seeds, Roman Coriander, Nutmeg Flower, Fennel Flower, Ajaji,
Nigella Sativa
Nigella sativa (black cumin or black seed) is a medicinal spice that appears to be active in the dose used to
season food products. It has a potent bioactive known as thymoquinone which shows promise in treating
epilepsy, allergies, and boosting immunity.
Studies: 3
Allergic Rhinitis
A
Allergy Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Asthma Symptoms Participants:
Low potential
C Study: 1
Immunity
Low potential
129
C
Nasal Congestion Study: 1
Low potential Participants: 66 Slight Improvement
D Study: 1
152
potential
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum Albumin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
130
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 117
D
Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 2
157
potential
D Study: 1
Food Intake Participants:
117
potential
D
Study: 1
Free Testosterone
potential
D Studies: 3
Participants:
196
potential
D Studies: 3
196
potential
D
Study: 1
Processing Accuracy
potential
D
Study: 1
Uric Acid
potential
Dyslipidemia
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
131
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Serum Albumin Participants: 40 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
D Study: 1
117
potential
D Studies: 2
157
potential
D Study: 1
117
potential
D Studies: 2
Participants:
157
potential
D Studies: 2
157
potential
Asthma
C Study: 1
Allergy Symptoms Notable
Participants: 29
C Study: 1
Asthma Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lung Function
Low potential
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
103 Slight Decrease
Low potential
132
Study: 1
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential 103 Slight Increase
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
103 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
103
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
103
potential
D Study: 1
103
potential
D Study: 1
103
potential
D Study: 1
103
potential
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
133
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
potential
Obesity
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Free Testosterone
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
134
D
Study: 1
Uric Acid
potential
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
Rheumatoid Arthritis C Study: 1

Low potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
potential
Study: 1
C
Health 117 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
117 Slight Decrease
Low potential
135
D Study: 1
117
potential
D Study: 1
117
potential
D Study: 1
117
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
117
potential
D Study: 1
117
potential
C Study: 1
Attention
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
C Study: 1
Processing Speed
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
D
Study: 1
Creatinine
potential
D
Study: 1
Processing Accuracy
potential
136
D
Study: 1
Working Memory
potential
Epilepsy
C Study: 1
Seizure Frequency
Low potential
Hepatitis C
C Study: 1
HIV Viral Load Notable
Participants: 30
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum Albumin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
137
D
potential
Respiratory Health
C Study: 1
Lung Function
Low potential
Study: 1
C
117 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
117 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
117
potential
D Study: 1
117
potential
D Study: 1
117
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
117
potential
D Study: 1
117
potential
138
Bladderwrack
Also known as: Fucus Vesiculosis
Bladderwrack is a species of seaweed known as Fucus vesiculosus that serves as a foodstuff and a source
of Fucoxanthin, it is though to increase the metabolism via the thyroid but that is due to fixing iodine
deficiencies historically.
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Skin Quality
Low potential
Blueberry
Also known as: Blueberries, Blue berries
Blueberries are a fruit that contain a lot of molecules called anthocyanins. These antioxidant compounds are
often supplemented for their ability to improve cognition.
Metabolic Health
A Studies: 3
High 196 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 2
General Oxidation Participants: Slight
Moderate 23 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
LDL Oxidation Participants: Slight
Low 15 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
Appetite Participants:
12
potential
D Studies: 3
35
potential
139
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
Muscle Recovery
C Study: 1
Low 25 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 10 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 10 Participants: Slight
Low 25 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage Participants: Slight
Low 10 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Natural Killer Cell Content Participants: Slight
Low 25 Increase
potential
D Study: 1
25
potential
D Study: 1
25
potential
140
D Study: 1
Exercise-Induced Immune
Participants:
Suppression Negligible No effect
25
potential
D Study: 1
Exercise-Induced
Participants:
Oxidation Negligible No effect
25
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
Muscle Soreness Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
NF-kB Activity Participants:
25
potential
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Arterial Stiffness Participants: Slight
Low 40 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure Participants: Slight
Low 40 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Low 48 Decrease
potential
141
C Study: 1
Low 48 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 48 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation Participants: Slight
Low 48 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
Cell Adhesion Factors Participants:
48
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
48
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
Low-density lipoprotein
Participants:
(LDL) Negligible No effect
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
142
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
Menopause
C Study: 1
Low 40 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 40 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
Obesity
C Study: 1
Low 32 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 32 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
32
potential
143
D Study: 1
Participants:
32
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential

C Study: 1
Cognitive Decline (AAMCD) Cognitive Decline Participants: Slight
Low 9 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Insulin Participants: Slight
Low 9 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 9 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Subjective Well-Being Participants: Slight
Low 9 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
Immune Health
C Study: 1
Low 25 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 25 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 25 Increase
potential
144
D Study: 1
25
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
25
potential
D Study: 1
Exercise-Induced
Participants:
25
potential
D Study: 1
25
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
Low 48 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 48 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 48 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 48 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
145
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
48
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Low 10 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage Participants: Slight
Low 10 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
Runners' Health
C Study: 1
Low 25 Improvement
potential
146
C Study: 1
Low 25 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 25 Increase
potential
D Study: 1
25
potential
D Study: 1
25
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
25
potential
D Study: 1
Exercise-Induced
Participants:
25
potential
D Study: 1
25
potential

C Study: 1
Low 48 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 48 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 48 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 48 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
147
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
48
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
Boron
Boron is a dietary mineral which is claimed to increase testosterone when supplemented at doses higher
than from food, but research is lacking. It might as a byproduct of its anti-inflammatory effects.
148
Immune Health
B Studies: 3
Moderate Notable Decrease
178
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Participants:
80 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Interleukin 1-beta Participants:
90 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
80 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
8 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Free Testosterone Participants:
8 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
8 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Participants:
90 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
8 Slight Increase
Low potential
149
D Study: 1
8
potential
D Study: 1
DHT Participants:
8
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
Studies: 2
Menopause
C
59 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
46 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
46 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
46 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
13 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
46 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
46 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
46
potential
Study: 1
Low Testosterone
C
13 Mixed effect
Low potential
150
C Study: 1
Study: 1
Primary Dysmenorrhea
C
PMS Symptoms Participants: Notable
D Study: 1
Dysmenorrhea Symptoms Participants:
118
potential
Study: 1
Osteoarthritis
C
72 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
72 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
72 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Total cholesterol Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
72
potential
Study: 1
C
80 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Low potential 80 Notable Decrease
151
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Body Composition
C
19 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
19 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
Study: 1
Bone Health
C
Serum Magnesium Participants:
28 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
Serum Calcium Participants:
28
potential
Study: 1
Cardiovascular
C
Disease 116 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
N-terminal Prohormone of Brain Natriuretic C
Participants:
Peptide Notable Decrease
Low potential 116
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
116
potential
152
D Study: 1
116
potential
Study: 1
Dyslipidemia
C
90 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
90 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
90 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
90 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Participants:
90 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
Study: 1
Kidney Stones
C
Kidney Stone Symptoms Participants: Slight
C Study: 1
Metabolic Health C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Participants:
8 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
8 Mixed effect
Low potential
153
Study: 1
C
8 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
8 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
8 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
8
potential
D Study: 1
DHT Participants:
8
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Gain
C
19 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
19 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Strength
C
19 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
19 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
154
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
Study: 1
Acute Nonspecific
C
Osteoarthritis Symptoms Participants: Notable
Knee Pain 60 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Boswellia
Also known as: Indian Frankincense, Salai, Salai Guggul, Gajabhakshya, Boswellia Serrata
An Ayurvedic herb also classified as a phytopharmaceutical (H15; Europe) which appears to be quite anti-
inflammatory, helpful against osteoarthritis, and may help cerebral edema. Boswellia serrata appears to
have preliminary evidence for anti-inflammatory joint disorders.
Osteoarthritis
A Studies: 4
Osteoarthritis Symptoms
High potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Asthma
C Study: 1
Asthma Symptoms
Low potential
Brain Tumor
C Study: 1
Brain Tumor Size
Low potential
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Skin Elasticity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Skin Quality
Low potential
155
Branched-Chain Amino Acids
Also known as: BCAAs, BCAA
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are three essential amino acids that are frequently supplemented
because of their role in muscle growth and development. These amino acids are naturally found in dietary
protein sources. Studies show that supplementation of BCAAs alone does not increase muscle growth, as
all essential amino acids must be present for muscle protein synthesis to occur.
B Studies: 2
Fatigue Symptoms
Moderate potential
Cycling Performance
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
Running Performance
B Studies: 3
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms Slight Improvement
Participants: 218
Low potential
D Study: 1
156
D Study: 1
Ketone Bodies

C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
D Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
Fatigue
C Studies: 2
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Processing Accuracy
Low potential
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
Power Output
Mental Resilience
C Studies: 2
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Processing Accuracy
Low potential
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
Muscle Recovery
C Study: 1
Ammonia
Low potential
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Insulin
157
D Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
D Study: 1
Power Output
Muscle Strength
C Studies: 2
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Processing Accuracy
Low potential
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
Power Output
Sailing Performance
C Studies: 2
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate No effect
Negligible potential Participants: 12
D Study: 1
Power Output
Ski Performance
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Soccer Performance
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
158
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Reaction Time
Low potential
D Study: 1
Adrenaline
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Dopamine
D Study: 1
Noradrenaline
Bromelain
Also known as: Pineapple extract
Bromelain is an enzyme extracted from pineapples. It can reduce heart burn and act as a nasal
decongestant.
Allergic Rhinitis
C Study: 1
Nasal Congestion
Low potential
Osteoarthritis
D Study: 1
Type 1 Diabetes
D Study: 1
Type 1 Diabetes Incidence
Muscle Recovery
C Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
Low potential
Acute Nonspecific Knee Pain

C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Soreness Participants: 77 Slight Improvement
Low potential
159
C Study: 1
Low potential
Brown Seaweed Extract

Also known as: Seaweed Extract, Undaria Pinnatifida, Fuco, Fucothin, Fucoxanthin
Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid found in brown seaweed that is being investigated for its fat burning abilities. It
reduces fat mass, but has a time delay due to build up in fat tissue and does not stimulate the brain. Also
appears healthy, but needs more corroborating evidence.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential

C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
160
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential

C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
Bulbine Natalensis
Also known as: ibhucu, rooiwortel, ingcelwane
Bulbine Natalensis is a traditionally used aphrodisiac and testosterone booster in South and South-Eastern
Africa; in rat studies, it appears to both be quite potent in increasing testosterone but also appears to
damage organ function in a similar manner to a steroid cycle.
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Creatinine
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
Low potential
161
Bushman's hat
Also known as: Hoodia, Veldkos, Slimming Cactus, Trichocaulon Gordonii, Stapelia Gordonii, Hoodia
Gordonii
Hoodia gordonii is a small shrub (falsely said to be a cactus) that is claimed to suppress appetite. It seems
the main bioactive (P57) cannot easily reach the brain to do this, and aside from failures of hoodia to
suppress the appetite it may also be mildly toxic and imprudent to supplement.
Overweight
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Bilirubin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
Low potential
D Study: 1
Appetite
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Weight
Butcher's broom
Also known as: Butcher's Broom, Jew's Myrtle, Knee Holly, Kneeholm, Pettigree, Sweet Broom, Ruscus Aculeatus
An herb more commonly known as Butcher's Broom, ruscus aculeatus is traditionally used for circulation
and appears to constrict veins. This is thought to reduce pooling of blood in extremities, and the limited
evidence appears to be promising.
Study: 1
Type 2 Diabetes
C
HbA1c Participants: Notable
162
C Study: 1
Low potential Notable Increase
60
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
Visual acuity (VA) Participants:
60
potential
Study: 1
Chronic Venous Chronic Venous Insufficiency C
Participants:
Insufficiency Signs Slight Improvement
Low potential 110
Study: 1
C
Leg Edema Participants:
Low potential
D Study: 1
110
potential
Butea Superba
Also known as: Red Kwao Krua
Butea Superba (Red Kwao Krua) is a herb from Thai medicine sometimes thought to be the male equivalent
of Pueraria Mirifica, a phytoestrogen known as White Kwao Krua; evidence for Butea Superba for these
claims is lacking.

D Studies: 2
Erections
163
Caffeine
Also known as: Coffee extract, Tea extract, 1 3 7-Trimethylxanthine
Caffeine is a stimulatory anti-sleep compound extracted from coffee beans. Habitual caffeine use leads to
tolerance, which dulls several of caffeine’s effects.
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Wakefulness Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Anxiety Symptoms Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
102 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
13 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 5
355
potential
D Study: 1
Visual acuity (VA) Participants:
13
potential
Cycling Performance
B Studies: 3
Anaerobic Capacity Participants: Notable
potential
B Studies: 3
Aerobic Exercise Metrics Participants: Slight
potential
C Studies: 2
164
Study: 1
C
17 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms Slight
Participants: 9
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Rate of Perceived C
Participants:
Exertion Slight Decrease
Low potential 12
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Training Volume Participants: Slight
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
Fat Oxidation Participants:
potential
B Studies: 2
Moderate 21 Slight Detriment
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Adrenaline Participants:
12 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
165
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
Study: 1
Rate of Perceived C
Participants:
Low potential 10
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Thermogenesis Participants:
13 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 2
20
potential
166
Focus & Attention

B Studies: 2
Wakefulness Participants: Notable
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
102 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
102
potential
Muscle Endurance
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Rate of Perceived C
Participants:
Low potential 10
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 4
Muscle Strength
A
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Metabolic Rate Participants:
12 Slight Increase
Low potential
167
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Running Performance
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
21 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
21 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Rate of Perceived C
Participants:
Low potential 21
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
110 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Low Testosterone
C
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Type 2 Diabetes
C
45 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
45 Slight Increase
Low potential
168
Study: 1
C
45 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
45
potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
45
potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
Study: 1
C
13 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
13 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Muscle Gain
C
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Muscle Recovery Rate of Perceived C
Participants:
Low potential 15
Study: 1
Pain Relief Rate of Perceived C
Participants:
Low potential 15
169
Rowing Performance
C Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity Notable
Participants: 8
Study: 1
Rugby Performance
C
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Warm- Or Hot-Weather Exercise

C Study: 1
Adrenaline
Performance Participants: 8 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
Calcium
Also known as: Ca2+, Ca, Coral Calcium
Calcium is a dietary macromineral found in high amounts in dairy products, and to a lesser extent in
vegetables. Used primarily to support bone health, calcium also has a role in maternal and cardiovascular
health.
Premenstrual Syndrome
B
Studies: 2
Depression Symptoms Notable
Improvement
potential
B Studies: 7
PMS Symptoms Participants:
potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 66
170
B
Studies: 3
PMS Symptoms Moderate Participants: 135 Slight Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 49
Studies: 2
C
Pre-Eclampsia Risk Participants: Notable
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
Digestive Health
B
Studies: 2
Fecal Bile Acids
Moderate Participants: 48 Notable Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Fecal Cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Absorption
Low potential
D
Fecal Water Study: 1
Genotoxicity Negligible Participants: 35 No effect
potential
Studies: 2
Offspring Health
C
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
Preeclampsia
B Studies: 2
potential
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Pre-Eclampsia Risk Notable
Participants: 13
Anaerobic Exercise
D
Study: 1
Performance Free Testosterone
potential
171
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Bone Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
General Gut Health

C Study: 1
Fecal Bile Acids
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fecal Cholesterol
Low potential
D
Fecal Water Study: 1
Genotoxicity Negligible Participants: 35 No effect
potential
Hormone Health
D
Study: 1
Free Testosterone
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Infant Health
C Study: 1
Pre-Eclampsia Risk Notable
Participants: 13
Metabolic Health
D
Study: 1
Free Testosterone
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Cannabidiol (CBD)
Also known as: Cannabidiol, Epidiolex, CBD
Like THC, CBD is a cannabinoid (a compound in cannabis). Unlike THC, CBD won’t get you high, but it
shows promise as a treatment for epilepsy, anxiety, depression, pain, inflammation, cancer, and more.
Unfortunately, as of 2022, human trials are still few.
172
A Studies: 3
Epilepsy Seizure Frequency Participants: Strong Improvement
High potential 495
Anxiety
B Studies: 2
Participants: 48
Moderate potential Improvement
Mood Improvement
C Study: 1
Participants: 57
D
Study: 1
Attention
potential
D
Study: 1
Cognition
potential
D
Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Mood
potential
D
Study: 1
Working Memory
potential
Schizophrenia
C Studies: 2
Low potential
Multiple Sclerosis
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
Autonomic Dysfunction
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
Brachial Plexus Damage

C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
Crohn's Disease
D
Study: 1
Crohn's Disease Symptoms
potential
173
C Study: 1
Paranoia Anxiety Symptoms Participants: 32 Notable
Improvement
Low potential
Spinal Cord Injury

C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
Stress
C Study: 1
Participants: 60
Surgical Recovery
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
Tuberous Sclerosis
C Study: 1
Seizure Frequency
Complex Participants: 56 Strong Improvement
Low potential
Ulcerative Colitis Ulcerative Colitis C Study: 1

Low potential
Cannabis
Also known as: Weed, Medical Marijuana, Marihuana, dope, ganja, hashish, Dronabinol (medical THC), Cannabis
indica, Cannabis sativa, Marijuana
Cannabis is the common name and genus for a few plants used around the world due to their psychoactive
properties. Its major component, known as THC, possesses acute benefits but is subject to rapid tolerance.
Additionally, nonpsychoactive components like CBD may have chronic benefits. While therapeutic,
particularly for pain relief, the plant is not a panacea.
Multiple Sclerosis
B Studies: 20
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 9
Neuropathic Pain Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 4
Sleep Quality Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 2
Urinary Incontinence Signs Participants: Slight
potential
174
Study: 1
Balance C Participants:
20 Notable Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
14 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Walking Ability Participants: Slight
D Studies: 2
54
potential
D Studies: 2
Depression Symptoms Participants:
1132
potential
D Studies: 4
1186
potential
D Studies: 2
Irritability Participants:
1132
potential
D Study: 1
Sleep Duration Participants:
160
potential
B Studies: 4
Driving Control Participants:
potential
B Studies: 2
Motor Control Participants:
potential
Study: 1
C
Balance Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Impulsivity Participants: Notable
Studies: 2
C
Driving Speed Participants:
110 Slight Decrease
Low potential
175
Study: 1
C Participants:
Hand-Eye Coordination Slight Detriment
80
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Mood Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
91 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Working Memory Participants:
29 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
ADHD Symptoms Participants:
30
potential
D Studies: 3
150
potential
D Studies: 2
108
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Studies: 3
Driving Caution Participants:
87
potential
D Studies: 2
108
potential
Neuropathic Pain
B Studies: 7
potential
176
B
Studies: 3
Sleep Quality Moderate Participants: Slight
potential 394 Improvement
Study: 1
C
Opioid Use Participants:
34 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Sleep Latency Participants: Slight
General Cancer Care And

B Studies: 4
Prevention Pain Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 4
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Weight Gain Participants:
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
360
potential
D Study: 1
Quality of Life Participants:
24
potential
Studies: 4
A
97 Notable Increase
High potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Detriment
Low potential
177
C Studies: 3
Low potential Mixed effect
50
Studies: 2
C
Cerebral Blood Flow Participants:
30 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
Orthostatic Hypotension C
Participants:
Symptoms Slight Detriment
Low potential 10
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
Pain Relief
B Studies: 5
Pain Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
177 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Temperature Participants:
18
potential
Fibromyalgia
B Studies: 2
Fibromyalgia Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
Myotonia Symptoms Slight
Participants: 6
Study: 1
C
178
C Study: 1
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
Driving Performance
B Studies: 4
Driving Control Participants:
potential
B Studies: 3
Driving Speed Participants:
potential
D Studies: 3
Driving Caution Participants:
147
potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Ghrelin Participants:
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP- C
Participants:
1) Mixed effect
Low potential 20
Study: 1
C
Leptin Participants:
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Prolactin Participants:
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
179
Human Immunodeficiency Virus

C Study: 1
Ghrelin Participants: 7 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Leptin
Low potential
Study: 1
C
62 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Natural Killer Cell Activity Participants:
62 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
34 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Peptide YY (PYY)
Low potential
D Study: 1
62
potential
D Study: 1
62
potential
D Study: 1
62
potential
D Study: 1
62
potential
Study: 1
C
Balance Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Hand-Eye Coordination Participants:
80 Slight Detriment
Low potential
180
C Study: 1
Study: 1
C
91 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
91 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
91
potential
D Studies: 2
108
potential
D Studies: 2
108
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
17 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
37 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
1) Mixed effect
Low potential 20
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Satiety Participants:
10 Mixed effect
Low potential
181
Insomnia
B Studies: 2
Moderate
89 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Sleep Latency Participants: Slight
Studies: 2
Type 2 Diabetes
C
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 2
Diabetic Neuropathy
Participants:
46
potential
Study: 1
Cachexia
C
164 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Weight Gain Participants:
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 2
188
potential
Study: 1
Cancer-Related Pain
C
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
Diabetic Neuropathy
C
Study: 1
C
182
D Studies: 2
Diabetic Neuropathy
Participants:
46
potential
Studies: 2
Marijuana Withdrawal
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Studies: 2
24
potential
D Study: 1
Tobacco Consumption Participants:
12
potential
Study: 1
Mood Improvement
C
28 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Confusion Participants:
28 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
Study: 1
Neurological Health
C
183
C Study: 1
20 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Mixed effect
Low potential
Respiratory Health
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Lung Function Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Impulsivity Participants: Notable
Disorder 30 Improvement
Low potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Study: 1
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
C
Disease 5115 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
Glaucoma
C
18 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
18 Notable Decrease
Low potential
184
Study: 1
C
18 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
Low Testosterone
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
Study: 1
Menopause
C
10 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
12 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
12
potential
Anorexia Orthostatic Hypotension C Study: 1

Symptoms Participants: 11 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
Burning Mouth Syndrome Burning Mouth Syndrome C
Participants: Notable
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
17
potential
Study: 1
C
Nausea Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Vomiting Participants: Slight
185
Study: 1
Chronic Pain
C
399 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Crohn's Disease
C
Crohn's Disease Symptoms Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
21
potential
D Study: 1
21
potential
D Study: 1
21
potential
D Study: 1
21
potential
Study: 1
Eye Health
C
15 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Focus & Attention
C
19 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
19 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
Study: 1
Mental Resilience
C
Aggression Participants: Slight
186
Study: 1
C
61 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Strength
C
20 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Ocular Hypertension
C Study: 1
Intraocular Pressure
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Visual acuity (VA)
potential
Study: 1
Opioid-Refractory Pain
C
360 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
360
potential
Parkinson's Disease
D Study: 1
Parkinson's Disease
Participants:
19
potential
Study: 1
Postural Syncope
C
29 Notable Increase
Low potential
187
Study: 1
C
29 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
29 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Dizziness Participants:
29 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Symptoms Slight Detriment
Low potential 29
Study: 1
Sickle Cell Disease
C
Sickle Cell Symptoms Participants: Slight
Sleep Health
C Study: 1
Mood Slight
Participants: 8
C Study: 1
Sleep Latency Slight
Participants: 8
C Study: 1
Working Memory
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Attention
potential
D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Memory
potential
Smoking Behavior
D
Study: 1
Tobacco Consumption
potential
Study: 1
Stable Angina
C
Angina Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Notable Increase
Low potential
188
Study: 1
C
10 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
Surgical Recovery
C
Pain From Wounds Participants:
65 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Tobacco Use Disorder

D
Study: 1
Tobacco Consumption
potential
Study: 1
Tourette Syndrome
C
Study: 1
C
Tourette Syndrome Symptoms Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
2067
potential
D Study: 1
2067
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
potential
Capsaicin
Also known as: Chili extract, Hot pepper extract, trans-8-methyl-N-Vanilyl-6-nonenamide, Capsaicinoids
The exact molecule found in hot peppers that burns your face off, acts via adrenaline receptors and TRPV1
(like Evodia) to increase heat quickly. Can burn body fat with minimal potency, fight inflammation with
decent potency, and prevent cancer with indeterminate potency.

C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
189
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential

C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Caralluma Fimbriata
Also known as: Slimaluma (Brand Name)
Caralluma Fimbriata is a certain species of the Caralluma genus that appears to have historical usage as a
famine food, appetite suppressant, and thirst quencher when the vegetables are boiled and salted. Research
is preliminary, but seems to validate these claims.
Overweight
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
D Study: 1
Weight
Cat's claw
Also known as: Cat's Claw, Vincaria, Uncaria Tomentosa
Uncaria Tomentosa (Cat's Claw) is an Amazonian vine that has been traditionally recommended for
antiinflammatory and fatigue syndromes.
Immune Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
190
Cat's whiskers
Also known as: Java, Misai Kucing, Kumis Kucing, Cats Whiskers, Rau Meo, Cay Bac, Remujung, Moustaches De Chat, Yaa
Nuat Maeo, Orthosiphon Stamineus
Orthosiphon stamineus (Java or Cat's Whiskers) is a plant whose leaves make a health tea, used mostly for
its antiinflammatory and urinary health properties. It appears to be a large source of both rosmarinic acid
and methylated flavonoids.
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

D Study: 1
Diuresis
High Blood Pressure

D Study: 1
Diuresis
Kidney Health
D Study: 1
Diuresis
Pitting Edema
D Study: 1
Diuresis
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Skin Quality
Low potential
CDP-Choline
Also known as: Citicholine, Cytidine Diphosphocholine
Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP-choline; citicoline) is a nootropic compound that converts to both choline

and cytidine upon ingestion, the latter of which converts into uridine in the body. It appears to confer
cognitive-promoting properties as a prodrug for these two compounds.
Studies: 2
Cocaine Abuse Cocaine Addiction C
Symptoms
D Study: 1
Bipolar Disorder
Participants:
44
potential
Study: 1
Glaucoma
C
Visual acuity (VA) Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
60
potential
191
Study: 1
Age-Associated Memory Impairment and Cognitive
C
Decline (AAMCD) 24 Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Cognitive Decline Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Bipolar Disorder
Cocaine Addiction C
Symptoms
D Study: 1
Bipolar Disorder
Participants:
44
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Focus & Attention
C
Attention Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Appetite Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
16
potential
Chaste tree
Also known as: Chaste Tree, VAC, Chasteberry, Vitex Agnus-castus
Vitex agnus-castus, also called Chaste Tree, is a flowering plant often used to alleviate premenstrual
syndrome.
Studies: 8
A
883 Strong Improvement
High potential
Studies: 4
A
Breast Tenderness Participants: Notable
192
B
Studies: 2
Depression Symptoms Moderate Participants:
potential 192 Slight Improvement
B Studies: 2
Irritability Participants:
potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms Notable
Participants: 67
Study: 1
C
Migraine Symptoms Participants: Notable
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cramps
Low potential

Low potential
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
Study: 1
Migraine Headache
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Breast Pain
C
Breast Tenderness Participants: Notable
Premenstrual Dysphoric
C Study: 1
PMS Symptoms
Disorder Participants: 41 Strong Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
193
Chia seeds
Also known as: Chia Seeds, Mexican Chia, Salba, Salvia Hispanica
Salvia hispanica (Chia) are seeds commonly used to supplement dietary fiber and are claimed to have other
health promoting properties. Its mechanical properties may provide use during baking and the fiber content
good for bowel health with health promoting effects not yet demonstrated.
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Inflammation
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides

C Study: 1
Itching
Low potential
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
194
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Inflammation
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fibrinogen
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
HbA1c
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
195
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Itching
Low potential
C Study: 1
Skin Dryness
Low potential

C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Inflammation
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Chinese sweet leaf

Also known as: Chinese Sweet Leaf Tea, Ten-cha, Rubus Suavissimus
Rubus suavissimus (Chinese sweet leaf) is a plant whose leaves are used to brew a sweetened tea, and it is
currently thought to be a decent weight loss aid in part due to suppressing the formation of body fat and in
part due to its sweetness helping with food cravings.
Allergic Rhinitis
D Study: 1
Allergy Symptoms
D Study: 1
Nasal Congestion
196
Chlorella
Also known as: Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Chlorella is a freshwater algae that is commonly supplemented by vegan populations (similar to Spirulina).
Chlorella appears to be a bioavailable source of both Iron and Vitamin B12, and may have other benefits.
Immune Health
C Study: 1
Immunity
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Vaccine Augmentation
Fibromyalgia
C Study: 1
Fibromyalgia Symptoms
Low potential
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
Weight

C Study: 1
Anemia Risk
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Leg Edema
Low potential
C Study: 1
Proteinuria
Low potential
Metabolic Health Anti-Oxidant Enzyme C Study: 1

Profile Participants: 52 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
197
D Study: 1
DNA Damage
Pregnancy And Delivery

C Study: 1
Anemia Risk
Health Participants: 70 Slight Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Leg Edema
Low potential
C Study: 1
Proteinuria
Low potential
Chlorogenic Acid
Also known as: Coffee bean extract, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid Green coffee extract
Chlorogenic acid is found in coffee mostly and a lot of plant compounds; it holds promise in many aspects
of health and cognition similar to bioflavonoids and shares some effects similar to caffeine but less potent.
May decrease the absorption of dietary carbohydrate.
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Obesity
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential

C Study: 1
Homocysteine
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential

C Study: 1
Low potential
198
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Choline
Also known as: Trimethylethanolamine, Choline Bitartrate
Choline is a molecule mostly used for either its cognitive boosting properties (turning into acetylcholine, the
learning neurotransmitter) or as a liver health agent, able to reduce liver fat. It's found in high amounts in
eggs; the yolks in particular.
Muscle Endurance
D Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
D Study: 1
Cognition
D Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
D Study: 1
Memory
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Reaction Time
D Study: 1
Training Volume

D Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
D Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms Participants: 14 No effect
199
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Cognition
D Study: 1
Memory
D Study: 1
Reaction Time
D Study: 1
Working Memory
Cycling Performance
D Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
D Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
D Study: 1
Training Volume
Memory Improvement
D Study: 1
Cognition
D Study: 1
Memory
D Study: 1
Reaction Time
D Study: 1
Working Memory
Muscle Strength
D Study: 1
Cognition Participants: 13 No effect
D Study: 1
Memory
D Study: 1
Reaction Time
200
D Study: 1
Training Volume
Chromium
Chromium is an essential mineral. It regulates glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Supplementing
more chromium than the body needs does not produce reliable results, but it may be associated with minor
benefits to diabetics.
Type 2 Diabetes
B Studies: 15
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 9
potential
B Studies: 5
Moderate 304 Mixed effect
potential
Study: 1
C
137 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
128 Mixed effect
Low potential
C Study: 1
QTc Intervals
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D Studies: 4
240
potential
201
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A Negligible Participants: 36 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
potential
D Studies: 5
286
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Creatinine
potential
D
Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
potential
D Studies: 2
167
potential
D Studies: 7
369
potential
D Studies: 14
HbA1c Participants:
937
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D Study: 1
Hepatic Glucose Production Participants:
137
potential
D Studies: 10
Participants:
617
potential
202
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D Studies: 8
Participants:
359
potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Resistin
potential
D Studies: 10
579
potential
D Studies: 11
657
potential
D
Study: 1
Urea
potential
D Studies: 13
814
potential
D
Studies: 2
vLDL-C
potential
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 9
potential
B Studies: 8
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
203
C Study: 1
Fructosamine
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin Negligible Participants: 25 No effect
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
potential
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood Pressure
potential
D Studies: 4
189
potential
D
Study: 1
C-Peptide
potential
D
Studies: 2
Creatinine
potential
D
Study: 1
Food Intake
potential
204
D Studies: 6
238
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycogen
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycogen Resynthesis
potential
D Studies: 3
HbA1c Participants:
112
potential
D Studies: 5
Participants:
221
potential
D Studies: 3
143
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D Studies: 4
Participants:
196
potential
D
Study: 1
Proteinuria
potential
D Studies: 5
221
potential
D Studies: 5
221
potential
D
Study: 1
Urea
potential
205
D Studies: 8
321
potential
D
Study: 1
vLDL-C
potential
High Cholesterol
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
C Study: 1
Immunity Slight
Participants: 29
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
potential
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Eosinophil count
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
206
D Studies: 4
HbA1c Participants:
369
potential
D Studies: 5
Participants:
447
potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential
D Studies: 4
Participants:
229
potential
D
Study: 1
Lymphocyte Count
potential
D
Study: 1
Neutrophil Count
potential
D Studies: 5
409
potential
D Studies: 5
447
potential
D Studies: 5
416
potential
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
D Studies: 6
198
potential
D
Study: 1
C-Peptide
potential
207
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D Studies: 5
152
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Muscular Endurance
potential
D
Studies: 3
Power Output
potential
D Studies: 6
198
potential
Obesity
B
Studies: 2
Blood glucose
potential
C Studies: 2
Insulin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
D Studies: 2
104
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
208
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Creatinine
potential
D
Study: 1
DHEA
potential
D
Study: 1
DNA Damage
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Free Testosterone
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D Studies: 3
Participants:
115
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D Studies: 2
Participants:
104
potential
209
D
Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
potential
D
Sex Hormone Binding Study: 1
Globulin Negligible Participants: 5 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
D Studies: 3
115
potential
D Studies: 2
104
potential
D Studies: 5
129
potential
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
D Studies: 5
101
potential
D Studies: 5
101
potential
D
Studies: 3
Power Output
potential

B Studies: 3
potential
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
133 Slight Decrease
Low potential
210
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D Studies: 3
154
potential
D
Study: 1
C-Peptide
potential
D
Study: 1
Food Intake
potential
D Studies: 4
133
potential
D
Studies: 2
HbA1c
potential
D
potential
D Studies: 2
108
potential
D
Low-density lipoprotein Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
Resistin
potential
D
Studies: 3
Total cholesterol
potential
211
D
Studies: 3
Triglycerides
potential
D Studies: 4
174
potential
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

B
Studies: 2
Insulin
potential
C Study: 1
Acne Symptoms Slight
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Excessive Hair Growth Slight
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
DHEA
potential
D
Studies: 2
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Negligible Participants: 65 No effect
potential
D
Studies: 2
Free Testosterone
potential
D
Studies: 2
Glycemic Control
potential
D
potential
212
D
potential
D
Studies: 2
Luteinizing Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Progesterone
potential
D
Study: 1
Prolactin
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
D
Study: 1
vLDL-C
potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Virus Participants: 46 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
213
D
Study: 1
CD4 Lymphocytes
potential
D
Studies: 2
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HIV Viral Load
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
214
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Creatinine
potential
D
Study: 1
Food Intake
potential
D Studies: 2
110
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D Studies: 2
Participants:
110
potential
D Studies: 2
Participants:
110
potential
D
Study: 1
Proteinuria
potential
D Studies: 2
110
potential
D Studies: 2
110
potential
D Studies: 2
110
potential
D
Study: 1
vLDL-C
potential
215
Muscle Endurance
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Muscular Endurance
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Muscle Gain
D
Studies: 2
Body Fat
potential
D
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
potential
216
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Studies: 2
Weight
potential
Depression
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms Slight
Participants: 75
C Study: 1
Libido
Low potential
Type 1 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential

D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
217
D
Study: 1
Muscular Endurance No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Binge Eating Disorder

C Study: 1
Binge-eating Slight
Participants: 24
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Bipolar Disorder
C Study: 1
Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Slight
Participants: 30
C Study: 1
Participants: 30

C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
QTc Intervals
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
218
D
Study: 1
HbA1c No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Dyslipidemia
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Resistin
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
219
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
C Study: 1
Dysthymia Depression Symptoms Participants: 5 Slight
Improvement
Low potential

D
Study: 1
Kidney Function
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Gestational Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Kidney Health
D
Study: 1
Kidney Function
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
220
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
C Study: 1
Major Depressive Disorder Depression Symptoms Participants: 15 Slight

C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 36
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
Memory
potential
Overweight
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
221
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Creatinine Negligible No effect
Participants: 58
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
D
Study: 1
Disorder PMS Symptoms
potential
Schizophrenia
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
222
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Muscular Endurance Study: 1
Participants: 20
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Chrysin
Also known as: Propolis, Honey extract, Passiflora caerulea Linn
A flavonoid compound found in bee pollen and propolis. Can boost testosterone when injected into
testicles; otherwise isn't absorbed at all. Unless better absorption arises, chrysin remains a pretty
interesting colon cancer preventative agent that does not boost testosterone.
Low Testosterone
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Cissus Quadrangularis
Also known as: Harjor, Asthi Shrinkhala, Bone Setter
Cissus quadrangularis is a traditional medicine for joint and bone health (as well as various feminine
disorders and menopause), and shows promise in promoting bone growth rates. It is popular as a joint aid
for athletes, with preliminary evidence supporting this property of cissus.
Obesity
C Study: 1
Creatinine
Low potential
223
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Osteoarthritis
C Study: 1
Functionality in Elderly or Injured
Low potential
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Bone Health
D Study: 1
Fracture Healing
Hemorrhoids
D Study: 1
Hemorrhoids Symptoms
Citrulline
Also known as: L-Citrulline, Stimol (Brand Name), citrulline malate
L-Citrulline, or simply just citrulline, is a nonessential amino acid. It is efficiently turned into L-arginine in the
kidneys after supplementation, which makes it a good choice for increasing nitric oxide synthesis in the
body.
Muscle Strength
B Studies: 5
Power Output Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 2
Urea Participants:
potential
224
C Study: 1
Low potential Slight
41 Improvement
Study: 1
C
75 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
Muscular Endurance Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
15 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Strength Participants: Slight
D Studies: 3
63
potential
D Studies: 2
116
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
Hydration (Total Body Water) Participants:
75
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
225
B Studies: 3
Health Arterial Stiffness Participants: Slight
Moderate
57 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 6
potential
Studies: 3
C
74 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 3
49
potential
Cycling Performance
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
22 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Immunity Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 4
74
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
DNA Damage Participants:
17
potential
D Studies: 2
20
potential
226
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Low potential 15 Notable Increase
Study: 1
C
15 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
15 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
135 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
15 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
15 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
41
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
227
Aerobic Exercise
C Studies: 2
Fatigue Symptoms Participants: Notable
Performance
Studies: 2
C
Muscle Oxygenation Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
26 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 2
27
potential
D Studies: 2
39
potential
D Study: 1
17
potential
D Study: 1
17
potential
Muscle Endurance
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Muscle Soreness Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
15 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 2
43
potential
228
Obesity
B Studies: 2
Moderate Slight Decrease
48
potential
Study: 1
C
Asthma Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
25 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
Lung Function Participants:
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
C
17 Notable Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Plasma Arginine
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
25 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Plasma Glutamine Participants:
29 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Urea Participants:
17 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
17
potential
D Study: 1
17
potential
D Study: 1
IGF-1 Participants:
12
potential
229
D Studies: 3
37
potential
D Study: 1
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) Participants:
12
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Recovery
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
22
potential
D Study: 1
Creatine Kinase Participants:
12
potential
D Study: 1
Lactate Threshold Participants:
12
potential
Study: 1
Anaerobic Exercise
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Training Volume Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
230
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
Delayed Onset Muscle

B Studies: 2
Soreness Muscle Soreness Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Training Volume Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
21
potential
Heart Failure
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Participants: Notable
Study: 1
Exercise Capacity (with Heart C
Conditions)
Muscle Gain
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
75 Slight Decrease
Low potential
231
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Urea Participants:
75 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
Study: 1
Asthma
C
D Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
C
Disease 50 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
232
D Study: 1
Liver Fat Participants:
50
potential
D Study: 1
Liver Fibrosis Participants:
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
Study: 1
Type 2 Diabetes
C
54 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
54 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) Participants:
54 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
54
potential
D Study: 1
54
potential
Study: 1
Cardiovascular Disease
C
40 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Digestive Health
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Eisenmenger Syndrome
C
25 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Exercise Capacity Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Erectile Dysfunction
C
Erections Participants:
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
233
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
Study: 1
C
17 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
17
potential
D Study: 1
17
potential
Study: 1
Pulmonary Hypertension
C
25 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Exercise Capacity Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Tennis Performance
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
21
potential
Clary sage
Also known as: Clary Sage, Salvia Sclarea
Salvia sclarea (Clary Sage) is a herb commonly used as an aromatic. Belonging to the Mint family of plants,
the 'relaxing' effects of the aromas may be related to preliminary evidence suggesting anti-depressant
effects.
Anxiety
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
234
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
Cocoa Extract
Also known as: Chocolate polyphenols, Cocoa polyphenols, Cacao polyphenols, Cacao extract, Chocamine
Cocoa extract is a bitter mixture with a chocolate taste, made up of xanthine molecules (theobromine and
caffeine) and procyanidins. Supplementing cocoa extract may provide cardiovascular and cognitive
benefits through improved blood flow and antioxidant effects.
Studies: 4
A
Platelet Aggregation Participants:
Health 126 Notable Decrease
High potential
B Studies: 11
potential
B Studies: 3
8-isoPGF2a Participants:
potential
B Studies: 12
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 6
potential
235
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
31 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Participants:
31
potential
D Studies: 5
84
potential
D Studies: 2
118
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Studies: 4
167
potential
236
D Studies: 6
204
potential
D Studies: 3
LDL Oxidation Participants:
83
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Studies: 2
Noradrenaline Participants:
54
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 5
176
potential
D Studies: 6
215
potential
D Studies: 4
169
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
Studies: 5
Metabolic Health
A
554 Notable Increase
High potential
B Studies: 7
potential
237
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
IL-1Ra Participants:
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 6
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
238
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Studies: 4
61
potential
D Studies: 2
41
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Studies: 3
83
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 4
98
potential
D Studies: 6
451
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
239
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 6
451
potential
D Studies: 7
473
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Studies: 3
84
potential
Studies: 7
High Blood Pressure
A
High potential
B Studies: 5
potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
Studies: 10
C
507 Mixed effect
Low potential
240
Studies: 3
C
59 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 6
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 3
60
potential
D Studies: 2
56
potential
D Studies: 4
87
potential
D Studies: 3
60
potential
D Study: 1
49
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
49
potential
D Studies: 6
156
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
241
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
40
potential
D Studies: 5
128
potential
D Studies: 5
128
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Studies: 4
125
potential
Studies: 3
Overweight
A
High potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Studies: 3
C
74 Mixed effect
Low potential
242
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Studies: 2
84
potential
D Study: 1
70
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
70
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Studies: 2
100
potential
Obesity
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
243
Study: 1
C
20 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
15 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 2
35
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
35
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Studies: 2
35
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Studies: 2
35
potential
244
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Studies: 2
35
potential
D Studies: 2
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
35
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
41 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
Mitochondrial Protection
Low potential
D Study: 1
41
potential
245
D Study: 1
41
potential
D Study: 1
41
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
41
potential
D Study: 1
41
potential
D Study: 1
41
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
41
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
41
potential
D Study: 1
41
potential
Study: 1
C
90 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Calmness Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Cerebral Oxygenation Participants:
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
246
D Studies: 3
178
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Studies: 2
162
potential
D Studies: 2
Subjective Well-Being Participants: No effect
Negligible 162
potential
D Studies: 2
162
potential
Skin Health
B Studies: 3
Photoprotection Participants: Notable
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
24 Notable Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 3
141
potential
Aerobic Exercise
B Studies: 2
Performance Exercise-Induced Oxidation Participants:
potential
247
Studies: 2
C
34 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Study: 1
20 No effect
Negligible
potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Study: 1
Neutrophil Activity Participants:
14
potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
248
D Studies: 2
34
potential
Study: 1
Heart Failure
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
Mitochondrial Protection
Low potential
Metabolic Syndrome
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
49 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
49 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Glycemic Control C Participants:
Low potential
D Study: 1
49
potential
D Study: 1
49
potential
D Studies: 2
72
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Studies: 2
72
potential
249
D Studies: 2
72
potential
D Study: 1
49
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
Studies: 2
C
43 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
22 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
43 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
Peripheral Vascular Disease C
Participants:
Low potential 43
Weight Loss &

C Study: 1
Maintenance Blood Flow Participants:
49
Studies: 2
C
85 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Study: 1
49
potential
250
D Study: 1
49
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Study: 1
49
potential
D Study: 1
49
potential
D Studies: 2
85
potential
Acne
D Study: 1
Acne Symptoms Participants:
13
potential
Study: 1
C
Kidney Oxygenation Participants:
Low potential

C Study: 1
Platelet Aggregation Participants: Notable Decrease
Low potential
28
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
Study: 1
Glaucoma
C
60 Mixed effect
Low potential
251
D Study: 1
60
potential
Study: 1
C
20 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Study: 1
Cirrhosis
C
22 Mixed effect
Low potential
252
Study: 1
C
Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient Participants:
22 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
22
potential
D Study: 1
Portal Hypertension Signs Participants:
22
potential
Study: 1
Eye Health
C
60 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
General Gut Health

D Study: 1
22
potential
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
14 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
14 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
253
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
Study: 1
Mood Improvement
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
72
potential
D Study: 1
72
potential
D Study: 1
72
potential
D Study: 1
72
potential
Study: 1
Soccer Performance
C
28 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
Study: 1
Stress
C
65 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Blood Viscosity Participants:
65 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
254
Coconut Oil
Also known as: Cocos nucifera, Coconut, Medium Chain Triglycerides (partially synonymous but commonly
touted as such)
Coconut oil is a highly saturated oil derived from coconuts, made up primarily of lauric acid and medium-
chain triglycerides, which are responsible for many of its metabolic effects. It is also a popular cosmetic.
Eczema
C Study: 1
Skin Dryness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Processing Speed
Low potential
D Study: 1
Working Memory
Premature Birth
C Study: 1
Infant Growth
Low potential
Xerosis
C Studies: 2
Skin Dryness
Low potential
Coenzyme Q10
Also known as: CoQ10, Ubiquinone, Ubiquinol, trans 2, 3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decaprenyl-1, 4-benzoquinone
Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule found in mitochondria that has a critical role in producing energy for the body.
It also plays an important role in the endogenous antioxidant system.
Studies: 3
Metabolic Health
A
High potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants: Slight
potential
255
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control Participants: Notable
Low potential
74 Improvement
Study: 1
C
52 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Participants:
52 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
74 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Sperm Count Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Sperm Quality Participants: Slight
Studies: 2
C
D
Studies: 2
Adiponectin Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 88
256
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
74
potential
D Study: 1
51
potential
D Studies: 2
126
potential
D Studies: 2
65
potential
D Study: 1
74
potential
D Studies: 2
126
potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
D Studies: 3
177
potential
Studies: 6
Migraine Headache
A
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
45 Notable Decrease
Low potential
257
C Study: 1
Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Participants:
Low potential 45 Slight Decrease
Study: 1
C
45 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Protein Carbonyl Content Participants:
60 Strong Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
74 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
114 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Studies: 4
258
Study: 1
C
74 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
74
potential
D Study: 1
Advanced Glycation End Products Participants:
60
potential
D Studies: 3
208
potential
D Studies: 2
134
potential
D Studies: 3
208
potential
D Study: 1
Lipoprotein(a) Participants:
60
potential
D Studies: 2
134
potential
D Studies: 2
134
potential
D Study: 1
potential
Aerobic Exercise
B Studies: 2
Performance
potential
Studies: 2
C
33 Notable Decrease
Low potential
259
Exercise Capacity (with Heart C Study: 1

Conditions) Participants: Slight
Studies: 2
C
41 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
15 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
32 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Studies: 2
33
potential
D Study: 1
Exercise Capacity Participants:
23
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
Fibromyalgia
B Studies: 2
potential
260
B Studies: 5
Moderate
81 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
20 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Subjective Well-Being Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
11 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
11
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
B Studies: 3
Health Blood Flow Participants:
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
261
C Study: 1
56 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
56 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
56
potential
D Study: 1
56
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
Infertility
B Studies: 3
Seminal Motility Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
Study: 1
C
47 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Fertility Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
212 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
47 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
212 Slight Decrease
Low potential
262
Study: 1
C
212 Slight Increase
Low potential

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
144 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
144 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Strong Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
60 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Stroke Risk Participants: Notable
Studies: 2
C
103 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
Advanced Glycation End Products Participants:
60
potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
263
D Study: 1
144
potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
Heart Failure
B Studies: 3
Exercise Capacity (with Heart
Conditions) Moderate 89 Improvement
potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Heart Size Participants:
41 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
23
potential
Depression
B Studies: 2
Depression Symptoms Participants: Notable
potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
High Blood Pressure
C
113 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
C
Study: 1
C
52 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Apolipoprotein A Participants:
101 Slight Increase
Low potential
264
Study: 1
C
101 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
D Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B Participants:
101
potential
D Study: 1
101
potential
D Studies: 2
153
potential
D Study: 1
101
potential
D Studies: 2
153
potential
D Studies: 2
153
potential
D Study: 1
101
potential
Study: 1
Multiple Sclerosis
C
Study: 1
C
48 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
265
Study: 1
C
48 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Matrix metallopeptidase 9 Participants:
48 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
48 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Participants:
48
potential
Type 1 Diabetes
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
105 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 2
165
potential
D Study: 1
Cramps Participants:
105
potential
D Study: 1
105
potential
D Study: 1
105
potential
266
D Studies: 2
165
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
105
potential
D Studies: 2
165
potential
D Studies: 2
165
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
105
potential
D Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
Bipolar Disorder
C
Study: 1
C
89 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
89 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
89 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
89 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
89
potential
267
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
52 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
Studies: 2
Muscle Recovery
C
33 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Skin Health
B Studies: 2
UV Skin Damage Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
Skin Elasticity Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Wrinkles Participants:
Low potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
Study: 1
Autism Spectrum Disorder
C
78 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
78 Slight Increase
Low potential
268
Study: 1
C
Autism Symptoms Participants:
78 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
Low Testosterone
C
212 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
212 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
212 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
86 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Participants:
86 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
86 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
86 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Progesterone Participants:
86 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
86 Slight Increase
Low potential
269
D Study: 1
86
potential
D Study: 1
86
potential
Study: 1
C
45 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
Study: 1
Anaerobic Exercise
C
Performance 15 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Cardiomyopathy Exercise Capacity (with Heart C
Conditions)
Study: 1
C
41 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
270
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
Idiopathic
C
Asthenozoospermia 22 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Ischemic Heart Disease
C
33 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
271
Study: 1
Metabolic Syndrome
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Mitochondrial Cytopathy Exercise Capacity (with Heart C
Conditions)
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Overweight
C
60 Strong Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
Advanced Glycation End Products Participants: No effect
Negligible 60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
Study: 1
Parkinson's Disease
C
Parkinson's Disease Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Peyronie's Disease
C
Peyronie's Disease Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
186 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Prader-Willi Syndrome
C
Prader-Willi Syndrome Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
Preeclampsia
C
Pre-Eclampsia Risk Participants: Slight
272
Coffee
Also known as: Liquid gold
Sometimes referred to as liquid gold, coffee is the most popular source of caffeine in North America (and
behind only teas worldwide). Also a source of tons of nutrients, and most recently touted as a source of
chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid.
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
273
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Coleus Forskohlii
Also known as: Forskolin, Coleonol, 7-Beta-acetoxy-8 13-epoxy-1-alpha 6-Beta 9-alpha-trihydroxy-labd-14-en-11-one
Coleus forskohlii is an herb used in traditional medicine that may boost testosterone and induce fat loss,
particularly in men.
Eye Health
B Studies: 2
Moderate potential
Study: 1
Asthma
C
40 Notable Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure High-density lipoprotein C
Participants:
(HDL) Notable Increase
Low potential 49
Study: 1
C
49 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
49
potential
Study: 1
Low Testosterone
C
Bone Mineral Density Participants:
30 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone Participants: Slight Increase
Low potential 30
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
274
D Study: 1
30
potential
Obesity
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Study: 1
Bone Health
C
30 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Respiratory Health Asthma Symptoms Participants: 12 Notable Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
Weight Loss &
C
Maintenance 30 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
275
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Colostrum
Also known as: First Milk, Bovine colostrum
Colostrum, also known as first milk, is a mammary secretion produced by cows and related animals. The
results of supplementation are similar to supplementing whey protein, though colostrum may offer some
unique benefits for the immune and digestive systems.
Immune Health
B Studies: 2
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
Risk Moderate 78 Improvement
potential
Study: 1
C
Diarrhea Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
138 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
138 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Macrophage Activity Participants:
12 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Vaccine Augmentation Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
138
potential
276
D Study: 1
43
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Studies: 2
IGF-1 Participants:
39
potential
D Study: 1
Immunity Participants:
138
potential
D Studies: 4
Immunoglobulin A Participants:
126
potential
D Studies: 3
Immunoglobulin G Participants:
91
potential
D Studies: 2
Immunoglobulin M Participants:
61
potential
D Study: 1
Intestinal Parasites Participants:
20
potential
D Studies: 2
150
potential
D Study: 1
138
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
277
D Studies: 2
Participants:
78
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
Studies: 4
A
High potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Fecal Weight Participants:
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
73
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Studies: 2
121
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
C
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Intestinal Permeability Participants:
22 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Ketone Bodies Participants:
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
278
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
51
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
IGF-1 Participants:
51
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Studies: 2
20
potential
D Study: 1
51
potential
Study: 1
Cycling Performance
C
28 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 2
57
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
279
D Study: 1
Participants:
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
IGF-1 Participants:
28
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Studies: 2
57
potential
D Studies: 2
57
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
280
D Study: 1
Ventilatory Threshold Participants:
29
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Strength Lean Mass Participants:
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
IGF-1 Participants:
51
potential
D Study: 1
Muscular Endurance Participants:
20
potential
D Studies: 3
83
potential
Studies: 2
Upper Respiratory Tract Upper Respiratory Tract Infection C
Infection Risk
D Study: 1
43
potential
D Studies: 2
75
potential
281
D Study: 1
43
potential
D Study: 1
43
potential
D Studies: 3
Participants:
249
potential
D Study: 1
43
potential
Aerobic Exercise
D Study: 1
Performance Aerobic Exercise Metrics Participants:
30
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Studies: 2
39
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
9
potential
D Studies: 2
39
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
282
D Study: 1
IGF-1 Participants:
30
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
283
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Body Composition
B Studies: 2
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Studies: 2
55
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
55
potential
D Studies: 2
55
potential
Studies: 2
General Gut Health
C
42 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
284
D Study: 1
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) Participants:
12
potential
D Studies: 2
42
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Rowing Performance
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Studies: 2
Blood Acidity Participants:
26
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
Traveler's Diarrhea
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Abdominal Pain Participants: Slight
D Studies: 2
Intestinal Parasites Participants:
110
potential
Study: 1
Common Cold Upper Respiratory Tract Infection C
Risk
285
D Study: 1
43
potential
D Study: 1
43
potential
D Study: 1
43
potential
D Study: 1
43
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
43
potential
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
C
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Type 2 Diabetes
C
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Anaerobic Exercise
D Study: 1
Performance Anaerobic Capacity Participants:
51
potential
286
D Study: 1
IGF-1 Participants:
51
potential
D Study: 1
51
potential
D Study: 1
51
potential
Study: 1
C
Health 20 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Study: 1
Digestive Health
C
22 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
Jumping Performance
C
35 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
287
D Study: 1
35
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Endurance
C
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Gain
C
34 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
Muscle Recovery
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
288
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
IGF-1 Participants:
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Study: 1
Runners' Health
C
30 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Study: 1
Running Performance
C
35 Slight Increase
Low potential
289
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
Study: 1
Short Bowel Syndrome
C
8 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
8
potential
Sore Throat
D Studies: 2
Participants:
292
potential
C Study: 1
Ulcerative Colitis Participants:
Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms Notable
Study: 1
C
34 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
Conjugated Linoleic Acid

Also known as: CLA, Rumenic Acid
CLAs are fatty acids that acts on a system known as PPAR to induce fat loss. At least, that is what the
theory says. CLA too weakly affects PPAR receptors to really induce fat loss in an appreciable amount. TTA
appears more promising.
290
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 3
8-isoPGF2a Participants: 122 Slight Increase
Moderate potential
B Studies: 5
Lean Mass
Moderate potential
B Studies: 5
Participants: 229
Moderate potential Detriment
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
Appetite
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Studies: 5
Blood glucose
potential
D Studies: 6
303
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
DNA Damage
potential
D
Studies: 6
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
291
D Studies: 8
367
potential
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
D
Studies: 3
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Leptin
potential
D
Studies: 3
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Studies: 5
potential
D
Studies: 4
Metabolic Rate
potential
D Studies: 8
309
potential
Studies: 5
B
456 Slight Increase
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 50
Low potential Detriment
D
Study: 1
Appetite
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
292
D
Studies: 2
Blood glucose
potential
D Studies: 8
652
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 2
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Studies: 2
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 2
Metabolic Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 7
609
potential
293
Studies: 5
Obesity
B
289 Slight Increase
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 28
D
Studies: 2
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D Studies: 6
352
potential
D Studies: 2
449
potential
D
Study: 1
DNA Damage
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D Studies: 2
429
potential
294
D
Study: 1
Leptin
potential
D Studies: 2
429
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D
Total Antioxidant Capacity Study: 1
(TAC) Negligible Participants: 29 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D Studies: 5
632
potential
B Studies: 2
8-isoPGF2a
Health Participants: 98 Slight Increase
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Participants: 53
Moderate potential Detriment
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Appetite
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
295
D
Studies: 2
Body Fat
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Studies: 4
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Studies: 2
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Studies: 4
potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
D
Studies: 4
Weight
potential
Overweight
B Studies: 3
Lean Mass
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 15
296
D
Studies: 2
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D Studies: 5
248
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
DNA Damage
potential
D
Studies: 2
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
Leptin
potential
297
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 2
TNF-Alpha
potential
D
Total Antioxidant Capacity Study: 1
(TAC) Negligible Participants: 29 No effect
potential
D Studies: 5
245
potential
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 50
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Studies: 3
Glycemic Control
potential
298
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Studies: 3
potential
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
D
Studies: 4
Weight
potential
Studies: 5
Body Composition
B
269 Slight Increase
Moderate potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
Appetite
potential
299
D Studies: 5
259
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Studies: 2
Metabolic Rate
potential
D
Studies: 2
Weight
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Studies: 2
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
300
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Immune Health
C Study: 1
Interleukin 2
Low potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 6
Low potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
D
Studies: 2
TNF-Alpha
potential

D
Study: 1
Kidney Function
potential
301
D
Studies: 3
Liver Enzymes
potential
Asthma
D
Study: 1
Asthma Symptoms
potential

D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Menopause
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
302
Aerobic Exercise
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
Performance Participants: 35 No effect
Negligible
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Bone Health
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
Crohn's Disease
C Study: 1
Interleukin 2
Low potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 6
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
303
Kidney Health
D
Study: 1
Kidney Function
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
Participants: 60
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Muscle Endurance
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
Muscle Gain
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
304
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
Cordyceps
Also known as: Cordyceps Sinensis, Cordyceps Militaris, Caterpillar Fungus, Cetepiller Mushroom, Summer grass-winter
worm, Totsu kasu, Yarchakunbu, Aweto
Cordyceps is a mushroom used in Traditional Chinese Medicine that is touted to be anti-aging and pro-
vitality; these quite vague claims have not yet been evaluated in human interventions. It can regulate
testicular testosterone production, but has complex mechanisms.
Cycling Performance
C Study: 1
Lactate Threshold
Low potential
D Study: 1
D Studies: 2
Oxygen Uptake
Surgical Recovery
C Study: 1
Bilirubin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Fibrosis
Low potential
C Study: 1
Uric Acid
Low potential
D Study: 1
Creatinine
D Study: 1
Kidney Function
D Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
D Study: 1
Survival rates for Organ Transplants
305
Cotton Seed
Also known as: Pambadana, Kapasa, Bona, Levant Cotton, Gossypium Herbaceum
Gossypium herbaceum is a species of cotton native to sub-Saharan Africa and Arabia, where it grows as a
shrub or shrub-like plant. While the cotton lint it produces is used for textiles, it is also a medicinal plant
traditionally used to treat a variety of conditions, such as hemorrhages, gastrointestinal issues, headaches,
menstrual irregularities, and insufficient lactation.
Lactation
D Study: 1
Milk Production
Creatine
Also known as: creatine monohydrate, creatine 2-oxopropanoate, a-methylguanidinoacetic acid
Creatine is among the most well-researched and effective supplements. It can help with exercise
performance by rapidly producing energy during intense activity. Creatine may also provide cognitive
benefits, but more research is needed in that area.
Studies: 5
Muscle Strength
A
Muscle Creatine Content Participants:
115 Strong Increase
High potential
Studies: 26
A
Power Output Participants: Strong
B Studies: 2
Fatigue Resistance Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 9
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
6 Mixed effect
Low potential
306
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Myostatin Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Injured
Study: 1
C
14 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Myonuclei Proliferation Participants:
32 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Satellite Cell Recruitment Participants:
32 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Study: 1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Participants:
107
potential
D Studies: 2
53
potential
D Studies: 2
IGF-1 Participants:
50
potential
D Study: 1
107
potential
307
D Study: 1
38
potential
D Study: 1
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Participants:
7
potential
Studies: 5
Muscle Gain
A
109 Strong Increase
High potential
Studies: 9
A
B Studies: 2
Hydration (Total Body Water) Participants: Notable
Moderate 57 Increase
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
Study: 1
C
17 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Creatinine Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
6 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
DNA Damage Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy C
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
308
Study: 1
C
Glycogen Participants:
12 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Myonuclei Proliferation Participants:
32 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Range of Motion Participants:
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Satellite Cell Recruitment Participants:
32 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
17 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Studies: 3
IGF-1 Participants:
65
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
38
potential
D Study: 1
7
potential
Studies: 7
Muscle Endurance
A
B Studies: 2
Moderate 116 Strong Increase
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
309
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
Injured
Studies: 2
C
118 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Oxygen Uptake Participants: Slight
D Studies: 3
49
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Studies: 2
Swimming Performance Metrics Participants:
32
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
310
B Studies: 3
potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
46 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Studies: 3
54
potential
D Studies: 2
46
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
IGF-1 Participants:
26
potential
D Studies: 16
357
potential
311
D Studies: 2
58
potential

B Studies: 8
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Studies: 2
C
30 Strong Increase
Low potential
Studies: 6
C
173 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 2
30
potential
D Studies: 2
30
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
312
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
10
potential
Studies: 3
Body Composition
A
91 Strong Increase
High potential
Studies: 10
A
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
D Study: 1
10
potential
313
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
10
potential
Studies: 5
Metabolic Health
A
74 Strong Increase
High potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Glycogen Resynthesis Participants: Notable
Studies: 2
C
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
DHT Participants:
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
22 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
33 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 2
46
potential
314
D Study: 1
22
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Study: 1
IGF-1 Participants:
33
potential
D Studies: 4
70
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Studies: 2
40
potential
D Studies: 2
48
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
potential
Studies: 4
A
Studies: 5
A
89 Strong Increase
High potential
315
B Studies: 2
potential
Studies: 2
C
Aldosterone Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Sleep Deprivation Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Sprint Performance Metrics Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
316
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
COPD Symptoms Participants:
46
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
40
potential
D Study: 1
22
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
Studies: 4
Running Performance
A
B Studies: 6
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Studies: 4
C
121 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
317
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
25 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
25 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
55
potential
D Study: 1
25
potential
D Studies: 2
45
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
General Oxidation No effect
Negligible 25
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
318
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Cerebral Oxygenation Participants:
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Studies: 4
227
potential
D Studies: 2
39
potential
D Study: 1
Dopamine Participants:
19
potential
D Studies: 2
39
potential
D Study: 1
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
319
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 6
Participants:
808
potential
D Studies: 3
435
potential
D Study: 1
175
potential
D Studies: 4
337
potential
Muscle Recovery
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Injury Rehabilitation Rate Participants: Slight
Low potential
22 Improvement
Studies: 4
C
78 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
22
potential
Studies: 4
Cycling Performance
A
320
Study: 1
C
30 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
14 Strong Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Studies: 5
A
Performance 95 Increase
High potential
Study: 1
C
21 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
20 Strong Increase
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Aldosterone Participants: Notable
Low potential Increase
40
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 2
44
potential
321
D Study: 1
20
potential

B Studies: 2
Disease Weight Participants:
potential
Studies: 2
C
D Study: 1
25
potential
D Studies: 6
256
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
Conditions) Negligible No effect
151
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
Study: 1
Kidney Health
C
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Studies: 3
44
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
23
potential
322

B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
100 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Myostatin Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Studies: 3
Depression
A
Parkinson's Disease
C Study: 1
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 2
Parkinson's Disease Symptoms Participants:
1801
potential
Study: 1
C
20 Strong Increase
Low potential
323
D Studies: 2
65
potential
Study: 1
Fibromyalgia
C
Study: 1
C
Quality of Life Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Sleep Quality Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Upper Body Strength Participants:
32 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 2
Fibromyalgia Symptoms Participants:
62
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
D Study: 1
25
potential
Study: 1
C
18 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
324
D Study: 1
18
potential
Huntington's Disease
D Studies: 2
Huntington's Disease Symptoms Participants:
61
potential
Study: 1
McArdle Disease
C
Studies: 2
C
Exercise Intolerance Participants:
28 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
325
D Study: 1
19
potential
Study: 1
Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1
C
34 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
34 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
34 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Muscular Dystrophy Symptoms Participants:
68 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
Study: 1
C
19 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
C
326
Menopause
D Study: 1
26
potential
Study: 1
Osteoarthritis
C
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Osteoarthritis Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
24
potential
Study: 1
Bone Health
C
29 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
29 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Chronic Progressive External
C
Ophthalmoplegia 15 Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Colorectal Cancer
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Cystic Fibrosis
C
D Study: 1
Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms Participants:
11
potential
Study: 1
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
C
18 Strong Increase
Low potential
327
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy C
Symptoms
Study: 1
Dyslipidemia
C
34 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
34 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
vLDL-C Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
34
potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
23
potential
328
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
23
potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
23
potential
Study: 1
Heart Failure
C
D Studies: 2
Participants:
Conditions) Negligible No effect
40
potential
Study: 1
Ice Hockey Performance
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
25 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
25 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
329
Study: 1
C
25 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
25
potential
D Study: 1
25
potential
Study: 1
Jumping Performance
C
Study: 1
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Mitochondrial Cytopathies C
Symptoms
Study: 1
Mitochondrial Cytopathy
C
Study: 1
Mitochondrial Cytopathies C
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
7
potential
D Study: 1
7
potential
Study: 1
Mitochondrial Myopathy Mitochondrial Cytopathies C
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
330
Study: 1
Proximal Myotonic Myopathy
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Muscular Dystrophy Symptoms Participants:
20 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
Rett Syndrome
C
DNA methylation Participants:
18 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Rugby Performance
C
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Schizophrenia
D Study: 1
Schizophrenia symptoms Participants:
12
potential
Study: 1
Sleep Health
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Study: 1
Soccer Performance
C
14 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
14 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Surgical Recovery
C
37 Strong Increase
Low potential
331
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Injured
D Study: 1
37
potential
D Study: 1
37
potential
Study: 1
Tennis Performance
C
Study: 1
Traumatic Brain Injury
C
Dizziness Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Headaches Participants: Notable
Study: 1
Volleyball Performance
C
Study: 1
Wheelchair Athletic Performance
C
Curcumin
Also known as: Turmeric extract, Curry Extract, Curcuma, Diferuloylmethane, JiangHuang, Curcuma Longa, 1 7-Bis(4-
hydroxy-3-3methoxyphenyl)hepta-1 6-diene-3 5-dione
Curcumin is the primary bioactive substance in turmeric. It has anti-inflammatory properties, and there is
decent evidence that it can alleviate various conditions, from chronic pain to depression. Curcumin has
poor bioavailability on its own, and thus it is often combined with Black Pepper or with lipids.
Studies: 13
Osteoarthritis
A
332
A Studies: 11
B Studies: 2
Functionality in Elderly or
Injured Moderate 150 Improvement
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
260 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
100 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Collagen Degradation Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
160 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
260 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
100 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
160 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Studies: 2
199
potential
D Study: 1
149
potential
333
Type 2 Diabetes
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 10
potential
B Studies: 7
potential
B Studies: 8
Participants:
(HDL) Moderate Slight Increase
644
potential
B Studies: 8
potential
B Studies: 5
Liver Enzymes Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 8
potential
Studies: 2
C
74 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
240 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
311 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Diabetic Neuropathy C
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
109 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
240 Slight Decrease
Low potential
334
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Lipoprotein Lipase Activity Participants:
109 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 8
(LDL)
Studies: 2
Total Antioxidant Capacity C
Participants:
(TAC) Slight Increase
Low potential 140
Study: 1
C
240 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 2
189
potential
D Studies: 2
189
potential
D Study: 1
240
potential
D Study: 1
240
potential
D Studies: 2
C-Peptide Participants:
132
potential
D Studies: 5
541
potential
D Studies: 9
HbA1c Participants:
1057
potential
D Study: 1
109
potential
335
D Study: 1
118
potential
D Studies: 3
183
potential
D Studies: 8
644
potential
D Studies: 3
Urea Participants:
183
potential
D Studies: 6
579
potential
D Study: 1
109
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 7
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 4
Participants:
254
potential
336
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 5
(LDL) Moderate 338 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 6
potential
Study: 1
C
44 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 6
C
316 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Prostate Cancer Risk Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Prostate Specific Antigen Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
84 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 80
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
337
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
D Study: 1
Ferritin Participants:
42
potential
D Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
164
potential
D
Study: 1
Iron Absorption
potential
D Studies: 2
132
potential
D Studies: 6
362
potential
D Studies: 4
286
potential
High Cholesterol
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
Moderate
338
B Studies: 9
Participants:
493
potential
B Studies: 9
potential
B Studies: 9
potential
Study: 1
C
38 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
38 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
38 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
38 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
160 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 80
Study: 1
C
48 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
339
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
128
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Studies: 2
132
potential
D Studies: 9
483
potential
D Studies: 6
329
potential

B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
Participants:
135
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Studies: 4
C
150 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Vascular Function Participants: Slight
340
D Studies: 3
118
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
67
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
D Studies: 2
68
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
Studies: 6
Depression
A
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
108 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
108 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
108 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C Participants:
TNF-Alpha
108 Slight Decrease
Low potential

B Studies: 2
potential
341
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 4
Participants:
314
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
Study: 1
C
84 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 5
C
Study: 1
C
84 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
46 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
C Studies: 2
Liver Fibrosis Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
84 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
102 Slight Decrease
Low potential
342
D Study: 1
84
potential
D Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
186
potential
D Studies: 2
132
potential
D Studies: 5
398
potential
D Studies: 3
244
potential
Dyslipidemia
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 5
Participants:
326
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Low-density lipoprotein B Studies: 5

(LDL) Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
343
Study: 1
C
60 Notable Increase
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
244 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
42 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 60
Study: 1
C
102 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
D Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
162
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Studies: 5
326
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants: No effect
Negligible 60
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
344
D Studies: 2
100
potential
Obesity
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Homocysteine
Low potential
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
Study: 1
C
High-density lipoprotein C Study: 1

(HDL) Participants: 22 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
106 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Leptin C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
345
Studies: 2
(LDL)
Studies: 2
C
148 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Total Antioxidant Capacity C Study: 1

(TAC) Participants: 22 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Studies: 2
148
potential
D
Study: 1
Endothelial Function
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
84
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
84 No effect
Negligible
potential
D Studies: 2
148
potential
Studies: 3
Anxiety
A
346
B
Studies: 2
Anxiety Symptoms Slight
Improvement
potential

B Studies: 2
Participants:
140
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
38 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
38 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
38 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
38 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
38 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Fibrosis Participants: Slight
Low potential
80 Improvement
Studies: 2
(LDL)
Study: 1
C
Myeloperoxidase Participants:
38 Slight Increase
Low potential
347
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Studies: 3
178
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
60
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D
Study: 1
White Blood Cell Count Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 60
Metabolic Syndrome
B Studies: 2
potential
348
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
367 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
367 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
367 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
High-density lipoprotein C
Participants:
(HDL) Slight Increase
Low potential 367
Study: 1
C
117 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
117
potential
D Studies: 2
367
potential
D Study: 1
250
potential

B Studies: 3
Participants:
190
potential
B Studies: 3
Low-density lipoprotein Participants: Slight
(LDL) Moderate
190 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
349
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
160 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
110 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 2
C
160 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 80
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
80
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Studies: 3
190
potential
D Studies: 3
190
potential
350
Menopause
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
32 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
32 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 32
Study: 1
(LDL)
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
56
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
B
Studies: 2
Pain Moderate Participants: 81 Notable
potential Improvement
B
Studies: 2
potential
351
B
Rheumatoid Arthritis Studies: 2
Symptoms Participants: 81 Slight
Moderate Improvement
potential
Study: 1
C
36 Notable Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
36
potential
Colorectal Cancer
B Studies: 2
Colorectal Cancer Risk Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
Hyperuricemia
C
102 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 102
Study: 1
C
102 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
(LDL)
C Study: 1
Studies: 2
C
141 Slight Decrease
Low potential
352
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
102
potential
D Study: 1
102
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Cognitive Decline Slight
Participants: 27
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Disease 48 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 48
Study: 1
(LDL)
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
48 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
48
potential
353
D Study: 1
48
potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 40
Study: 1
(LDL)
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
Study: 1
COVID-19
C
COVID-19 Severity Participants: Slight
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 80
354
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
(LDL)
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Prostate Cancer
C
Prostate Cancer Risk Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Prostate Specific Antigen Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
97
potential
D Study: 1
Prostate Cancer Symptoms Participants:
97
potential
D Study: 1
97
potential
D Study: 1
97
potential
355
Study: 1
Acute Coronary Syndrome High-density lipoprotein C
Participants:
Low potential 63
Study: 1
(LDL)
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Alcohol Use Disorder
C
48 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
48 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
48 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
48 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Arsenic Poisoning
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
286 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
286 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
286
potential
Beta-Thalassemia/Hb E
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
356
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
Chronic Pain
C Study: 1
Pain Notable
Participants: 15
Crohn's Disease
C Study: 1
Crohn's Disease Symptoms Slight
Participants: 10
C Study: 1
Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms Slight
Participants: 10
Study: 1
Diabetic Microangiopathy
C
25 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Leg Edema Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
40 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Kidney Function Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
40
potential
Digestive Health
C Study: 1
Intestinal Motility
Low potential
Gastritis
D Study: 1
Stomach Ulcers Participants:
36
potential
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
38 Notable Increase
Low potential
357
Study: 1
C
38 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
38 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
38 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
38 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
38 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C

C Study: 1
Crohn's Disease Symptoms Slight
Participants: 10
C Study: 1
Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms Slight
Participants: 10
Study: 1
Oral Lichen Planus
C
20 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Mucositis Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Overweight
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
358
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
Pain Relief
C Study: 1
Pain Notable
Participants: 15
Study: 1
Pancreatitis
C
20 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
359
D Study: 1
Pancreatitis Symptoms Participants:
20
potential
Prediabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential

Low potential
C Study: 1
Lymphocyte Count
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Fructosamine
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Study: 1
Monocyte Count
potential
D
Study: 1
Neutrophil Count
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
Surgical Recovery
C
Study: 1
C
360
Study: 1
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
C
24 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Kidney Function Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Proteinuria Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Ulcerative Colitis
C
89 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms Participants: Slight
D-Aspartic Acid
Also known as: D-AA, D-Aspartate, DAA
D-aspartic acid is an amino acid synthesized in the body and obtained through protein-containing foods or
a dietary supplement. It may play a role in reproductive function and fertility.
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Free Testosterone
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Testosterone
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Estrogen
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Weight Participants: 20
Negligible potential No effect
361
Infertility
B Studies: 2
Fertility
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Seminal Motility
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sperm Count
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sperm Quality
Low potential
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Estrogen
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Power Output
D Study: 1
Weight
Hormone Health
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
Idiopathic Asthenozoospermia
B Studies: 2
Fertility
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
362
C Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Seminal Motility
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sperm Count
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sperm Quality
Low potential
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Estrogen
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Power Output
D-Ribose
D-ribose is a pentose sugar that plays a role in the production of energy intermediates, DNA, and RNA. It is
due to this reasoning that D-ribose is investigated in instances where ATP concentrations (relative to total
nucleotides) seem to be reduced, namely cardiac insults and prolonged physical exercise.

C Study: 1
ATP Regeneration
Low potential
Fibromyalgia
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
363
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Heart Failure
C Study: 1
ATP Regeneration
Low potential
D Study: 1
D-Serine
D-Serine is an amino acid that plays a role in cognitive enhancement and schizophrenia treatment.
Schizophrenia
B Studies: 3
Cognition Participants: Slight
potential
Studies: 6
C
Schizophrenia symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
364
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
Verbal Fluency Participants:
35
potential
Study: 1
Focus & Attention
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
Study: 1
Mood Improvement
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C Participants: Slight
35 Improvement
Low potential
365
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
Study: 1
Parkinson's Disease
C
Parkinson's Disease Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Post-Traumatic Stress
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder C
Disorder Symptoms
Dandelion
Also known as: Dandelion, Dandelion Extract, Pisselent, Piss-in-bed, Priest's Crown, Lion's Teeth, Lion's Tooth, Milk Daisy,
Huang Hua Di Ding, Dumble-dor, White Endive, Wild Endive, Taraxacum Officinale
Taraxacum officinale, also known as dandelion, is a vegetable occasionally used as a salad green.
Dandelion has a diuretic effect when ingested. It is a good source of potassium.

C Study: 1
Diuresis
Low potential
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Diuresis
Low potential
Kidney Health
C Study: 1
Diuresis
Low potential
Pitting Edema
C Study: 1
Diuresis
Low potential
366
Devil's Claw
Also known as: Grapple Plant, Duiwelsklou, Wood Spider, Harpagophytum Procumbens
Harpagophytum Procumbens (Devil's Claw) is a tuber that has traditional usage for musculoskeletal
disorders, pain relief, and appetite stimulation; it appears to have preliminary evidence for its benefits to
osteoarthritis and pain.

B Studies: 2
Moderate potential
Osteoarthritis
C Study: 1
Low potential
Acute Back Pain

C Study: 1
Lower Back Pain
Low potential
DHEA
Also known as: DHEA, Pradesterone, Hydroxyandrosterone, 3β-Hydroxy-5-Androstene-17-one, Dehydroepiandrosterone
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone), a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, plays a role in the production
of estrogen and testosterone. DHEA is often taken as a supplement for bone health, cardiovascular health,
depression, healthy aging and longevity, and sexual dysfunction.
Metabolic Health
B
Studies: 2
DHEA
Moderate Participants: 32 Strong Increase
potential
B
Studies: 3
Estrogen
potential
B
Studies: 3
Testosterone
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
367
C Study: 1
DHT
Low potential
C Study: 1
Growth Hormone
Low potential
C Studies: 2
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Nitric Oxide
Low potential
C Study: 1
Plasma Endorphins
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol Slight
Participants: 12
D
Studies: 3
Blood glucose
potential
D Studies: 2
130
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D Studies: 3
154
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin Negligible Participants: 24 No effect
potential
368
D Studies: 2
158
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Progesterone
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 2
142
potential
Studies: 4
Menopause
A
DHEA Participants:
126 Strong Increase
High potential
Studies: 5
A
High potential
Studies: 5
A
High potential
B Studies: 4
potential
B
Studies: 2
DHT
potential
B
Studies: 2
IGF-1
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
369
C Study: 1
Growth Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
LDL Oxidation Slight
Participants: 31
C Study: 1
Participants: 20
C Study: 1
Participants: 50
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Functionality in Elderly or Study: 1
Injured Negligible Participants: 50 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Libido
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone No effect
potential
370
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Studies: 2
Progesterone
potential
D
Study: 1
Sleep Quality
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Body Composition
B
Studies: 2
DHEA
potential
B
Studies: 2
Testosterone
potential
C Study: 1
Estrogen
Low potential
D Studies: 2
130
potential
D Study: 1
225
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D Studies: 2
158
potential
371
D Study: 1
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Participants: 12 No effect
Negligible
potential
D
Study: 1
Prostate Specific Antigen
potential
Studies: 3
Muscle Strength
A
DHEA Participants:
109 Strong Increase
High potential
B
Studies: 2
Estrogen
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Studies: 2
299
potential
D
potential
D Studies: 4
389
potential
D Studies: 3
349
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Sleep Quality
potential
372
Studies: 3
Low Testosterone DHEA A Participants:
114 Strong Increase
High potential
Studies: 3
A
High potential
C Study: 1
Estrogen
Low potential
C Study: 1
Free Testosterone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Erections
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Libido
potential
D
Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Bone Health
B Studies: 2
potential
373
C Study: 1
113
Study: 1
C
113 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
IGF-1 Participants:
113 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 4
494
potential
C Study: 1
DHEA
Participants: 27 Strong Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Estrogen
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 27
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
D Study: 1
225
potential
D Study: 1
225
potential
D Study: 1
225
potential
Infertility
B
Studies: 2
Fertility Slight
Improvement
potential
374
C
Study: 1
Health Estrogen Notable Increase
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Nitric Oxide
Low potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Frailty
B Studies: 2
DHEA Participants:
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
375
C Study: 1
Participants: 83
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D Studies: 2
182
potential
D Studies: 2
Participants:
Injured Negligible No effect
182
potential
D
Study: 1
IGF Binding Protein
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
Muscle Gain
B
Studies: 2
Testosterone
potential
C Study: 1
DHEA
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Estrogen
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
376
D
Study: 1
Body Fat Negligible Participants: 20 No effect
potential
D
potential
D
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
Sleep Quality
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential

C Study: 1
Estrogen
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D Study: 1
225
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
377
Fibromyalgia
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Quality of Life Negligible Participants: 52 No effect
potential
Female Sexual Dysfunction

C Study: 1
DHEA
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Libido
potential

C Study: 1
DHEA
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Erections
potential
D
Study: 1
Libido
potential
D
Study: 1
potential

C Study: 1
DHEA
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Free Testosterone
Low potential
378
Study: 1
Breast Cancer
C
Dyslipidemia
C Study: 1
DHEA
Low potential
C Study: 1
Estrogen
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 50
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Sleep Quality
potential

C Study: 1
DHEA
Low potential
C Study: 1
Estrogen
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
379
D
Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Virus Participants: 40 No effect
Negligible
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Hypoadrenalism
C Study: 1
DHEA
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Growth Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 20
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
380
D
Study: 1
Serum T3
potential
Immune Health
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential

D Study: 1
225
potential
D Study: 1
225
potential
D Study: 1
Libido Participants:
225
potential
D Study: 1
225
potential

C Study: 1
DHEA
Low potential
C Study: 1
Estrogen
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 27
Dill
Also known as: Dill, Lao Coriander, Pakchee Lao, Anethum Graveolens
Anethum graveolens (Dill) is a vegetable whose fruits (not commonly eaten) have traditionally been used
for intestinal and feminine health. Preliminary trials on triglycerides fail to show promise, and most
therapeutic usages are still unexplored.
381
High Cholesterol
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Metabolic Syndrome
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Creatinine
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
D Study: 1
Weight
D Study: 1
382
DMAE
Also known as: Dimethylaminoethanol, dimethylethanolamine, Deanol (cream)
DMAE is a choline molecule with one less methyl group, and has the ability to reduce build-up of the age
pigmentation known as beta-amyloid. It is the active component of Centrophenoxine, or Lucidril, a
pharmaceutical designed for cognitive health in the elderly.
D Study: 1
Cognitive Decline
ECA
Also known as: Ephedrine/Caffeine/Aspirin, ECA Stack, EC Stack
ECA stands for Ephedrine, Caffeine and Aspirin; these compounds were found to be synergistic for fat loss,
and isolating ephedrine from the Ephedra sinicus plant and putting it into ECA appears to be quite an
effective method of fat loss and neural stimulation.
Obesity
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Common Cold
C
Nasal Congestion Study: 1
Low potential Slight Improvement
Participants: 643
383

C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential

C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
Ecdysteroids
Also known as: Suma extract, pfaffia extract, Brazilian ginseng extract, beta-ecdysterone, turkesterone,
ecdysterone
Ecdysteroids are a class of hormones that are the androgens of insects; they are involved with
reproduction and molting, but human ingestion might be healthy or increase muscle mass. Human
interventions are lacking and problems with ecdysteroid ingestion exist.

D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Power Output
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Body Composition
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Power Output
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Muscle Endurance
D Study: 1
Cortisol
384
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Power Output
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Muscle Strength
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Power Output
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Echinacea
Also known as: Brauneria purpurea, Echinacea intermedia, Rudbeckia purpurea, Purple coneflower herb, Coneflower, Red
sunflower
Echinacea purpurea is an herb commonly used either in response to or daily for prevention of the common
cold. It outperforms placebo unreliably and the amount of benefit derived is similarly unreliable.
Common Cold
B Studies: 13
potential
Study: 1
C
Lymphocyte Count Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Neutrophil Count Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
62 Slight Increase
Low potential
385
C Studies: 10
Common Cold Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
62 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
62 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
62 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
62
potential
D Studies: 15
Participants:
2477
potential
Upper Respiratory Tract

B Studies: 4
Infection Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 5
Participants:
574
potential
High Blood Pressure

D Study: 1
16
potential
Study: 1
Acute Respiratory Infection
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection C
Risk
D Study: 1
143
potential
Study: 1
Immune Health Exercise-Induced Immune C
Suppression
386
C Study: 1
Risk
D Study: 1
Participants:
32
potential
Study: 1
Running Performance
C
Erythropoietin Participants:
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
24
potential
Ecklonia Cava
Ecklonia Cava is a brown seaweed with a rich polyphenolic content (this particular subset being known as
eckols or phlorotannins) that confers anti-oxidant properties, it is being investigated for health properties.
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D Study: 1
Overweight
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
387
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Eleuthero
Also known as: Siberian Ginseng, Ciwujia, Acanthopanax Senticosus, Eleuthero, Eleutherococcus Senticosus
Eleutherococcus senticosus is an adaptogen and herb that may increase work capacity during strenuous
aerobic activity. It also has anti-stress and potential immunity-boosting effects.
Aerobic Exercise
B Studies: 2
Fatigue Resistance Slight
Performance Participants: 15
Moderate potential Improvement
C Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity Slight
Participants: 6
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake Slight
Participants: 6
D
Study: 1
potential
Studies: 2
Immune Health
B
Moderate potential 62 Improvement
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Natural Killer Cell Content
Low potential
388
C Study: 1
Participants: 31
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
C
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Immunity Slight
Participants: 31
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Participants: 31
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
389
D Study: 1
40
potential
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
Study: 1
C
Social Functioning in Elderly Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
Ephedrine
Also known as: Ephedra Vulgaris, Ephedraceae, ma huang
Ephedrine is one of the four active components of the herb Ephedra. It is able to induce fat loss via
increasing the amount of fat available for fuel as well as by increasing heat expenditure. It has been
implicated in increasing the metabolic rate by up to 5% in humans. It has also been noted to cause serious
side-effects in some instances, and its legal status varies by region.
390
Studies: 5
Obesity
A
High potential
B
Studies: 2
Metabolic Rate
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
163 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy
Low potential
Studies: 4
A
High potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
Participants:
224
potential
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 167
C Study: 1
Triglycerides Slight Improvement
Participants: 57
Low potential
391
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential

Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
Common Cold
B Studies: 2
Nasal Congestion Participants: Notable
potential
Study: 1
C
238 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
279 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Heart Rate C Participants:
167 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 167
392
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 167
Body Composition
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Overweight
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
112 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
167 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
167 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants:
(HDL) Low potential Slight Increase
167
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 167
Aerobic Exercise
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Performance Participants: 12 Notable Increase
Low potential
393
Study: 1
Digestive Health
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
167 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 167
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 167
Muscle Endurance
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
Muscle Gain
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
Muscle Strength
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
Surgical Recovery
D
Study: 1
Nausea Symptoms
potential
Eucommia Bark
Also known as: Du Zhong, Gutta-Percha, Rubber Bark Tree, Tochu, Eucommia Ulmoides
Eucommia ulmoides is a traditional chinese medicine of which the bark is used for medicinal purposes.
Although most evidence is preliminary, it has minor antiinflammatory properties may augment steroid
signalling.
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
394
C Study: 1
Creatinine
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
Fang Ji
Also known as: Hangfangji, Fangchi, Hang Fang Chi, Stephania Tetranda
Stephania tetrandra (Fang Ji) is a medicinal herb from Traditional Chinese Medicine that is sometimes used
alongside Astragalus membranaceus for kidney protection and diabetes prevention; it is moderately
antiinflammatory.
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum Elastase
Low potential
D Study: 1
Lymphocyte Count
D Study: 1
Fennel
Also known as: Foeniculum vulgare
Fennel is a flowering plant often used as a seed or an herb.
Lactation
D Study: 1
Milk Production
Fenugreek
Also known as: Trigonella foecum-graecum, fenugreek seeds
Fenugreek is a plant supplemented for its libido enhancing and anti-diabetic effects.
395
Type 2 Diabetes
B
Studies: 2
Blood glucose
potential
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control Slight
Participants: 25

Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 25
Lactation
B Studies: 3
Milk Production Participants:
potential
Cycling Performance
C Studies: 2
Glycogen Resynthesis Slight
Participants: 14
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
DHT
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Appetite
potential
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Estrogen
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Leptin
potential
396
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Muscle Recovery
C Studies: 2
Glycogen Resynthesis Slight
Participants: 14
Offspring Health
B
Studies: 2
Milk Production
potential

D
Studies: 2
Appetite
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
Obesity
D
Study: 1
Appetite
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential

C Study: 1
Libido
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Prolactin
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Anaerobic Exercise
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Performance
Low potential
C Study: 1
DHT
Low potential
397
D
Study: 1
Estrogen
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
DHT
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Estrogen
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Dyslipidemia
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Appetite
potential
Infant Health
C Study: 1
Milk Production
Low potential
Muscle Endurance
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
DHT
Low potential
398
D
Study: 1
Estrogen
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
DHT
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Estrogen
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Feverfew
Also known as: Tanacetum parthenium, Wild Chamomile, Featherfew, Chrysanthemum parthenium, Matricaria parthenium,
Pyrenthrum parthenium, Leucanthemum parthenium, mutterroot, midsummer daisy, nosebleed, Medieval Aspirin, 18th
century Aspirin
Feverfew is an herb with anti-inflammatory properties used to prevent migraines. It is also claimed to
alleviate arthritis, but more research is needed to confirm this effect.
Migraine Headache
A Studies: 5
Migraine Symptoms
High potential
D Study: 1
399
D Study: 1
Immunity
D Study: 1
Dermatitis
C Study: 1
Erythema
Low potential
Immune Health
C Study: 1
Erythema
Low potential
Fish Oil
Also known as: Eicosapentaenoic Acid, EPA, Docosahexaenoic Acid, DHA, Omega-3 fatty acids, Omega-3, Omega 3, N-3
Fatty Acids
Fish oil is a source of omega-3 fatty acids. It reduces triglycerides, but does not seem to affect the rate of
cardiovascular events. It seems to notably reduce the symptoms of depression and improve some painful,
inflammatory conditions.
Metabolic Health
A Studies: 11
Triglycerides Participants: Strong
potential
B Studies: 9
(HDL) Moderate 486 Increase
potential
B Studies: 7
Inflammation Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 6
Participants:
(LDL) Moderate Mixed effect
358
potential
B Studies: 5
TNF-Alpha Participants: Slight
potential
C Study: 1
Low 138 Improvement
potential
400
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure Low
93 Decrease
potential
C Studies: 5
Low 458 Mixed effect
potential
C Studies: 2
Low 36 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 25 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation Participants: Slight
Low 6 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Infant Death Risk Participants: Slight
Low 2399 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 77 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 138 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Leukotriene B5 Participants: Slight
Low 12 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 50 Mixed effect
potential
C Study: 1
Low 25 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Prostaglandin J2a Participants: Slight
Low 10 Increase
potential
401
C Study: 1
Thromboxane B2 Participants: Slight
Low 10 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Waist circumference Participants: Slight
Low
54 Decrease
potential
D Studies: 2
147
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
25
potential
D Studies: 5
298
potential
D Studies: 2
60
potential
D Studies: 7
345
potential
D Study: 1
Fasting Glucose Participants:
54
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
402
D Studies: 5
301
potential
D Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
104
potential
D Studies: 6
352
potential
D Study: 1
77
potential
D Study: 1
77
potential
D Studies: 2
99
potential
D Studies: 2
147
potential
D Study: 1
Leukotriene B4 Participants:
12
potential
D Study: 1
6
potential
D Study: 1
Non-HDL Cholesterol Participants:
54
potential
D Study: 1
Pre-Eclampsia Risk Participants:
2399
potential
D Study: 1
Resistin Participants:
54
potential
403
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Studies: 6
358
potential
D Study: 1
Waist-Hip Ratio Participants:
54
potential
D Studies: 4
178
potential
High Cholesterol
A Studies: 15
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 13
potential
B Studies: 2
Platelet Aggregation Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
C Study: 1
Low 26 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 10 Mixed effect
potential
C Studies: 16
Participants:
(LDL) Low Mixed effect
801
potential
404
C Study: 1
Low 93 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 54 Decrease
potential
D Studies: 2
147
potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
D Studies: 3
104
potential
D Studies: 2
91
potential
D Studies: 7
273
potential
D Studies: 3
153
potential
D Study: 1
93
potential
D Study: 1
54
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Studies: 5
233
potential
405
D Studies: 4
HbA1c Participants:
173
potential
D Studies: 7
318
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Studies: 2
158
potential
D Studies: 2
147
potential
D Study: 1
54
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
54
potential
D Studies: 8
312
potential
D Study: 1
54
potential
D Studies: 4
252
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
A Studies: 14
potential
406
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 6
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
C Study: 1
Low 50 Mixed effect
potential
C Study: 1
Low 50 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Homocysteine Participants: Slight
Low 81 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 50 Mixed effect
potential
C Studies: 10
Participants:
283
potential
C Study: 1
Plasminogen Inhibitor-1 Participants: Slight
Low 14 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 80 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 54 Decrease
potential
407
D Study: 1
54
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Studies: 2
63
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Studies: 12
421
potential
D Study: 1
54
potential
D Studies: 2
109
potential
D Study: 1
54
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Studies: 7
173
potential
D Studies: 9
HbA1c Participants:
349
potential
D Studies: 9
308
potential
408
D Study: 1
54
potential
D Study: 1
54
potential
D Study: 1
54
potential
D Studies: 5
244
potential
D Study: 1
54
potential
D Studies: 4
131
potential
Depression
A Studies: 11
potential
D Studies: 3
Postpartum Depression
Participants:
2413
potential

A Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
409
C Studies: 4
(HDL) Low 605 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 33 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Infant Death Risk Participants: Slight
potential
C Studies: 4
Participants:
594
potential
C Study: 1
Low 25 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Plasminogen Inhibitor-1 Participants: Slight
Low 14 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 25 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 14 Improvement
potential
D Studies: 2
90
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
410
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
14
potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
2399
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Studies: 2
90
potential
Dyslipidemia
A Studies: 9
potential
B Studies: 6
potential
B Studies: 2
Moderate
51 Decrease
potential
B Studies: 6
Participants:
468
potential
C Study: 1
Low 155 Decrease
potential
411
C Studies: 3
potential
C Study: 1
Low 30 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 51 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 50 Mixed effect
potential
C Study: 1
Low 30 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 31 Improvement
potential
D Studies: 2
81
potential
D Studies: 2
81
potential
D Studies: 2
62
potential
D Studies: 2
72
potential
D Study: 1
51
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
50
potential
412
D Studies: 2
62
potential
D Studies: 4
407
potential
D Study: 1
167
potential
Immune Health
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 2
Participants:
110
potential
B Studies: 3
Natural Killer Cell Activity Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
C Study: 1
5-HEPE Participants: Notable
Low 50 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 25 Improvement
potential
413
C Study: 1
Low 16 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Leukotriene B5 Participants: Slight
Low 50 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 46 Mixed effect
potential
C Study: 1
Low 25 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
5-HETE Participants:
50
potential
D Studies: 3
151
potential
D Study: 1
25
potential
D Studies: 2
221
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
16
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Studies: 3
155
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
414
D Studies: 4
Participants:
T Cell Count Negligible 197 No effect
potential
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

B Studies: 10
ADHD Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
C Study: 1
Low 95 Improvement
potential
D Studies: 2
198
potential
C Studies: 2
Low 122 Improvement
potential
C Studies: 2
Low 198 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 33 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 33 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Cerebral Blood Flow Participants: Slight
Low 22 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Cerebral Oxygenation Participants: Slight
Low 22 Increase
potential
C Studies: 2
potential
C Studies: 2
Low 65 Improvement
potential
415
C Study: 1
Processing Accuracy Participants: Slight
Low 33 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 33 Improvement
potential
C Studies: 2
Low 87 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 95 Improvement
potential
D Studies: 3
252
potential
D Study: 1
1525
potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
89
potential
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A Studies: 7
Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus Symptoms High 229 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Participants:
24
potential
416
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
21
potential
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol Participants: No effect
Negligible 24
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Low 20 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Atrial Fibrillation Incidence Participants: Notable
Low 401 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 20 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
20
potential
417
D Study: 1
262
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
High Blood Pressure

B Studies: 2
potential
Studies: 3
High-density lipoprotein B
(HDL)
potential
B Studies: 3
Participants:
144
potential
C Study: 1
Low 20 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 20 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Studies: 2
79
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Studies: 2
70
potential
418
D Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
79
potential
D Studies: 2
118
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Studies: 2
79
potential
D Study: 1
65 No effect
Negligible
potential
Bipolar Disorder
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 5
Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
Obesity
C Study: 1
Low 324 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Ketone Bodies Participants: Slight
Low 20 Increase
potential
D Study: 1
11
potential
D Study: 1
Offspring BMI Participants:
63
potential
D Studies: 2
344
potential
419
Muscle Recovery
C Study: 1
Exercise-Induced Oxidation Participants: Slight
Low 36 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 36 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Nitric Oxide Participants: Slight
Low 36 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 14 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 14
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Studies: 3
63
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
D Studies: 3
Participants:
182
potential

C Study: 1
Low 93 Improvement
potential
420
C Study: 1
5-HEPE Participants: Notable
Low 50 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 93 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Ketone Bodies Participants: Slight
Low 20 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 93 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
5-HETE Participants:
50
potential
D
Study: 1
potential 93
D Study: 1
93
potential
D Study: 1
93
potential
D Study: 1
93
potential
D Study: 1
93
potential
D Study: 1
93
potential
421
D Study: 1
93
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Studies: 3
145
potential
C Studies: 2
Low 234 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Insomnia Signs and
Symptoms Low 95 Improvement
potential
C Studies: 2
Low 234 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Breast Tenderness Participants: Slight
Low 139 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Headaches Low
139 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
95
potential
D Studies: 3
314
potential
Mood Improvement
B Studies: 2
potential
C Studies: 2
Low 305 Improvement
potential
422
C Studies: 2
Low 305 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 33 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 33 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 33 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 33 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
Anger Participants:
272
potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
D Study: 1
Impulsivity Participants:
272
potential
D Study: 1
Negative affect Participants:
272
potential
Overweight
C Study: 1
Low 324 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Participants:
65
potential
423
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
11
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Studies: 2
389
potential
Perinatal Depression
A Studies: 3
potential
D Studies: 2
Participants:
145
potential
Menopause
C Study: 1
Low 120 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Follicle-Stimulating
Hormone Low
27 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Stress Signs and Symptoms Participants: Slight
Low 120 Improvement
potential

C Study: 1
Low 60 Improvement
potential
424
C Study: 1
Liver Fat Participants: Slight
Low 60 Improvement
potential
D Studies: 2
71
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential

D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
Oxygenation Cost of
Participants:
Exercise Negligible No effect
26
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential

C Study: 1
Cognitive Decline (AAMCD) Cognitive Decline Participants: Slight
Low 485 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
1525
potential
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation Participants: Slight
Low
6 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 33 Decrease
potential
425
D Study: 1
6
potential
D Study: 1
6
potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
D Study: 1
6
potential
D Study: 1
6
potential
D Study: 1
6
potential
D Study: 1
150
potential
D Study: 1
150
potential
D Study: 1
150
potential
D Study: 1
150
potential
D Study: 1
Offspring BMI Participants:
63
potential
Human Immunodeficiency Virus

B Studies: 2
Moderate
55 Improvement
potential
426
C Study: 1
Low 51 Mixed effect
potential
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Participants:
51
potential
D Study: 1
51
potential
D Study: 1
51
potential

C Study: 1
Low 80 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 80 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
Cognition of Offspring Participants:
2320
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
2320
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
Muscle Strength
D Study: 1
Oxygenation Cost of
Participants:
26
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
427
D Study: 1
Sprint Performance Metrics Participants:
26
potential
Skin Health
B Studies: 2
Erythema Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 2
Photoprotection Participants: Slight
potential
C Study: 1
Low 15 Mixed effect
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
D Study: 1
Alzheimer's Disease
Participants:
295
potential
Anxiety
C Study: 1
Low 68 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 68 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 68 Decrease
potential
Asthma
C Study: 1
Forced Expiratory Volume Participants: Notable
Low 16 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Airway Inflammation
Markers Low 16 Decrease
potential

C Study: 1
Autism Symptoms Participants: Slight
Low 54 Improvement
potential
428

C Study: 1
Low 31 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
Common Cold
C Study: 1
Low 10 Mixed effect
potential
Endometriosis
D Study: 1
Endometriosis-associated
Participants:
pelvic pain Negligible No effect
69
potential
Gout
D Study: 1
Gout Symptoms Participants:
40
potential
Migraine Headache
C Study: 1
Migraine Frequency Participants: Notable
Low 38 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 38 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 50 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential

C Study: 1
Low 51 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
51
potential
D Study: 1
51
potential
429
D Study: 1
51
potential
D Study: 1
DHEA Participants:
51
potential
D Studies: 2
102
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
51
potential
D Study: 1
51
potential
D Study: 1
51
potential
D Study: 1
Sex Hormone Binding
Participants:
Globulin Negligible No effect
51
potential
D Study: 1
51
potential
C Study: 1
Low 156 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
156
potential
Stroke
C Study: 1
Low 102 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
potential
430
C Study: 1
Low 102 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Participants:
102
potential
D Study: 1
102
potential
D Study: 1
102
potential
D Study: 1
102
potential
D Study: 1
102
potential
Type 1 Diabetes
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
90
potential
Cardiomyopathy
C Study: 1
Low 42 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 10 Participants: Notable
Low 42 Increase
potential
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Low 42 Decrease
potential
431
C Study: 1
Participants:
42
potential
C Study: 1
Low 42 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 42 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 42 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
C Study: 1
Low 102 Improvement
potential
432
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Low 102 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Participants:
102
potential
D Study: 1
102
potential
D Study: 1
102
potential
D Study: 1
102
potential
D Study: 1
102
potential
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

D Study: 1
22
potential
Digestive Health
D Study: 1
200
potential
Dyslexia
C Study: 1
Low 41 Improvement
potential
Hyperpnoea-Induced Bronchoconstriction
C Study: 1
Forced Expiratory Volume Participants: Notable
Low 16 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Airway Inflammation
Markers Low 16 Decrease
potential
433
Intrauterine Growth Restriction

C Study: 1
Infant Birth Weight Participants: Slight
Low 2783 Increase
potential
D Study: 1
2783
potential
Low Birth Weight

C Study: 1
Low 2783 Increase
potential
D Study: 1
2783
potential
Lung Cancer
C Study: 1
Low 33 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
Macular Degeneration
C Study: 1
potential

C Study: 1
Low 50 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 50 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
Low 65 Decrease
potential
Offspring Health
C Study: 1
Low 50 Improvement
potential
434
C Study: 1
Low 50 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 50 Mixed effect
potential
C Study: 1
Low 50 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 50 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential

C Study: 1
Low 150 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 150 Decrease
potential
D Study: 1
150
potential
Preeclampsia
C Study: 1
Low 2783 Increase
potential
D Study: 1
2783
potential
Premature Birth
C Study: 1
Low 2783 Increase
potential
D Study: 1
2783
potential
435
Schizophrenia
C Study: 1
8-isoPGF2a Participants: Slight
Low 71 Decrease
potential
Skin Cancer
C Study: 1
Erythema Participants: Slight
Low 42 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Photoprotection Participants: Slight
Low 42 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
Sleep Disturbances
D Study: 1
362
potential
D Study: 1
362
potential
D Study: 1
Wakefulness Participants:
362
potential
Sleep Health
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
362
potential
D Study: 1
Wakefulness Participants:
362
potential
Folic Acid
Also known as: Folate, Vitamin B9, Pteroyl L-glutamic acid
Folic acid, the synthetic form of folate, is an essential B-vitamin most well known for its role in preventing
neural tube defects in infants. It also has a role in supporting general health but may be detrimental in high
amounts.
436
Depression
B Studies: 2
Depression Symptoms
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Schizophrenia
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Fruits And Vegetables

Fruits and vegetables refer to the edible components of plants. Fruits and vegetables are notable for their
dietary fiber, nutrient, and phytochemical content.

C Study: 1
Net Acid Excretion
Low potential
C Study: 1
Plasma Total Carbon Dioxide
Low potential
D Study: 1
Gamma Oryzanol
Also known as: γ-Oryzanol
Gamma Oryzanol (γ-Oryzanol), a mixture of compounds found notably in rice bran oil, is a promising but
unproven cholesterol-lowering agent with some skin health properties. It does not increase testosterone.
High Cholesterol
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
437
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol Participants: 30 No effect
Muscle Strength
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Study: 1
Estrogen
D Study: 1
Growth Hormone
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
Plasma Endorphins
D Study: 1
Power Output
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Garcinia
Also known as: Gambooge, Pazham Puzhi, Bitter Kola, Malabar Tamarind, (-)-Hydroxycitric Acid, HCA, Hydroxycitric Acid,
Garcinia Cambogia
Garcinia Cambogia is a fruit that is known to enhance the culinary experience of food, and enhances satiety
from a meal (possibly by enhancing the flavor experience). Its usage as a fat burner does not appear to
extend to humans.

D Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
D Study: 1
Appetite
D Study: 1
Food Intake
438
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
D Studies: 3
Weight
Low Testosterone
D Study: 1
Estrogen
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Obesity
D Study: 1
Weight
Dyslipidemia
D Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
D Study: 1
Food Intake
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
D Study: 1
Weight
439
Garlic
Also known as: Allium sativum, Vegetable Viagra, Da suan, Camphor of the poor, Lasun, Stinking Rose, Ail, Ajo
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a food and is commonly taken as a supplement. It has anti-inflammatory effects
and can improve cardiovascular health.
Studies: 4
High Cholesterol
A
Blood Pressure Participants: Notable
High potential 157 Decrease
Studies: 12
A
B Studies: 9
potential
B Studies: 9
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Participants: Notable
potential
B Studies: 10
potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
440
D Study: 1
46
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Studies: 2
65
potential
Studies: 3
A
Health 147 Notable Increase
High potential
Studies: 3
A
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome C
Treatment
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
441
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
101
potential
D Study: 1
Blood Viscosity Participants:
60
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D
Exercise Performance During Study: 1
Hypoxia Negligible Participants: 9 No effect
potential
D Studies: 2
110
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
Thromboxane B2 Participants:
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
442
Studies: 6
High Blood Pressure
A
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
15 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
Studies: 3
A
84 Notable Increase
High potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
443
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Conditions)
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Studies: 2
60
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
potential 23
Immune Health
B Studies: 2
potential
444
Study: 1
Participants: Strong
Risk
Study: 1
C
Interferon Alpha Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
120 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
120 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
170 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
120 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
Symptoms
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
445
D Study: 1
50
potential
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Interferon Alpha Participants:
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
13 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
13 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
Common Cold
B Studies: 2
potential
446
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
Symptoms Moderate 266 Improvement
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
120 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
120 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
120 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
120 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
120 Mixed effect
Low potential
H. Pylori Infection
D Studies: 2
Helicobacter Pylori Infection Signs Participants:
17
potential
Stomach Cancer
D Study: 1
Cancer Mortality Participants:
3365
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
Esophageal Cancer Risk
potential
D Studies: 2
Gastric Cancer Risk Participants:
6730
potential
Study: 1
Atherosclerosis
C
Atherosclerotic Signs Participants: Slight
447
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Prostate Specific Antigen Participants: Notable
Study: 1
Flu Upper Respiratory Tract Infection C
Risk
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
120 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
120 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
120 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
120 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
120 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Symptoms 120
Study: 1
Osteoporosis
C
42 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
448
Prostate Cancer
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Prostate Specific Antigen Participants: Notable
Study: 1
Acute Respiratory Infection Upper Respiratory Tract Infection C
Risk
Study: 1
Basal Cell Carcinoma
C
Basal Cell Carcinoma Tumor Size Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
23 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
449
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
Study: 1
Dyslipidemia
C
15 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Lead Poisoning
C
Mineral Bioaccumulation Participants: Notable
Study: 1
Metabolic Syndrome
C
Study: 1
C
46 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Adiponectin Participants: Slight Increase
Low potential 46
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
46
potential
D Study: 1
46
potential
D Study: 1
46
potential
450
D Study: 1
46
potential
D Study: 1
46
potential
D Study: 1
46
potential
D Study: 1
46
potential
D Study: 1
46
potential
Muscle Endurance
D
Exercise Performance During Study: 1
Hypoxia Negligible Participants: 9 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
Study: 1
Peripheral Arterial Disease Peripheral Vascular Disease D
Participants:
Symptoms No effect
Negligible 64
potential
Peripheral Arterial Occlusive

D Study: 1
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Disease Participants:
64
potential
Ginger
Also known as: Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae
Ginger is a spice that has traditionally been treated as medicine in both Traditional Chinese Medicine and
Ayurveda, doses of 1-3g can reduce nausea and ease digestion quite effectively; superloading the
powdered rhizome (vertical root) at 10-15g daily might increase testosterone.
451
Studies: 5
Pregnancy And Delivery Health
A
Studies: 4
Morning Sickness
A
Studies: 4
Surgical Recovery
A
Studies: 3
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
A
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential

Low potential
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential

Low potential
Thermic effect of food C Study: 1

(TEF) Participants: 10 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
452
C Study: 1
PMS Symptoms Notable
Participants: 70
Study: 1
C
Dysmenorrhea Symptoms Participants:
Low potential
Osteoarthritis
B Studies: 3
Osteoarthritis Symptoms Participants:
potential
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
B
Studies: 2
Nausea Symptoms Notable
Improvement
potential
Digestive Health
C Study: 1
Gastric Emptying Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lower Esophageal Pressure
Low potential
Motion Sickness
C Study: 1
Participants: 6
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Motion Sickness Symptoms
potential
Muscle Recovery
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Muscle Soreness
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Disease
Low potential
453
Infertility
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Seminal Motility Notable
Participants: 75
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Ejaculate Volume
Low potential
Follicle-Stimulating C Study: 1
Hormone Participants: 75 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sperm Count
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sperm Quality
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
Bone Cancer
C Study: 1
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
C Study: 1
Reaction Time
Low potential
Colorectal Cancer
C Study: 1
Colorectal Cancer Risk
Low potential
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential

C Study: 1
Inflammation
Soreness
Low potential
454
C Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
Low potential
Lactation
D Study: 1
Milk Production Participants:
potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential

Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
Muscle Endurance
C Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Pneumonia
C Study: 1
Low potential
Vertigo
C Study: 1
Dizziness
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Nystagmus Symptoms
potential

C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
455
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential

Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
Ginkgo Biloba
Also known as: Tanakan, Tebonin, Rökan, Maidenhair, gingko
Ginkgo biloba is the most commonly ingested herb for brain health. While it may boost cognition in older
populations, this effect is not very reliable or generalizable.
B Studies: 2
Cognitive Decline Participants: Notable
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
456
C Study: 1
Alzheimer's Disease Slight
Participants:
Symptoms Low Improvement
404
potential
C Study: 1
Low 48 Mixed effect
potential
C Study: 1
Low 13 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Numerical Memory Participants: Slight
Low 20 Detriment
potential
C Studies: 2
Processing Speed Participants: Slight
Low 60 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 20 Improvement
potential
D Studies: 2
53
potential
D Study: 1
96
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
Acute Mountain Sickness

B Studies: 7
Acute Mountain
Sickness Symptoms Moderate 818 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 36 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
457
D Study: 1
36
potential
Studies: 5
Dementia
A
Cognitive Decline
potential
B Studies: 4
Alzheimer's Disease
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Low 80 Slight Increase
potential
C Study: 1
Low 371 Improvement
potential
D Studies: 2
Alzheimer's Disease Risk Participants:
6138
potential
D Study: 1
Tinnitus Symptoms Participants:
371
potential
A Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 2
Alzheimer's Disease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 96 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 371 Improvement
potential
458
D Study: 1
Alzheimer's Disease Risk Participants:
2487
potential
D Study: 1
371
potential
D Study: 1
96 No effect
Negligible
potential

B Studies: 3
Cognitive Decline (AAMCD) Cognitive Decline Participants: Notable
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Low 59 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 54 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
197
potential
D Study: 1
197
potential
Schizophrenia
B Studies: 4
Schizophrenia
symptoms Moderate 228 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme
Participants:
Profile Low Mixed effect
35
potential
C Study: 1
potential
459
C Study: 1
Tardive Dyskinesia
potential
High Blood Pressure

C Studies: 2
Low 30 Mixed effect
potential
D Studies: 3
3099
potential
D
Study: 1
potential 14
C Study: 1
Low 8 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Myeloperoxidase Participants: Notable
Low 8 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme
Participants:
8
potential
C Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A Participants: Slight
Low 8 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 8 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
C-Reactive Protein
(CRP) Low 8 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 32 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 8 Decrease
potential
460
C Study: 1
Microcirculation Participants: Slight
Low 32 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Peripheral Vascular
Disease Risk Low 3069 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
Heart Attack Risk Participants:
3069
potential
D
Study: 1
Stroke Risk Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 3069
Eye Health
C Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Low 27 Improvement
potential
D Studies: 2
26
potential
D Studies: 3
53
potential
D Studies: 3
53
potential

B Studies: 3
potential
C Study: 1
Low 62 Improvement
potential
461
C Study: 1
Low 62 Mixed effect
potential
D Study: 1
62
potential
Tinnitus
D Studies: 3
2559
potential

D Studies: 2
50
potential
Depression
C Study: 1
Low 16 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
Libido Negligible
63 No effect
potential

D Study: 1
24
potential
D Studies: 2
92
potential

C Study: 1
Low 14 Mixed effect
potential
C Study: 1
Low 70 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 70 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Stress Signs and
potential
462
D Studies: 2
84
potential
D Studies: 2
84
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Raynaud's Disease
D Studies: 2
Raynaud's Phenomenon
Participants:
105
potential
Sexual Dysfunction
D Studies: 2
100
potential
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Skin Dryness Participants: Notable
Low 20 Improvement
potential
C Studies: 2
Low
54 Mixed effect
potential
C Study: 1
Skin Quality Participants: Slight
Low 20 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Wrinkles Participants: Slight
Low 20 Improvement
potential
Vitiligo
B Studies: 2
Vitiligo Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential

C Study: 1
Low 50 Improvement
potential
Atherosclerosis
C Study: 1
Low 32 Decrease
potential
463
C Study: 1
Low 32 Improvement
potential

C Study: 1
Low 8 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Myeloperoxidase Participants: Notable
Low 8 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme
Participants:
8
potential
C Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A Participants: Slight
Low 8 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 8 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
C-Reactive Protein
(CRP) Low 8 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low
8 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
potential
Glaucoma
C Study: 1
potential
Insomnia
C Study: 1
Low 16 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
PMS Symptoms Participants: Slight
Low 143 Improvement
potential
464
Multiple Sclerosis
D Study: 1
Multiple Sclerosis
Participants:
116
potential
C Study: 1
Low 85 Improvement
potential

D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
Stroke
D Study: 1
Stroke Recovery Participants:
792
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Proteinuria Participants: Notable
Low 64 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 64 Mixed effect
potential
C Study: 1
Creatinine Participants: Slight
Low 64 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low Slight Increase
64
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
Adjustment Disorder
C Study: 1
Low 82 Improvement
potential
Antidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction

D Study: 1
37
potential
465
Brain Tumor
C Study: 1
Low 34 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 34 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 34 Improvement
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
General Cancer Care And Prevention

C Study: 1
Breast Cancer Risk Participants: Slight
Low 3069 Detriment
potential
D Study: 1
Overall Cancer Risk Participants:
3069
potential
Diabetic Neuropathy
C Study: 1
Proteinuria Participants: Notable
Low 64 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low Mixed effect
64
potential
C Study: 1
Low 64 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
potential
466
D Study: 1
64
potential

C Study: 1
Low 82 Improvement
potential
Memory Improvement
C Study: 1
Low 159 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 159 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 159 Improvement
potential
Microangiopathy
C Study: 1
Low 32 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 32 Improvement
potential
Mood Improvement
C Study: 1
Low 20 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Numerical Memory Participants: Slight
Low 20 Detriment
potential
C Study: 1
Low 20 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 20 Improvement
potential
Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease

C Study: 1
potential
467
Sleep Health
C Study: 1
Low 10 Improvement
potential
Tardive Dyskinesia
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Tardive Dyskinesia
potential
Vascular Cognitive Impairment

C Study: 1
Low 80 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Low 80 Improvement
potential
Glucosamine
Glucosamine is a supplement derived from shellfish that can provide minor pain relief. Glucosamine sulfate
slightly delays the progression of knee osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis
B Studies: 17
Osteoarthritis Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 8
potential
D Study: 1
Lower Back Pain Participants:
250
potential
D Studies: 2
Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD)
Participants:
98
potential
468
Kashin-Beck Disease
B
Studies: 2
Kashin-Beck Disease Symptoms Moderate Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Bone Health
C
CTX-II Participants:
32 Slight Decrease
Low potential

D Study: 1
Lower Back Pain Participants:
250
potential
Study: 1
Acute Nonspecific Knee
C
Injury Rehabilitation Rate Participants: Slight
Pain 102 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Range of Motion Participants:
102 Slight Increase
Low potential
Glutamine
Also known as: L-Glutamine
Glutamine is an amino acid that may benefit the body when it is under a period of great physical stress,
such as after surgery, burns, or radiation exposure.
Crohn's Disease
B Studies: 3
potential
Studies: 2
C
45 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Uric Acid Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
30
potential
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
469
D Study: 1
33
potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
D Study: 1
69
potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
Study: 1
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exercise Capacity (with Heart C
Conditions)
Study: 1
C
30 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
30
potential
Body Composition
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
Study: 1
Colorectal Cancer
C
Blood glucose Participants: Slight
470
C Study: 1
D Study: 1
33
potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
D Study: 1
33
potential
Diarrhea Predominant Irritable Bowel

D Study: 1
Syndrome (IBS-D) Immunity Participants:
69
potential

D Study: 1
Participants:
30
potential
Study: 1
Conditions)
Study: 1
Kidney Health
C
30 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Glomerular Filtration Rate Participants: Slight
Low potential 30 Detriment
Study: 1
C
Urea Participants: Slight
Study: 1
D
Participants:
Hematocrit
potential
471
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
C
Blood glucose Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Muscle Gain
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
Muscle Strength
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
Study: 1
Soccer Performance
C
30 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
potential
472
Glutathione
Glutathione is an antioxidant used by every cell and tissue in the body. Although critical for a number of
processes, it has limited use as dietary supplement due to rapid breakdown during oral ingestion. Its
metabolite, L-cysteine, can increase glutathione in the body but consuming L-cysteine via glutathione is
inefficient and costly.
Immune Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
Metabolic Health
D Study: 1
DNA Damage
D Study: 1
General Oxidation
D Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Glycine
Also known as: 2-Aminoacetic acid
Glycine is an amino acid and neurotransmitter. It can play both stimulatory and depressant roles in the
brain. Supplementation can improve sleep quality.
Sleep Health
B Studies: 2
Fatigue Symptoms
Moderate potential
B Studies: 3
Sleep Quality
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential
Sleep Disturbances
B Studies: 2
Fatigue Symptoms
Moderate potential
473
B Studies: 2
Sleep Quality Participants: 26 Slight Improvement
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential
Schizophrenia
C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Gotu Kola
Also known as: Gotu Kola, Indian Pennywort, Jal Brahmi And Mandookaparni, Brahmi, Tsubokusa, Centella Asiatica
Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) is a traditional medicine mainly renowned for its cognitive enhancing
properties (usually alongside bacopa monnieri) and its ability to regenerate wound healing. It appears
effective on both parameters in preclinical evidence, and may also be anti-rheumatic.
Studies: 6
Chronic Venous
Chronic Venous Insufficiency A
Signs
Insufficiency 363 Improvement
High potential
Studies: 3
A
Microcirculation Participants: Notable
B Studies: 8
potential
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
Anxiety
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Attention
Low potential
C
Study: 1
Calmness Slight Improvement
474
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
Diabetic Microangiopathy
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Microangiopathy
B Studies: 2
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Signs Moderate 139 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
Varicose Veins
B
Chronic Venous Insufficiency Studies: 2
Signs Participants: 97 Notable
potential
B Studies: 2
Participants:
Leg Edema Moderate Slight Improvement
160
potential
475
High Blood Pressure Chronic Venous Insufficiency C Study: 1

Signs Participants: 40 Notable
C Study: 1
Microcirculation Notable
Participants: 40
C Study: 1
Participants: 50
Health Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
Alertness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Calmness
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Reaction Time
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Processing Accuracy
potential
Studies: 2
Skin Health
C
Wound Healing Participants:
400 Mixed effect
Low potential
Venous Hypertension
C Study: 1
Participants: 62
Grains of Paradise
Also known as: Grains Of Paradise, Melegueta Pepper, Alligator Pepper, Guinea Pepper, Guinea Grain, Aframomum Melegueta
Aframomum melegueta (Grains of Paradise) is a spice with a similar composition as Ginger that belongs to
the same Zingiberaceae family. It shows some promise in fat-mass control at doses possibly consumable
via food products.
476
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
Grape Juice
Plain old grape juice isn't as popular as fermented grape juice (aka wine). However, grape juice does
contain potentially beneficial phytochemicals. Grape juice has been tested in a small number of trials for
outcomes including endurance exercise capacity, antioxidant potential, and memory.
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
83 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 40
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Studies: 4
189
potential
D Study: 1
83
potential
D Study: 1
83
potential
D Studies: 2
Participants:
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) No effect
Negligible 123
potential
477
D Study: 1
83
potential
D Studies: 2
123
potential
D Studies: 2
123
potential
D Studies: 2
123
potential
D Studies: 3
163
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Studies: 2
50
potential
D Studies: 2
50
potential
D Study: 1
24 No effect
Negligible
potential
478
D Studies: 2
46
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Studies: 3
72
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Studies: 3
72
potential
D Studies: 3
72
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
Alertness Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
479
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 21
D Studies: 2
33
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
Participants:
(TAC) Moderate Slight Increase
97
potential
Study: 1
Monocyte Chemoattractant C
Participants:
Protein-1 Strong Decrease
Low potential 61
Study: 1
C
61 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
61 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Apolipoprotein B Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
61 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
480
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 61
D Studies: 2
97
potential
D Study: 1
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule
Participants:
1 Negligible No effect
61
potential
D Studies: 2
97
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Studies: 2
97
potential
D Studies: 2
97
potential
D Study: 1
Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 Participants:
61
potential
Study: 1
C
20 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
22 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
481
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
42
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
42
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
P-Selectin Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
Thromboxane B2 Participants:
20
potential
D Studies: 2
42
potential
D Studies: 2
42
potential
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
28 Notable Increase
Low potential
482
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Total Antioxidant Capacity Participants:
(TAC) Low potential 28 Slight Increase
Running Performance
B Studies: 2
Aerobic Exercise Metrics Participants: Notable
potential
B Studies: 2
Participants:
(TAC) Moderate Slight Increase
42
potential
Study: 1
C
28 Notable Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
28
potential

D Study: 1
113
potential
D Study: 1
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Participants:
113
potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 61
Study: 1
C
61 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
61 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
483
Study: 1
C
61 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
61 Slight Detriment
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total Antioxidant Capacity Participants:
(TAC) Low potential Slight Increase
61
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
Participants:
Low potential 61
Study: 1
C
61 Notable Increase
Low potential
484
Study: 1
C
61 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Low potential Slight Increase
61
Study: 1
C
61 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 61
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
485
Study: 1
C
Prevention 24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 61
Study: 1
C
61 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
61 Slight Increase
Low potential
486
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
61 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
61 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 61
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
D Study: 1
61
potential
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Detriment
Low potential
487
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Recovery
C
Study: 1
C
28 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 28
D Study: 1
28
potential
Study: 1
Overweight
C
86 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 86
D Study: 1
86
potential
D Study: 1
86
potential
D Study: 1
86
potential
D Study: 1
86
potential
488
D Study: 1
86
potential
D Study: 1
86
potential
D Study: 1
86
potential
Grape Seed Extract

Also known as: GSE, OPC-3, Oligomeric Procyanidins, Procyanidin
Grape Seed Extract is a mixture of tannins and procyanidins (chains of catechins) that appears to exert
anti-estrogenic effects and may enhance blood flow. More related to green tea catechins than to
resveratrol mechanistically.
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Health Participants: 17 Notable Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Leg Edema Slight
Participants: 8
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
Participants:
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
489
D Study: 1
24
potential
Studies: 2
Metabolic Health
B
44 Slight Decrease
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
Participants:
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
Study: 1
C
36 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
32 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
32 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
Participants:
32
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
Study: 1
Type 2 Diabetes
C
32 Slight Decrease
Low potential
490
Study: 1
C
32 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
Participants:
32
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
Breast Cancer
D Study: 1
46
potential
D Study: 1
46
potential
Dyslipidemia
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 27
D
potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
491
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Hyperpigmentation Slight
Participants: 12
Grapefruit
Grapefruit is a food product known for having a high level of bioactives, similar to the pomegranate. It does
appear to be effective at reducing fat mass when a mixture of polyphenols are used, and may work nicely
with caffeine.
General Cardiovascular Low-density lipoprotein C Study: 1

Health (LDL) Participants: 27 Slight Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
Studies: 2
B
94 Slight Decrease
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight Participants: 20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
492
Dyslipidemia
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Green Coffee Extract

Green Coffee Extract is a concentrated source of dietary Chlorogenic Acid and is currently being used for
heart health and fat loss as a supplement; it seems weakly to moderately effective on these parameters.
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
28 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
28 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
28 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
493
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Vascular Function Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Green Tea Extract

Also known as: Camellia Sinensis, Green Tea Extract, GTE, Green Tea Catechins
Green tea extract contains phytochemicals, especially catechins like epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) and
caffeine. EGCG and caffeine have been shown to synergistically influence health indices, including body
composition, but the contents within green tea extracts vary among brands. Notably, adverse effects have
also been reported upon consuming green tea extract.
Obesity
B Studies: 2
potential
B
Studies: 2
Fat Oxidation
potential
494
B
Studies: 2
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Moderate Slight
Participants: 119
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 88

Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Thermic effect of food (TEF)
potential
D
Studies: 2
Weight
potential
Metabolic Health
B
Studies: 3
Fat Oxidation
potential
Study: 1
C
103 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 23
495
C Studies: 2
Participants:
Insulin Slight Decrease
Low potential 126
C Study: 1
Iron Absorption
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
103
potential
D
Studies: 2
Metabolic Rate
potential
D Study: 1
103
potential

B Studies: 4
potential
B
Studies: 2
Fat Oxidation
potential
B Studies: 2
Participants:
132
potential
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Slight
Participants: 78
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Overweight
B Studies: 2
potential
496
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation Participants: 10 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 41
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Aerobic Exercise
B
Studies: 2
Performance Fat Oxidation
potential
B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cerebral Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cognition Slight
Participants: 27
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
Dyslipidemia
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
103 Slight Decrease
Low potential
497
C Study: 1
Low potential
Study: 1
C
103 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 33
D Study: 1
103
potential
D Study: 1
103
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Participants: 16
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
Study: 1
Body Composition
C
182 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cerebral Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cognition Slight
Participants: 27
Cycling Performance
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
Digestive Health
C Study: 1
Carbohydrate Absorption
Low potential
498
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential

C Study: 1
Cognition Slight
Participants: 45
Mood Improvement
C Study: 1
Cerebral Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cognition Slight
Participants: 27
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
Muscle Recovery
C Study: 1
Exercise-Induced Oxidation
Low potential
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Muscle Soreness Slight
Participants: 30
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Photoprotection Slight
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Skin Quality Slight
Participants: 60
Guduchi
Also known as: Guduchi, Makabuhay, Amrita, Giloya, Giloe, Tinospora Cordifolia
Tinospora cordifolia, also known as Guduchi or Amrita, is an immune system boosting herb that can
potently reduce the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. It is a promising anti-cancer herb and may provide
benefits for people with diabetes.
499
Allergic Rhinitis
C Study: 1
Allergy Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Nasal Congestion
Low potential
C Study: 1
Eosinophil count
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
150 Mixed effect
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Neutrophil Count
potential
Diabetic Foot Ulcers

D Study: 1
Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Participants:
45
potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
Study: 1
C
Virus 68 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
HIV Symptoms Participants:
Low potential
D Study: 1
68
potential
D Study: 1
68
potential
D Study: 1
68
potential
Immune Health
C Study: 1
Allergy Symptoms
Low potential
500
C Study: 1
Nasal Congestion
Low potential Participants: 75 Strong Improvement
C Study: 1
Eosinophil count
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
150 Mixed effect
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Neutrophil Count
potential
Study: 1
Scabies
C
Scabies Symptoms Participants: Notable
Sepsis
C Study: 1
Macrophage Activity
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
Guggul
Also known as: Commiphora mukul, Commiphora Wightii, Guggulsterones, pregna-4, 17-diene-3, 16-
dione
Guggul is a product of the Guggul tree, Commiphora mukul. Guggul and its active guggulsterones have
been investigated for their usage in elevating thyroid function, but with lacklustre results.
High Cholesterol
C Studies: 2
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D Studies: 2
Triglycerides
501
D Study: 1
vLDL-C
Osteoarthritis
C Study: 1
Low potential
Hemp Protein
Also known as: Hemp, Cannabis sativa, Hempseed meal
Hemp is a food product derived from the same plant of which Marijuana originates from, but without
intoxicating components; the protein fragment appears to be a popular meal replacement supplement but is
not yet linked to unique properties (relative to other Protein supplements).
Eczema
C Study: 1
Eczema Symptoms
Low potential
D Study: 1
Skin Quality
High Cholesterol
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Metabolic Health
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Eczema Symptoms Participants: 16 Slight Improvement
Low potential
502
D Study: 1
Skin Quality
Hesperidin
Also known as: hesperitin-7-O-rutinoside, Hesperitin glycoside, glucosyl hesperidin, Vitamin P, hesperitin, G-hesperidin, 3' 5
7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone
Hesperidin is a compound in orange peels that gives the flavonoid hesperitin to the body, and this flavonoid
mediates most benefits of hesperidin including a possible increase in circulation (but unclear effects on
blood pressure) and possible brain protective effects. Hesperidin, alongside naringenin, are known as the
main citrus flavonoids.
High Cholesterol
B
Studies: 2
Apolipoprotein B Slight
Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 25
C Study: 1
Participants: 25
D Studies: 3
259
potential
D Studies: 3
259
potential
D Studies: 3
259
potential
D Studies: 4
284
potential
D Study: 1
194
potential
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
503
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Microcirculation Slight
Participants: 24
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
General Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Nitric Oxide
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
504
C Study: 1
Low potential
Rheumatoid Arthritis C Study: 1

D Study: 1
Health Blood Pressure Participants:
577
potential
D Study: 1
577
potential
D Study: 1
577
potential
D Study: 1
577
potential
D Study: 1
577
potential
Immune Health
D
Study: 1
B Cell Count
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Neutrophil Activity
potential
D
Study: 1
Neutrophil Count
potential
505
D
Study: 1
T Cell Count No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Participants: 25
C Study: 1
Participants: 25
C Study: 1
Participants: 25
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Studies: 2
Triglycerides
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 24
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
506
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Fibrinogen
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Homocysteine
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
507
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
HMB
Also known as: Hydroxy-MethylButyrate, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate
HMB is a metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine that plays an anticatabolic role in muscle tissue. In
addition to preventing muscle protein breakdown, HMB may help improve strength and muscle mass in
older adults, but evidence of a benefit for athletes is lacking.
Body Composition
B Studies: 5
potential
C Study: 1
Urea
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Food Intake
potential
D
Study: 1
Growth Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
IGF-1
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
508
D Studies: 6
152
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D Studies: 8
203
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Muscle Strength
B
Studies: 4
Body Fat
potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage Notable
Participants: 37
Low potential Decrease
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Growth Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
IGF-1
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
509
D Studies: 5
150
potential
D Studies: 7
201
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
D
Study: 1
Training Volume
potential
Anaerobic Exercise
C Study: 1
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Urea
Low potential
D
Studies: 2
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Growth Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
IGF-1
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
potential
510
D
Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D
Studies: 4
Power Output
potential
D
Studies: 2
Testosterone
potential
D
Study: 1
Training Volume
potential
Muscle Recovery
C Studies: 2
Participants: 46
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 2
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
D
Studies: 2
Muscle Soreness
potential
D
Studies: 2
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
Range of Motion
potential
511
D
Studies: 2
Testosterone
potential
D
Studies: 2
Training Volume
potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 26
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
potential
D
Studies: 2
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
D
Study: 1
Training Volume
potential
512
Muscle Gain
B
Studies: 2
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
potential
D
Studies: 2
Power Output
potential

B
Studies: 2
Body Fat
potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 37
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
D
Studies: 2
Food Intake
potential
D
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential

D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
513
D
Study: 1
Growth Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
IGF-1
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Studies: 2
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Urea
Low potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
potential
514
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Running Performance
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
Holy Basil
Also known as: Ocimum sanctum, Green Tulsi, Sacred Basil, Tulsi, Ocimum tenuiflorum
A traditional anti-fertility agent and libido enhancer in Ayurveda, Holy Basil (also known as Tulsi) is currently
being investigated for these two claims and its general health properties. A good source of dietary Ursolic
acid, which may cause the anti-fertility aspects.
Anxiety
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
Immune Health
C Study: 1
Immunity
Low potential
515
C Study: 1
Low potential
Horny Goat Weed

Also known as: Epidemium, Herba Epimdii, Icariin, Yinyanghuo, Fairy Wings, Rowdy Lamb Herb
Epimedium, known as Horny Goat Weed, is an erectile aid and aphrodisiac used in Traditional Chinese
Medicine that just so happens to also increase testosterone in research animals (has not been looked at in
humans). May also be a cognitive booster and heart health agent.
Bone Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
Estrogen
Metabolic Health
D Study: 1
Estrogen
Horse Chestnut
Also known as: Aesculus hippocastanum, Conker tree, Rosskastanie, venostasin
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) is a plant extract with a group of molecules known as aescins,
which are beneficial to circulatory health. Supplementation of horse chestnut appears to be beneficial for
varicose veins and veinous insufficiency.
Studies: 3
Chronic Venous Chronic Venous Insufficiency A
Insufficiency Signs
Studies: 3
A
Leg Edema Participants: Notable
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
516
D Study: 1
40
potential
Hemorrhoids
C Study: 1
Hemorrhoids Symptoms
Low potential
Inositol
Also known as: Myoinositol, Cyclohexanehexol, 6-cyclohexanehexol, 1 2 3 4 5 6-cyclohexanehexol
Inositol refers to a group of molecules that are involved in various regulatory and metabolic processes. The
most commonly supplemented forms of inositol are Myo -inositol and D-chiro-inositol, but all forms are
interchangeably referred to as inositol. It’s best known for its effects on insulin resistance and is often
supplemented in the context of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
Studies: 8
A
Studies: 13
A
PCOS Symptoms Participants: Notable
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 6
potential
B Studies: 9
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 8
potential
B Studies: 2
Triglycerides Moderate Participants: Slight
517
B Studies: 5
potential
Study: 1
C
Acne Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Excessive Hair Growth Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Gestational Diabetes Risk Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Depression
B Studies: 4
potential
D Study: 1
Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Participants:
66
potential
D Study: 1
21
potential
Studies: 4
Infertility
A
Studies: 4
A
Metabolic Syndrome
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 3
147
potential
518
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
97 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 2
C
Plasmalogens Participants:
34 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 2
C
D Study: 1
17
potential
Study: 1
Schizophrenia
C
D Studies: 3
44
potential
D Studies: 2
Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms Participants:
177
potential
519
B Studies: 2
Gestational Diabetes Risk Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
69 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Panic Disorder
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
Panic Attacks Participants: Notable
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
Anxiety
C

D
Study: 1
Autism Symptoms
potential
Studies: 2
High Cholesterol
C
34 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
17 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
17 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C Participants: Slight
34 Improvement
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Plasmalogens Participants:
34 Slight Increase
Low potential
520
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
17 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
17
potential
Study: 1
Menopause
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Obesity
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
42 Slight Decrease
Low potential
521
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
42 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Psoriasis
C
Psoriasis Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Agoraphobia
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Binge Eating Disorder
C
Study: 1
C
Binge-eating Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Bipolar Disorder
C
D Study: 1
Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Participants:
24
potential
D Study: 1
Forgetting Participants:
12
potential
Study: 1
Hirsutism
C
Excessive Hair Growth Participants: Slight
522
Study: 1
C
46 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Lung Cancer
C
Lung Cancer Risk Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
OCD Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Overweight
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Premature Birth Gestational Diabetes Risk Participants: Slight
83 Improvement
Low potential
D Study: 1
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Disorder Participants:
12
potential
Iodine
Iodine is a mineral for thyroid function found mostly in iodized table salt, fish, and highest in seaweed.
Despite most first world diets being sufficient in iodine, it may benefit those who do not consume seafood
and are also in a high risk population (pregnancy and intentional salt restriction).
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
523
C Study: 1
Interleukin 6
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Serum T3
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Serum T4
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Hashimoto's disease
C Study: 1
Serum T4
Low potential
C Study: 1
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
Low potential
Immune Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 6
Low potential
Lactation
C Study: 1
Serum T4
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Thyroid Health
C Study: 1
Serum T3
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum T4
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
524
IP6
Also known as: IP6, Phytic Acid, Inositol Polyphosphate, Phytate, Inositol Hexaphosphate
Insositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is naturally found in cereals, where it is also referred to as phytic acid. It is
suspected to play a role in high-fiber diets' negative correlation with colon cancer and possibly other
cancers. There is no strong evidence that IP6 supplementation can reduce cancer risk in humans.
Hyperuricemia
C Study: 1
Uric Acid
Low potential
Iron
Iron is an essential mineral best known for allowing blood to carry oxygen between tissues. Except in case
of deficiency, iron supplementation has no proven benefit; on the contrary, it can lead to iron poisoning.

B Studies: 3
Fatigue (non-anemic)
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Alertness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscular Endurance
Low potential
D Studies: 2
D Study: 1
Memory
Fatigue
B Studies: 3
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
525
Fibromyalgia
C Study: 1
Low potential

C Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
Low potential
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
Respiratory Exchange Ratio
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential

C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Muscle Endurance
C Study: 1
Muscular Endurance
Low potential
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
Running Performance
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
526
Japanese Knotweed
Also known as: Polygonum Cuspidatum, Huzhang, Fleeceflower, Monkeyweed, itadori, Polygonum Japonicus, Kudzu
Japanese Knotweed, or Polygonum cuspidatum, is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used for circulation and
heart health. It is a very good source of resveratrol, and most benefits of Japanese Knotweed may actually
just be benefits of resveratrol.
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
Leptin
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
527
Jiaogulan
Also known as: Southern Ginseng, Jiao Gu-lan, Giao-Co-Lam (Tea), Jiaogulan, Gynostemma Pentaphyllum
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Southern Ginseng) is a herb given Ginseng status although not related to Panax
Ginseng. It appears to share some saponins though, and is investigated for similar effects as True Ginseng.
Type 2 Diabetes
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants: Notable
potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
Participants:
25
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
25
potential
D Study: 1
25
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
56 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
56 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
56
potential
528
Jujube
Also known as: Ziziphus Jujuba, Chinese Date, Da Zao, Jujube
Ziziphus Jujuba (Chinese/Korean Date, Jujube) is a plant which bears fruits and seeds that are used for
medicinal purposes in Traditional Chinese Medicine. It may possess anxiety-reducing and sedative
properties.
Constipation
C Study: 1
Constipation Signs and Symptoms
Low potential
Kanna
Also known as: Kanna, Channa, Kougoed, Sceletium Tortuosum
Also known as Kanna, sceletium tortusoum is a herb that is traditionally chewed prior to stressing
endeavours. It suggest that it may play a role in reducing state anxiety although more evidence is required.
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential
C Study: 1
Executive Function
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
D Study: 1
Memory
D Studies: 2
Reaction Time
D Study: 1
C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential
C Study: 1
Executive Function
Low potential
529
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
D Study: 1
Memory
D Study: 1
Reaction Time
D Study: 1
Anxiety
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
Dementia
C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential
C Study: 1
Executive Function
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
D Study: 1
Memory
D Study: 1
Reaction Time
D Study: 1
Subjective Well-Being No effect
Participants: 16
Mood Improvement
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
Stress
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
D Study: 1
Reaction Time
530
Kava
Also known as: Piper methysticum, Kava Pepper, Ava Pepper, Kava Kava, Intoxicating Pepper, Awa, rauschpfeffer, sakau,
tonga, wurzelstock, yangona
Kava is a herb that has traditionally been drunk as a hypnotic and anxiety reducer. It has been shown
effective in reducing anxiety, sometimes at a potency similar to pharmaceuticals; may be a cognitive
enhancer, but not completely safe.
Anxiety
A Studies: 5
Anxiety Symptoms
High potential
A Studies: 3
High potential
C Study: 1
Aggression
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential

C Studies: 2
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Reaction Time
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential

C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Mental Resilience
C Study: 1
Low potential
531
Mood Improvement
C Study: 1
Reaction Time
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential
Sleep Disturbances
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
Sleep Health
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Kefir
Also known as: kefyr, kephir, kefier
Kefir is a probiotic fermented milk drink made with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts. It may
benefit oral health, may be a useful adjunct to stomach ulcer treatment, and may offer slight benefits to
blood sugar. On the other hand, drinking kefir makes chemo side effects worse for some cancer patients.
Since it contains live, active bacteria and yeasts, kefir should be used with caution by anyone with a
compromised or weakened immune system.
Studies: 3
Dental Health
A
Salivary counts of Streptococcus mutans Participants: Notable
B Studies: 2
Salivary counts of Lactobacilli Participants:
potential
D Study: 1
Saliva buffering capacity Participants:
45
potential
532
D Study: 1
Participants:
Salivary pH Negligible 22 No effect
potential
General Gut Health

B Studies: 2
Fecal Microbial Load Participants: Notable
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Gastric distress Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Monocyte percentage Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Classical monocyte proportion Participants:
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
Fecal Microbial Composition: Proportion of C
Participants:
probiotic bacteria Mixed effect
Low potential 117
Study: 1
C
45 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Non-classical monocyte proportion Participants:
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Serum lipopolysaccharide Participants:
533
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
Bloating Participants:
Negligible 45 Mixed effect
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
Intermediate monocyte proportion Participants:
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Fecal Short Chain Fatty Acids Participants:
13 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
Cholesterol Fractional Synthesis Rate Participants: No effect
Negligible 13
potential
534
D Studies: 2
73
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 2
73
potential
D Studies: 2
73
potential
D Studies: 2
73
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Uric Acid Participants: Notable
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
42 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
D Studies: 2
102
potential
Study: 1
D
potential
535
D Studies: 2
102
potential
D Study: 1
Serum Phosphorus Participants:
42
potential
D Studies: 2
102
potential
D Studies: 2
102
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
42
potential
Study: 1
Colorectal Cancer
C
Drowsiness Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Hair Loss Signs Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Sleep Latency Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Nausea Symptoms Participants:
37 Mixed effect
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Oral Mucositis Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Sweating Participants:
37 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Vomiting C Participants: Slight
37 Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
37 Slight Decrease
Low potential
536
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
Constipation Signs and Symptoms Participants:
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Total Oxidant Status (TOS) Participants:
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
27 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential 27
537
D Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 2
potential
D Study: 1
27
potential
D Study: 1
27
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Study: 1
Fat-free mass (FFM) Participants:
27
potential
D Study: 1
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Participants:
36
potential
D Studies: 2
63
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 2
63
potential
D Study: 1
Muscle Mass Participants:
27
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
538
D
Study: 1
Serum Amylase Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 36
D Study: 1
Serum Chloride Participants:
36
potential
D Study: 1
Serum Potassium Participants:
36
potential
D Study: 1
Serum Sodium (Na) Participants:
36
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Studies: 2
63
potential
D Studies: 2
63
potential
D Study: 1
Visceral Fat Participants:
27
potential
D Study: 1
Zonulin Participants:
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
Waist circumference Participants:
potential
539
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Non-HDL Cholesterol Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
48 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
48 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 22
Study: 1
C
Framingham Score Participants:
48 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
22 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
48 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
22 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 2
70
potential
D Studies: 2
70
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
540
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Studies: 2
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Participants:
70
potential
D Studies: 2
70
potential
D Study: 1
Hip Circumference Participants:
22
potential
D Study: 1
22
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
22
potential
D Study: 1
22
potential
D Studies: 2
potential
D Studies: 2
70
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 2
70
potential
541
D Studies: 2
70
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
48
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Nitrogen Participants:
48
potential
D Study: 1
22
potential
Osteoporosis
D Study: 1
40
potential
Study: 1
Aerobic Exercise
C
Performance 36 Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Total Oxidant Status (TOS) Participants:
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Study: 1
Serum Chloride Participants:
36
potential
D Study: 1
Serum Potassium Participants:
36
potential
D Study: 1
Serum Sodium (Na) Participants:
36
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
542
Study: 1
Antibiotic-Associated
C
Diarrhea Symptoms Participants: Slight
Diarrhea 125 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Vomiting Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
Negligible Mixed effect
125
potential
D Study: 1
Lethargy Participants:
125
potential
D Study: 1
Loose stools Participants:
125
potential
D Study: 1
Mucus Production Participants:
125
potential
Study: 1
Body Composition
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
543
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
Negligible Mixed effect
24
potential
Study: 1
C
Prevention 24 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Gastric distress Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Monocyte percentage Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Classical monocyte proportion Participants:
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Non-classical monocyte proportion Participants:
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Serum lipopolysaccharide Participants:
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
544
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
Intermediate monocyte proportion Participants:
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
Chemotherapy Side-
C
Oral Mucositis Symptoms Participants: Slight
Effects 40 Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
potential
Constipation
D Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
Digestive Health
C
Study: 1
C
27 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
27
potential
545
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
27
potential
D Study: 1
27
potential
D Study: 1
27
potential
D Study: 1
Zonulin Participants:
potential
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
Serum TGF-β Participants:
18
potential
546
D Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
18 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
Serum TGF-β Participants:
18
potential
D Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
Indigestion
C
Helicobacter Pylori Infection Signs Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Nausea Symptoms Participants:
82 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
Inflammatory Bowel
C
Disease 45 Increase
Low potential
547
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 45
Study: 1
C
45 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
D Study: 1
potential
Muscle Recovery
D Study: 1
Body Density Participants:
67
potential
D Study: 1
67
potential
D Study: 1
67
potential
D Study: 1
Time to run/walk 1.5 miles Participants:
67
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Strength
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
548
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
potential
Running Performance
D Study: 1
Body Density Participants:
67
potential
D Study: 1
67
potential
D Study: 1
67
potential
D Study: 1
Time to run/walk 1.5 miles Participants:
67
potential
Study: 1
Weight Loss &
C
Maintenance 58 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
58 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
58 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
58
potential
549
D Study: 1
58
potential
D Study: 1
58
potential
D Study: 1
58
potential
Kelp
Also known as: Kelp (one Of Many Species), Egg Wrack, Rockweed, Ascophyllum Nodosum
Ascophyllum nodosum is a species of seaweed. It is being investigated for its immunostimulatory properties
and it may inhibit carbohydrate absorption after supplementation.
Obesity
C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
D Study: 1
Appetite
Ketogenic Diet
Also known as: TKD, CKD, VLCKD, LCKD, keto, keto diet, keto diets, ketogenic diets
Keto diets limit carb intake to under ≈50 grams a day and can reduce intake of easy-to-overeat,
hyperpalatable foods. However, most trials don’t show a large weight-loss advantage over higher-carb
diets, although individual results vary widely. Keto has therapeutic potential for a variety of health
conditions.

A Studies: 4
Ketone Bodies
High potential
Studies: 9
A
High potential
Studies: 4
A Participants: Notable
Glycemic Control
109 Improvement
High potential
550
Studies: 9
A
High potential
Studies: 8
A
High potential
B
Studies: 2
Free Fatty Acids
potential
B Studies: 9
potential
B Studies: 7
Moderate 426 Notable Detriment
potential
B Studies: 7
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
B
Studies: 2
Serum T4
potential
B Studies: 4
Urea Participants:
potential
B Studies: 8
potential
C Studies: 2
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glycerol
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Adiponectin
Low potential
551
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
270 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Ghrelin
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Glucagon
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
Studies: 8
C
459 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Hydration (Total Body Water)
Low potential
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Serum T3
Low potential
C Study: 1
Urinary Albumin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
552
D Studies: 5
375
potential
D
Studies: 2
Carbohydrate Oxidation
potential
D
Studies: 2
Fat Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
Growth Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
Study: 1
Hemoglobin
potential
D
Study: 1
Kidney Function
potential
D
Studies: 2
Leptin
potential
D Studies: 5
109
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Remnant Lipoprotein Study: 1
Cholesterol Participants: 32 No effect
Negligible
potential
553
D
Study: 1
Serum Albumin
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 3
120
potential
D
Study: 1
Ventilatory Threshold
potential
D
Study: 1
Vigor/Activity
potential
Obesity
A Studies: 3
Ketone Bodies
High potential
Studies: 7
A
High potential
Studies: 6
A
High potential
Studies: 6
A
High potential
B
Studies: 2
Free Fatty Acids
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
B
Studies: 2
Glycerol
potential
B Studies: 3
144 Slight Decrease
Moderate
potential
554
B
Studies: 3
Body Fat
potential
B Studies: 6
potential
B
Studies: 3
Lean Mass
potential
B Studies: 6
potential
Studies: 8
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
C-Peptide
Low potential
Studies: 5
C
Studies: 8
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
Resistin
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Glucagon
Low potential
C Study: 1
107
555
Study: 1
Intercellular Adhesion C
Participants:
Molecule 1 Slight Increase
Low potential 107
C Study: 1
Liver Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum T3
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum T4
Low potential
C Study: 1
vLDL-C
Low potential
D Study: 1
107
potential
D Study: 1
107
potential
D
Study: 1
Beta-cell function
potential
D Studies: 3
104
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Studies: 2
Fat Oxidation
potential
D
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP- Study: 1
1) Participants: 17
potential
556
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D
Study: 1
Kidney Function
potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
Leptin
potential
D
Studies: 3
Metabolic Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Uric Acid
potential
D
Study: 1
Vigor/Activity
potential
Studies: 4
Metabolic Health
A
Studies: 4
A
High potential
B
Studies: 3
Free Fatty Acids
potential
B
Studies: 2
Ketone Bodies
potential
B Studies: 5
Moderate 175 Strong Improvement
potential
557
B Studies: 7
Participants:
Blood glucose Moderate Notable Decrease
203
potential
B
Studies: 3
C-Peptide
Moderate Participants: 45 Notable Decrease
potential
B Studies: 7
potential
B Studies: 3
Moderate 126 Notable Detriment
potential
B
Studies: 2
Adiponectin
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B
Studies: 2
Cortisol
potential
B
Studies: 2
Glucagon
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glycerol
Low potential
558
C Study: 1
Adrenaline
Low potential
C Study: 1
Creatinine Participants: 58 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Urea
Low potential
C Study: 1
vLDL-C
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Beta-cell function
potential
D Studies: 2
111
potential
D
1) Negligible Participants: 17 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
Leptin
potential
D
Study: 1
Noradrenaline
potential
559
D
Cholesterol Negligible Participants: 32 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Uric Acid Negligible Participants: 58 No effect
potential
Studies: 4
High Cholesterol
A
High potential
Studies: 4
A
High potential
Studies: 4
A
High potential
Studies: 3
A
High potential
B
Studies: 2
Glycemic Control Notable
Improvement
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
C Study: 1
Free Fatty Acids
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
141 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Creatinine
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
560
C Study: 1
Urea
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
vLDL-C
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
potential
D Studies: 2
141
potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential
D
Cholesterol Negligible Participants: 32 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Uric Acid
potential
Studies: 3
Type 2 Diabetes
A
High potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
Moderate 288 Strong Improvement
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
561
B Studies: 3
Moderate Notable Decrease
288
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Liver Fibrosis Participants: Notable
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
272 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Endothelial Microparticles
Low potential
C Study: 1
Ghrelin
Low potential
562
C Study: 1
Glucagon
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
272 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
272 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
262 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Urea
Low potential
C Study: 1
Urinary Albumin
Low potential
Study: 1
C
262 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
262
potential
D Study: 1
262
potential
D Study: 1
262
potential
D
Study: 1
Growth Hormone
potential
563
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 10
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 18
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D
Study: 1
Leptin
potential
D
Study: 1
Lymphocyte Count
potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Monocyte Count
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
D Study: 1
262
potential
D Study: 1
262
potential
Dyslipidemia
B
Studies: 2
Ketone Bodies
potential
B
Studies: 2
Triglycerides
Moderate Participants: 63 Strong Improvement
potential
564
B
Studies: 2
Blood glucose
potential
B
Studies: 2
Body Fat
potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 10
C Studies: 2
Insulin
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Participants: 63 Notable Detriment
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Creatinine
Low potential
C Study: 1
Ghrelin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glucagon
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Lean Mass
Low potential
565
C Study: 1
Urea
Low potential
C Study: 1
Urinary Albumin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Growth Hormone
potential
D
Studies: 2
Leptin
potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
Overweight
C Study: 1
Free Fatty Acids
Low potential
C Study: 1
Ketone Bodies
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
C-Peptide
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Participants: 30
566
C Study: 1
Glycerol
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glucagon
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
vLDL-C
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Beta-cell function
potential
D
1) Negligible Participants: 17 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential

C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
567
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
Type 1 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Free Fatty Acids
Low potential
C Study: 1
Ketone Bodies
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
568
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Creatinine
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glucagon
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Urinary Albumin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
vLDL-C
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Hemoglobin
potential
D
Study: 1
Vigor/Activity
potential
Aerobic Exercise
C Study: 1
Performance
Low potential
569
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Creatinine
Low potential
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Power Output
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum T3
Low potential
C Study: 1
Serum T4
Low potential
C Study: 1
Urea
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
Study: 1
Hemoglobin
potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
570
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Uric Acid
potential
D
Study: 1
Ventilatory Threshold
potential
Endometrial Cancer
C Study: 1
Ketone Bodies
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
IGF Binding Protein
Low potential
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
571
C Study: 1
Participants: 21
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
Ovarian Cancer
C Study: 1
Ketone Bodies
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
572
C Study: 1
IGF Binding Protein
Low potential
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
Parkinson's Disease
C Study: 1
Triglycerides Strong Improvement
Participants: 47
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Parkinson's Disease C Study: 1

Symptoms Participants: 47 Mixed effect
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Uric Acid
potential
King of Bitters
Also known as: Chiretta, King Of Bitters, Kalmegh, Creat, Chuanxinlian, Yijianxi, Lanhelian, Indian Echinacea, Andrographis
Paniculata
Andrographis paniculata is an herb frequently used in traditional medicines to treat the common cold.
573
Ulcerative Colitis
B Studies: 2
Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms Participants: Notable
Moderate
344 Improvement
potential
Study: 1
C
Sore Throat Symptoms Participants: Notable
Infection 152 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
Risk
Common Cold
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Virus 17 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Study: 1
Early Virologic Response Participants:
17
potential
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
17 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Study: 1
Early Virologic Response Participants:
17
potential
Korean black raspberry

Also known as: Korean Black Raspberry, Rubus Tokkura, Cha Tian Pao, Bokbunja, Rubi Fructus, Rubus Coreanus
Rubus coreanus (Korean Black Raspberry) is a dark berry sometimes brewed as a wine called bokbunja ju; it
has a high levels of anthocyanins of the cyanidin type, and other tannin structures that underlie its
antioxidant and proerectile properties.
574
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Testosterone
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Krill Oil
Also known as: Euphausiacea superba
Krill oil is a mixture of fatty acids high in EPA and DHA (fish oil fatty acids) in the form of phospholipids,
mostly as phosphatidylcholine; it appears to be better absorbed than fish oil, may be more
cardioprotective, and has some unique (unexplored) fat burning effects.
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
575
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Breast Tenderness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Irritability
Low potential
C Study: 1
PMS Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Obesity
C Study: 1
2-Arachidonoylglycerol Acid
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Osteoarthritis
C Study: 1
Arthritis (In General)
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Injured Low potential Participants: 90 Slight Improvement
Premenstrual
C Study: 1
Breast Tenderness
Syndrome Participants: 70 Slight Improvement
Low potential
576
C Study: 1
Irritability
Low potential
C Study: 1
PMS Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Arthritis (In General)
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Functionality in Elderly or C Study: 1

Injured Participants: 90 Slight Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Functionality in Elderly or C Study: 1

Injured Participants: 90 Slight Improvement
Low potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
577
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
potential
D
Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
potential
Overweight
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Kudzu
Also known as: Kudzu, Gegen, Pueraria Lobata
Pueraria Lobata (Kudzu) is a root plant that appears to have traditional usage in alleviating migraines and
hangovers.
Menopause
C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential
D Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
D Study: 1
Estrogen
D Study: 1
578
D
Study: 1
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) No effect
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
D Study: 1
Menopausal Symptoms
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Kutki
Also known as: Kutki, Picrorhiza Scrophulariiflora, Katuki, Kurro, Kutkin, Picroliv, Picrolax, Picrorhiza Kurroa
Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutki or Picroliv) is a liver tonic from Ayurveda that, when used at low doses, appears to
exceed milk thistle silymarins in potency. It is underresearched, but its liver protective effects and some
other immunomodulatory properties hold potential.
Acute Viral Hepatitis

C Study: 1
Bilirubin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
Low potential
Vitiligo
C Study: 1
Vitiligo Symptoms
Low potential
L-Carnitine
Also known as: Acetyl-L-Carnitine, ALCAR, Acetylcarnitine, L-Carnitine-L-Tartrate, LCLT, Glycine Propionyl-L-Carnitine, GPLC,
Levocarnitine, Levacecarnine, L-3-hydroxytrimethylamminobutanoate, carnitine
L-carnitine and its many forms are useful in liver diseases, depression, metabolic health, and potentially
many other conditions. L-carnitine is often used for fat-loss, but its effectiveness is questionable.
579
Studies: 3
Metabolic Health A Participants: Notable
47 Decrease
High potential
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
Study: 1
C
Ammonia Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Carbohydrate Oxidation Participants:
23 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 3
C
580
C
Study: 1
HbA1c Slight
Improvement
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
15 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
10 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
15 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Respiratory Quotient Participants:
20 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Urea Participants:
Low potential Slight Decrease
10
581
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D
Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
potential
D Studies: 3
35
potential
D Study: 1
Glycerol Participants:
12
potential
D Studies: 2
27
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
582
D Study: 1
Participants:
Hemoglobin Negligible No effect
10
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D
Study: 1
Ketone Bodies
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Studies: 2
20
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Studies: 2
20
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
B Studies: 3
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Participants: Notable
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
583
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 11
Moderate Slight Increase
1266
potential
B Studies: 7
potential
B Studies: 10
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 13
potential
B Studies: 9
potential
Studies: 7
C
Apolipoprotein A Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 12
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Carbohydrate Oxidation Participants:
35 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms Participants: Slight
584
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Studies: 7
C
Studies: 12
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
81 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
418 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 11
C
Study: 1
C
Waist-Hip Ratio Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Whole Body Glucose Uptake Participants:
35 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 7
1178
potential
D Study: 1
Beta-cell function Participants:
52
potential
585
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Study: 1
229
potential
D Study: 1
Glomerular Filtration Rate Participants:
229
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Studies: 2
522
potential
Studies: 9
Infertility
A
Sperm Quality Participants: Notable
B Studies: 2
Rate Of Pregnancy Participants:
potential
B Studies: 6
potential
B Studies: 6
potential
Study: 1
C
High Cholesterol
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
586
B Studies: 7
potential
B Studies: 6
Moderate
475 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Studies: 4
C
Study: 1
C
229 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
84 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 2
C
323 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
84 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
323 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
587
C Study: 1
Superoxide Dismutase Activity Participants:
47 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 8
C
Studies: 7
C
D Studies: 3
216
potential
D Study: 1
229
potential

B Studies: 3
Muscle Carnitine Content Participants:
potential
Study: 1
C
Blood Carnitine Participants:
14 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
32 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 9
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
32 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
14 Slight Decrease
Low potential
588
D Study: 1
32
potential
D Studies: 2
24
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Studies: 2
24
potential
D Studies: 4
41
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Studies: 2
22
potential
D Study: 1
Muscle Lactate Participants:
14
potential
D Studies: 5
60
potential
D Studies: 2
42
potential
D Studies: 3
36
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
589
Studies: 8
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A
B Studies: 6
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
67 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Cirrhosis Severity Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Urea Participants:
67 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
67
potential
Muscle Recovery
B Studies: 2
Creatine Kinase Participants: Notable
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
590
B Studies: 4
potential
C Study: 1
Blood Carnitine
Low potential
C Study: 1
Hypoxanthine
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
IGF Binding Protein Participants:
18 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Myoglobin
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 21
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Xanthine Oxidase
Low potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Studies: 4
57
potential
D Study: 1
IGF-1 Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
Study: 1
Cycling Performance
C
23 Strong Increase
Low potential
591
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Carnitine Content
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 23
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 2
17
potential
D Studies: 4
100
potential
D
Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Studies: 4
137
potential
Muscle Strength
B Studies: 2
potential
592
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
IGF Binding Protein Participants:
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Oxygenation
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 23
D Studies: 3
65
potential
D Studies: 2
IGF-1 Participants:
30
potential
593
D Studies: 3
65
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Dyslipidemia
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
93 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
85 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 3
880
potential
594
Study: 1
Muscle Endurance
C
23 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
107 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
107 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Total Antioxidant Capacity C Participants:
(TAC) 23 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
595

B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
Peripheral Vascular Disease
potential
C Study: 1
Blood Carnitine
Low potential
Study: 1
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
Hyperemia Participants:
12 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Peak flow time Participants:
12 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 2
63
potential
D
Study: 1
Lung Function
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Strength
potential
D Studies: 4
Walking Ability Participants:
151
potential

B Studies: 4
Disorder ADHD Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
596
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Nitrotyrosine Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
75 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
75 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
47 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
47 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
75 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
75 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
47 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
47 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 75
Study: 1
C
597
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
75 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 2
834
potential
Obesity
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Adiponectin Participants: Slight Increase
Low potential 258
Studies: 2
C
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
258 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
258 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
258 Slight Decrease
Low potential
598
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Waist circumference
Low potential
D Study: 1
258
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
Studies: 3
Osteoarthritis
B
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
72 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
72 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
72 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 Participants:
72 Slight Decrease
Low potential
599
Study: 1
C
Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 Participants:
72 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
72 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 72
Study: 1
C
B Studies: 3
Metabolic Syndrome Blood Pressure Participants:
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Appetite Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
32 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Atherosclerotic Signs Participants:
177 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
600
Studies: 2
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
30 Improvement
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Study: 1
Running Performance
C
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Decrease
Low potential
601
C Study: 1
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Running Speed Participants: Slight
D
Aerobic Exercise Metrics Study: 1
Participants: 7
potential
D Studies: 2
50
potential
D Studies: 2
33
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D Studies: 2
31
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
229 Slight Decrease
Low potential
602
Study: 1
C
229 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
229 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
229 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
229 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
229
potential
D Study: 1
229
potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
603
D Study: 1
31
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
C Study: 1
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
DHEAS Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Atherosclerotic Signs Participants:
60 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Glutathione (GSH) Participants:
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
604
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 60
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential

B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
Sexual Function Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
120 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
120
potential
605
D Study: 1
120
potential
D Study: 1
120
potential
D Study: 1
Prostate Specific Antigen Participants:
120
potential
Study: 1
C
32 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 9
Study: 1
C
Muscle Carnitine Content Participants:
32 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
D
Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D Study: 1
32
potential
Cirrhosis
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Cramps Participants: Slight
606
C Study: 1
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
66 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
66 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Verbal Memory Participants: Slight
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
71 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
71 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
72 Slight Decrease
Low potential
607
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Transforming Growth Factor C
Participants:
Beta No effect
Low potential 72
Study: 1
C
71 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
71 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Depression
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Migraine Headache
C
Migraine Symptoms Participants: Strong
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
Migraine Frequency Participants:
205 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Migraine Severity Participants:
205 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
Migraine Duration Participants:
72
potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
608
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
Study: 1
C
Alcohol Dependence Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Dysthymia
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C

B Studies: 2
potential
609
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Idiopathic
B Studies: 2
Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia Seminal Motility Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Rate Of Pregnancy
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
Nitrotyrosine Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
75 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
75 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
75 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 75
B Studies: 2
potential
610
Study: 1
Muscle Gain
C
20 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Androgen Receptor Density Participants:
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
IGF-1 Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Study: 1
Overweight
C
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Waist circumference
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
96 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
611
Studies: 2
C
96 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
Study: 1
Acne
C
230 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Urine Carnitine Participants:
230 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Asthma
C
Study: 1
C
Immunoglobulin E Participants:
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
Study: 1
Atherosclerosis
C
TMAO Participants:
18 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
612
Study: 1
C
18 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
Study: 1
C
Autism Symptoms Participants: Notable

B Studies: 2
Disease COPD Symptoms Participants:
potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
Study: 1
Fibromyalgia
C
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
229 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
229 Slight Decrease
Low potential
613
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
229 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
229 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
229 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C Slight
229 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
229 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
229
potential
D Study: 1
229
potential
Study: 1
Multiple Sclerosis
C
Study: 1
Type 1 Diabetes
C
232 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
614
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Body Composition
C
23 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants:
Lean Mass
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 23
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
Study: 1
Bone Health
C
Hyperthyroidism Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
ST-segment depression Participants:
44 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Celiac Disease
C
615

C Study: 1
Creatine Kinase Notable
Participants: 6
C Study: 1
Participants: 6
Study: 1
Diabetic Neuropathy
C
232 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
787
potential
Study: 1
Fatigue
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Fragile X Syndrome
C
Study: 1
Hashimoto's disease
C
50 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
616
Study: 1
C
Osteocalcin Participants:
50 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Hyperthyroidism
C
Study: 1
Hypocarnitinemia
C
Study: 1
Hypothyroidism
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
617
Study: 1
D
60 No effect
Negligible
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Mitochondrial Myopathy
C
12 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Cramps
C
Oligospermia
C Study: 1
Rate Of Pregnancy
Low potential
618
C Study: 1
Seminal Motility Slight
Participants: 0
C Study: 1
Sperm Count Slight
Participants: 0
Study: 1
Prediabetes
C
33 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
33 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
33 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Renal Anemia
C
Total Iron Binding Capacity Participants:
14 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
Study: 1
Surgical Recovery
C
C Study: 1
Blood Clotting Participants:
208
619
Study: 1
C
208 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Strong Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential

D Study: 1
Brain Injury Symptoms Participants:
40
potential
L-Dopa
Also known as: Levodopa, L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
L-DOPA is a direct precursor to dopamine, and its supplementation can increase dopamine levels in the
body. It is known as Levodopa and is one component of most Parkinson's treatments, and found in high
amounts in Mucuna Pruriens.

C Study: 1
Penile Girth
Low potential
Sexual Health
C Study: 1
Penile Girth
Low potential
D Study: 1
Libido
L-Tyrosine
L-Tyrosine is an amino acid that is used as a precursor for the synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine
(DA) and norepinephrine (NE). DA and NE are depleted under stressful conditions, which can compromise
cognitive function. L-Tyrosine supplementation may help alleviate acute stress-induced cognitive decline by
restoring catecholamine levels in the brain.
620
B Studies: 3
Moderate
57 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 8
potential
Study: 1
C
Motor Control Participants: Slight
C Study: 1
Noradrenaline
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
Sleep Deprivation C
Symptoms
Study: 1
Stress Signs and C
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
Adrenocorticotropic
Participants:
20
potential
D Studies: 2
23
potential
D Studies: 4
65
potential
D Studies: 2
40
potential
D Study: 1
21
potential
621
D Study: 1
21
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
Processing Accuracy Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D
Study: 1
Vigor/Activity
potential
Studies: 3
Metabolic Health
C
32 Mixed effect
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 3
C
32 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Studies: 3
52
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
622
D Studies: 3
48
potential
D Study: 1
Renin Activity Participants:
12
potential

D Studies: 4
Performance Aerobic Exercise Metrics Participants:
31
potential
D
Study: 1
Alertness
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 2
16
potential
D Studies: 4
31
potential
D Studies: 2
15
potential
D Studies: 3
Rate of Perceived
Participants:
Exertion Negligible No effect
23
potential
D
Study: 1
Vigor/Activity
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Study: 1
C
Pulse Pressure Participants:
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
623
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Cycling Performance
D Studies: 2
16
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Free Fatty Acids
potential
D Studies: 2
16
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D Studies: 2
Rate of Perceived
Participants:
Exertion Negligible No effect
16
potential
624
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Strength
C
D Study: 1
Adrenocorticotropic
Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
35
potential
D Studies: 2
35
potential
Study: 1
Soccer Performance
C
14 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
14 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
14 Mixed effect
Low potential
625
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Alertness
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Studies: 2
22
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D
Study: 1
Vigor/Activity
potential
Depression
D Study: 1
65
potential
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
13 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
Study: 1
C
14 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
14 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
14 Mixed effect
Low potential
626
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
Memory Improvement
C Study: 1
Noradrenaline
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Stress Signs and C
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
Study: 1
Mental Resilience
C
Anger Participants:
78 Slight Detriment
Low potential
627
D Study: 1
78
potential
D
Study: 1
Depression Symptoms Negligible Participants:
No effect
78
potential
D Study: 1
78
potential
D Study: 1
78
potential
D Study: 1
Vigor/Activity Participants:
78
potential
Study: 1
Narcolepsy
C
D Study: 1
Narcolepsy Symptoms Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
Study: 1
Parkinson's Disease
C
40 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
628
Running Performance
D Study: 1
Adrenocorticotropic
Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Schizophrenia
D Study: 1
11
potential
D Study: 1
11
potential
Study: 1
Sleep Disturbances
C
Motor Control Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Sleep Deprivation C
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Stress
C
Anger Participants:
78 Slight Detriment
Low potential
629
D Study: 1
78
potential
D Study: 1
78
potential
D Study: 1
78
potential
D Study: 1
78
potential
D Study: 1
78
potential
Study: 1
C
Impulse Control Participants:
22 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Lactase Enzyme
Also known as: lactaid
If you can't digest the lactose in dairy (Lactose intolerance), you can either supplement with lactase
enzyme pills or consume dairy that's predigested with the lactase enzyme.
Lactose Intolerance
A Studies: 9
Breath Hydrogen
High potential
A Studies: 3
Bloating
High potential
A Studies: 4
Flatulence
High potential
A Studies: 4
Lactose Intolerance Symptoms Participants: 101 Notable Improvement
High potential
630
B Studies: 3
Diarrhea Symptoms
Moderate potential
B Studies: 3
Abdominal Pain
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Heartburn Symptoms
Low potential
D Studies: 2
Headaches
D Study: 1
Nausea Symptoms
D Study: 1
Stool Consistency
Obesity
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
Lactobacillus Casei
Also known as: Yakult, Lacticaseibacillus casei
Lactobacillus casei (now renamed to Lacticaseibacillus casei, often called Lactobacillus casei Shirota and
Yakult) is a bacterial strain seen as probiotic.
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
28 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
84 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Risk
D Study: 1
28
potential
631
D
Study: 1
Immunoglobulin G Negligible Participants:
potential 84 No effect
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
Studies: 2
C
Infection 131 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
Risk
D Study: 1
47
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
Digestive Health
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
632
D Study: 1
28
potential
Lactobacillus Reuteri
Also known as: ATCC PTA 6475, ATCC 55730, DSM 17938, NCIMB 30242, Limosilactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus reuteri is a species of probiotic bacteria. It may provide some benefits for cholesterol levels,
reducing H. pylori levels (the pathogenic bacterium which contributes to ulcers), female urinary tract and
vaginal health, and infant gastrointestinal health.
Colic
B Studies: 7
Infantile Colic Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
Constipation Signs and Symptoms Participants: Slight
High Cholesterol
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Plasma Vitamin D Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
127 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
127 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
127
potential
D Studies: 2
241
potential
633
D Study: 1
114
potential
D Study: 1
Fecal Bile Acids Participants:
114
potential
D Studies: 2
241
potential
D Study: 1
114
potential
D Study: 1
114
potential
D Study: 1
127
potential
D Study: 1
Plasma β-carotene Participants:
127
potential
D Studies: 2
241
potential
Study: 1
Digestive Health
C
Study: 1
C
Infantile Colic Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
31
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
634
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
Lipid Absorption Participants:
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
H. Pylori Infection
B Studies: 2
Helicobacter Pylori Infection Signs Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
23 Notable Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
635
D Study: 1
31
potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
Allergic Rhinitis
D Study: 1
Allergic Disease Risk Participants:
184
potential
Asthma
D Study: 1
Allergic Disease Risk Participants:
184
potential
Study: 1
Antibiotic-Associated
C
Diarrhea 23 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
Constipation
C
D Study: 1
Fecal Weight Participants:
44
potential
Study: 1
Cystic Fibrosis
Risk
D Studies: 2
Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms Participants:
120
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
636
D Study: 1
60
potential
Study: 1
General Gut Health
C
23 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
39
potential
D Study: 1
39
potential
D Study: 1
39
potential
D Study: 1
39
potential
D Study: 1
39
potential
D Study: 1
39
potential
D Study: 1
39
potential
D Study: 1
39
potential
D Study: 1
39
potential
637
D Study: 1
39
potential
D Study: 1
39
potential
D Study: 1
39
potential
D Study: 1
39
potential
D Study: 1
39
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
C
D Study: 1
124
potential
D Study: 1
124
potential
D Study: 1
124
potential
D Study: 1
124
potential
D Study: 1
124
potential
D Study: 1
124
potential
638
D Study: 1
124
potential
D Study: 1
124
potential
D Study: 1
124
potential
Lavender
Also known as: Lavandula angustifolia, Lavandula officinalis
Lavender is a family of plants known for its anxiety-reducing properties.
Studies: 5
Anxiety
A
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Neurasthenia Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Restlessness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
B Studies: 3
Insomnia Sleep Quality Participants:
Moderate
potential
639
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate Variability
Low potential

Low potential
Sleep Disturbances
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Calmness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate Variability
Low potential
C Study: 1
Infantile Colic
Low potential
Migraine Headache
C Study: 1
Migraine Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Dysmenorrhea Symptoms
Low potential
Study: 1
Canker Sores
C
Canker Sores Symptoms Participants:
Low potential
C
Blood Pressure Study: 1
Health
Low potential Participants: 20 Slight Decrease
C Study: 1
Body Temperature
Low potential
640
C Studies: 2
Calmness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sedation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Infant Health
C Study: 1
Calmness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Infantile Colic
Low potential

C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential

C Study: 1
Calmness
Low potential
C
Study: 1
Cortisol Slight Decrease
Mood Improvement
C Studies: 2
Calmness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
641
C Study: 1
Sedation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Neurasthenia
C Study: 1
Participants: 47
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Restlessness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Disorder Participants: 47
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Restlessness Participants: 47 Slight Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Sleep Health
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
642
Lemon Balm
Also known as: Lemon Balm, Melissengeist, Bee Balm, Garden Balm, Melissa, Erva-cidreira, Melissa Officinalis
Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm) is a herb/tea traditionally said to induce calmness and improve cognition. It
does appear effective at inducing calmness and reducing anxiety, but the cognitive enhancing properties
are variable (appears to benefit if stressed, but otherwise it is merely sedative).
A Studies: 4
PMS Symptoms
High potential
D Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
B Studies: 3
Memory
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Alertness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Calmness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Processing Speed
Low potential
D Study: 1
Attention
D Study: 1
D Studies: 2
Working Memory
Mood Improvement
B Studies: 3
Memory
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Alertness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Calmness
Low potential
643
C Study: 1
Processing Speed
Low potential
D Study: 1
Attention
D Study: 1
D Studies: 2
Working Memory
Anxiety
C Study: 1
Calmness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Aggression
Low potential
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cramps
Low potential
Focus & Attention

C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
Mental Resilience
C Study: 1
Alertness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Calmness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
DNA Damage
Low potential
644
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
Sleep Disturbances
C Study: 1
Calmness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Aggression
Low potential
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Stress
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
Leucic Acid
Also known as: Alpha-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid, DL-alpha-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid, HICA
Leucic acid (also known as α-hydroxyisocaproic acid or HICA) is a leucine metabolite touted to have
anabolic properties. Although it appears to be effective following oral supplementation, comparisons to
leucine or HMB do not exist.
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
645
D
Anaerobic Capacity Study: 1
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Power Output

C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
Low potential
D Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Power Output
Soccer Performance
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
D Study: 1
Body Fat Participants: 15
646
D Study: 1
Power Output
Leucine
Also known as: L-Leucine
Leucine is a branced-chain amino acid (BCAA) and potent nutrient- based signal to activate protein
synthesis.
Muscle Gain
C Study: 1
Power Output
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Power Output
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Licorice
Also known as: Licorice, Liquorice, Yashtimadhu, Glycyrrhiza, Glycyrrhiza Uralensis, Glycyrrhiza Glabra
Licorice is the common name for plants of the Glycyrrhiza family. It may contain protective flavanoids.
Glycyrrhetic acid (a component of licorice) may decrease testosterone and increase cortisol.
647
B Studies: 3
Metabolic Health Testosterone Participants:
33 Slight Decrease
Moderate
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
19 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Parathyroid Hormone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Estrogen
potential
Study: 1
Hormone Health
C
22 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
61 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
DHEA Participants:
22
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Studies: 2
61
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Study: 1
Sex Hormone Binding
Participants:
36
potential
648
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
25
Study: 1
C
25 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Study: 1
Sex Hormone Binding
Participants:
36
potential
Low Testosterone
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
potential
Obesity
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
649
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 44
D Study: 1
Participants:
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
Study: 1
Canker Sores
C
Canker Sores Symptoms Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Sexual Health
C
25 Slight Decrease
Low potential
650
D Study: 1
25
potential

D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
651
Lion's Mane
Also known as: Hericium erinaceus, Monkey's Head, Houtou (infrequent), Igelstachelbart, Pom Pom Blanc, Hedgehog
Mushroom, Satyr’s Beard, Yamabushitake
Lion's Mane, known as Yamabushitake, is a dietary mushroom that can be a supplement. It appears to be a
promising cognitive enhancer and immunomodulator (thought to stimulate or suppress inflammation
depending on context).
D Study: 1
Anxiety
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
D Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Depression
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
D Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Menopause
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Menopausal Symptoms
Low potential
D Study: 1
Sleep Quality No effect
Participants: 30

C Study: 1
Cognitive Decline
Low potential
652
Low-FODMAP Diet
Also known as: Low-FODMAP
Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) are poorly

absorbed dietary carbohydrates associated with gastrointestinal symptoms due to their fermentability and
influence on intestinal fluid retention. A low-FODMAP diet temporarily reduces and then systematically
reintroduces FODMAPs and has shown efficacy for reducing general symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome
(IBS).
Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A Studies: 3
Bloating Participants: Strong
potential
A Studies: 10
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms Participants: Strong
potential
A Studies: 3
Bifidobacterium Abundance Participants: Notable
High 281 Decrease
potential
B Studies: 2
Abdominal Pain Participants: Strong
potential
B Studies: 2
Breath Hydrogen Participants: Notable
potential
B Studies: 3
Alpha-Diversity Participants:
potential
B Studies: 3
Combined Anxiety & Depression Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
Stool Consistency Participants: Slight
potential
C Study: 1
Flatulence Participants: Notable
Low 12 Improvement
potential
653
C Study: 1
Low
12 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Exercise-Induced Gastrointestinal
Syndrome Symptoms Low 12 Improvement
potential
C Studies: 6
potential
C Studies: 2
Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) Participants:
potential
D Studies: 2
Beta-Diversity Participants:
potential
D Study: 1
Breath Methane Participants:
potential
General Gut Health

B Studies: 2
Fecal Microbial Load Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Abdominal Pain Participants: Strong
Low 19 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 19 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 45 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 45 Decrease
potential
654
C Study: 1
Low 38 Mixed effect
potential
C Study: 1
Syndrome Symptoms Participants: Slight
Low
19 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein Participants:
Low 19 Mixed effect
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
Breath Methane Participants:
potential
Diarrhea Predominant Irritable Bowel

B Studies: 2
Syndrome (IBS-D)
potential
C Study: 1
Low 108 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Stool Consistency Participants: Slight
Low 108 Decrease
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
655
C Study: 1
Bloating Participants: Strong
Low 52 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 52 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 52 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Flatulence Participants: Notable
Low 52 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low 52 Mixed effect
potential
C Study: 1
Low 60 Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Fecal Microbial Load Participants: Slight
Low 52 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
Low 52 Mixed effect
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 2
Fecal Calprotectin Participants:
potential
D Studies: 2
112
potential
Fibromyalgia
C Study: 1
Low 38 Improvement
potential
656
Migraine Headache
C Study: 1
Low 50 Mixed effect
potential
Digestive Health
C Study: 1
Low 18 Decrease
potential
C Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein Participants:
Low 18 Mixed effect
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential

C Study: 1
Performance Participants: Slight
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
Maca
Also known as: Lepidium meyenii, Maca root, Peruvian Ginseng, Lepidium peruvianum
Maca refers to two plants belonging to the Brassicaceae family, Lepidium peruvianum and Lepidium meyeni.
The plants resemble a turnip and have a history of being used as an aphrodisiac.
Menopause
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
Study: 1
C
34 Mixed effect
Low potential
657
C Study: 1
34
Study: 1
C
34 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
136 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
34 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
34 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 2
76
potential
D Studies: 4
186
potential
D Study: 1
42
potential
D Studies: 2
136
potential
D Studies: 4
186
potential
D Studies: 4
186
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
D Studies: 2
136
potential
658
D Studies: 2
136
potential
D Studies: 2
76
potential
Infertility
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 2
76
potential
D Studies: 2
76
potential
D Study: 1
56
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
76
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
659
C Study: 1
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
Study: 1
C
Libido Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
56 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
56
potential
D Study: 1
56
potential
D Study: 1
56
potential
D Study: 1
56
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
C
660
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
197 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
197
potential
D Study: 1
197
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
197
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
Sexual Health
B Studies: 2
potential
661
Study: 1
C
57 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
197 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
197
potential
D Study: 1
57
potential
Study: 1
Depression
C
Study: 1
Low Testosterone
C
56 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
56
potential
D Study: 1
56
potential
D Study: 1
56
potential
D Study: 1
56
potential
Study: 1
Antidepressant-Induced Sexual
C
Dysfunction 45 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
Chronic Mountain Sickness
C
662
Study: 1
Chronic Mountain Sickness C
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
197 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
197
potential
D Study: 1
197
potential
D Study: 1
197
potential
Cycling Performance
D Study: 1
8
potential
D Study: 1
8
potential
D Study: 1
8
potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
50
potential
663
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
Study: 1
Mood Improvement
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
197 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
197
potential
Study: 1
Sexual Dysfunction
C
Study: 1
C
Magnesium
Also known as: Magnesium oxide, Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium citrate, Magnesium aspartate, Magnesium glycinate,
Magnesium orotate, Magnesium L-threonate, Magnesium chloride, Magnesium lactate, Magnesium malate, Magnesium
sulfate, Magnesium taurate, Magnesium carbonate
Magnesium is an essential dietary mineral that is involved in energy production, nervous system function,
blood pressure regulation, and blood glucose control. A lack of magnesium in the diet — which is common
in modern societies — is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other
health conditions.
664
Type 2 Diabetes
A Studies: 4
High potential Notable Decrease
2496
Studies: 4
A
High potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 8
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
889 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
673
potential
D Studies: 5
4646
potential
D Study: 1
889
potential
D Studies: 3
2450
potential
D Studies: 2
Insulin Resistance Participants:
1935
potential
665
D Study: 1
889
potential
D Studies: 2
2371
potential
D Studies: 2
Magnesium Excretion Participants:
1188
potential
D Study: 1
Malondialdehyde (MDA) Participants:
889
potential
D Study: 1
889
potential
D Study: 1
1060
potential
D Study: 1
889
potential
D Study: 1
889
potential
D Studies: 2
2371
potential
D Studies: 4
2500
potential
D Study: 1
673
potential
D Study: 1
79
potential
666
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 3
Moderate
304 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
Studies: 4
C
334 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
889
potential
D Studies: 3
304
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Studies: 2
1816
potential
D Studies: 2
207
potential
667
D Study: 1
889
potential
D Study: 1
889
potential
D Studies: 2
1816
potential
D Study: 1
889
potential
D Studies: 2
207
potential
D Studies: 3
304
potential
D Studies: 3
304
potential
Muscle Cramps
D Studies: 7
1417
potential
Studies: 6
High Blood Pressure
A
High potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
668
Study: 1
C
155 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 2
234
potential
D Study: 1
155
potential
D Study: 1
155
potential
D Studies: 2
234
potential
D Studies: 2
234
potential
Studies: 5
A
High potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 2
Endothelial Function Participants:
42
potential
D Studies: 2
Magnesium Excretion Participants:
185
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
669
B Studies: 5
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Asthma
B Studies: 4
potential
C Study: 1
Migraine Headache
B Studies: 2
Migraine Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
D Study: 1
157
potential
D Study: 1
Headaches Participants:
222
potential
D Study: 1
Migraine Frequency Participants:
1737
potential
D Studies: 2
Migraine Severity Participants:
1894
potential
D Study: 1
157
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
57 Notable Decrease
Low potential
670
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
84 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
Acne Symptoms Participants:
64
potential
D Studies: 2
141
potential
D Study: 1
DHEA Participants:
57
potential
D Study: 1
57
potential
D Study: 1
Hair Loss Signs Participants:
64
potential
D Studies: 2
141
potential
D Studies: 2
141
potential
D Studies: 2
141
potential
D Study: 1
57
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
671
D Study: 1
57
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
57
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
D Studies: 2
141
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
D Studies: 2
141
potential
D Study: 1
57
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
Muscle Recovery
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Studies: 2
27
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
672
D
Study: 1
Exercise Recovery
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D Study: 1
Lactate Dehydrogenase Participants:
18
potential
D Studies: 2
31
potential
D Study: 1
22
potential
D Study: 1
Myoglobin Participants:
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
22
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Depression
B Studies: 2
potential
673
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
108 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
108
potential
D Studies: 2
154
potential
D Study: 1
108
potential
Studies: 2
Insomnia
C
56 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 3
Insomnia Signs and Symptoms Participants:
207
potential
D Study: 1
Restless Leg Syndrome
Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
Sleep Disturbance Signs and
Participants:
10
potential
D Studies: 3
207
potential
D Studies: 3
Sleep Efficiency Participants:
207
potential
D Studies: 3
207
potential
674
Study: 1
Type 1 Diabetes
C
79 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
79 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
79
potential
D Study: 1
11
potential
D Study: 1
79
potential
D Study: 1
79
potential
Study: 1
Bone Health
C
44 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
46 Slight Increase
Low potential
Constipation
D Studies: 3
Constipation Signs and
Participants:
184
potential

D Study: 1
38
potential
D Study: 1
829
potential
675
D Studies: 2
Pregnancy Complications Participants:
1826
potential
Study: 1
Fibromyalgia
C
75 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
Pain Participants:
75
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
Stress Signs and Symptoms Participants:
75
potential
Study: 1
Menopause
C
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
676
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Study: 1
Parathyroid Hormone Participants:
52
potential
D Study: 1
Plasma Vitamin D Participants:
52
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Study: 1
Transferrin Participants:
52
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
52
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
677
Study: 1
Body Composition
C
D Study: 1
2013
potential
D Study: 1
2013
potential
D Study: 1
2013
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
60 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
216
potential
D Study: 1
Combined Anxiety & Depression Participants:
60
potential
D Study: 1
Endothelial Function Participants:
216
potential
D Study: 1
216
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
198 Slight Decrease
Low potential
678
D Studies: 2
404
potential
D Study: 1
198
potential
D Studies: 2
404
potential
D Study: 1
206
potential
D Study: 1
198
potential
D Study: 1
206
potential
Studies: 2
Sleep Health
B
Sleep Quality
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
100 Slight Decrease
Low potential

D Study: 1
Disorder No effect
Negligible 15
potential
Study: 1
Anxiety
C
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
309 Slight Decrease
Low potential
679
D Study: 1
309
potential
Study: 1
C
64 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
Obesity
D Study: 1
2551
potential
D Study: 1
2551
potential
D Study: 1
Waist circumference Participants: No effect
Negligible 2551
potential
D Study: 1
2551
potential
Study: 1
C
35 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
D Study: 1
35
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Muscle Oxygenation Participants: Notable
680
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Hormone Health
D Study: 1
30
potential

D Study: 1
45
potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
D Study: 1
Total Iron Binding Capacity Participants:
45
potential
D Study: 1
Transferrin Participants:
45
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Syndrome Blood Pressure C Participants:
24 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
24 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
681
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Strength
C
Overweight
D Study: 1
51
potential
Pain Relief
D Study: 1
Pain Participants:
64
potential
Study: 1
Prediabetes Blood Pressure C Participants:
86 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
86 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
86 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
86
potential
D Study: 1
86
potential
D Study: 1
86
potential
682
D Study: 1
86
potential
D Study: 1
86
potential
D Study: 1
86
potential
D Study: 1
86
potential
Preeclampsia
D Study: 1
318
potential
Study: 1
Sleep Disturbances
C
Stress
D
Study: 1
Stress Signs and Symptoms Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 264
Study: 1
Tinnitus
C
Tinnitus Symptoms Participants: Slight
Magnolia Bark Extract

Also known as: Saiboku-to, Magnolia Bark Extract, Honokiol, Magnolol, Magnolia Officinalis
Magnolia officinalis is a traditional chinese medicine known for its neuroprotective and relaxing properties,
being used to treat depression and anxiety as well as acting as a slight sedative. It may also possess anti-
cancer effects in higher doses.
Dental Health
C Study: 1
Dental Health Metrics
Low potential
Gum Health
C Study: 1
Dental Health Metrics
Low potential
683
Mango
Also known as: Common Mango, Mangifera Indica
The common mango is thought to be a functional food due to its unique bioactives, most notably
mangiferin. Supplements from the leaf also appear to be antioxidants after consumed, but their practical
relevance and benefits are not yet confirmed.
Obesity
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Food Intake
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
HbA1c
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
684
Meditation
Also known as: MBSR, mindfulness-meditation, sitting-practice
Do you have intrusive thoughts? Do you focus too much on the past or the future, instead of the present
moment? Meditation is an ancient practice that aims to help with these issues, through cultivating non-
judgmental awareness. Trials have shown efficacy for certain outcomes like stress and pain, but not all
outcomes. Stay tuned to this page, as 350+ trials are ongoing!
Breast Cancer
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
Mediterranean Diet
A Mediterranean diet refers to dietary patterns typical of the countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.
It is rich in minimally processed plant-based foods, especially olive oil, and low in sugar, ultraprocessed
foods, dairy, and red meat.

D Study: 1
Medium-chain Triglycerides
Also known as: MCTs, MCT oil, medium-chain fatty acids
Medium-chain triglycerides are a type of saturated fat composed of fatty acids with 6–10 carbons in their
acyl chain. They are found primarily in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and dairy fat, and they appear to benefit
fat loss to a minor extent when consumed in place of other dietary fat.
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Metabolic Rate
Low potential

C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
685
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
D Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Obesity
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Ketone Bodies
Low potential
D Study: 1
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
686
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
D Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Melatonin
Also known as: N-Acetyl-5-Methoxytryptamine, Melatonine, Melovine, Melatol, Melatonex, Circadin
Melatonin is a hormone secreted in the brain that regulates sleep. It appears to be highly sensitive to Light
Therapy and Dark Therapy. Oral ingestion of melatonin may be used as a sleep aid. It is non-addictive.
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
14 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
687
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
18 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
14 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
Heart Rate Participants: No effect
Negligible 14
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
688
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Tinnitus
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
High Blood Pressure

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
17 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
D
17 No effect
Negligible
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
689
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
17
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Studies: 3
Insomnia
A
Insomnia Signs and Symptoms Participants: Strong
B Studies: 2
potential
Breast Cancer
D Study: 1
Breast Cancer Risk Participants:
863
potential
D Study: 1
86
potential
D Study: 1
IGF-1 Participants:
86
potential
B Studies: 2
General Cardiovascular Health Participants:
Blood Pressure Slight Decrease
Moderate 40
potential
690
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
14 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 2
40
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential

D Study: 1
10
potential
Study: 1
Endometriosis
C
Dyschezia Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Dysmenorrhea Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Dyspareunia Participants: Notable
Study: 1
Endometriosis-associated C
pelvic pain
Study: 1
C
Dysuria Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
40 Improvement
691
Study: 1
C
GERD Symptoms Participants: Notable
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Gastrin Participants:
60 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Heartburn Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Lower Esophageal Pressure Participants:
60 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Migraine Headache
C
D Study: 1
Migraine Symptoms Participants:
46
potential
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
30
potential
D
Study: 1
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Negligible Participants: No effect
potential 30
D Study: 1
30
potential
692
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Study: 1
C
Cancer Mortality Participants: Slight
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Eye Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
Study: 1
General Gut Health
C
Plasma Melatonin Participants:
30 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Stomach Ulcers Participants: Notable
Study: 1
H. Pylori Infection
C
21 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Stomach Ulcers Participants: Notable
C Study: 1
Participants:
Ghrelin Slight Increase
Low potential 21
Study: 1
C
21 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Jet Lag
C
Jet Lag Symptoms Participants: Notable
693
Study: 1
Memory Improvement
C
50 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
50
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
694
D Study: 1
50
potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
Study: 1
Sleep Disturbances
C
Study: 1
C
Soccer Performance
C Study: 1
16
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
695
Menstrual Cups
Also known as: cervical disc, cervical cup, menstrual disc
Menstrual cups collect menstrual blood and prevent it from leaking out of the vaginal canal. Unlike
tampons, they are nonabsorptive, often reusable, and can be worn for up to 12 hours, but they do come
with a learning curve.
Studies: 3
Menstrual Health
Capacity (Menstrual Cup vs. Usual A
Participants:
Product) Strong Increase
High potential 3482
B Studies: 2
Cost (Menstrual Cup vs. Usual
Participants:
Product) Moderate Strong Decrease
3408
potential
B Studies: 5
Leakage (Menstrual Cup vs. Usual
Product) Moderate 3622 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 5
Satisfaction (Menstrual Cup) Participants: Notable
potential
B Studies: 3
Vaginal Irritation Participants:
potential
B Studies: 3
Vaginal Infection Risk Participants:
Moderate No effect
4369
potential
Studies: 6
Ease of Use (Menstrual Cup vs. Usual C
Participants:
Products) Notable Decrease
Low potential 4169
Studies: 2
C
IUD Expulsion Risk Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Vaginal Injury Risk Participants:
Low potential
D Studies: 2
Vaginal PH Participants:
3725
potential
Study: 1
Reproductive Tract
C
Vaginal Infection Risk Participants: No effect
Infections 644
Low potential
696
Study: 1
Sexually Transmitted
C
Vaginal Infection Risk Participants:
No effect
Infections 644
Low potential
Microlactin
Also known as: Hyperimmune Milk
Microlactin (Hyperimmune milk) is a form of milk that is acquired by giving lactating cows
immunostimulants, which produces a larger amount of antibodies in their secreted milk. It appears to be
effective in reducing symptoms of osteoarthritis and may support the immune system.
High Cholesterol
B Studies: 2
Total cholesterol
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Osteoarthritis
C Study: 1
Low potential
697
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
Milk Protein
Milk protein is a blend of Casein protein and Whey protein, usually in an 80/20 blend. There really is nothing
super special about it, but it can be a cheaper way of ingesting Whey and Casein protein when the
difference is irrelevant for your goals since processing costs are less.

C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
D Study: 1
Appetite
Milk Thistle
Also known as: Marian thistle, Mary thistle, St Mary’s thistle, Our Lady’s thistle, Holy thistle, Sow thistle, Blessed Virgin thistle,
Christ’s crown, Venue thistle, Heal thistle, Variegated Thistle, Wild Artichoke, Carduus Marianus, Silybum marianum
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) contains silymarin, a mixture of plant compounds known to benefit injured
livers.
Lactation
D Studies: 2
Milk Production
Acne
C Study: 1
Acne Symptoms
Low potential
Minoxidil
Also known as: Rogaine
Commonly known as Rogaine (brand name), Minoxidil is a topical application that enhances hair growth.
Less effective in Male Pattern Baldness than 'Bald patches', Minoxidil is the most commonly used topical
hair growth compound.
Hair Loss
A Studies: 8
Hair Regrowth
High potential
698
Moringa
Also known as: Moringa Pterygosperma, Ben Oil Tree, Horse Radish Tree, Tree Of Life, Miracle Tree, Drumstick Tree, Jiksna
Gandha, Akshiva, Mochak, Sahijan, Zogale, Moringa Oleifera
Moringa oleifera is an economically important tree and vegetable, and preliminary evidence suggests that it
has a respectable antioxidant and antiinflammatory potency. It contains compounds structurally similar to
sulforaphane and appears to be protective when orally ingested.
Asthma
C Study: 1
Asthma Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lung Function
Low potential
D Study: 1
Lymphocyte Count
D Study: 1
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
D Study: 1
Insulin
Lactation
C Study: 1
Milk Production
Low potential
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Skin Dryness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Wrinkles
Low potential
MSM
Also known as: MSM, Dimethyl Sulfone, Dimethylsulfone, Methylsulfonylmethane
Methylsulfonylmethane (Dimethylsulfone or, more commonly, MSM) is a small DMSO-related sulfur-

containing molecule used for its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. It holds potential for joint
health (not significantly different than glucosamine sulfate).
699
Muscle Recovery
B Studies: 2
General Oxidation
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Exercise-Induced Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Soreness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
D Study: 1
Training Volume
Allergic Rhinitis
C Study: 1
Allergy Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Nasal Congestion
Low potential
Osteoarthritis
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
Pain

C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage
Low potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage
Low potential
700
Pitting Edema
C Study: 1
Leg Edema
Low potential
Mucuna Pruriens
Also known as: Velvet Bean, Cowitch, Werepe, Karara, Agbara
Mucuna Pruriens, or Velvet Bean, is a bean that grows from vines and is very itchy to touch due to
serotonin and other substances on its surface. It is a good source of L-DOPA, and contains some other
molecules that may aid the benefits of L-DOPA.
Parkinson's Disease
A Studies: 5
Parkinson's Disease Symptoms
High potential
Infertility
A Studies: 4
Sperm Concentration
High potential
A Studies: 4
Sperm Quality
High potential
B Studies: 2
Prolactin
Moderate potential
B Studies: 3
Seminal Motility
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Testosterone
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sperm Count
Low potential
C Study: 1
Adrenaline
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Dopamine
Low potential
701
C Study: 1
Ejaculate Volume
Low potential
C Study: 1
Noradrenaline
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
Sexual Health
C Study: 1
Sperm Concentration
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sperm Quality
Low potential
C Study: 1
Adrenaline
Low potential
C Study: 1
Dopamine
Low potential
C Study: 1
Noradrenaline
Low potential
C Study: 1
Prolactin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
N-Acetylcysteine
Also known as: N-Acetyl Cysteine, NAC, N-Ac
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a prodrug for the amino acid L-cysteine and has antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory properties. NAC is commonly taken as a supplement for health and wellness and is used in
clinical settings to treat drug overdose, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive lung disease.
702

B Studies: 3
Disease Slight Detriment
Moderate 628
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
potential

B Studies: 2
Irritability Participants: Slight
potential
D Studies: 2
56
potential
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
20 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme C
Participants:
Profile Notable Increase
Low potential 171
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Mineral Bioaccumulation Participants:
171 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Acne
C
Study: 1
Cannabis Use Disorder
C
Marijuana Addiction Participants: Slight
C Study: 1
Urinary NOx
Low potential

C Study: 1
Urinary NOx
Low potential
703
Study: 1
Cocaine Abuse
Cocaine Addiction C
Symptoms
Study: 1
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
C
OCD Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
Soccer Performance
C
D Study: 1
12
potential
Study: 1
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco Addiction C
Symptoms
Study: 1
Trichotillomania
Trichotillomania C
Symptoms
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
potential
N-Phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester

Also known as: Noopeptide, Ноопепт, GVS-111, Noopept
N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester (brand name: Noopept), a Nootropic molecule similar to

Piracetam that may alleviate cognitive decline.

C Study: 1
Cerebral Trauma Rehabilitation
Low potential
704
Nattokinase
Also known as: Natto extract, subtilisin NAT, Orokinase, NSK-SD
Nattokinase is one of many enzymes derived from the food product Nattō (boiled soybeans fermented by
the bacteria Bacillus subtilis) and appears to have some direct fibrinolytic activity (fibrin degrading). It is
thought to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, but is fairly underresearched.

C Study: 1
Factor VII
Low potential
C Study: 1
Factor VIII
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fibrinogen
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fibrinolysis
Low potential
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Renin Activity
Low potential
High Cholesterol
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
705
Nefiracetam
Also known as: DM-9384, N-2 6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidine-1-yl)-acetamide
Nefiracetam is a nootropic compound of the racetam family with similarities to Aniracetam. It seems to
enhance both GABAergic and cholinergic signalling, and long term usage appears to be both
neuroprotective and nootropic in research animals (similar trends in human studies).
Depression
C Study: 1
Apathy
Low potential
D Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Stroke
C Study: 1
Apathy
Low potential
D Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
D Study: 1
Stroke Recovery
Nicotine
Nicotine is the main stimulatory compound found in cigarettes and is now sold in vaporizers and patches in
isolation. It works on the acetylcholine system, and is implicated in cognitive enhancement.
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Reaction Time
Low potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Growth Hormone
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Blood glucose No effect
Participants: 34
706
D Study: 1
Cortisol
D Studies: 3
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
Insulin
Anxiety
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
Low Testosterone
C Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Prolactin
Low potential
D Study: 1
Testosterone

C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Libido

C Study: 1
Penile Girth
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Libido
Type 2 Diabetes
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Studies: 2
Glycemic Control
707
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Penile Girth
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Libido
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

C Study: 1
Penile Girth
Low potential
D Study: 1
Libido
Memory Improvement
D Study: 1
Attention

D Study: 1
Impulse Control

C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Pathological Gambling
D Study: 1
Impulse Control
708

C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
D Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Nitrate
Also known as: Beetroot extract
Inorganic nitrate (NO3-) is an endogenously produced food product that appears to have a critical role in
blood pressure and cardiovascular health management; the main ingredient in beetroot, nitrate converts to
nitric oxide by various means independent of the NOS enzyme and may aid exercise.
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
27 Strong Increase
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
99 Notable Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
Cognitive Decline Participants:
12
potential
D Studies: 2
57
potential
Study: 1
Aerobic Exercise
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Oxygenation Cost of Exercise Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Low potential
B Studies: 2
Health Strong Increase
Moderate 43
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential Notable Decrease
27
709
D Study: 1
27
potential
D Study: 1
27
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Endurance
C
Study: 1
Exercise Performance During C
Participants:
Hypoxia Slight Improvement
Low potential 9
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
Functionality in Elderly or Injured Participants:
12
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Strength
C
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
Functionality in Elderly or Injured Participants:
12
potential
D Study: 1
8
potential
Running Performance
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
C Studies: 2
710
D Study: 1
11
potential
Study: 1
Type 2 Diabetes
C
27 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
27 Notable Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
27
potential
D Study: 1
27
potential
Study: 1
High-Altitude Performance Exercise Performance During C
Participants:
Hypoxia Slight Improvement
Low potential 15
Octopamine
Also known as: Norsynephrine, p-hydroxyphenylethanolamine, β-hydroxytyramine, Norphen, Norsympatol, norfenefrine
A metabolite of synephrine, Octopamine is a stimulant compound that is also thought to have minor fat
burning effects. Banned by WADA due to its stimulatory properties, the direct fat burning claims may not be
relevant and are effectively untested in humans.
Urinary Incontinence
B Studies: 3
Urinary Incontinence Signs
Moderate potential
Olive Leaf Extract

Also known as: Olive polyphenols
Olive leaf extract comes from the leaves of olive plants, and is distinct from olive oil; the leaf extract
contains phenolics such as oleuropein, and appears to have highly protective effects against LDL oxidation
and may also benefit glucose metabolism and skin health.
Metabolic Health
A Studies: 4
LDL Oxidation Notable
Participants: 72
High potential Improvement
711
B
(HDL) Moderate Participants: 60 Slight Increase
potential
B
(LDL) Moderate Participants: 48 Slight Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
DNA Damage Notable
Participants: 12
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Studies: 3
A
High potential
B Studies: 3
Participants:
212
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
DNA Damage Notable
Participants: 12
C Study: 1
Low potential
712
Study: 1
C
182 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
Studies: 2
Participants:
Low potential 200
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
D Studies: 2
200
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
High Blood Pressure

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 148
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 148
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
148
potential
D Study: 1
148
potential

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 40
713
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
Dyslipidemia
C Study: 1
Participants: 30
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential

Low potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 45
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
714

Low potential
C Study: 1
IGF Binding Protein
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential

Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
IGF-1
potential
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
OMAD And 20:4 Intermittent Fasting

Also known as: Time-restricted Eating, Time-restricted Feeding, The Warrior Diet
There are three similar intermittent fasting protocols that have quite short daily eating windows: 18:6, 20:4,
and one-meal-a-day (OMAD). In general, these involve abstaining from calories for 18-23 hours a day, and
then eating freely within the remaining time. The eating window can occur at any point of the day, but most
people choose to eat between 2 p.m. and 8 p.m.
Studies: 3
Metabolic Health
A
High potential 63 Detriment
715
B Studies: 3
63 Notable Increase
Moderate potential
Studies: 3
B
63 Notable Decrease
Moderate potential
Studies: 3
B
Moderate potential 63 Detriment
Studies: 3
B
63 Slight Decrease
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Weight
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Satiety
Low potential
Studies: 3
C
63 Mixed effect
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
42 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fasting Glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
1) Slight Decrease
Low potential 30
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control Participants: 21 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
716
Studies: 2
C
42 Mixed effect
Low potential
D
Studies: 2
Adiponectin
potential
D Studies: 2
33
potential
D Studies: 2
33
potential
D Studies: 2
42
potential
D Studies: 2
33
potential
D
Study: 1
Ghrelin
potential
D
Study: 1
Glucagon
potential
D
Studies: 2
Hematocrit
potential
D
Studies: 2
Hemoglobin
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
Negligible
potential
717
D
Study: 1
Leptin
potential
Studies: 2
B
Moderate potential
Studies: 2
B
Moderate potential 42 Detriment
Studies: 2
B
42 Slight Decrease
Moderate potential
Studies: 2
C
42 Notable Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 2
C
42 Mixed effect
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
42 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
1) Slight Decrease
Low potential 30
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
42 Mixed effect
Low potential
C Study: 1
30
D Study: 1
30
potential
718
D
Study: 1
Appetite
potential
D
Study: 1
Beta-cell function
potential
D Studies: 2
42
potential
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Study: 1
Body Composition
C
30 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
30 Mixed effect
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-
Participants: Slight Decrease
1) Low potential
30
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
719
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Endurance
C
28 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
Muscle Strength
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
Prediabetes
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin Participants: 12 Notable Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Notable
Participants: 12
720
C Study: 1
Participants: 12
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin Resistance
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Appetite
potential
D
Study: 1
Beta-cell function
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
Oregano
Also known as: Oregano, Oil Of Oregano, Wild Marjoram, Origanum Vulgare
Origanum vulgare (Oregano) is a spice. Its essential oil component, oil of oregano, is sold as an immune
booster. The oil has various antimicrobial properties and can preserve food quality during storage. Human
evidence for supplementation is lacking.
721
Intestinal Parasite Infection

C Study: 1
Intestinal Parasites
Low potential
Ornithine
Also known as: L-Ornithine
Ornithine, arginine, and citrulline are the three amino acids involved in the urea cycle. Your body uses
ornithine to make polyamines (which play a role in cell growth and proliferation) and the amino acid proline
(used to make collagen). Preliminary evidence suggests that ornithine supplementation can improve athletic
performance by reducing elevated levels of ammonia.
Fatigue
B Studies: 2
Fatigue Symptoms
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Ammonia
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
C Study: 1
Urea
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Studies: 2
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
Training Volume
Cycling Performance
C Study: 1
Ammonia
Low potential
C Study: 1
Urea
Low potential
722
D Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
Oxiracetam
Also known as: 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-pyrrolidinoacetamide, ISF-2522
Oxiracetam is one of the three first-tier racetam compounds, being produced after both Piracetam and
Aniracetam. Oxiracetam appears to enhance the release of excitatory neurotransmitters and can aid in
memory formation, but lacks human studies.
Dementia
B Studies: 4
Cognitive Decline
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Verbal Fluency
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
C Study: 1
Quality of Life
Low potential
D Study: 1
Functionality in Elderly or Injured
D Study: 1
723
D Study: 1
Organic Brain Syndrome

C Study: 1
Cognitive Decline
Low potential
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
Paleolithic Diet
Also known as: Ancestral diet, Paleo diet, Hunter-gatherer diet
Paleo diets are a set of eating patterns that limit or exclude foods that were unavailable to our Paleolithic
ancestors. Randomized trials suggest well-formulated paleo diets may be as effective as other healthy diets
for weight loss and improving markers of metabolic health. Risks of a well-formulated paleo diet are
minimal, but more restrictive versions can cause nutrient deficiencies and health issues.
Studies: 4
Metabolic Health
A
High potential
Studies: 3
A
Studies: 4
A
Triglycerides Participants: Notable
Studies: 3
A
High potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
724
B Studies: 2
966
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
700 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
1008
potential
Studies: 3
Weight Loss &
A
Maintenance 1834 Notable Decrease
High potential
Studies: 3
A
High potential
Studies: 3
A
High potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
725
B Studies: 2
Moderate
966 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
700 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
266 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
700
potential
Obesity
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 70
726
C Study: 1
Triglycerides Notable
Participants: 70
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
End-Diastolic Volume
Low potential
C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Left Ventricular Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Stroke Volume
Low potential
D
Study: 1
End-Systolic Volume
potential
727
D
Total daily energy expenditure Study: 1
(TDEE) Negligible Participants: 70 Mixed effect
potential
Dyslipidemia
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
700 Slight Decrease
Low potential
728
Study: 1
C
266 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
700 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
700
potential
Menopause
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 70
C Study: 1
Participants: 70
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
729
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Total daily energy expenditure Study: 1
(TDEE) Negligible Participants: 70 Mixed effect
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin Resistance
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Syndrome
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
159 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
159 Slight Increase
Low potential
Overweight
C Study: 1
End-Diastolic Volume
Low potential
C Study: 1
Left Ventricular Mass
Low potential
730
C Study: 1
Stroke Volume
Low potential
D
Study: 1
End-Systolic Volume
potential
Panax Ginseng
Also known as: True Ginseng, Ginseng, Panax, Mountain Ginseng, Wild Ginseng
Panax ginseng is commonly referred to as “true Ginseng”. It appears to be effective for mood, immunity,
and cognition, but is subpar for erectile function, testosterone, and exercise performance.
B Studies: 2
Alzheimer's Disease
potential
B
Studies: 2
Attention Slight
Improvement
potential
B Studies: 9
potential
C Study: 1
Calmness Slight
Participants: 30
C Study: 1
Participants: 61
C Study: 1
Processing Speed Slight
Participants: 32
Studies: 5
C
Stress Signs and C Study: 1

C
Subjective Well-Being Study: 1 Slight
Low potential Participants: 30 Improvement
731
C Study: 1
Working Memory Slight
Participants: 28
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D Study: 1
112
potential
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 2
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme
Participants:
Profile Moderate Slight Increase
139
potential
B
Studies: 4
Blood glucose
potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 80
C Study: 1
Cognition Slight
Participants: 30
C Study: 1
DNA Damage Slight
Participants: 57
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c Slight
Participants: 24
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 57
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage Participants: 18 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
732
C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Lower Body Strength
potential
D
Study: 1
Waist-Hip Ratio
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
B Studies: 4
Alzheimer's Disease
potential
B Studies: 4
Moderate
295 Improvement
potential
733
C Study: 1
Participants: 61

B
Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Exercise Capacity
potential
D
Study: 1
Free Fatty Acids
potential
D Studies: 3
105
potential
D
Study: 1
Immunoglobulin A
potential
D Studies: 4
113
potential
D
Study: 1
Peak power output (PPO)
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Respiratory Exchange Study: 1
Ratio Negligible Participants: 36 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
734
Menopause
B Studies: 3
Moderate
484 Improvement
potential
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Libido
Low potential

(LDL) Participants: 72 Slight
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Participants: 72
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Estrogen
potential

B Studies: 3
potential

Low potential

C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Prolactin
potential
735

C Study: 1
Participants: 24
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Exercise Capacity
potential
D
Study: 1
Exercise Recovery
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D
Studies: 2
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential

B Studies: 2
Overall Cancer Risk Participants: Notable
Prevention
potential
Study: 1
C
Colorectal Cancer Risk Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Ovarian Cancer Risk Participants: Notable
736
C Study: 1
Pancreatic Cancer Risk Participants: Notable
Fatigue
B Studies: 3
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Studies: 2
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c Slight
Participants: 36
C Study: 1
Participants: 36
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Immune Health
C Study: 1
Participants: 80
C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
Immunoglobulin A
potential
D
Study: 1
potential

B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
737
C Study: 1
Calmness Slight
Participants: 30
C Studies: 2
Cognition Slight
Participants: 60
Mood Improvement
C Study: 1
Reaction Time Slight
Participants: 20
C Study: 1
Participants: 83
Muscle Recovery
C Study: 1
Creatine Kinase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Lower Body Strength
potential
738
D
Study: 1
Strength
potential
D
Study: 1
Waist-Hip Ratio
potential

C Study: 1
ADHD Symptoms Notable
Participants: 70
Disorder Improvement
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
DHEA
potential
Study: 1
Common Cold
C
Study: 1
Flu
C
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Endothelial Function Slight
Participants: 64
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Infertility
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
Multiple Sclerosis
C Study: 1
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Quality of Life Notable
Participants: 60
739
C Study: 1
Cognition Slight
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Participants: 50
C Study: 1
Participants: 50


C Study: 1
Participants: 80
C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
Obesity
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Lower Body Strength
potential
D
Study: 1
Waist-Hip Ratio
potential
740
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential

C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
Endothelial Function Slight
Participants: 17
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
Cycling Performance
C Study: 1
Participants: 15
D
Study: 1
Lactate Threshold
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential

C Study: 1
Participants: 10
D
Study: 1
Lactate Dehydrogenase
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Erections
Low potential
Focus & Attention

C Study: 1
Attention Slight
Participants: 32
C Study: 1
Processing Speed Slight
Participants: 32
C Study: 1
Participants: 32
741
Jumping Performance
C Study: 1
Creatine Kinase
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential

Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 48
C Study: 1
Participants: 48
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential

C Study: 1
Cognition Slight
Participants: 90
D
Intermediate-Term Study: 1
Memory Negligible Participants: 90 No effect
potential
742
D
Short-Term Memory Study: 1
(Simple) Negligible Participants: 90 No effect
potential
Overweight
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
Running Performance
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
D
Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D
Oxygenation Cost of Study: 1
Exercise Negligible Participants: 9 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Schizophrenia
C Study: 1
Participants: 64
C Study: 1
Working Memory Slight
Participants: 64
D
Study: 1
potential
Sexual Health
C Study: 1
Libido
Low potential
743
C Study: 1
Participants: 28
Sleep Disturbances
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality Slight
Participants: 16
Sleep Health
C Study: 1
Participants: 16
Soccer Performance
C Study: 1
Participants: 15
D
Study: 1
Lactate Threshold
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
Patchouli
Also known as: Pogostemon cablin, Patchouly, Patchy
Pogostemon cablin, also known as patchouli, is an herb used in aromatherapy and perfumes. It is being
investigated for its potential anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties.
Stress
C Study: 1
CNS activity
Low potential
Peppermint
Also known as: Menthol, Mentha piperita, Mentha balsamea
Peppermint (Mentha piperita) is a hydrid plant that is used for its sensory properties (aroma and taste) and
the oil is used internally as a carminative and intestinal aid. It appears to be well supported for relaxing the
stomach and intestines, and effectively reduces abdominal pain in IBS.
Studies: 7
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A
Symptoms
744
C Study: 1
Flatulence
Low potential
C Study: 1
Nausea Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Pregnancy And Delivery

B Studies: 3
Health Nausea Symptoms Participants:
potential
C Study: 1
Nipple Cracks
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Sedation
potential
Surgical Recovery
B
Studies: 3
Nausea Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Sedation
potential
Tension Headache
B
Studies: 2
Headaches
Moderate Participants: 73 Notable Detriment
potential
C Study: 1
Irritability
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Migraine Headache
C Study: 1
Headaches
Low potential
C Study: 1
Irritability
Low potential
745
C
Subjective Well-Being Study: 1
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
Diffuse Esophageal Spasm Diffuse Esophageal Spasm C Study: 1

Treatment Participants: 8 Notable
Digestive Health
C Study: 1
Colonic Tension
Low potential
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
General Gut Health

C Study: 1
Low potential
Study: 1
Lactation
C
Nipple Cracks Participants:
Low potential
746
Mood Improvement
C Study: 1
144
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
D Study: 1
144
potential
Morning Sickness
Irritable Bowel Syndrome C Study: 1
Symptoms Participants: 65 Notable
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Nipple Cracks
Low potential
Perilla Oil
Perilla Oil is a nutty oil derived from the seeds of perilla frutescens after roasting, and is supplemented for
its high omega-3 fatty acid content and rosmarinic acid content. Benefits are secondary to either of those
components, and it may be kidney healthy.
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
C
36 Notable Decrease
Low potential
747
Study: 1
High-density lipoprotein C Participants:
36
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Plasminogen Inhibitor-1 Participants:
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
36
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 36
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Triglycerides C Participants: Slight
36 Improvement
Low potential
748
D Study: 1
36
potential
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
36 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 36
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
36
potential
Phenylpiracetam
Also known as: Phenotropil, Carphedon, (RS)-2-(2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide
Phenylpiracetam (Phenotropil) is a racetam drug derived from Piracetam in where the only modification is
the addition of a phenyl group to its structure. It appears to require much lower doses for similar
properties, and appears to have psychostimulatory effects.
Study: 1
Stroke
C
Study: 1
Injured
Study: 1
C
Stroke Recovery Participants: Slight
749
C Study: 1
Cognition Slight
Participants: 51
Health Improvement
Low potential
Encephalopathy
C Study: 1
Participants: 99
C Study: 1
Participants: 99
C Study: 1
Participants: 99
Epilepsy
C Study: 1
Cognition Slight
Participants: 40

D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
Phosphatidylcholine
Also known as: PC
Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid with a choline attachment and is found in soy lecithin.
Study: 1
C
Health 152 Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
152
potential
D Study: 1
152
potential
D Study: 1
152
potential
750
Phosphatidylserine
Also known as: PS
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an amino acid derivative compound that is fat-soluble and found in high amounts
in the brain, where it contributes to cognitive functioning. Found in high amounts in fish, it may improve
memory in the elderly and lowers cortisol.
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
Cerebral Glucose C
Participants:
Utilization Slight Increase
Low potential 8
Studies: 2
C
Cognitive Decline (AAMCD) 200 Improvement
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 2
C
D Study: 1
78
potential
D Study: 1
78
potential
D Study: 1
High-density
Participants:
lipoprotein (HDL) Negligible No effect
78
potential
D Study: 1
78
potential
D Study: 1
Low-density
Participants:
lipoprotein (LDL) Negligible No effect
78
potential
D Study: 1
120
potential
751
D Study: 1
78
potential
D Study: 1
78
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Stress Signs and C
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
Subjective Well-
Participants:
Being Negligible No effect
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
752

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C

D Study: 1
Blood Lactate
Participants:
(Exercise) Negligible No effect
9
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
Study: 1
Cycling Performance
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
Oxygenation Cost of
Participants:
14
potential
Study: 1
Dementia C Participants: Slight
Cognitive Decline
33 Improvement
Low potential
753
Study: 1
Golf Performance
Golf Performance C
Metrics
Study: 1
Stress Signs and C
Symptoms
Study: 1
Memory Improvement
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Mental Resilience
Stress Signs and C
Symptoms
D Study: 1
16
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
Study: 1
C
Forgetting Participants: Slight
C Study: 1
Study: 1
Mood Improvement
C
754
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
Subjective Well-
Participants:
Being Negligible No effect
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
Running Performance
D Study: 1
8
potential
D Study: 1
Exercise-Induced
Participants:
8
potential
D Study: 1
8
potential
D Study: 1
8
potential
D Study: 1
8
potential
Piracetam
Also known as: Pyracetam, Pyrrolidone acetamide, 2-Oxo-1-pyrrolidine, Memotopril, Fezam (with cinnarizine), UCB6215
Piracetam is the parent compound of the racetam class of nootropic supplements. When supplemented, it
provides a mild boost to brain function.
755
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
24
potential
Breath Holding Spells

A Studies: 3
Breath Holding Spell
Episodes High 171 Improvement
potential
Studies: 2
C
Cognitive Decline (AAMCD) 75 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
Dementia
C
D Study: 1
24
potential
Study: 1
C
Stroke
D Study: 1
Stroke Recovery Participants:
30
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Organic Brain Syndrome
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
756
Policosanol
Also known as: Cane Sugar Extract
Policosanol is a mixture of oils from Cuban Cane Sugar; touted as a cholesterol lowering agent, it shows
potency at this claim in several studies released from Cuba. Other studies undermine the quality of these,
however, and it remains controversial.
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
C
589 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 8
C
1100 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 21
Studies: 8
C
Studies: 8
C
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
D Studies: 4
828
potential
Dyslipidemia
B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 69
C Study: 1
Participants: 64
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
757
High Blood Pressure

B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
589 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
589
potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Participants: 69
C Study: 1
Participants: 21
Study: 1
Atherosclerosis
C
179 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
179
potential
D
Study: 1
Health Blood Flow
potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 30
758
C Study: 1
Virus
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 54
C Study: 1
Participants: 54
C Study: 1
Low potential

C Study: 1
Participants: 39
C Study: 1
Participants: 39

Polygala Tenuifolia
Also known as: Yuan Zhi, Chinese Senega
Polygala tenuifolia is a root used in traditional Chinese medicine for its ability to improve memory and
protect against cognitive ailments. Limited human evidence suggests Polygala tenuifolia cannot improve
memory, but may improve spatial awareness and organization.
Studies: 2
Age-Associated Memory Impairment and Cognitive Cognitive C
Decline
Decline (AAMCD) 106 Improvement
Low potential
D Study: 1
53
potential
D Study: 1
Verbal
Participants:
Fluency Negligible No effect
53
potential
759
Memory Improvement
C Study: 1
Spatial Slight
Processing Participants:
48
Study: 1
Working C
Memory
D Study: 1
48
potential
Polypodium Leucotomos
Also known as: Phlebodium aureum, Golden Polybody, Cabbage palm fern, Golden serpent fern, Calaguala, Anapsos
Polypodium Leucotomos (Calaguala) is the commonly referred to name of a herb that appears to possess
moderately potent protective effects against sun-induced skin damage; may also be an immune booster.
Study: 1
Skin Health
C
Polymorphic Light Eruptions Participants: Notable
C Study: 1
UV Skin Damage Notable
Participants: 9
Study: 1
Psoriasis
C
Psoriasis Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
Dementia
C
45 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Immune Health
Participants:
Risk Slight Improvement
Low potential 116
Study: 1
Photodermatoses
C
Polymorphous Light
C Study: 1
Eruption
760
Vitiligo
D Study: 1
Vitiligo Symptoms Participants:
50
potential
Pomegranate seed oil

Also known as: Pomegranate Seed Oil, Punicic Acid
Punicic Acid is the main fatty acid found in Pomegranate Seed Oil and found in Pomegranates, it may
contribute to many of the health benefits associated with Pomegranates.
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Weight
Immune Health
D Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
761
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D Study: 1
Potatoes
Potatoes are starchy tubers that contain a modest amount of complete protein and a broad array of
vitamins and minerals. When eaten boiled or baked without calorie-dense toppings, they are among the
most filling foods per calorie, but when fried they are less filling and are associated with an elevated risk of
weight gain, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in observational studies.
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
D Studies: 2
Body Fat
D Study: 1
D Studies: 2
Fasting Glucose
D Studies: 2
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
HbA1c
D Studies: 2
D
Studies: 2
Insulin
762
D Studies: 2
D Studies: 2
Total cholesterol
D Studies: 2
Triglycerides
D Studies: 3
Weight

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Fasting Glucose
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Studies: 2
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Studies: 2
D Study: 1
Pulse Pressure
D
Total cholesterol Studies: 2
D Studies: 2
Triglycerides
763
D Study: 1
Weight
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
PQQ
Also known as: PQQ, Methoxatin, Pyrroloquinoline Quinone
PQQ is a small molecule once thought to be a vitamin, although its actions in the human body are not
related to this hypothesized vitamin-like mechanism. Via its actions as a REDOX agent in cells, it can modify
signalling and is thought to support mitochondrial function.
Fatigue
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 6
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
TMAO
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood glucose Participants: 10
764
D Study: 1
General Oxidation
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Sleep Disturbances
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Sleep Health
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Stress
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
765
C Study: 1
Sleep Quality
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Pramiracetam
Also known as: CI-879 Diisoprop-yl-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide CI879
Pramiracetam is a synthetic racetam derivative for the purpose of cognitive enhancement, with preliminary
evidence to support its usage in aiding long-term memory formation. Although the mechanisms are not well
known at all, it might enhance acetylcholine synthesis.
C Study: 1
Forgetting
Low potential
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
Memory Improvement
C Study: 1
Forgetting
Low potential

C Study: 1
Cognition
Low potential
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
PRL-8-53
Also known as: Methyl 3-(2-(benzyl(methyl)amino)ethyl)benzoate
PRL-8-53 is a synthetic supplement with potential benefits for short term memory. More evidence is
needed for its effects, since all current evidence comes from a study funded by the patent holder.
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
C Study: 1
Working Memory
Low potential
766
D Study: 1
Motor Control
D Study: 1
Reaction Time
Psyllium
Also known as: Psyllium Husk, Psyllium Fiber, Metamucil (brand name), ispaghula, plantago psyllium, plantago ovata,
plantago
Psyllium (usually as husk or powder) is a fiber derived from the plant Plantago psyllium that is able to bind
to fatty acids and cholesterol from the diet; it can increase fecal moisture and weight.
Type 2 Diabetes
B
Studies: 3
Blood glucose
potential
B
Studies: 2
HbA1c
potential
B Studies: 3
Participants:
(LDL) Moderate Slight Improvement
1178
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fructosamine
Low potential
Studies: 2
Participants:
(HDL) Slight Decrease
Low potential 1158
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
767
C
Study: 1
Uric Acid Slight Decrease
D Studies: 2
1158
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
High Cholesterol
B
Studies: 2
Blood glucose
potential
B
(LDL) Moderate Participants: 169 Slight Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential

(HDL) Participants: 128 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Uric Acid
Low potential
D
Studies: 2
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
768
Digestive Health
A Studies: 6
Fecal Weight Participants: 62 Strong Increase
High potential
C Study: 1
Intestinal Motility
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Lipid Absorption
potential
General Gut Health

A Studies: 4
Fecal Weight
High potential
C Study: 1
Flatulence Notable
Participants: 10
C Study: 1
Intestinal Motility
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Lipid Absorption
potential

B
Studies: 3
Appetite
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Food Intake
potential
Obesity
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Overweight
Low potential
769
C Study: 1
Insulin Participants: 47 Slight Decrease
Low potential

Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
Health
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential

Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
770
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control Negligible Participants: 47 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Constipation
B
Studies: 2
Fecal Weight
potential
Dyslipidemia
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential

Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Ulcerative Colitis
C Study: 1
Participants: 102
Pterostilbene
Also known as: trans-3 5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxystilbene 3
Pterostilbene is a dimethylated derivative of resveratrol that, for some mechanisms, is more potent. It is
also much better absorbed, and is commonly referred to as a 'better resveratrol'. It looks promising, but has
significantly less research than its predecessor.
771
C Study: 1
Coronary Artery Disease Blood Pressure Participants: 80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C
Study: 1
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Low potential Participants: 80 Slight Decrease
772
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Metabolic Health
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Creatinine
D Study: 1
Liver Enzymes

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides No effect
773
Pueraria Mirifica
Also known as: White Kwao Krua
Pueraria Candollei var. Mirifica (White Kwao Krua) is a highly estrogenic herb (main bioactive,
Deoxymiroestrol, being more potent than estrogen itself) which is used as herbal estrogen replacement
therapy. It appears effective, but lacks blinded studies.
Menopause
A Studies: 3
Menopausal Symptoms
High potential
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Bone Health
C Study: 1
Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase
Low potential
Vaginal Health
C Study: 1
Vaginal Dryness
Low potential
Punicalagins
Also known as: Pomegranate Extract, Punica Granatum L., Pomegranate Juice
Punicalagins are really big molecules found in pomegranate juice that are somehow absorbed; they are
potent anti-oxidants, and alongside punicic acid confer many of the benefits associated with
pomegranates, of which many studies conducted with are here.
Prostate Cancer
B Studies: 2
Prostate Cancer Risk
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
774
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation Participants: 46
C Study: 1
Nitric Oxide
Low potential
D Study: 1
Estrogen
D Study: 1
Testosterone
Pycnogenol
Also known as: Pine Bark Extract, Pine Bark Procyanidins, Procyanidins
Pine Bark Extract; Pycnogenol is investigated for its general health and anti-diabetic properties and its
ability to enhance Nitric Oxide, which may have a significant benefit for those with erectile dysfunction.
Recent studies have also shown that supplementation may help to limit symptoms associated with chronic
inflammation in autoimmune disease.
Asthma
B Studies: 2
potential
High Blood Pressure

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
58 Notable Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
58
potential
Osteoarthritis
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Pain Participants:
Low potential
775
Type 2 Diabetes
B Studies: 2
75
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
potential
Study: 1
C
45 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Studies: 2
60
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
25 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
25 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
25
potential
Chronic Venous
B Studies: 2
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Insufficiency Signs Moderate 126 Improvement
potential
776
C Study: 1
Leg Edema Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
23 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
Study: 1
Irritable Bowel Syndrome C
Participants:
Low potential 77
Study: 1
Menopause
C
Menopausal Symptoms Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cognitive Improvement Attention Participants:
Low potential
777
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
NF-kB Activity
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
Study: 1
Skin Health
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Pygeum
Pygeum is an extract made from the the bark of the Prunus africana tree. It is commonly sold as a
supplement for prostate health.
Benign Prostatic
C Study: 1
Hyperplasia Participants: Slight
potential
Pyruvate
Pyruvate is an energy intermediate in cells, derived from both glucose and fatty acids to produce ATP.
Despite this importance, human studies are not overly promising and the high doses needed are sometimes
limited by intestinal side-effects.
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Participants: 26
D Studies: 2
40
potential
778
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D Studies: 2
40
potential
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 2
45
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
34
potential
D Studies: 2
56
potential
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Participants: 74
Study: 1
C
D
potential
D Study: 1
34
potential
Aerobic Exercise
D
Study: 1
Performance Participants: 7 No effect
Negligible
potential
779
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Training Volume
potential
Obesity
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Cycling Performance
D
Study: 1
potential
Dyslipidemia
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
Metabolic Health
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Muscle Gain
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
Muscle Strength
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
Overweight
C Study: 1
Participants: 26
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
780
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Quercetin
Also known as: Apple extract, 3 4 5 7-pentahydroxylflavone
Quercetin is the most well researched of all bioflavonoids. It is not actually that good of a supplement on its
own, but is an interesting research topic. Tons of interactions, and synergistic with other bioflavonoids and
increases absorption of Resveratrol and Green Tea Catechins.
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
41 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 41
Study: 1
(LDL)
D Study: 1
41
potential
D Studies: 3
88
potential
D Study: 1
41
potential
D Study: 1
6
potential
D Study: 1
41
potential
D Study: 1
6
potential
781
D Study: 1
41
potential
D Study: 1
41
potential
Study: 1
Exercise-induced Stress C
Response
Performance 8 Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
8 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
Hydration (Total Body
Participants:
Water) Negligible No effect
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
Participants:
Low potential 400
Study: 1
(LDL)
Study: 1
C
Low potential

D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
782
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
8 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
Exercise-induced Stress C
Response
Study: 1
C
8 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
Sarcoidosis
C
12 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
Sleep Health
D Study: 1
58
potential
D Study: 1
58
potential

D Study: 1
6
potential
D Study: 1
6
potential
D Study: 1
6
potential
783
Raspberry Ketone
Also known as: 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) butan-2-one, p-hydroxybenzyl acetone
Raspberry ketone is a molecule marketed as a fat burning compound. Oral doses of this supplement are not
effective.
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Hair Regrowth
Low potential
C Study: 1
Skin Elasticity
Low potential
Red Clover Extract

Also known as: trifolium pratense, biochanin A, Formononetin Promensil (brand name), Menoflavon (brand name)
Red Clover Extract (Promensil or Menoflavon) are isoflavones including the soy isoflavones in low amounts
and some similar structures such as Biochanin A; used as a therapy for menopause, red clover appears to
have minor yet unreliable benefits in improving health and reducing hot flashes.
Menopause
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Arterial Stiffness
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Dry Eye Symptoms Participants:
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
784
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
potential
D Studies: 4
173
potential
D Studies: 4
248
potential
D Studies: 4
242
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D Studies: 6
Participants:
530
potential
D
Study: 1
Homocysteine
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D Studies: 5
Participants:
493
potential
D Studies: 2
162
potential
D Studies: 11
Menopausal Symptoms Participants:
1121
potential
D Study: 1
252
potential
785
D
Study: 1
Serum Folate
potential
D Studies: 5
Sex Hormone Binding
Participants:
285
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D Studies: 3
205
potential
D Studies: 6
521
potential
D Studies: 5
493
potential
D Studies: 5
295
potential
B
Studies: 2
Health Arterial Stiffness
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood Flow
potential
786
Studies: 4
D
Participants:
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood glucose
potential
D Studies: 2
193
potential
D
Study: 1
General Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D Studies: 5
Participants:
264
potential
D
Study: 1
Homocysteine
potential
D
Study: 1
IGF Binding Protein
potential
D
Study: 1
IGF-1
potential
D
Studies: 2
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
potential
D Studies: 4
Participants:
241
potential
787
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Folate
potential
D Studies: 6
665
potential
D Studies: 5
264
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
High Cholesterol
D Studies: 2
106
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D Studies: 4
Participants:
304
potential
D Studies: 5
Participants:
357
potential
D Studies: 5
357
potential
D Studies: 4
304
potential
D
Studies: 2
Weight
potential
788
Bone Health
D Studies: 4
805
potential
D Study: 1
252
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight No effect
potential
Colorectal Cancer
D
Study: 1
Estrogen
potential
D
Studies: 2
IGF Binding Protein
potential
D
Studies: 2
IGF-1
potential
D
potential
Metabolic Health
C Studies: 2
Glycemic Control
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Estrogen
potential
D
potential
789
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Study: 1
Anxiety
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Depression
C
Study: 1
C
Type 2 Diabetes
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
790
D
Study: 1
Fibrinogen
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
potential
D Study: 1
Insulin
Negligible
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Breast Cancer
D
Study: 1
Breast Density
potential
D
Study: 1
Estrogen
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
potential
791
D
Study: 1
Menopausal Symptoms
potential
C Study: 1
Memory
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Attention
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
C Study: 1
Dyslipidemia Apolipoprotein B Participants: 50 Slight Improvement
Low potential
D
potential
Sexual Health
D Study: 1
Breast Density Participants:
401
potential
D Study: 1
401
potential
D Study: 1
401
potential
Reflexology
Reflexology involves the application of manual pressure to areas of the hands, feet, and/or ears to provoke
positive changes in the body. Each "reflex area" is believed to be connected to a specific organ or body
part through energy channels.
Lactation
B Studies: 2
Milk Production
Moderate potential
792
Study: 1
Breast Pain
C
Milk Production Participants: 100 Slight Increase
Low potential
Reishi
Also known as: Reishi, Lingzhi, Yeongji, Mannamtake, Mushroom Of Immortality, Antlered Reishi, Rokkaku-Reishi, Ganoderma
Spores, Ganoderma Lucidum, 10000 Years Mushroom
Ganoderma lucidum is a potent immune system regulator, promising anti-cancer agent, and stress reducer.
This mushroom is frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Immune Health
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Natural Killer Cell Activity Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
34 Slight Decrease
Low potential

B Studies: 2
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 2
Participants:
138
potential
D Studies: 2
138
potential
793
D Study: 1
88
potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
40
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
C
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
794
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
C Study: 1
High Cholesterol High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Participants: Notable
795
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
D Study: 1
23
potential
Study: 1
Breast Cancer
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
48 Slight Decrease
Low potential
796
Study: 1
C
Natural Killer Cell Activity Participants: Notable
Prevention 34 Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
34 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Colorectal Cancer
C
Colorectal Cancer Risk Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Neurasthenia
C
Study: 1
C
Neurasthenia Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Resveratrol
Also known as: Red Wine Extract, 3 5 4'-trihydroxystilbene
Resveratrol is a molecule found in wine that is believed to be effective at protecting the heart. It seems to
improve blood flow and may be an insulin sensitizer. It may hypothetically increase lifespan, but the
evidence that it does so in mammals is limited.
Type 2 Diabetes
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
19 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Acne
C
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
797
Left Ventricular Ejection C Study: 1

Fraction Participants:
40
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
C
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
Study: 1
Obesity
C
11 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
11 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
798
C Study: 1
11 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
11 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
11 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Type 1 Diabetes
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
Study: 1
Anaerobic Exercise
C
Performance 16 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Detriment
Low potential
C Study: 1
16 Slight Detriment
Low potential
799
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
Study: 1
Breast Cancer
C
DNA methylation Participants:
39 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Exercise Adaptations Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
27 Notable Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cerebral Blood Flow
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Cognition
potential
D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
Study: 1
Prediabetes
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Skin Health
C
Rhodiola Rosea
Also known as: Rosavin, Rosenroot, Rhodiola Rhizome, Golden Root, Arctic Root, Rhidola
Rhodiola rosea is an herbal supplement with adaptogen properties that help to provide general resistance
to stress. Although its mechanisms of action are not completely understood, it is clear that rhodiola
increases resilience to stress at both the cellular and systemic levels.
Studies: 3
Mental Resilience
A
Cognition Participants: Notable
800
Studies: 4
A
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
801
D Study: 1
26
potential
Studies: 3
A
Studies: 3
A
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
26 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
Studies: 3
Fatigue
C
802
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Pain Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
Studies: 3
Anxiety
A
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
118 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Sexual Function Participants:
Low potential
803
Study: 1
C
Sleep Deprivation Symptoms Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
118
potential
Depression
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
Insomnia Signs and Symptoms Participants:
potential
Aerobic Exercise
B Studies: 2
Performance
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Increase
Low potential
804
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
26 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Studies: 2
38
potential
D Studies: 2
38
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Muscle Recovery
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
805
Study: 1
Granulocyte-colony stimulating C
Participants:
factor Mixed effect
Low potential 55
Study: 1
C
55 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
55 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Studies: 2
67
potential
D Study: 1
55
potential
D Studies: 2
67
potential
D Study: 1
Monocyte Chemoattractant
Participants:
Protein-1 Negligible No effect
55
potential
D Study: 1
55
potential
D Study: 1
55
potential
D Study: 1
55
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
806
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
101
potential
Cycling Performance
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
18 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
18 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
Carbohydrate Oxidation Negligible 10 No effect
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
807
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage
Low potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D
Study: 1
Creatine Kinase
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
Study: 1
Stress
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
808
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
Health No effect
Negligible 15
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
Focus & Attention

C Study: 1
Participants: 12
C Study: 1
Attention
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Reaction Time
potential
Study: 1
General Mental & Brain
C
Health 30
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Mood Improvement
C
10 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
809
D Study: 1
10
potential
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Participants: 12
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
Reaction Time
potential
Study: 1
Rowing Performance
C
14 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
14 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
14 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
Study: 1
Runners' Health
C Participants:
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Slight Decrease
55
Low potential
Study: 1
Granulocyte-colony stimulating C
Participants:
factor Mixed effect
Low potential 55
Study: 1
C
55 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
55 Slight Increase
Low potential
810
D Study: 1
55
potential
D Study: 1
55
potential
D Study: 1
55
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
55
potential
D Study: 1
55
potential
D Study: 1
55
potential
D Study: 1
55
potential
Rooibos
Also known as: Aspalathus linearis, Red Bush Tea
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) is a semi-sweet tea touted for its potent antioxidant properties; despite being
highly palatable and marketed, the poor absorption of the main bioactive (aspalathin) suggests a limit to its
health promoting properties.
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Studies: 2
General Oxidation
Low potential

Low potential
811
C Study: 1
Participants: 15
C Study: 1
Participants: 15
C Study: 1
Participants: 15
D
Study: 1
Uric Acid
potential
Study: 1
C
40 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 40
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
40
potential
D
Study: 1
Health Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
812
D
Study: 1
Nitric Oxide
potential
Dehydration
D Study: 1
23
potential
Rose Essential Oil

Also known as: Rose, Rosa damascena, Rosa alba, Rosa gallica, Rosa centifolia, Rose Oil
Rose oil is an oil derived from roses (plant genus Rosa) used in aromatherapy and romance. The essential
oil appears to be rich in Citronellol, and preliminary evidence suggests sedative, stress relieving, and anti-
depressive effects from the aroma.

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Breathing Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Calmness
Low potential
Mood Improvement
C Study: 1
Breathing Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
CNS activity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Calmness
Low potential
Renal Colic
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
813
Rose Hip
Also known as: Rosa canina, Dog Rose, Cynosbati fructus, Fructae cynosbati
Rose hip, the fruit of Rosa canina, is a dietary supplement for joint health. It can alleviate symptoms of
arthritis if taken daily.
Osteoarthritis
B Studies: 3
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Pain
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Chemotaxis
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
B Studies: 2
Pain
Moderate potential
Rheumatoid Arthritis C Studies: 2

Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
814
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
815
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Obesity
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
816
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
817
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Immune Health
C Study: 1
Chemotaxis
Low potential
C Study: 1
Creatinine
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
Overweight
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
818
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Skin Dryness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Skin Elasticity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Wrinkles
Low potential
Weight Loss &

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Maintenance
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
819
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Roselle
Also known as: Roselle, Isakpa, Krachiap Daeng, Sour Tea, Hibiscus Sabdariffa
Hibiscus Sabdariffa (Roselle or Sour Tea) is a tea where the usually dark colored flowers are used to brew.
It appears to inhibit carbohydrate absorption to a degree and appears to be effective in reducing blood
pressure.
High Blood Pressure

A Studies: 5
Blood Pressure
High potential
820
High Cholesterol
B Studies: 3
Triglycerides
Moderate potential
D Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
D Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Studies: 2
D Studies: 2
D Studies: 2
Total cholesterol
D Studies: 2
Weight
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
D Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
821
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
D Study: 1
Uric Acid
Metabolic Syndrome
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Creatinine
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Urea
822
Rosmarinic Acid
Also known as: Rosmarinus Officinalis Extract, Rosemary Extract, Perilla Extract, Perilla Frutescens
Extract
Rosmarinic Acid is a polyphenol similar to caffeic acid (found in coffee) and is in high levels in Perilla Oil
and Rosemary, from which it draws its name. It is a general anti-oxidant and health compound, and seen as
'healthy'.
Allergic Rhinitis
C Study: 1
Allergy Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Nasal Congestion
Low potential
Eczema
C Study: 1
Eczema Symptoms
Low potential
Royal Jelly
Royal jelly is a nutritious jelly with a composition similar to pollen, created by worker bees. It is being
researched for its effects on testosterone and longevity.
Metabolic Health
C Studies: 2
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Testosterone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Estrogen
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
HbA1c
823
D Studies: 2
D Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
D Studies: 2
D Studies: 2
Triglycerides
D Study: 1
Weight
Allergic Rhinitis
D Study: 1
Allergy Symptoms

C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
Menopause
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Irritability
Low potential
C Study: 1
Menopausal Symptoms
Low potential
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
824
C Study: 1
PMS Symptoms
Low potential
S-Adenosyl Methionine
Also known as: SAME, SAMe, Ademethionine, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, Adomet
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is a methyl donating compound that circulates in the blood and provides
methyl groups to maintain other metabolic reactions. Lowered SAMe levels are associated with depressive
symptoms, and supplementation may aid a partial deficiency.
Studies: 4
Osteoarthritis
A
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
Injured Moderate 806 Improvement
potential
Depression
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
46
potential
D Study: 1
Motivation Participants:
46
potential

D Study: 1
52
potential
D Studies: 2
66
potential
825
D Study: 1
52
potential
Metabolic Health
D Studies: 2
29
potential
Study: 1
Fibromyalgia
C

D Study: 1
37
potential
D Study: 1
37
potential
D Study: 1
Liver Fibrosis Participants:
37
potential

D Study: 1
Prevention No effect
Negligible 50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
Study: 1
C
12 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
Hepatitis C
C
Early Virologic Response Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Intrahepatic Cholestasis Of
C
Cholestasis Participants:
Pregnancy 78 Slight Decrease
Low potential

D Study: 1
15
potential
Study: 1
Parkinson's Disease
C
826
Safflower Oil
Also known as: Carthamus tinctorius
Safflower Oil is a cooking oil that is found in two main forms; high (up to 75%) linoleic (omega-6 fatty acid)
and high (up to 75%) oleic, the main fatty acid in Olive Oil, with about 7% saturated fat content. It is a
source of Conjugated Linoleic Acid.
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
D Study: 1
Weight
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
827
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Menopause
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
828
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Weight

C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Weight
Saffron
Also known as: Crocus sativus
Saffron is typically used as a spice. Low dose supplementation appears to confer antidepressive effects.
Studies: 20
Depression
A
B Studies: 6
potential
Study: 1
C
Hot Flash Symptoms Participants: Strong
Study: 1
C
Obsession/compulsion Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
829
D Study: 1
Participants:
Appetite Negligible No effect
74
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
76
potential
D Study: 1
74
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Increase
Low potential
830
Studies: 4
C
C Studies: 2
154
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 2
258
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Studies: 2
118
potential
D Study: 1
F2-isoprostan Participants:
280
potential
D Studies: 5
HbA1c Participants:
potential
D Studies: 4
488
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Studies: 3
434
potential
D Studies: 2
154
potential
831
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
54
potential
D Studies: 2
154
potential
D Studies: 2
154
potential
D Studies: 2
Urea Participants:
118
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 3
424
potential
D Studies: 3
424
potential
D Study: 1
sICAM-1 Participants:
204
potential
Studies: 6
Anxiety
A
B Studies: 7
potential
832
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Obsession/compulsion Participants: Notable
D Study: 1
76
potential
High Cholesterol
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
90 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
90 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
Study: 1
C
90 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
54
potential
833
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
potential
D Studies: 4
182
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Study: 1
90
potential
D Studies: 2
144
potential
D Studies: 2
144
potential
Metabolic Health
B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 0
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
834
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 0
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 0
C Study: 1
Participants: 0
C Study: 1
Participants: 0
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
835
D Study: 1
64
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
44 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
75 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
76 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Participants:
44
potential
D Studies: 3
118
potential
D Studies: 2
120
potential
836
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
44
potential
D Study: 1
44
potential
D Study: 1
Vascular Endothelial Growth
Participants:
Factor Negligible No effect
44
potential
D Studies: 2
120
potential
837
D Studies: 2
120
potential
Sleep Health
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Mood Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Insomnia Signs and Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Sleep Disturbance Signs and C
Symptoms
Studies: 4
C
D Study: 1
63
potential
D Study: 1
63
potential
B Studies: 3
Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
838
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
47 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
47 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
47
potential
Study: 1
C
Bleeding Time Participants:
30 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
30 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
839
D Studies: 2
90
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential 234
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
Factor VII Participants:
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
Polymorphonuclear Cells Participants:
30
potential
D Study: 1
Protein C Participants:
60
potential
D Study: 1
Protein S Participants:
60
potential
840
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
30
potential
D Study: 1
204
potential
Macular Degeneration
B Studies: 2
Moderate
133 Improvement
potential
Studies: 2
C
Retinal Function Participants:
160 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
Macular Thickness Participants:
60
potential
Study: 1
Overweight
C
Study: 1
C
75 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
74
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
841
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
Sperm Concentration Participants:
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
75
potential
D Study: 1
74
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Hunger Participants:
84 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
84 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
84 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
842
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
60
potential
Study: 1
D
Participants:
Blood Pressure
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
potential
D Studies: 2
138
potential
D Studies: 2
138
potential
D Studies: 3
198
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
Asthma
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
843
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
potential
Studies: 2
Infertility
C
Study: 1
C
230 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
230
potential
D Study: 1
Ejaculate Volume Participants:
230
potential
D Study: 1
230
potential
D Study: 1
230
potential
D Study: 1
230
potential
D Study: 1
230
potential
D Studies: 2
282
potential
844
D Studies: 2
282
potential
D Study: 1
230
potential
Study: 1
Obesity
C
75 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
75
potential
845
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
396 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C Slight
50 Improvement
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
76
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Penile Girth Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
89 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
846
Study: 1
C
89 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
89 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation C Participants:
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
89 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
89 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
89 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
89
potential
D Study: 1
89
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
potential
D Study: 1
89
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential
847
D Study: 1
89
potential
D Study: 1
64 No effect
Negligible
potential
D Study: 1
64
potential

C Study: 1
Participants: 5
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
20
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Recovery
C
Muscle Soreness Participants: Strong
Study: 1
C
Creatine Kinase-MB Participants:
23 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
848
D Study: 1
23
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Prediabetes
C Study: 1
75
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
potential
D Study: 1
75
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
75
potential
849
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C

C Study: 1
Blood glucose Participants: Slight Decrease
Low potential
84
Study: 1
C
84 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
84 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
84
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
D Study: 1
84
potential
850
D Study: 1
84
potential
Study: 1
Fibromyalgia
C
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Study: 1
C
Fibromyalgia Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
High Blood Pressure

D Study: 1
204
potential
D Study: 1
204
potential
Study: 1
Menopause
C
Hot Flash Symptoms Participants: Strong
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
47 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
47 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
47
potential
851
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
66
Study: 1
C
66 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
66 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
66
potential
D Study: 1
66
potential
D Study: 1
66
potential
Study: 1
Stroke
C
66 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
66
potential
D Study: 1
66
potential
852
D Study: 1
66
potential
D Study: 1
66
potential
D Study: 1
66
potential
D Study: 1
66
potential
Study: 1
Breast Cancer
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Muscle Soreness Participants: Strong
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
80
potential
853
Dyslipidemia
C Study: 1
Participants: 0
Eye Health
C Study: 1

C Study: 1
Participants: 0
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
40
potential
Study: 1
Liver Cancer
C
Cancer Metastasis Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Memory Improvement
C
Short-Term Memory (Simple) Participants:
20 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Menstrual Health
C
Study: 1
C
47 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
47 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
47
potential

C Study: 1
Participants: 0
C Study: 1
Participants: 0
854
C Study: 1
Participants: 0
Study: 1
Mood Improvement
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Offspring Health
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
Labor Duration (Pregnancy) Participants:
50
potential
D Study: 1
Uterine Contractions Onset Participants:
50
potential
D Study: 1
Vaginal Delivery Rate Participants:
50
potential
Study: 1
C
Cervix Readiness (Pregnancy) Participants:
50 Notable Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
855
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
Labor Duration (Pregnancy) Participants:
50
potential
D Study: 1
Uterine Contractions Onset Participants:
50
potential
D Study: 1
Vaginal Delivery Rate Participants:
50
potential
Study: 1
Schizophrenia
C
66 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
66 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
66 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
66 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
66
potential
D Study: 1
66
potential
D Study: 1
66
potential
D Study: 1
66
potential
Study: 1
Sexual Dysfunction
C
856
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
20
potential
Skin Health
D
Study: 1
Skin Dryness
potential
Study: 1
Sleep Disturbances
C
Study: 1
Sleep Disturbance Signs and C
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
63
potential
D Study: 1
63
potential
Study: 1
Stress
C
857
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Salacia Reticulata
Also known as: Kothala himbutu
Salacia reticulata is a medicinal herb from Ayurveda which appears to have anti-diabetic activities, namely
by inhibiting carbohydrate uptake from the intestines; it appears quite effective at this, similar to acarbose
in potency.
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 2
Blood glucose
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Insulin
Moderate potential
Sarcosine
Also known as: N-methylgycine, Methylglycine
Sarcosine is a product of glycine. It can be used as a cognitive enhancer and to treat schizophrenia.
858
A Studies: 4
Schizophrenia Schizophrenia symptoms Participants: 183 Notable Improvement
High potential
B Studies: 2
Cognition
Moderate potential
Saw Palmetto
Also known as: Serenoa Repens
Saw Palmetto is a fatty acid mix from Serenoa repens that has been touted for its abilities to increase
testosterone (not effective) and suppress prostate growth (questionable effectiveness); safe for use in
benign prostatic hyperplasia and abnormal urine flow rates in men, but studies have had mixed results in
terms of efficacy.
Benign Prostatic
B Studies: 6
Hyperplasia Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
Studies: 2
C
Quality of Life Participants: Notable
D Studies: 3
potential
D Study: 1
225
potential
Lower Urinary Tract

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia C Study: 1
Symptoms Improvement
Low potential
D Study: 1
potential
Study: 1
Hair Loss
C
Hair Regrowth Participants: Slight
859
Low Testosterone
D
Study: 1
DHT
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential

C Study: 1
Quality of Life Notable
Participants: 82
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia C Study: 1

C Study: 1
Sexual Function Slight
Participants: 82
Schisandra
Also known as: Omija, Omija Cha, Gomishi, Repnihat, Wuweizi, Lemonwood, Northern Magnolia Vine, Chinese Magnolia Vine,
Matsbouza, Schisandra Chinensis
Schizandra berries have been used traditionally as performance enhancers and as an adaptogen. Lots of
human evidence from many decades ago in Russia that cannot be accessed, and limited Western evidence.
Appears to also reduce anxiety and cortisol, with a tart taste.
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Nitric Oxide
Low potential
Sea Buckthorn
Also known as: Hippophae rhamnoides
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a plant whose leaves are sometimes supplemented (or the
berries consumed as juice) for general antiinflammatory and antioxidative purposes. Though healthy, it does
not appear to have any unique literature on it to support supplementation.
Study: 1
Dry Eye
C
Dry Eye Symptoms Participants: Slight
860
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Platelet Aggregation
Low potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential

D Study: 1
45
potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
Selenium
An Essential Mineral that is heralded for its anti-oxidant capabilities, it forms a part of some anti-oxidant
enzymes such as glutathione to confer protective effects. Taking more than needed, however, can cause
oxidative damage and may be pro-diabetic.
861
Preeclampsia
B Studies: 2
Pre-Eclampsia Risk
Moderate potential
Acne
C Study: 1
Acne Symptoms
Low potential
Prostate Cancer
C Study: 1
Prostate Cancer Risk
Low potential

C Study: 1
Pre-Eclampsia Risk
Low potential
Senna
Also known as: Senna Alexandrina, Daio, Senna Alexandrina
Senna alexandrinais a plant containing sennosides, which are laxatives. Nothing more special about Senna
root or Sennosides, they just are very effective at clearing your bowels and are at a level of potency where
they are sometimes given before a colonoscopy.
Studies: 3
Digestive Health
A
Intestinal Motility Participants:
165 Strong Increase
High potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Studies: 3
General Gut Health
A
665 Strong Increase
High potential
Constipation Signs and C Study: 1

Symptoms Participants: 8 Strong

B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Bowel Cleansing
B Studies: 2
potential
862
Study: 1
Constipation Signs and C
Symptoms
Low potential
Study: 1
Constipation
Constipation Signs and C
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
30 Strong Increase
Low potential
Serrapeptase
Also known as: Serratiopeptidase, Serratia E-15, serralysin, serratiaprotease, Silk worm enzymes
Serrapeptase is an enzyme derived from silkworms. It has anti-inflammatory effects and can help prevent
blood clots, but these effects are somewhat unreliable.
Surgical Recovery
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Pain Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
Allergic Rhinitis
C
Mucus Production Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Pain Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
Breast Engorgement
C
Breast Tenderness Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Pain Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
C
Carpal Tunnel Symptoms Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
Chronic Pulmonary
C
Low potential
863
Study: 1
Inflammatory Venous
C
Pain Participants:
Disease 40 Slight Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
Superficial Thrombophlebitis C
Participants:
Low potential 40
Study: 1
Lactation
C
Breast Tenderness Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Pain Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
Pain Relief
C
150 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Pain Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
Sinusitis
C
Study: 1
Trismus
C
110 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Pain Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
Chronic Bronchitis
C
Sesamin
Sesamin is a lignan derived from sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) that appears to inhibit vitamin E
metabolism, which causes a relative increase in circulating levels of γ-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol; it
shows most promise in augmenting the efficacy of vitamin E supplements.
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
864
Shatavari
Also known as: Asparagus, Asparagus Extract, Shatavari, Asparagus Racemosus
Asparagus racemosus is an herb used in Ayurveda medicine. It is not the commonly consumed vegetable,
but it is a related plant.
Lactation
D Studies: 2
Milk Production
Shilajit
Also known as: Mineral Pitch, Jew's Pitch, Mineral Wax, Salajeet, Brag-shun, Shilajita, Moomio, Mumie, Mumijo, Mumiyo
Shilajit is a mixture of minerals used traditionally in Ayurveda, with the main bioactive of Fulvic Acid. It
appears to be heralded, but is currently in the preliminary stages of research in the West.
Study: 1
Infertility
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
865
D Study: 1
60
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 45
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
45
potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
C
45 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 45
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
45
potential
866
D Study: 1
45
potential
Study: 1
Oligospermia
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
Sodium Bicarbonate
Also known as: Baking Soda, Bicarb, Bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate (baking soda) is a molecule that acts as a buffering agent against acidity in the human
body, and appears to enhance physical performance in elite and novice athletes. It also may have health
benefits and intestinal side effects.
Studies: 14
Cycling Performance
A
Serum Bicarbonate Participants:
134 Strong Increase
High potential
Studies: 14
A
High potential
B Studies: 12
potential
B Studies: 10
potential
867
B
Studies: 2
Training Volume
potential
C Studies: 2
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Neuromuscular Function
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adrenaline
potential
D
Studies: 3
Heart Rate
potential
D
Studies: 4
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D Studies: 12
136
potential
D
Studies: 4
potential
Metabolic Health
A Studies: 6
Serum Bicarbonate
High potential
Studies: 7
A
High potential
B
Studies: 2
Ketone Bodies
potential
C Studies: 2
Low potential
868
C Studies: 2
Anaerobic Capacity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Training Volume
Low potential
D Study: 1
153
potential
D Studies: 2
159
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Running Performance
A Studies: 6
Serum Bicarbonate
High potential
A Studies: 5
Blood Acidity
High potential
B
Studies: 5
Moderate Participants: 46 Mixed effect
potential
B
Studies: 7
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
C Study: 1
Training Volume
Low potential
869
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake No effect
potential
D
Studies: 5
Power Output
potential

A Studies: 5
Serum Bicarbonate
High potential
A Studies: 6
Blood Acidity
High potential
A Studies: 4
High potential
C Study: 1
Plasma Endorphins
Low potential
C Studies: 4
Anaerobic Capacity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Training Volume
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Ammonia
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
Rowing Performance
A Studies: 5
Serum Bicarbonate
High potential
A Studies: 3
Blood Acidity
High potential
Studies: 5
A
Blood Lactate (Exercise) Participants: 32
Mixed effect
High potential
870
B
Studies: 3
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
C Study: 1
Muscle Oxygenation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Training Volume
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D
Studies: 5
Power Output
potential
D
Studies: 3
potential
Anaerobic Exercise
A Studies: 4
Serum Bicarbonate
Performance
High potential
A Studies: 4
Blood Acidity
High potential
B
Studies: 3
potential
B
Studies: 4
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
B Studies: 2
Training Volume Participants: 18
Moderate Slight Improvement
potential
871
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
Muscle Endurance
A Studies: 4
Serum Bicarbonate
High potential
A Studies: 4
Blood Acidity
High potential
B
Studies: 3
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
C Studies: 4
Low potential
C Study: 1
Noradrenaline
Low potential
C Study: 1
Training Volume
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adrenaline
potential
D
Study: 1
Ammonia
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
D
Studies: 2
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
A
Serum Bicarbonate Studies: 3
High potential Participants: 25 Strong Increase
872
A Studies: 3
Blood Acidity
High potential
A Studies: 3
High potential
B
Studies: 3
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
Studies: 3
Dental Health
A
Teeth Whitening Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
Net Acid Excretion Participants:
108 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Plasma Total Carbon C
Participants:
Dioxide Slight Increase
Low potential 108
D Study: 1
108
potential
Menopause
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
Boxing Performance
C Study: 1
Serum Bicarbonate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Acidity
Low potential
C
Neuromuscular Function Study: 1
Participants: 10
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
873
D
Study: 1
potential

C Study: 1
Lipid Absorption
Low potential
Martial Arts Performance

C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Judo Performance Metrics
Low potential
C Study: 1
Training Volume
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Muscle Recovery
C Study: 1
Serum Bicarbonate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Acidity
Low potential
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Serum Bicarbonate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Acidity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Lactate (Exercise) Participants: 15
C Study: 1
Training Volume
Low potential
Rugby Performance
C Study: 1
Serum Bicarbonate
Low potential
874
C Study: 1
Blood Acidity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
Tennis Performance
C Study: 1
Neuromuscular Function
Low potential
Soy Lecithin
Soy lecithin is a lecithin (a structural term for a triglyceride with one fatty acid replaced by phosphatic acid
conjugates) which delivers a high level of phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and
phosphatidylinositol (PI).
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Mental Resilience
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
875
Soy Protein
Also known as: Soy Protein Isolate, Soy Protein Powder, Soya Protein, Soya Protein Isolate, Soya Protein Powder
Soy protein refers to protein that is derived from soybeans. Soybeans are harvested and processed into
high-protein products such as soy flour, soy concentrates, and soy isolates that are used as ingredients in
foods.
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
Menopause
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
Osteoporosis
D Study: 1
Bone Health
D Study: 1
Muscle Gain
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Strength
Muscle Strength
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
D Study: 1
Strength
Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD)

Also known as: SCD
The Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD) is an elimination diet that was developed in the early 1900s to treat
celiac disease but became popular in the 1990s as a therapeutic diet for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Limited, low-quality evidence suggests that it improves symptoms as effectively as a Mediterranean or
whole-foods diet.
876
Crohn's Disease
B Studies: 2
Crohn's Disease Symptoms Slight Improvement
Participants: 212
Moderate potential
C Studies: 2
Alpha-Diversity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Fecal Calprotectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Quality of Life
Low potential
D Study: 1
Beta-Diversity
D Studies: 2
D Study: 1
Joint Pain (General)
Digestive Health
C Study: 1
Alpha-Diversity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fecal Calprotectin
Low potential
877
Spirulina
Also known as: Arthrospira maxima, Arthrospira platensis
Spirulina is a non-toxic blue-green algae. It's rich in nutrients and may have some general cardiovascular
and anti-aging benefits. Its potentially potent immunomodulating properties may give it additional uses
such as ameliorating allergies and asthma, but more research is needed.
Studies: 3
Metabolic Health
A
High potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
878
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Muscular Endurance Slight
Participants: 9
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
114 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
Glutathione Reductase Participants:
30
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1 Participants:
64
potential
D Studies: 2
543
potential
879
Immune Health
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
78 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
36 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
21 Notable Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
78 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
128 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
78 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C Participants:
Interferon Gamma
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 3
C
206 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Increase
Low potential
880
Study: 1
C
Treg Cells Participants:
19 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
Complement Component 3 Participants:
78
potential
D Study: 1
78
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
78
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Studies: 2
156
potential
Studies: 5
High Cholesterol
A
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
881
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
78 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Liver Enzymes Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
78 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
88 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
128 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
50
potential
882
D Study: 1
78
potential
Obesity
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Studies: 3
C
Study: 1
C
64 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
72 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
116 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
128 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
200 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
Aerobic Exercise Metrics Participants: No effect
Negligible 52
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
883
D Study: 1
Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1 Participants:
64
potential
D Study: 1
Nesfatin-1 Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
Omentin-1 Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
Vascular Endothelial Growth
Participants:
Factor Negligible No effect
64
potential
High Blood Pressure

B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
16 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes C Participants: Notable
36 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
884
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
sE-Selectin Participants:
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
sVCAM-1 Participants:
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
Allergic Rhinitis
B Studies: 2
Allergy Symptoms Participants: Strong
potential
B Studies: 2
Nasal Congestion Participants: Strong
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
65 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
65 Notable Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
65
Study: 1
C
36 Notable Increase
Low potential
885
Studies: 2
C
101 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
36 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
36 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
D
Study: 1
potential 52

B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
886
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
52 Notable Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
IGF-1 Participants:
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Myostatin Participants:
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Follistatin Participants:
40
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Studies: 2
92
potential
887
D Study: 1
52
potential

B Studies: 2
Disease Liver Enzymes Participants: Notable
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Liver Fat Strong
Participants: 3
Study: 1
C
15 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
15 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
B Studies: 2
potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
37 Slight Increase
Low potential
888
Studies: 2
C
62 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
37 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
37 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
37 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
37 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
62
potential
D Study: 1
37
potential

B Studies: 2
25
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
889
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
Respiratory Quotient Participants:
16
potential
Body Composition
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
IGF-1 Participants:
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Myostatin Participants:
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
92 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
Follistatin Participants:
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
Dyslipidemia
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Liver Fat Strong
Participants: 3
Study: 1
C
78 Notable Decrease
Low potential
890
C Study: 1
Liver Enzymes Notable
Participants: 3
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 2
C
81 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
78 Slight Increase
Low potential
Metabolic Syndrome
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential 52 Notable Decrease
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
510 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
562 Slight Increase
Low potential
891
Study: 1
C
510 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
52 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
510
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
D Study: 1
52
potential
Study: 1
Overweight
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
892
Studies: 2
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
Nesfatin-1 Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
Omentin-1 Participants:
20
potential
Study: 1
Asthma
C
Forced Expiratory Volume Participants:
34 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Forced Vital Capacity Participants:
34 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate Participants:
34 Slight Increase
Low potential
Infertility
D Study: 1
49
potential
D Study: 1
49
potential
D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
Study: 1
Arsenic Poisoning Arsenic Poisoning Signs and C
Symptoms
Study: 1
C
Prevention 100 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
100 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
100 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
100 Slight Decrease
Low potential
893
Study: 1
C
100 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
100 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
100
potential
D Study: 1
Complement Component 4 Participants:
100
potential
D Study: 1
100
potential
D Study: 1
100
potential
Study: 1
Chronic Pain
C
Joint Pain (General) Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
P-Selectin Participants:
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
24
potential
894
Study: 1
C
Soreness 24 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Fatigue
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
18
potential
Study: 1
Hepatitis C
C
HVC Viral Load Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Anemia Risk Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
Study: 1
Leukoplakia
C
Oral Cancer Symptoms Participants: Notable
Study: 1
Muscle Endurance
C
11 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
11
potential
895
D Study: 1
11
potential
D Study: 1
Oxygenation Cost of Exercise Participants:
11
potential
D Study: 1
11
potential
Study: 1
Muscle Recovery
C
24 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Nephrotic Syndrome
C
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
23 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Rugby Performance
C
Study: 1
C
896
Study: 1
Ulcerative Colitis
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
Day-Time Dysfunction Participants:
80
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
Sleep Disturbance Signs and
Participants:
80
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
Sleep Efficiency Participants:
80
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
897
D Study: 1
80
potential
Stevia
Also known as: Rebiana, rebaudioside A, stevioside, steviol, steviol glycosides, sweetleaf, sugarleaf
Stevia rebaudiana (Stevia) is a herb where either the leaf extract or isolated 'steviosides' are used for
sweetening. Unlike other sweeteners, stevia is 'natural' (rather than artificial) and associated with both
beneficial pharmacological effects and some toxicity.
High Blood Pressure

B Studies: 3
Blood glucose
Moderate potential
C Studies: 4
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Size
Low potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c
D Studies: 2
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Type 1 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Blood glucose
Low potential
898
D Study: 1
HbA1c
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Blood glucose
Low potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
D Study: 1
Appetite

C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
D Study: 1
Appetite
Stinging Nettle
Also known as: Urtica dioica, Radix Urticae, Common Nettle, Greater Nettle, Ortica, Tsuknida
Stinging Nettle is quite a nasty plant to touch, but oral ingestion of pills without spikes results in a
moderately potent anti-inflammatory that can reduce the sniffles. Does not boost testosterone despite
being claims to, although it can help Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and urine abnormalities.
Osteoarthritis
D Studies: 2
50
potential
899
Study: 1
Type 2 Diabetes
C
50 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
50 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
Studies: 2
Lower Urinary Tract
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia C
Symptoms
Symptoms 1116 Improvement
Low potential
D Study: 1
558
potential
Study: 1
Allergic Rhinitis
C
Allergy Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Nasal Congestion Participants: Slight
Studies: 2
Benign Prostatic
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia C
Hyperplasia Symptoms
D Study: 1
558
potential
900
Metabolic Health
C
Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
Chronic Nonspecific Knee

D
Study: 1
Pain Participants: 42 No effect
Negligible
potential
Sulbutiamine
Also known as: Arcalion, Enerion, Bisibuthiamine, Youvitan
Sulbutiamine is a synthetic molecule which consists of two Thiamine (Vitamin B1) molecules bound together
by a sulfur group, and appears to be somewhat useful in alleviating fatigue; especially that associated with
infection.
Type 2 Diabetes
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms
D Study: 1
HbA1c
Diabetic Neuropathy
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms
D Study: 1
HbA1c
Tart Cherry Juice

Also known as: Montmorency Cherry Juice
Tart cherry juice is best known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It seems to improve
exercise recovery and possibly sleep quality. More evidence is needed to determine whether it is helpful for
gout management.
901
Gout
D
Study: 1
Gout Symptoms
D Study: 1
HbA1c
D Study: 1
Uric Acid
Obesity
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Fasting Glucose
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
902
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
D Study: 1
Uric Acid
D Study: 1
vLDL-C
General Gut Health

D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Fasting Glucose
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
Microbiome
D Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
D Study: 1
Uric Acid
Hyperuricemia
D Study: 1
Gout Symptoms
D Study: 1
HbA1c
D Study: 1
Uric Acid
Metabolic Health
D Study: 1
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Participants: 58 No effect
D Study: 1
903
D Study: 1
Fasting Glucose
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
Microbiome
D Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
D Study: 1
Uric Acid
Overweight
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Fasting Glucose
D Study: 1
Heart Rate
D Study: 1
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Participants: 26 No effect
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1
904
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
D Study: 1
Uric Acid
D Study: 1
vLDL-C
Taurine
Also known as: 2-aminoethane sulphonic acid, L-Taurine
Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is not involved in protein synthesis but is essential to
cardiovascular function and the development and function of the brain, retina, and skeletal muscle.
Study: 1
Type 1 Diabetes
C
19 Notable Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
D Study: 1
19
potential
Study: 1
Cycling Performance
C
11 Notable Increase
Low potential
905
D Study: 1
11
potential
D Study: 1
11
potential
D Study: 1
11
potential

D Study: 1
Soreness No effect
Negligible 36
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
Study: 1
Heart Failure
Conditions)
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
D Study: 1
29
potential
Muscle Recovery
D Study: 1
36
potential
D Study: 1
36
potential
906
Terminalia Arjuna
Also known as: Arjuna, Dhavala, Kakubha, Nadisarja, Veeravriksha, Partha, Indradru
Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) is a tree that has its bark used medicinally, usually for the purposes of
cardioprotection. It appears to reduce pressure and pulse rate, and may increase aerobic exercise capacity.
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Left Ventricular Ejection C
Fraction
D Study: 1
10
potential
Study: 1
Aerobic Exercise
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Cardiomyopathy
Left Ventricular Ejection C
Fraction
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Heart Failure Left Ventricular Ejection C
Fraction
Study: 1
Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
C
Mitral Regurgitation Participants: Slight
Tetradecyl Thioacetic Acid

Also known as: TTA
Technically an Omega-3 fatty acid, TTA is a non-metabolizable fatty acid that cannot be used for energy
and may be able to burn fat via mechanisms similar to Conjugated Linoleic Acid. Lacking studies in humans
at the moment, TTA appears to be a promising future candidate for fat loss and health.
907
High Cholesterol
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
43 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 10
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 10
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
908
B Studies: 2
Health Participants:
34
potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
34 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
Participants:
Low potential 34
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
16
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
Thyroid-Stimulating
Participants:
18
potential
909
D Studies: 2
34
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
Immune Health
B Studies: 2
Participants:
28
potential
B Studies: 2
Participants:
28
potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
910
D Studies: 2
28
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
Thyroid-Stimulating
Participants:
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
43 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 18
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 18
Study: 1
C
43 Slight Decrease
Low potential
911
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
Thyroid-Stimulating
Participants:
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
Study: 1
Psoriasis
C
Study: 1
C
43 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
43 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
912
Study: 1
Type 2 Diabetes
C
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
High-density lipoprotein Participants:
(HDL) 16 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 16
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
16
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 18
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 18
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
913
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
Heart Rate Participants: No effect
Negligible 18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
Thyroid-Stimulating
Participants:
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
18
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 10
Study: 1
Participants:
Low potential 10
914
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C Participants:
Total cholesterol Slight Improvement
10
Low potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
HbA1c Participants:
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Study: 1
10
potential
Theaflavins
Theaflavins are a group of molecules that are found in black tea (due to an additional fermentation process
from green tea) that are said to be the bioactives of black tea.
High Cholesterol
D Study: 1
Participants:
102
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
102
potential
915
D Study: 1
102
potential
D Study: 1
102
potential

C Study: 1
Cortisol
Soreness
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 18
C Study: 1
Power Output Slight
Participants: 18
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
Muscle Recovery
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 18
C Study: 1
Power Output Slight
Participants: 18
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
Theanine
Also known as: L-Theanine, 5-N-Ethyl-Glutamine, γ-glutamylethylamide
L-theanine is a naturally occurring, non-protein amino acid found in tea that promotes relaxation by
reducing stress and anxiety levels. Although L-theanine is not a sedative and does not cause drowsiness, it
may help improve sleep quality by promoting a more relaxed state. L-theanine supplementation has also
been shown to have positive effects on aspects of cognitive function, especially when taken with caffeine.
916
Studies: 2
Cognitive Improvement C Participants: Notable
Calmness
64 Improvement
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 6
C
Studies: 2
C
72 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Executive Function Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
24 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Prepulse Inhibition Participants:
14 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Studies: 3
86
potential
D Study: 1
38
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
917
D Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 3
53
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Studies: 6
144
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Studies: 2
62
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Studies: 2
54
potential
Anxiety
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
918
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Symptoms 46
D Study: 1
46
potential
D Study: 1
Salivary Alpha-Amylase Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
Focus & Attention

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Studies: 2
36
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
919

B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C Notable
48 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
18
potential
D Study: 1
48
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
920
D Study: 1
24
potential
Study: 1
Mental Resilience Calmness C Participants: Notable
16 Improvement
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
38
potential
D Study: 1
38
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
38
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
921
D Study: 1
30
potential
Study: 1
Mood Improvement
C Participants:
16 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
24 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Studies: 2
62
potential
D Study: 1
38
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Studies: 2
54
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
922
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
C Study: 1
Low potential Slight
12 Improvement
Study: 1
C
20 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Study: 1
Granulocyte Count Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
20
potential
923
D Study: 1
20
potential
Study: 1
Schizophrenia
C
C Study: 1
DHEAS Participants: Slight Increase
Low potential
60
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
DHEA Participants:
60
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
Stress
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
924
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
12
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Depression
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
925
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Study: 1
C
20 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
20 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
926
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Health
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
12
potential
Study: 1
Schizoaffective Disorder
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
40
potential
Study: 1
Sleep Disturbances
C
Study: 1
Sleep Health
C
927
Tongkat Ali
Also known as: Longjack, Tongkat Ali, Malaysian Ginseng, Longjax, Cay Ba Binh, Pasak Bumi, Langir Siam, Tung Sawa,
Eurycoma Longifolia
Eurycoma longifolia (aka longjack and tongkat ali) has a decent amount of evidence for aphrodisiac and
profertility effects. Some evidence suggests antiestrogen and proerectile effects, too, but the evidence for
“testosterone boosting” is not convincing.
Anxiety
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Stress Signs and Symptoms Slight
Participants: 63
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Low Testosterone
D Study: 1
320
potential

C Study: 1
Cortisol
Health
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 63
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Mental Resilience
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 63
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Mood Improvement
C Study: 1
Cortisol
Low potential
928
C Study: 1
Participants: 63
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Sexual Health
C Study: 1
Erections
Low potential
C Study: 1
Libido
Low potential
C Study: 1
Seminal Motility Slight
Participants: 109
C Study: 1
Sperm Quality Slight
Participants: 109
C Study: 1
Participants: 109
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
DHEA
potential
D
Study: 1
IGF-1
potential
D
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Torbangun
Also known as: Torbangun Leaves, Bangun-bangun, Coleus Amboinicus Lour
Coleus amboinicus leaves are a traditional glactogogue used in Indoensia and are often served in the form
of a soup.
929
Lactation
C Study: 1
Milk Production
Low potential
Trehalose
Also known as: (2 3S 4S 5R 6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(2R 3R 4S 5S 6R)-3 4 5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-
yloxyoxane-3 4 5-triol, D-trehalose, Alpha alpha trehalose
Trehalose is a sugar which, on a cellular level, appears to have therapeutic mechanisms by regulating
protein unfolding. Practically, its low oral absorption in its intact form paired with rapid digestion may
preclude any benefits of oral intake.
Dry Eye
B Studies: 2
Dry Eye Symptoms
Moderate potential
Tribulus Terrestris
Also known as: Trib, Puncturevine, Protodioscin
Tribulus terrestris is a plant from Ayurveda where the root and fruits are used for male virility and general
vitality, respectively. The roots enhance libido and sexual well being without affecting testosterone while
the fruits appear to be potently protective of organ function.
Low Testosterone
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Studies: 2
60
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
930
Study: 1
D
Participants:
Sperm Quality No effect
Negligible 30
potential
D
Studies: 3
Testosterone
potential

B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
D Study: 1
45
potential
Study: 1
Infertility
C
Seminal Motility Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
DHT Participants:
65 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
63 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
63 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
DHEA Participants:
65
potential
D Study: 1
63
potential
D Study: 1
Follicle-Stimulating
Participants:
65
potential
931
D Studies: 2
95 No effect
Negligible
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Studies: 2
95
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Studies: 3
158
potential
D Studies: 2
93
potential
D Studies: 2
93
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
180 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D Study: 1
DHEA Participants:
180
potential
D Study: 1
180
potential
932
D Study: 1
Participants:
180
potential
D
Liver Enzymes Study: 1
Negligible
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
180
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
Sex Hormone Binding
Participants:
180
potential
D Studies: 2
210
potential
D Study: 1
180
potential
D Study: 1
180
potential
Body Composition
D
Studies: 2
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
D
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
potential
D
Studies: 2
Power Output
potential
933
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Muscle Strength
D
Studies: 2
Body Fat
potential
D
Fatigue Symptoms Study: 1
Participants: 15
potential
D
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
potential
D
Studies: 2
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential

C Study: 1
Erections
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Diuresis
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
934
Study: 1
Menopause
C
45 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
Testosterone Negligible No effect
45
potential
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
Study: 1
Type 2 Diabetes
C
98 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
HbA1c Participants:
Low potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
98
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
98
potential
D Study: 1
98
potential
D Study: 1
98
potential
Study: 1
Hypoactive Sexual Desire
C
Disorder 180 Slight Increase
Low potential
935
D Study: 1
DHEA Participants:
180
potential
D Study: 1
180
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
180
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
180
potential
D Study: 1
Sex Hormone Binding
Participants:
180
potential
D Study: 1
180
potential
D Study: 1
180
potential
D Study: 1
180
potential
Metabolic Health
D
Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Muscle Endurance
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
potential
936
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
Muscle Gain
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms Negligible Participants: 15 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
Study: 1
Oligospermia
C
63 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
63 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
63
potential
D Study: 1
63
potential
D Study: 1
63
potential
D Study: 1
63
potential
937
Rugby Performance
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Sexual Health
D
Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
TUDCA
Also known as: TUDCA, Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid
TUDCA is a water soluble bile acid. It shows great potency in treating cholestasis (bile acid backup in the
liver) as the water soluble bile acids counteract the toxicity of regular bile acids. Can also protect and
rehabilitate the liver, and general protects cells; very promising molecule.
Studies: 2
Hepatitis C
B
Moderate potential 155 Improvement
C Study: 1
Liver Cell Content
Low potential
Primary Biliary
B Studies: 2
Participants: 35
Cholangitis Improvement
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Cholestasis
Low potential
938
Obesity
C Study: 1
Participants: 20
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Chronic Liver Disease

C Study: 1
Participants: 5
C Study: 1
Liver Cell Content
Low potential
Cirrhosis
C Study: 1
Participants: 24

Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Participants: 20
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
939
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Turkey tail mushroom

Also known as: Turkey Tail Mushroom, Coriolus Versicolor, Polyporus Versicolor, Trametes Versicolor
Turkey Tail Mushroom (Trametes versicolor) is a mushroom that is a source of a polysaccharide, known as
polysaccharide K, that is established as a cancer adjunct therapy for the immune system.
Breast Cancer
C Study: 1
Lymphocyte Count
Low potential
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Type-II Collagen
Also known as: CII, Hydrolyzed collagen, Solubilized collagen, Gelatin, Collagen, Shark gelatin
Type II collagen (CII) is a protein and component of joint cartilage. Oral ingestion of CII in its undenatured
form may reduce autoimmunity to the body's own CII, resulting in less joint inflammation in instances of
osteoarthritis and rheumatism.
B Studies: 2
Pain
Moderate potential
B Studies: 3
Moderate potential
D Study: 1
940
D Study: 1
Immunoglobulin A
D Study: 1
Immunoglobulin G
Osteoarthritis
B Studies: 2
Pain
Moderate potential
C Studies: 2
Low potential
Joint Pain (General)

C Study: 1
Exercise-induced Joint Pain
Low potential
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
Exercise Recovery
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
Joint Pain
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Pain
Low potential
Umckaloabo
Also known as: African Geranium, South African Geranium, Kaloban EPs7630, EPs 7630, Umckaloabo, Rabas, Pelargonium
Sidoides
Pelargonium sidoides, also known as African geranium, is a plant-derived pharmaceutical used to treat
acute bronchitis. It may also act as an immune system booster, and alleviate symptoms of the common
cold and herpes.
Studies: 16
Acute Bronchitis
A
Bronchitis Symptoms Participants: Notable
941
A Studies: 6
Fever Participants: Notable
High potential
3237 Improvement
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 9
Cough Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 7
potential
B Studies: 9
potential
B Studies: 9
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
Studies: 2
C
Nausea Symptoms Participants: Slight
Common Cold
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Common Cold Symptoms Participants: Notable
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Low potential
942
C Study: 1
Symptoms Participants: Slight
Low potential
28 Improvement
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Immune Health
C
25 Notable Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Exercise-Induced Immune C
Suppression
Study: 1
Sinusitis
C
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Uridine
Also known as: UDP, UMP, Uridine monophosphate, Uridine diphosphate
Uridine is a nucleotide base found in high levels in beer which is used for increasing synthesis of cellular
membranes and for other neurological properties. It appears to have potentially cognitive enhancing
properties, and is synergistic with fish oil.
Bipolar Disorder
C Study: 1
Bipolar Disorder Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
943
Ursolic Acid
Also known as: Apple peel extract
Ursolic Acid is a molecule found in apple peels, and in the Ayurveda herb known as Holy Basil. No human
interventions exist right now, but ursolic acid appears to be a promising body recomposition agent; able to
increase muscle mass and decrease fat mass. May be anti-fertility, however.
Muscle Gain
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Irisin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Power Output
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Irisin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Power Output
Low potential
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
Lean Mass

C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
944
C Study: 1
Irisin
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
Body Fat
D Study: 1
Insulin
D Study: 1
Lean Mass
Valerian
Also known as: Valerian, Valeriana Officinalis
Valeriana officinalis, also known as valerian, is an herbal tea and supplement. It is commonly used for its
sedative and anxiety-reducing effects.
Study: 1
Insomnia
C
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Sedation
Low potential
D Studies: 2
26
potential
D Studies: 2
26
potential
Menopause
B Studies: 2
potential
945
C Study: 1
Anxiety
D Study: 1
36
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Arthritis
D
Study: 1
Sleep Quality
potential

D Study: 1
36
potential
C Study: 1
OCD Symptoms Slight
Participants: 31
Disorder Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sedation
Low potential
Study: 1
Restless Leg Syndrome
C
Studies: 2
Restless Leg Syndrome C
Symptoms
Study: 1
Sleep Health
C
D Study: 1
202
potential
D Study: 1
202
potential
946
Vanadium
Vanadium is a mineral that is not one of the Essential Mineral compounds, but is sometimes ingested in the
diet. Can be found in bone tissues, Vanadium may influence glucose metabolism in an anti-diabetic manner.
Obesity
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood Pressure
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Metabolic Health
D Studies: 2
Glycemic Control
947
Overweight
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
D Study: 1
Glycemic Control
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Vegan Diet
Also known as: Plant-Based Diet
Vegan diets exclude all animal products. Veganism has rapidly increased in popularity, although randomized
trials are still few in number. Trials do show promise for a variety of outcomes, from weight loss to
autoimmunity, although comparisons to other popular diets are rare. A vegan diet should be balanced and
low in processed foods (e.g. a "Whole Food Plant-Based diet") for optimal results.

A Studies: 4
Glycemic Control
Participants: 625 Strong Detriment
High potential
A Studies: 3
Participants: 381
A Studies: 3
Participants: 381
A Studies: 5
Weight
High potential
B
Studies: 2
Body Fat
potential
B
Studies: 2
potential
948
B
Studies: 2
Fasting Glucose
potential
B
Studies: 2
HbA1c Notable
Improvement
potential
B
Studies: 4
Blood Pressure
potential
B
(HDL) Moderate Participants: 319 Slight Decrease
potential
B
Studies: 3
Insulin
potential
B
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
potential
B
Studies: 2
potential
B
Studies: 2
Triglycerides
potential
C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Molecule 1 Slight Decrease
Low potential 2583
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
D
2583 No effect
Negligible
potential
949
D Study: 1
2583
potential
D Study: 1
2583
potential
D Study: 1
2583
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
A Studies: 4
HbA1c Notable
Participants: 546
A Studies: 3
Weight
High potential
B
Studies: 2
Fasting Glucose
potential
B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
B Studies: 6
potential
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential

Low potential
950
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Urinary Albumin
Low potential
Metabolic Health
A Studies: 4
Glycemic Control
High potential
Studies: 5
A
A Studies: 3
Participants: 381
A Studies: 3
Weight
High potential
B
Studies: 2
Body Fat
potential
B
Studies: 2
potential
B
Studies: 2
Fasting Glucose
potential
B
Studies: 2
HbA1c Notable
Improvement
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B
Blood Pressure Studies: 2
Moderate
potential
951
B
(HDL) Moderate Participants: 319 Slight Decrease
potential
B
Studies: 3
Insulin
potential
B
Studies: 2
Lean Mass
potential
B
Studies: 2
Triglycerides
potential
C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 6
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipoprotein(a)
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
High Blood Pressure

B Studies: 6
potential
High Cholesterol
B Studies: 2
potential
B
Blood Pressure Studies: 2
Participants: 65
potential
952
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 66
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential

Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential
B Studies: 3
Health Slight Decrease
Moderate 2294
potential
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Study: 1
Participants:
(HDL) Slight Decrease
Low potential 1484
953
Study: 1
C
1484 Mixed effect
Low potential
Dyslipidemia
B
Studies: 2
Blood Pressure
potential
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c Notable
Participants: 62
C Studies: 2
Participants: 93
C Study: 1
Participants: 62
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 6
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipoprotein(a)
Low potential
Immune Health
B Studies: 3
2680
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
954
C Studies: 2
Participants: 97

Low potential
Study: 1
Participants:
Molecule 1 Slight Decrease
Low potential 2583
C Study: 1
Lipoprotein(a)
Low potential
D Study: 1
2583
potential
D Study: 1
2583
potential
D Study: 1
2583
potential
D Study: 1
2583
potential
Overweight
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Anxiety Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure Participants: 291
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
955

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Obesity
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Low potential
Bone Health
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Fracture Risk Participants:
Low potential
B
Studies: 2
Blood Pressure
potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 938
C Study: 1
Participants: 938

Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
956
Metabolic Syndrome
B
Studies: 2
Glycemic Control
Moderate Participants: 488 Strong Detriment
potential
B
Studies: 2
Weight
potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fasting Glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Food Intake
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c Notable
Participants: 244
C Study: 1
Participants: 244
C Study: 1
Participants: 244

Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Triglycerides
Low potential
957
Fibromyalgia
C Study: 1
Low potential
Migraine Headache
C Study: 1
Migraine Frequency
Low potential
C Study: 1
Migraine Severity
Low potential
Menopause
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 66
C Study: 1
Participants: 66
C Study: 1
Low potential

Low potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential
Body Composition
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Health 17809 Slight Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
958
Velvet Antler
Also known as: Deer Velvet Antler, Deer Antler, Elk Velvet Antler, Cervus, Lu Jiao Pan
Velvet Antler (usually from deer) is crushed antler that is orally consumed for preventative health purposes.
Hailing from Traditional Chinese Medicine, velvet antler does not appear to influence hormones and is
currently unsupported for muscle repair (although it may aid skin regeneration rates).
D Studies: 2
Participants:
208
potential
Muscle Strength
C Studies: 2
Power Output Slight
Participants: 84
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Erythropoietin
potential
D
Study: 1
Growth Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
IGF-1
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Studies: 2
Testosterone
potential

D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Free Testosterone
potential
959
D
Studies: 2
Libido
potential
D
Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Prolactin
potential
D
Study: 1
Sexual Function
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential

D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Free Testosterone
potential
D
Studies: 2
Libido
potential
D
Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Prolactin
potential
D
Study: 1
Sexual Function
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
960
Aerobic Exercise
C Study: 1
Power Output Slight
D
Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
D
Study: 1
Growth Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Free Testosterone
potential
D
Studies: 2
Libido
potential
D
Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Prolactin
potential
D
Study: 1
Sexual Function
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Muscle Endurance
C Study: 1
Power Output Slight
Participants: 38
961
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Erythropoietin
potential
D
Study: 1
IGF-1
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Rowing Performance
C Study: 1
Power Output Slight
Participants: 46
D
Study: 1
Anaerobic Capacity
potential
D
Study: 1
Growth Hormone
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Running Performance
C Study: 1
Power Output Slight
Participants: 38
D
Study: 1
potential
962
D
Study: 1
Erythropoietin
potential
D
Study: 1
IGF-1
potential
D
Study: 1
Lean Mass
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Testosterone
potential
Vinpocetine
Also known as: Vincamine, Vinca Minor, Periwinkle Extract, Cavinton (Brand Name), Ethyl Apovincaminate
Vinpocetine is a compound from the Periwinkle plant that is used as a cognitive protective and anti-aging
agent. One of the more common of the nootropics, Vinpocetine may enhance blood flow and is touted to
increase memory; this latter claim has not been investigated.
Study: 1
Chronic Cerebrovascular
C
Insufficiency 1011 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
Injured
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Memory Slight
Participants: 12
C Study: 1
Participants: 12
963
D
Study: 1
Processing Accuracy
potential
Discirculatory Encephalopathy
C Study: 1
Participants: 20
C Study: 1
Participants: 20
Vitamin A
Also known as: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, tretinoin, beta-carotene
Vitamin A refers to a group of compounds that serve important roles in modulating skin health, vision, gene
transcription, and immune system functioning. Deficiencies, which are common in developing countries, can
lead to impaired vision, dry skin and poor immunity.
Skin Health
A Studies: 3
Wrinkles
High potential
B Studies: 2
Skin Thickness
Moderate potential
B Studies: 3
Hyperpigmentation
Moderate potential
B Studies: 3
Skin Dryness
Moderate potential
B Studies: 3
Skin Quality
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Collagen Content
Low potential
C Study: 1
Skin Elasticity
Low potential
Multiple Sclerosis
C Study: 1
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Participants: 101 Slight Improvement
Low potential
964
Vitamin B1
Also known as: Thiamine
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) is an essential vitamin involved heavily in glucose production. While not a common
deficiency in an otherwise healthy diet and limited benefits when taken by a healthy subject, instances of
high blood glucose and/or alcoholism can increase the need for this vitamin drastically.
B Studies: 2
PMS Symptoms
Moderate potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Prediabetes
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
965
Vitamin B12
Also known as: Cyanocobalamin, cobalamin, methylcobalamin, 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin,
cobamamide, dibencozide, hydroxocobalamin
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) is a water-soluble essential vitamin that is known to play roles in neurology.
Stroke
C Study: 1
Stroke Recovery
Low potential
D Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
D Study: 1
Fatigue Symptoms
Vitamin B12 Deficiency

D Study: 1
Homocysteine
Vitamin B2
Also known as: Riboflavin
Riboflavin is an essential vitamin that is required for some enzymes in the body to act normally.
Supplementation of riboflavin is not outright required with a good diet, but may serve some benefits for
cardiovascular health in genetically susceptible people.
Migraine Headache
B Studies: 7
potential
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 5
potential
D
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Study: 1
Profile Negligible Participants: 29 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Ferritin
potential
966
D
Study: 1
Uric Acid
potential
High Blood Pressure

B Studies: 3
potential
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
Multiple Sclerosis
C Study: 1
Homocysteine
Low potential
D
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Study: 1
Profile Negligible Participants: 29 No effect
potential
D
Multiple Sclerosis Study: 1
potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
Hyperuricemia
C Study: 1
Homocysteine
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Ferritin
potential
D
Study: 1
Uric Acid
potential
967
Vitamin B3
Also known as: Niacin, B3, Vitamin B3
Niacin is an essential B-vitamin. Supplementation results in improved cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
However, since a side-effect of supplementation is increased insulin resistance, niacin supplementation only
provides benefits for cardiovascular health if precautions are taken.
Metabolic Health
B
(HDL) Moderate Participants: 37 Strong Increase
potential
B
Studies: 2
Adiponectin
potential
B
Studies: 3
Glycemic Control
Moderate Participants: 46 Slight Detriment
potential
B Studies: 7
potential
C Study: 1
Acne Symptoms Notable
Participants: 175
C Study: 1
Leptin
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Participants: 37
C Studies: 2
Participants: 37
C Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
Low potential
Studies: 5
C
103 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Erythema
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
968
C Study: 1
Ketone Bodies
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Wound Healing
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adrenaline
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood Flow
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Glucagon
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
969
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Plasma Nitrate
potential
D
Study: 1
Resistin
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Studies: 3
Acne
A
C Study: 1
Erythema
Low potential
C Study: 1
Wound Healing
Low potential

B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Coronary Artery Disease Risk Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C Participants:
Stroke Risk
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
970
D Studies: 2
Participants:
Mortality Negligible No effect
7977
potential
Obesity
B
Studies: 2
Glycemic Control
potential
B
Studies: 2
Insulin
potential
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 27
C Study: 1
vLDL-C Notable
Participants: 27
C Studies: 2
Blood glucose
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Dyslipidemia
B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
C Studies: 2
(HDL) Participants: 157 Strong Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 18
971
C Studies: 2
Apolipoprotein A
Low potential
C Study: 1
Bilirubin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
D
Studies: 2
Apolipoprotein B
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Skin Health
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Erythema
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Hyperpigmentation Participants:
Low potential
C Study: 1
Skin Elasticity
Low potential
C Study: 1
Wrinkles
Low potential
Study: 1
Atherosclerosis
Participants:
(HDL) Strong Increase
Low potential 3196
Study: 1
C
972
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
3196 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Stroke Risk Participants:
Low potential
D Study: 1
3196
potential
Eczema
C Study: 1
Erythema
Low potential
C Study: 1
Wound Healing
Low potential
High Blood Pressure

Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 7
C Study: 1
Participants: 7
C Study: 1
Blood glucose Slight Increase
Participants: 7
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fat Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
973
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Metabolic Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Plasma Nitrate
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
High Cholesterol
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 20
C Study: 1
Participants: 20
C Study: 1
vLDL-C Notable
Participants: 20
Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Hepatic Glucose Production
Low potential

C Study: 1
Participants: 27
Disease Improvement
Low potential
974
C Study: 1
vLDL-C Notable
Participants: 27
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Apolipoprotein B
potential
D
Study: 1
Body Fat
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Metabolic Syndrome
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 20
C
Study: 1
Improvement
C Study: 1
vLDL-C Notable
Participants: 20
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Hepatic Glucose Production
Low potential

Low potential
975
C Study: 1
Adiponectin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Leptin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 30
C Study: 1
Participants: 30
C Study: 1
Apolipoprotein A
Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
976
D
Study: 1
Liver Enzymes
potential
D
Study: 1
Resistin
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
Vitamin B6
Also known as: pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal, pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, PLP
Vitamin B6 is one of the B-vitamins, used in producing a necessary coenzyme in the body. While essential
and with many small benefits, there appear to be no highly effective unique reasons to use this supplement.
Studies: 9
Premenstrual
B
Syndrome 1463 Slight Improvement
Moderate potential
Hand-Foot Syndrome
D
Hand-Foot Syndrome Studies: 2
potential
Anxiety
C Study: 1
PMS Symptoms
Low potential
C Study: 1
PMS Symptoms
Low potential
Breast Pain
C Study: 1
Breast Tenderness Notable
Participants: 80
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Prolactin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
potential
977
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
D
Study: 1
Growth Hormone
potential
Muscle Endurance
C Study: 1
Prolactin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Growth Hormone
potential
Sleep Health
C Study: 1
Dream Salience
Low potential
Vitamin C
Also known as: Ascorbic Acid, Ascorbate, L-ascorbic acid, 2-(1 2-dihydroxyethyl)-4 5-dihydroxy-furan-3-one
Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is an essential vitamin and a very popular supplement due to its antioxidant
properties, safety profile, and low price. Many people supplement with vitamin C because it is believed to
reduce symptoms of the common cold.
Common Cold
D Studies: 5
Common Cold Symptoms Participants:
3001
potential
D Studies: 40
Participants:
Risk Negligible No effect
21584
potential
D Studies: 32
Participants:
14287
potential
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
978
B Studies: 3
548
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Resistin Participants: Notable
Study: 1
C
13 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
34 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
39 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
16 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Studies: 2
73
potential
D Studies: 3
Participants:
31
potential
979
D Studies: 2
23
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Studies: 3
HbA1c Participants:
978
potential
D Studies: 2
93
potential
D Studies: 2
40
potential
D Studies: 4
1039
potential
D Studies: 2
78
potential
D Study: 1
30
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
980
D Study: 1
Mineral Bioaccumulation Participants:
45
potential
D Study: 1
80
potential
D Study: 1
Protection from Smoking Participants:
30
potential
D Studies: 3
165
potential
D Studies: 3
165
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
Studies: 3
Type 2 Diabetes
A
157 Strong Increase
High potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 13
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
981
Study: 1
C
13 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
154 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D Studies: 2
44
potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
D Studies: 3
80
potential
D Studies: 9
HbA1c Participants:
382
potential
D Studies: 8
284
potential
982
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
D Studies: 5
129
potential
D Studies: 2
98
potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
D Studies: 8
284
potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Studies: 10
406
potential
D Studies: 10
396
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
65
potential
983
D Study: 1
13
potential
D Studies: 2
44
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 4
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
56 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Heart Rate
Low potential
Study: 1
C
34 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Vascular Function Slight
Participants: 9
D Study: 1
10
potential
D Studies: 2
64
potential
984
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Studies: 3
Protection from Smoking Participants:
83
potential
Immune Health
B Studies: 2
Moderate Strong Increase
56
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Studies: 5
C
93 Mixed effect
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
56 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
30 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Studies: 5
Participants:
93
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Studies: 2
30
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
985
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Studies: 6
Participants:
1159
potential
D Studies: 2
Participants:
474
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
986
Study: 1
High Blood Pressure
C
37 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
37 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
65 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
174 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
72 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
D Study: 1
37
potential
D Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
65
potential
D Studies: 2
65
potential
D Study: 1
941
potential
D Studies: 2
68
potential
D Study: 1
72
potential
D Study: 1
31
potential
987
D Study: 1
31
potential
D Studies: 2
65
potential
D Studies: 4
1078
potential
D Studies: 3
137
potential
Study: 1
D
Participants:
Weight
potential
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
C
50 Strong Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
99 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
216 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
65
potential
D Studies: 4
HbA1c Participants:
216
potential
D Studies: 3
166
potential
D Study: 1
941
potential
D Studies: 3
166
potential
988
D Studies: 5
1157
potential
D Studies: 4
216
potential
D Study: 1
Urea Participants:
65
potential

D Studies: 9
Participants:
2627
potential
D Studies: 6
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Participants:
Symptoms Negligible 1480 No effect
potential
Type 1 Diabetes
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
26 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
26
potential
D Study: 1
24
potential
989
D Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
74
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
D Study: 1
50
potential
Muscle Recovery
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
28 Strong Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
44 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
28 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
28 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Studies: 2
Participants:
44
potential
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
990
D Study: 1
16
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
Interleukin 2 Participants: No effect
Negligible 28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
D Study: 1
28
potential
991
COVID-19
D Studies: 2
COVID-19 Severity Participants:
274
potential
Study: 1
C
14 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
21
potential
D Study: 1
14
potential
Bone Health
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C Participants:
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Slight Increase
90
Low potential
Study: 1
Muscle Gain
C
28 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
941
potential
D Study: 1
941
potential
Study: 1
Running Performance
C
28 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
28 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
15 Slight Detriment
Low potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
992
D Study: 1
Participants:
28
potential
D Study: 1
15
potential
Study: 1
Anxiety
C
22 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Study: 1
22
potential
D Study: 1
22
potential
Atherosclerosis
C
Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential Participants: 8 Slight Decrease
C Study: 1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Adiponectin
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
D
Study: 1
LDL Oxidation
potential
993
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential

D Study: 1
941
potential
D Study: 1
941
potential
Gout
C Study: 1
Gout Symptoms Slight
Participants: 1
Infertility
C Study: 1
Seminal Motility Participants: Notable
Low potential
120 Improvement
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Obesity
C
Study: 1
C
20 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Study: 1
Stroke
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
994

D Studies: 2
Participants:
1332
potential
D Study: 1
Participants:
666
potential
Study: 1
Bacterial Vaginosis
C
Bacterial Vaginosis Symptoms Participants: Slight
Cataract
D Study: 1
Cataract Risk Participants:
11545
potential
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
D Study: 1
Charcot Marie Tooth Disease
Participants:
Type 1A Symptoms No effect
Negligible 271
potential
Cycling Performance
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Exercise-Induced Oxidation Negligible Participants: 7 No effect
potential
Study: 1
C
18 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Dyslipidemia
D Study: 1
439
potential
D Study: 1
439
potential
D Study: 1
439
potential
995
D Study: 1
439
potential
Fatigue
D Study: 1
18
potential
Study: 1
Heart Failure
C
11 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Hyperuricemia
D Study: 1
184
potential
Kidney Health
D Study: 1
184
potential
Study: 1
Mental Resilience
C
21 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Mood Improvement
C
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
18
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia
C
Syndrome 19 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Premature Birth
D Study: 1
Spontaneous Birth Risk Participants:
9968
potential
Respiratory Health
D Study: 1
Participants:
252
potential
996
Study: 1
Sexual Health
C
81 Strong Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Frequency of Intercourse Participants:
81 Slight Increase
Low potential

D Study: 1
941
potential
D Study: 1
941
potential
Vitamin D
Also known as: Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3), Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that our skin synthesizes when exposed to the sun. It benefits us in many
ways, from bone health to mood.
Multiple Sclerosis
B Studies: 9
potential
Studies: 10
Common Cold
Risk
D Study: 1
Cough Participants:
164
potential
D Study: 1
Fever Participants:
164
potential
D Studies: 2
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Participants:
5350
potential
997
D Studies: 8
Participants:
2541
potential

B Studies: 2
Infection Influenza Risk Participants: Slight
potential
B Studies: 9
potential
Study: 1
C
Bacterial Infection Participants: Notable
D Studies: 6
Participants:
1078
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
B Studies: 5
potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 12 Notable
Participants: 44
C Study: 1
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
C Study: 1
Interleukin 10
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
potential
998
Studies: 2
Immune Health
B
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Participants: Slight
potential
Study: 1
C
165 Strong Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
165 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Interleukin 5
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
165 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Tuberculosis Symptoms Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
165
potential
D
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
Flu
C
Studies: 4
C
Influenza Risk Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
Fever Participants:
334
potential
D Study: 1
Pneumonia Symptoms Participants:
potential
999
D Study: 1
Participants:
332
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
B Studies: 3
potential
Study: 1
C
Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease Participants: Slight
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential

B Studies: 6
potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
11321
potential
D Studies: 2
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Participants:
11428
potential
COVID-19
B Studies: 3
COVID-19 Severity Participants: Notable
potential
Endometriosis
C Study: 1
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Notable
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
Low potential
C Study: 1
Dyschezia Slight
Participants: 60
1000
C Studies: 2
Dysmenorrhea Symptoms Slight
Participants: 99
C Study: 1
Dyspareunia Slight
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Participants: 60
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 60
D Studies: 2
Endometriosis-associated pelvic
Participants:
pain Negligible No effect
108
potential
D
Study: 1
Fasting Glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Glutathione (GSH)
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin Resistance
potential
D
Study: 1
Malondialdehyde (MDA) No effect
potential
1001
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
vLDL-C
potential
Studies: 3
Fibromyalgia
A
Obesity
B Studies: 2
Moderate 100 Strong Decrease
potential
Studies: 2
C
100 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
Studies: 2
C
112 Slight Increase
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
100 Mixed effect
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Food Intake
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Breast Cancer
B Studies: 2
Breast Cancer Risk Participants: Slight
potential
Aromatase-Inhibitor Related Joint C Study: 1

Pain Participants: 60 Slight
Improvement
Low potential
1002
Studies: 2
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
105 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
105 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
105 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D
Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
105
potential
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
Overweight
C Study: 1
Parathyroid Hormone
Low potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 89
C
Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential Participants: 89 Slight Increase
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
1003
Study: 1
C
165 Slight Increase
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Food Intake
potential
D
Study: 1
Weight
potential
Study: 1
Asthma
C
Studies: 2
Risk
D Studies: 2
Participants:
658
potential
Study: 1
C
165 Strong Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
165 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
165 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
165 Improvement
D Study: 1
165
potential
1004
D Study: 1
165
potential
Study: 1
Type 1 Diabetes
C
C Study: 1
Type 1 Diabetes Incidence Slight
Participants: 51
Bone Health
C Study: 1
Parathyroid Hormone
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Fracture Risk Participants: Slight
D
Study: 1
Calcium Absorption
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
All-Cause Mortality Participants: Slight
Fall Prevention
B Studies: 3
Fall Risk Participants: Notable
potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
D Studies: 2
HbA1c Participants:
101
potential
Pneumonia
C Study: 1
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Participants: Slight
Risk Low potential 453 Improvement
D Studies: 2
653
potential
1005
D Study: 1
Participants:
453
potential
Prediabetes
B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
Study: 1
Aromatase-Inhibitor Related Aromatase-Inhibitor Related Joint C
Pain
Joint Pain 290 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms Participants: Slight
High Blood Pressure

C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
Study: 1
High Cholesterol
C
165 Strong Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
165 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
165 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
165
potential
D Study: 1
165
potential
Study: 1
Low Testosterone
C
165 Slight Increase
Low potential
1006
Menopause
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Inflammation
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Osteoarthritis
D Study: 1
Collagen Content Participants:
146
potential
D Study: 1
146
potential
D Study: 1
Pain Participants:
146
potential
Study: 1
Osteoporosis
C
Study: 1
Colorectal Cancer
C
Colorectal Cancer Risk Participants: Notable
Study: 1
Frailty
C
Infant Health
C Study: 1
230 Strong Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
Risk
Study: 1
Longer Lifespan
C
All-Cause Mortality Participants: Slight
1007
Lower Respiratory Tract

D Study: 1
Participants:
Infection Symptoms No effect
Negligible 156
potential

C Study: 1
Participants: 40
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Depression Symptoms
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Syndrome
C
Muscle Gain
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
Muscle Recovery
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
Muscle Strength
C Study: 1
Interleukin 5
Low potential
Study: 1
Otitis Media
C
Otitis Media Risk Participants: Slight
Pancreatic Cancer
C Study: 1
Pancreatic Cancer Risk Slight
Participants: 46
Sleep Health
C Study: 1
Participants: 93
C Study: 1
Sleep Duration
Low potential
C Study: 1
Sleep Latency Slight
Participants: 93
C Study: 1
Participants: 93
1008
Study: 1
Tuberculosis
C
Height Participants:
120 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Tuberculosis Symptoms Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Vitamin D Deficiency
C
Study: 1
C
165 Strong Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
165 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
C
165 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
165
potential
D Study: 1
165
potential
Vitamin E
Also known as: Tocopherols, Tocotrienols
Vitamin E is a group of eight different compounds which, collectively, help support antioxidation in the
body. Benefits of high doses have uncertain safety, and lower doses seem effective in boosting immunity in
the elderly.

B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
1009
C Study: 1
All-Cause Mortality Participants:
39876
C Study: 1
Arterial Stiffness Slight
Participants: 36
C Studies: 2
Blood Flow
Low potential
C Studies: 3
Blood Pressure
Low potential
Study: 1
Cardiovascular Disease C
Mortality
C Studies: 4
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Immunity Slight
Participants: 32
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
D
Study: 1
Bleeding Time
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood glucose
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
1010
D
Study: 1
Cell Adhesion Factors Negligible Participants: 39 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Endothelin-1
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D Study: 1
39876
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
Studies: 3
potential
D
Study: 1
Homocysteine
potential
D
Left Ventricular Ejection Study: 1
Fraction Negligible Participants: 63 No effect
potential
D
Studies: 6
potential
D
Study: 1
Lymphocyte Count
potential
D
Study: 1
Neutrophil Activity
potential
D
Study: 1
Neutrophil Count
potential
1011
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 2
Red Blood Cell Count Negligible Participants: 120 No effect
potential
D Study: 1
Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease Participants:
39876
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Cobalamin
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Folate
potential
D
Studies: 2
Serum Platelets
potential
D
Studies: 2
Serum T3
potential
D
Studies: 2
Serum T4
potential
D Study: 1
39876
potential
D
Studies: 6
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Studies: 4
Triglycerides
potential
D
Studies: 3
Weight
potential
1012
D
Studies: 2
potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 40
C Studies: 2
Leukotriene B4
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Studies: 3
DNA Damage
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
HbA1c
potential
D
Study: 1
Insulin
potential
1013
D
Study: 1
Interleukin 6
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
TNF-Alpha
potential
D
Study: 1
Thromboxane B2
potential
D Study: 1
Type 2 Diabetes Incidence Participants:
38716
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
Metabolic Health
A Studies: 4
Participants: 167
C Study: 1
Arterial Stiffness Slight
Participants: 36
C Studies: 2
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Studies: 2
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Immunity Slight
Participants: 32
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
1014
D
Studies: 4
Bleeding Time
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Homocysteine
potential
D
Studies: 2
Kidney Function
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Studies: 2
Lymphocyte Count
potential
D
Study: 1
Neutrophil Count
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Cobalamin
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Folate
potential
D
Studies: 4
Serum T3
potential
1015
D
Studies: 5
Serum T4
potential
D
Study: 1
Sexual Function
potential
D
Studies: 5
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Studies: 4
Triglycerides
potential
D
Studies: 2
Weight
potential
D
Studies: 3
potential
Immune Health
B
Studies: 3
Immunity Slight
Improvement
potential
B
Studies: 2
Interleukin 2
potential
B
Studies: 2
Vaccine Augmentation Slight
Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 32
C Studies: 2
Immunoglobulin G
Low potential
C Studies: 3
Interferon Gamma
Low potential
C Studies: 3
Interleukin 4
Low potential
1016
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Prostaglandin E2
Low potential
D
Study: 1
B Cell Count
potential
D
Study: 1
CD4 Lymphocytes
potential
D
Study: 1
CD8 Lymphocytes
potential
D
Study: 1
Creatinine
potential
D
Study: 1
Immunoglobulin A
potential
D
Study: 1
Immunoglobulin M
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential

B Studies: 3
Prevention Mixed effect
Moderate 83746
potential
1017
B Studies: 3
Mortality Moderate 83746 Improvement
potential
B Studies: 2
Prostate Cancer Risk Participants:
potential
Study: 1
C
Heart Failure Risk Participants:
Low potential
D Studies: 3
Breast Cancer Risk Participants:
83746
potential
D Study: 1
39876
potential
D Studies: 3
Colorectal Cancer Risk Participants:
83746
potential
D Study: 1
Esophageal Cancer Risk Participants:
3994
potential
D Studies: 2
Lung Cancer Risk Participants:
43870
potential
D Study: 1
Melanoma Risk Participants:
3994
potential
D Study: 1
Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease Participants:
39876
potential
D Studies: 3
83746
potential
A Studies: 4
Participants: 282
1018
B
Studies: 2
Cirrhosis Severity Slight
Improvement
potential
B
Studies: 2
Lipid Peroxidation
potential
B
Studies: 3
Liver Fat Slight
Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 22
C Study: 1
Serum TGF-β
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Studies: 2
Glycemic Control
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 2
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Studies: 2
Triglycerides
potential
1019
D
Studies: 2
Weight
potential
B
Studies: 2
Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms Notable
Improvement
potential
D
Study: 1
Alzheimer's Disease Risk
potential
B
Studies: 3
Dysmenorrhea Symptoms Slight
Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Menstrual Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 58
C Study: 1
Participants: 58
D
Studies: 3
PMS Symptoms
potential
Studies: 3
Prostate Cancer
C
100199 Mixed effect
Low potential
D Study: 1
29133
potential
Study: 1
Stroke
C
39876 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
Cardiovascular Disease C
Mortality
D
Study: 1
potential
1020
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D Study: 1
39876
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Breast Pain
B
Studies: 2
Breast Tenderness Slight
Improvement
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
Mortality Moderate 43870 Improvement
potential
Study: 1
C
Heart Failure Risk Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
C
3994 Mixed effect
Low potential
1021
D Study: 1
Left Ventricular Ejection
Participants:
Fraction Negligible No effect
3994
potential
D Studies: 2
Lung Cancer Risk Participants:
43870
potential
D Studies: 2
43870
potential

B
Studies: 2
Improvement
potential
C Study: 1
Immunity Slight
Participants: 32
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Bilirubin
potential
D
Study: 1
Bleeding Time
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
Hematocrit
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Homocysteine
potential
1022
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Lymphocyte Count
potential
D
Study: 1
Neutrophil Activity
potential
D
Study: 1
Neutrophil Count
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Cobalamin
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum Folate
potential
D
Studies: 2
Serum Platelets
potential
D
Studies: 2
Serum T3
potential
D
Studies: 2
Serum T4
potential
D
Studies: 2
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Studies: 2
Triglycerides
potential
1023
D
Studies: 2
Weight
potential
D
Studies: 2
potential
Skin Health
B
Studies: 2
Erythema
potential
D
Studies: 2
Scar Healing
potential
Asthma
D
Study: 1
Asthma Symptoms
potential
D
Study: 1
Immunoglobulin E
potential

C Study: 1
Prolactin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Free Testosterone
potential
D
Study: 1
Luteinizing Hormone
potential
Common Cold
C Studies: 2
Immunity Slight
Participants: 902
Upper Respiratory Tract C Study: 1

Infection Risk Participants: 451 Slight
D
Study: 1
Hemoglobin
potential

C Studies: 2
General Oxidation
Low potential
1024
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Hair Loss
C Study: 1
Hair Regrowth Slight
Participants: 35
High Cholesterol
C Studies: 2
General Oxidation
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
D Study: 1
Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Participants:
39144
potential
Type 1 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood Flow
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 41
1025
Cataract
D Study: 1
Cataract Risk Participants:
1038
potential
D Study: 1
6377
potential
D Study: 1
6377
potential
D Study: 1
6377
potential
Cycling Performance
C Study: 1
Muscle Damage
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Heart Rate
potential
General Gut Health

D
Study: 1
Serum T4 No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Sexual Function
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Hormone Health
D
Study: 1
Lymphocyte Count
potential
1026
D
Study: 1
Serum T3
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum T4
potential
D
Study: 1
Sexual Function
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Longer Lifespan
C Studies: 2
All-Cause Mortality
Low potential

D
Study: 1
Serum T3
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum T4
potential
D
Study: 1
Sexual Function
potential
D Study: 1
Subjective Well-Being Participants: 184 No effect
Negligible
potential

D
Study: 1
Alzheimer's Disease Risk
potential
Muscle Recovery
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
1027
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Cortisol
potential
Sexual Health
D
Study: 1
Lymphocyte Count
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum T3
potential
D
Study: 1
Serum T4
potential
D
Study: 1
Sexual Function
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Study: 1
Total cholesterol
potential
D
Study: 1
Triglycerides
potential
Ulcerative Colitis
C Study: 1
Participants: 14
Study: 1
Venous Thromboembolism
C Participants:
Thromboembolism Risk Notable
26779 Improvement
Low potential
Vitamin K
Also known as: Phylloquinone, Menaquinone, MK-4, MK-7, Menatetrenone, Phytonadione
Vitamin K is an essential vitamin found in plants or produced from intestinal bacteria. It plays an essential
role in bone health and regulates blood clotting.
1028
Bone Health
C Studies: 10
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fracture Risk
Low potential
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Interleukin 6
D Study: 1
Osteoprotegerin
D Studies: 2
Weight
Osteoporosis
A Studies: 5
High potential
C Study: 1
Fracture Risk
Low potential
D Study: 1
Estrogen
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Weight
Skin Health
C Studies: 2
Erythema
Low potential
D Studies: 3
Bruising No effect
Participants: 54
Menopause
B Studies: 2
Moderate potential
D Study: 1
Estrogen
1029
D Study: 1
Food Intake
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
D Study: 1
Weight
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Insulin
Low potential
D Study: 1
Adiponectin
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Studies: 2
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Participants: 421 No effect
D Studies: 2
Interleukin 6
D Study: 1
Osteoprotegerin
D Study: 1
Weight
Liver Cancer
B Studies: 2
Cancer Mortality
Moderate potential
1030
B Studies: 2
Liver Cancer Risk
Moderate potential
Surgical Recovery
C Study: 1
Erythema
Low potential
D Study: 1
Bruising
Telangiectasia
C Study: 1
Erythema
Low potential
Vitamins E And C
Vitamin C combined with vitamin E is a commonly supplemented combination of two essential antioxidants.
Endometriosis
C Study: 1
Lipid hydroperoxides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Malondialdehyde (MDA)
Low potential
C Study: 1
Endometriosis-associated pelvic pain
Low potential
C Study: 1
Dyspareunia
Low potential
C Study: 1
Rate Of Pregnancy
Low potential
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
D Study: 1
Dysmenorrhea Symptoms
Immune Health
C
Study: 1
Inflammation No effect
1031
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Lipid hydroperoxides
Low potential
C Study: 1
Malondialdehyde (MDA)
Low potential
C Study: 1
Rate Of Pregnancy
Low potential
Watercress
Also known as: Nasturtium officinale
Watercress is a peppery vegetable in the family Brassicaceae, which includes broccoli. Eating watercress
may help protect against carcinogens and chemotherapy drugs.
Metabolic Health
C Studies: 2
Low potential
C Study: 1
DNA Damage
Low potential
Whey Protein
Also known as: whey, whey concentrate, whey isolate, whey hydrolysate, hydrolyzed whey, whey protein powder
The protein in cow’s milks is 80% casein and 20% whey protein. Whey protein powder is extremely popular
due to its high digestibility and well-researched benefits for both muscle gain and fat loss.
Muscle Gain
Muscle protein synthesis A Studies: 3
(MPS) Participants: 66 Notable Increase
High potential
B Studies: 3
Moderate No effect
100
potential
Studies: 4
C
122 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
1032
Studies: 4
C
108 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
IGF-1
Low potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
Studies: 3
Power Output
potential
Metabolic Health
B
Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
Moderate No effect
159
potential
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Studies: 2
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 59
C Study: 1
Liver Fat Slight
Participants: 59
C Study: 1
Participants: 70
C Study: 1 Slight
Triglycerides
Participants: 70 Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
1033
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D Studies: 2
Participants:
100
potential
Muscle Strength
B
Studies: 3
Body Fat
potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
Studies: 4
C
108 Slight Increase
Low potential
D
Studies: 3
Power Output
potential

B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 3
Moderate 301 No effect
potential
C Study: 1
Appetite
Low potential
1034
Studies: 2
C
143 Slight Decrease
Low potential
C Study: 1
Ghrelin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 70
C Study: 1
Participants: 70
C Study: 1
Participants: 70
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
potential
Body Composition
B
Studies: 2
Body Fat
potential
B
Studies: 2
Weight
potential
C Studies: 2
Lean Mass
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Bone Mineral Density No effect
potential
D
Study: 1
Power Output
potential
1035
C Study: 1
Health
Low potential
C Study: 1
Inflammation
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood Flow
potential
D
Studies: 2
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
D
potential
High Cholesterol
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 70
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1 Slight
Participants: 70 Improvement
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 70
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
1036
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D
potential
Menopause
D Study: 1
219
potential
Study: 1
Obesity
C
No effect
Low potential 158
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
Bone Health
D Study: 1
219
potential
Crohn's Disease
C Study: 1
Intestinal Permeability Slight
Participants: 30
Cycling Performance
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential

C Study: 1
Participants: 11
C Study: 1
Liver Fat Slight
Participants: 11
C Study: 1
Participants: 11
1037
C Study: 1
Total cholesterol
Low potential
D
Study: 1
Blood glucose
potential
Muscle Endurance
C Study: 1
Body Fat
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lean Mass
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 59
C Study: 1
Participants: 59
C Study: 1
Liver Fat Slight
Participants: 59
C
Study: 1
Weight
Low potential Participants: 59 No effect
White Mulberry
Also known as: White Mulberry, Karayamaguwa, Sohakuhi, Sang-Bai-Pi, Ramulus Mori, Morus Alba
Morus Alba (White Mulberry) is a plant where both the fruit and roots have been used traditionally for
vitality and immune support; it may have cognitive enhancing properties (mostly unexplored) and anti-
cancer effects.
Skin Health
C Study: 1
Hyperpigmentation
Low potential
1038
Yacon
Also known as: Smallanthus sonchifolius, Yacon Syrup, Aicama, Jicama, Diet potato, yacon potato, yacon strawberry
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is a tuber, whose syrup contains a large amount of fructooligosaccharides
(FOS), which are carbohydrates that are partially absorbed and prebiotic in nature. Yacon may have
benefits for intestinal health and may reduce appetite, but studies on it are limited.
Digestive Health
C Study: 1
Intestinal Motility
Low potential
C Study: 1
Fecal Weight
Low potential
Metabolic Health
C Study: 1
Glycemic Control
Low potential
C Study: 1
Insulin
Low potential
C Study: 1
Low potential
C Study: 1
Weight
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blood glucose
D Study: 1
D Study: 1
Total cholesterol
D Study: 1
Triglycerides
Yerba Mate
Also known as: Ilex paraguariensis, Mate plant, St. Hilaire, Aquifoliaceae
Ilex paraguariensis, also known as yerba mate, is a tea brewed from a plant native to South America. It is a
good source of caffeine and contains bioactive compounds like quercetin and ursolic acid.
1039
High Cholesterol
B
Moderate Slight
(LDL) Participants: 132
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme C Study: 1

Low potential
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c Slight
Participants: 58
Dyslipidemia
B
potential

Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 102
C Study: 1
General Oxidation
Low potential

Low potential
C Study: 1
Participants: 102

B
Studies: 3
Fat Oxidation
potential
D
Study: 1
potential
1040
D
Study: 1
Blood Pressure
potential
D
Studies: 2
Metabolic Rate
potential
D
Study: 1
Oxygen Uptake
potential
Study: 1
Menopause
C
292 Slight Increase
Low potential
Type 2 Diabetes
C Study: 1
Blood glucose
Low potential
C Study: 1
HbA1c Slight
Participants: 58

Study: 1
Bone Health
C
292 Slight Increase
Low potential

D Study: 1
Prevention Esophageal Cancer Risk Participants:
2094
potential
Metabolic Health
Low potential
C Study: 1
Lipid Peroxidation
Low potential
Yohimbine
Also known as: Yohimbe, Corynanthe Yohimbe, Yohimbe Bark, Pausinystalia Yohimbe
Yohimbine is promoted for its fat-burning properties and benefits for male sexual dysfunction. Though
yohimbine is effective, side effects may include anxiety, nervousness, and an elevated heart rate, and the
reported dose of yohimbine in many supplement formulas doesn’t match the actual dose.
1041

C Study: 1
Erections
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Penile Girth Participants: Slight
D Study: 1
18
potential
Study: 1
Anxiety
C
Phobia Symptoms Participants: Slight
Obesity
D Study: 1
Gastric Emptying Rate Participants:
23
potential
Study: 1
C
Alcohol Dependence Symptoms Participants:
35 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
35 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
35 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Autonomic Dysfunction
Symptoms
Study: 1
Body Composition
C
20 Notable Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Study: 1
C
Diuresis Participants:
Low potential
Study: 1
Claustrophobia
C
1042
C Study: 1
Blood Pressure
Low potential
C Study: 1
Cerebral Blood Flow
Low potential
Study: 1
Fear Of Flying
C
Study: 1
C
Health 24 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Mental Resilience
C
24 Slight Detriment
Low potential
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
24 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Orthostatic Hypotension Orthostatic Hypotension C
Symptoms
Study: 1
Parkinson's Disease
Symptoms
Study: 1
Sleep Health
C
Diuresis Participants:
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
Plasma Melatonin Participants:
10
potential
Study: 1
Soccer Performance
C
20 Notable Decrease
Low potential
1043
D Study: 1
20
potential
D Study: 1
20
potential
Zinc
Zinc is an essential mineral involved in hundreds of enzymes. It plays many roles, including in antioxidant
enzymes, brain function, and the immune system. Zinc is most commonly taken to reduce the duration of
the common cold and support optimal testosterone levels.
Common Cold
B Studies: 11
potential
B Studies: 20
potential
D Study: 1
Diarrhea Symptoms Participants:
potential
D Studies: 6
Participants:
528
potential
Pneumonia
D Studies: 8
7082
potential
Acne
B Studies: 4
Acne Symptoms Participants: Slight
potential
Studies: 4
Depression
A
Study: 1
C
1044
C Study: 1
44 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
90 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
44 Slight Increase
Low potential
Metabolic Health
B Studies: 2
potential
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
1045
Studies: 2
C
Iron Absorption Participants:
28 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
Studies: 3
Warts
A
Wart Severity Participants: Notable
B Studies: 2
potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
1046
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Studies: 2
C
80 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
D Study: 1
40
potential
1047
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
D Study: 1
40
potential
Studies: 2
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
44 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
44 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
44 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
55 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
95 Slight Increase
Low potential
1048
Study: 1
C
95 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
95
potential
Study: 1
Metabolic Syndrome
C
40 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
40 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
60 Slight Decrease
Low potential
D Study: 1
60
potential
Rosacea
D Studies: 2
Rosacea Symptoms Participants:
69
potential

D Study: 1
Disorder No effect
Negligible 52
potential
Study: 1
Infertility
C
DHT Participants:
37 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Fertility Participants: Slight
1049
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
37 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Low Testosterone
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Low potential
Study: 1
Psoriasis C Notable
Psoriasis Symptoms Participants:
60 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
Stroke
C
Study: 1
C
Stroke Recovery Participants: Slight
Studies: 2
Type 2 Diabetes
C
IGF-1 Participants:
120 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
1050
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
Dysgeusia Participants: Slight
Low potential
Study: 1
Carbonic Anhydrase VI
C
Dysgeusia Participants: Slight
Deficiency 14 Improvement
Low potential
Study: 1
Dental Health
C
Dental Health Metrics Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Frailty
C
Functionality in Elderly or Injured Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
Participants:
IGF-1
Study: 1
Gum Health
C
Dental Health Metrics Participants: Slight
Study: 1
Head And Neck Cancer
C
Study: 1
Human Papillomavirus
C
Wart Severity Participants: Notable
Immune Health
D Studies: 2
Participants:
100
potential
Study: 1
Infant Health
C
5 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
22 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Mood Improvement
C
Study: 1
Mucositis
C
1051
Study: 1
C
OCD Symptoms Participants: Slight
Low potential
Study: 1
Optimal Nutrient Levels
C
28 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
Thyroid Health
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
C Study: 1
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
Tinnitus
C
Studies: 2
Upper Respiratory Tract Upper Respiratory Tract Infection C
Symptoms
Low potential
Study: 1
Uremic Pruritus
C
Itching Participants: Slight
Study: 1
C
9 Slight Decrease
Low potential
Study: 1
C
9 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
9 Mixed effect
Low potential
Study: 1
C
9 Slight Increase
Low potential
D Study: 1
9
potential
1052
D Study: 1
DHEA Participants:
9
potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
Study: 1
C
10 Slight Increase
Low potential
1053
List of Health Outcomes
2-Arachidonoylglycerol Acid 5-HEPE
5-HETE 8-isoPGF2a
Abdominal Pain Acne Symptoms
Acute Mountain Sickness Symptoms ADHD Symptoms
Adiponectin Adrenaline
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Advanced Glycation End Products
Aerobic Exercise Metrics Aggression
Airway Inflammation Markers Alcohol Dependence Symptoms
Aldosterone Alertness
All-Cause Mortality Allergic Disease Risk
Allergy Symptoms Alpha-Diversity
Alzheimer's Disease Risk Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms
Ammonia Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Symptoms
Anaerobic Capacity Androgen Receptor Density
Anemia Risk Anger
Angina Anhedonia
Anti-HSP70 Antibodies Anti-Oxidant
Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile Anxiety Symptoms
Apathy Apolipoprotein A
Apolipoprotein B Appetite
Arsenic Poisoning Signs and Symptoms Arterial Stiffness
Arthritis (In General) Asthma Symptoms
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (aka ADMA) Atherosclerotic Signs
ATP Regeneration Atrial Fibrillation Incidence
Attention Autism Symptoms
B Cell Count Bacterial Infection
Bacterial Vaginosis Symptoms Balance
Basal Cell Carcinoma Tumor Size Basophil Count
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms Beta-cell function
Beta-Diversity Bifidobacterium Abundance
Bilirubin Binge-eating
Bioactive Testosterone Bipolar Disorder Symptoms
Bleeding Time Bloating
Blood Acidity Blood Carnitine
Blood Clotting Blood Flow
Blood glucose Blood Lactate (Exercise)
1054
Blood Pressure Blood pyruvate
Blood Viscosity Body Cell Mass
Body Density Body Dysmporphia
Body Fat Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body Temperature Bone Mineral Density
Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase Brain Injury Symptoms
Brain Tumor Size Breast Cancer Risk
Breast Density Breast Tenderness
Breath Holding Spell Episodes Breath Hydrogen
Breath Methane Breathing Rate
Bronchitis Symptoms Bruising
Burning Mouth Syndrome Symptoms C-Peptide
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide
Calcium Absorption Calcium Excretion
Calmness Cancer Metastasis
Cancer Mortality Canker Sores Symptoms
Capacity (Menstrual Cup vs. Usual Product) Carbohydrate Absorption
Carbohydrate Oxidation Cardiac Output
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Carpal Tunnel Symptoms
Cataract Risk CD3 Lymphocytes
CD4 Lymphocytes CD8 Lymphocytes
Cell Adhesion Factors Cerebral Blood Flow
Cerebral Glucose Utilization Cerebral Oxygenation
Cerebral Trauma Rehabilitation Cervix Readiness (Pregnancy)
Charcot Marie Tooth Disease Symptoms Chemotaxis
Cholestasis Cholesterol Fractional Synthesis Rate
Chronic Mountain Sickness Symptoms Chronic Venous Insufficiency Signs
Circulating Alkaline Phosphatase Cirrhosis Severity
Classical monocyte proportion CNS activity
Cocaine Addiction Symptoms Cognition
Cognition of Offspring Cognitive Decline
Collagen Content Collagen Degradation
Colonic Tension Colorectal Cancer Risk
Combined Anxiety & Depression Common Cold Symptoms
Complement Component 3 Complement Component 4
Confusion Constipation Signs and Symptoms
COPD Symptoms Coronary Artery Disease Risk
Cortisol Cost (Menstrual Cup vs. Usual Product)
1055
Cough COVID-19 Severity
Cramps Creatine Kinase
Creatine Kinase-MB Creatinine
Creativity Crohn's Disease Symptoms
CTX-II Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms
Day-Time Dysfunction Dementia Symptoms
Dental Health Metrics Depression Symptoms
DHEA DHEAS
DHT Diabetic Foot Ulcers Symptoms
Diabetic Neuropathy Symptoms Diarrhea Symptoms
Difficulty swallowing Diffuse Esophageal Spasm Treatment
Diuresis Dizziness
DNA Damage DNA methylation
Dopamine Dream Salience
Driving Caution Driving Control
Driving Speed Drowsiness
Dry Eye Symptoms Dry Mouth Symptoms
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Symptoms Dyschezia
Dysgeusia Dysmenorrhea Symptoms
Dyspareunia Dysuria
Early Virologic Response Ease of Use (Menstrual Cup vs. Usual Products)
Eating Disorder Symptoms Eczema Symptoms
Ejaculate Volume End-Diastolic Volume
End-Systolic Volume Endometrial Thickness
Endometriosis-associated pelvic pain Endothelial Function
Endothelial Microparticles Endothelin-1
Eosinophil count Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
Erections Erythema
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Erythropoietin
Esophageal Cancer Risk Estrogen
Excessive Hair Growth Executive Function
Exercise Adaptations Exercise Capacity
Exercise Capacity (with Heart Conditions) Exercise Intolerance
Exercise Performance During Hypoxia Exercise Recovery
Exercise-Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome Symptoms Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression
Exercise-induced Joint Pain Exercise-Induced Oxidation
Exercise-induced Stress Response F2-isoprostan
Factor VII Factor VIII
1056
Fall Risk Fasting Glucose
Fat Oxidation Fat-free mass (FFM)
Fatigue (non-anemic) Fatigue Resistance
Fatigue Symptoms Fecal Bile Acids
Fecal Calprotectin Fecal Cholesterol
Fecal Microbial Composition: Proportion of probiotic bacteria Fecal Microbial Load
Fecal Short Chain Fatty Acids Fecal Water Genotoxicity
Fecal Weight Ferritin
Fertility Fever
Fibrinogen Fibrinolysis
Fibromyalgia Symptoms Flatulence
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Follistatin
Food Intake Forced Expiratory Volume
Forced Vital Capacity Forgetting
Fracture Healing Fracture Risk
Framingham Score Free Fatty Acids
Free Testosterone Frequency of Intercourse
Fructosamine Functionality in Elderly or Injured
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Gastric Cancer Risk
Gastric distress Gastric Emptying Rate
Gastrin General Oxidation
GERD Symptoms Gestational Diabetes Risk
Ghrelin Glomerular Filtration Rate
Glucagon Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Glucagon-like Peptide 2 Glutathione (GSH)
Glutathione Reductase Glycemic Control
Glycerol Glycogen
Glycogen Resynthesis Golf Performance Metrics
Gout Symptoms Granulocyte Count
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor Growth Hormone
Hair Loss Signs Hair Regrowth
Halitosis Hand-Eye Coordination
Hand-Foot Syndrome Symptoms Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Signs
HbA1c Headaches
Heart Attack Risk Heart Failure Risk
Heart Rate Heart Rate Variability
Heart Size Heartburn Symptoms
Height Helicobacter Pylori Infection Signs
1057
Hematocrit Hemoglobin
Hemorrhoids Symptoms Hepatic Encephalopathy Symptoms
Hepatic Glucose Production Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Treatment High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Hip Circumference HIV Symptoms
HIV Viral Load Homocysteine
Hot Flash Symptoms Hunger
Huntington's Disease Symptoms HVC Viral Load
Hydration (Total Body Water) Hyperemia
Hyperpigmentation Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
Hypoxanthine IGF Binding Protein
IGF-1 IL-1Ra
Immunity Immunoglobulin A
Immunoglobulin E Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin M Impulse Control
Impulsivity Infant Birth Weight
Infant Death Risk Infant Growth
Infantile Colic Inflammation
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Symptoms Influenza Risk
Inhibin B Injury Rehabilitation Rate
Insomnia Signs and Symptoms Insulin
Insulin Resistance Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1
Interferon Alpha Interferon Gamma
Interleukin 1 Interleukin 1-alpha
Interleukin 1-beta Interleukin 10
Interleukin 12 Interleukin 18
Interleukin 8 Intermediate monocyte proportion
Intermediate-Term Memory Intermittent Claudication Symptoms
Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein Intestinal Motility
Intestinal Parasites Intestinal Permeability
Intraocular Pressure Irisin
Iron Absorption Irritability
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms Itching
IUD Expulsion Risk Jet Lag Symptoms
Joint Pain (General) Judo Performance Metrics
Jump Height Kashin-Beck Disease Symptoms
1058
Ketone Bodies Kidney Function
Kidney Oxygenation Kidney Stone Symptoms
Kynurenine-Tryptophan Ratio Labor Duration (Pregnancy)
Lactate Dehydrogenase Lactate Threshold
Lactose Intolerance Symptoms LDL Oxidation
Leakage (Menstrual Cup vs. Usual Product) Lean Mass
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Left Ventricular Mass
Leg Edema Leptin
Lethargy Leukotriene B4
Leukotriene B5 Libido
Lipid Absorption Lipid hydroperoxides
Lipid Peroxidation Lipofuscin
Lipoprotein Lipase Activity Lipoprotein(a)
Liver Cancer Risk Liver Cell Content
Liver Enzymes Liver Fat
Liver Fibrosis Loose stools
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Lower Back Pain
Lower Body Strength Lower Esophageal Pressure
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Lung Cancer Risk Lung Function
Luteinizing Hormone Lymphocyte Count
Macrophage Activity Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1
Macular Thickness Malondialdehyde (MDA)
Marijuana Addiction Matrix metallopeptidase 9
Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase 13
Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 Melanoma Risk
Memory Menopausal Symptoms
Menstrual Flow Metabolic Rate
Microbiome Microcirculation
Migraine Duration Migraine Frequency
Migraine Severity Migraine Symptoms
Milk Production Mineral Bioaccumulation
Mitochondrial Cytopathies Symptoms Mitochondrial Protection
Mitral Regurgitation Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1
Monocyte Count Monocyte percentage
Mood Motion Sickness Symptoms
Motivation Motor Control
1059
Motor Speed Mucositis Symptoms
Mucus Production Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms
Muscle Carnitine Content Muscle Creatine Content
Muscle Damage Muscle Lactate
Muscle Mass Muscle Oxygenation
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) Muscle Soreness
Muscular Dystrophy Symptoms Muscular Endurance
Myalgia Myeloperoxidase
Myoglobin Myonuclei Proliferation
Myostatin Myotonia Symptoms
N-terminal Prohormone of Brain Natriuretic Peptide Nail Quality
Narcolepsy Symptoms Nasal Congestion
Natural Killer Cell Activity Natural Killer Cell Content
Nausea Symptoms Negative affect
Nerve Repair Nesfatin-1
Net Acid Excretion Neurasthenia Symptoms
Neuromuscular Function Neuropathic Pain Symptoms
Neuropeptide Y Neutrophil Activity
Neutrophil Count NF-kB Activity
Nipple Cracks Nitric Oxide
Nitrotyrosine Non-classical monocyte proportion
Non-HDL Cholesterol Noradrenaline
Numerical Memory Nystagmus Symptoms
Obsession/compulsion OCD Symptoms
Ocular Blood Flow Offspring BMI
Omentin-1 Opioid Use
Oral Cancer Symptoms Oral Mucositis Symptoms
Orthostatic Hypotension Symptoms Osteoarthritis Symptoms
Osteocalcin Osteoprotegerin
Otitis Media Risk Ovarian Cancer Risk
Overall Cancer Risk Ovulation
Oxygen Uptake Oxygenation Cost of Exercise
P-Selectin Pain
Pain From Wounds Pancreatic Cancer Risk
Pancreatitis Symptoms Panic Attacks
Parathyroid Hormone Parkinson's Disease Symptoms
PCOS Symptoms Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
Peak flow time Peak power output (PPO)
1060
Penile Girth Peptide YY (PYY)
Peripheral Vascular Disease Risk Peripheral Vascular Disease Symptoms
Peyronie's Disease Symptoms Phobia Symptoms
Photoprotection Pink Eye Symptoms
Plasma Arginine Plasma Endorphins
Plasma Glutamine Plasma Melatonin
Plasma Nitrate Plasma Serotonin
Plasma Total Carbon Dioxide Plasma Vitamin C
Plasma Vitamin D Plasma Vitamin E
Plasma β-carotene Plasmalogens
Plasminogen Inhibitor-1 Platelet Aggregation
PMS Symptoms Pneumonia Symptoms
Polymorphic Light Eruptions Polymorphonuclear Cells
Portal Hypertension Signs Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
Postpartum Depression Symptoms Power Output
Prader-Willi Syndrome Symptoms Pre-Eclampsia Risk
Pregnancy Complications Prepulse Inhibition
Processing Accuracy Processing Speed
Progesterone Prolactin
Prostaglandin E2 Prostaglandin J2a
Prostate Cancer Risk Prostate Cancer Symptoms
Prostate Specific Antigen Protection from Smoking
Protein C Protein Carbonyl Content
Protein S Proteinuria
Psoriasis Symptoms Pulse Pressure
QTc Intervals Quality of Life
Range of Motion Rate of Perceived Exertion
Rate Of Pregnancy Raynaud's Phenomenon Symptoms
Reaction Time Red Blood Cell Count
Remnant Lipoprotein Cholesterol Renin Activity
Resistin Respiratory Exchange Ratio
Respiratory Quotient Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
Restless Leg Syndrome Symptoms Restlessness
Retinal Function Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk
Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction
Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease Rosacea Symptoms
Running Speed Saliva buffering capacity
Salivary Alpha-Amylase Salivary counts of Lactobacilli
1061
Salivary counts of Streptococcus mutans Salivary pH
Salivation Satellite Cell Recruitment
Satiety Satisfaction (Menstrual Cup)
Scabies Symptoms Scar Healing
Schizophrenia symptoms sE-Selectin
Sedation Seizure Frequency
Seminal Motility Serum Albumin
Serum Amylase Serum BDNF
Serum Bicarbonate Serum Calcium
Serum Chloride Serum Cobalamin
Serum Elastase Serum Folate
Serum lipopolysaccharide Serum Magnesium
Serum Methionine Serum Phosphorus
Serum Platelets Serum Potassium
Serum Sodium (Na) Serum T3
Serum T4 Serum TGF-β
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Sexual Function
Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) Short-Term Memory (Simple)
sICAM-1 Sickle Cell Symptoms
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Skin Dryness
Skin Elasticity Skin Quality
Skin Thickness Sleep Deprivation Symptoms
Sleep Disturbance Signs and Symptoms Sleep Duration
Sleep Efficiency Sleep Latency
Sleep Quality Sleep Terrors
Social Functioning Social Functioning in Elderly
Somatomedin A Sore Throat Symptoms
Spatial Processing Sperm Concentration
Sperm Count Sperm Quality
Spontaneous Birth Risk Sprint Performance Metrics
ST-segment depression Stomach Ulcers
Stool Consistency Strength
Stress Signs and Symptoms Stroke Recovery
Stroke Risk Stroke Volume
Subjective Well-Being Superficial Thrombophlebitis Symptoms
Superoxide Dismutase Activity Survival rates for Organ Transplants
sVCAM-1 Sweating
Swimming Performance Metrics Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Symptoms
1062
T Cell Count Tardive Dyskinesia Symptoms
Teeth Whitening Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) Symptoms
Testosterone Thermic effect of food (TEF)
Thermogenesis Thromboembolism Risk
Thromboxane B2 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Time to run/walk 1.5 miles
Tinnitus Symptoms TMAO
TNF-Alpha Tobacco Addiction Symptoms
Tobacco Consumption Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
Total cholesterol Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)
Total Iron Binding Capacity Total Oxidant Status (TOS)
Total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio Tourette Syndrome Symptoms
Training Volume Transferrin
Transforming Growth Factor Beta Treg Cells
Trichotillomania Symptoms Triglycerides
Tuberculosis Symptoms Type 1 Diabetes Incidence
Type 2 Diabetes Incidence Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms
Unhappiness Upper Body Strength
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms
Urea Urea Nitrogen
Uric Acid Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin
Urinary Albumin Urinary Incontinence Signs
Urinary NOx Urine Carnitine
Uterine Contractions Onset UV Skin Damage
Vaccine Augmentation Vaginal Delivery Rate
Vaginal Dryness Vaginal Infection Risk
Vaginal Injury Risk Vaginal Irritation
Vaginal PH Vascular Adhesion Protein-1
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Vascular Function
Vasopressin Ventilatory Threshold
Verbal Fluency Verbal Memory
Vigor/Activity Visceral Fat
Visual acuity (VA) Vitiligo Symptoms
vLDL-C Vomiting
Waist circumference Waist-Hip Ratio
Wakefulness Walking Ability
Wart Severity Weakness
Weight Weight Gain
1063
White Blood Cell Count Whole Body Glucose Uptake
Working Memory Wound Healing
Wrinkles Xanthine Oxidase
Zonulin
1064
2-arachidonoylglycerol acid (2-AG) is an endocannabinoid that binds to the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid
receptors in the body. It is found at high levels in the central nervous system where it modulates neural
activity.
Intervention Grade Evidence Effect
C Study: 1
Krill Oil
Low potential
5-HEPE
5-HEPE is a metabolite of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This metabolite is produced
by neutrophils (an immune cell) and helps with cell-to-cell communication.
C Study: 1
Fish Oil
Low potential
5-HETE
5-HETE is a metabolite of arachidonic acid (an essential fatty acid that is necessary for numerous functions
within the body).
D Study: 1
Fish Oil
8-isoPGF2a
8-isoPGF2a is a biomarker of lipid peroxidation. It is measured to assess cardiovascular disease risk.
B Studies: 3
Moderate potential
B Studies: 3
Cocoa Extract
Moderate potential
D Study: 1
Quercetin
1065
C Study: 1
Fish Oil
Low potential
Abdominal Pain
Abdominal pain is a pain that originates within the abdomen. It can occur due to a variety of factors that
may be benign such as indigestion or more serious conditions such as colon cancer.
A Studies: 4
Low-FODMAP Diet
High potential
B Studies: 3
Lactase Enzyme
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Kefir
Moderate potential
C Study: 1
Colostrum
Low potential
Acne Symptoms
Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition that occurs when sebum and dead skin clog hair follicles, forming
comedones (a.k.a. pimples). A comedo unblocked by skin is a blackhead (black because of oxidized
melanin, rather than dirt). A comedo blocked by skin is a whitehead.
B Studies: 4
Zinc
Moderate potential
A Studies: 3
Vitamin B3
High potential
C Study: 1
Milk Thistle
Low potential
C Study: 1
Resveratrol
Low potential
1066
D Study: 1
Magnesium
C Study: 1
Selenium
Low potential
C Study: 1
Chromium
Low potential
D Study: 1
Cocoa Extract
C Study: 1
N-Acetylcysteine
Low potential
C Study: 1
Inositol
Low potential
Acute Mountain Sickness Symptoms

Acute mountain sickness is a condition that results in sudden changes in altitude due to decreased oxygen
consumption. Symptoms include dizziness, nausea, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
B Studies: 6
Ginkgo Biloba
Moderate potential
ADHD Symptoms
Common symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are inattention, impulsivity, and
hyperactivity. These symptoms can interfere with daily activities and social interactions.
B Studies: 10
Fish Oil
Moderate potential
B Studies: 4
L-Carnitine
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Phosphatidylserine Slight Improvement
Participants: 183
Moderate potential
1067
D Studies: 2
Cannabis
C Study: 1
Panax Ginseng
Low potential
C Study: 1
Ginkgo Biloba
Low potential
C Study: 1
Saffron
Low potential
D Study: 1
Magnesium
D Study: 1
Zinc
Adiponectin
Adiponectin is an adipokine (signalling molecule secreted from fat cells, like leptin) which positively
influences glucose metabolism and fat loss. Increasing adiponectin levels are thought to result in fat loss
and improved health.
C Studies: 4
Ketogenic Diet
Low potential
B Studies: 4
Curcumin
Moderate potential
D Studies: 3
Fish Oil
D Studies: 3
B Studies: 3
L-Carnitine
Moderate potential
B Studies: 2
Vitamin B3 Participants: 39
Moderate potential Notable Increase
1068
B Studies: 2
Astaxanthin
Moderate potential
D Studies: 2
Chromium
B Studies: 2
Spirulina
Moderate potential
D Studies: 2
Coenzyme Q10
C Studies: 2
16:8 Intermittent Fasting
Low potential
D Studies: 2
OMAD And 20:4 Intermittent Fasting
D Study: 1
Tart Cherry Juice
D Study: 1
Vegan Diet
D Study: 1
Panax Ginseng
D Study: 1
Black seed
D Study: 1
Rose Hip
D Study: 1
Kefir
C Study: 1
Arginine
Low potential
D Study: 1
Vitamin C
D Study: 1
Vitamin K
1069
C Study: 1
Green Tea Extract
Low potential
C Study: 1
Melatonin
Low potential
D Study: 1
Licorice
C Study: 1
Garlic
Low potential
C Study: 1
African Mango
Low potential
D Study: 1
Blueberry
C Study: 1
Coffee
Low potential
D Study: 1
Cocoa Extract
D Study: 1
Betaine
C Study: 1
Inositol
Low potential
Adrenaline
Adrenaline is a catecholamine that mediates the 'fight or flight' response, and also possesses fat burning
properties. Increases in serum adrenaline are known to improve focus and fat oxidation, and supplements
that increase adrenaline are thought to retain these effects.
D Studies: 4
Melatonin
C Studies: 3
L-Tyrosine
Low potential
1070
B Studies: 3
Caffeine

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Supplements · Health Outcomes

5-HTP 7-Keto DHEA

Acupressure African Mango

Alcohol Aloe Vera

Alpha-GPC Alpha-Lipoic Acid

Apple Cider Vinegar Arachidonic Acid

Arginine Artichoke Extract

Astragalus Autoimmune Protocol (AIP) Diet

Bacopa Monnieri Banaba Leaf

Bhringaraj Binaural Beats

Biotin Bitter Cucumber

Bitter orange Black Chokeberry

Black Cohosh Black Ginger

Black seed Bladderwrack

Boswellia Branched-Chain Amino Acids

Bromelain Brown Seaweed Extract

Bulbine Natalensis Bushman's hat

Butcher's broom Butea Superba

Cannabidiol (CBD) Cannabis

Capsaicin Caralluma Fimbriata

Cat's claw Cat's whiskers

CDP-Choline Chaste tree

Chia seeds Chinese sweet leaf

Chlorella Chlorogenic Acid

Chrysin Cissus Quadrangularis

Citrulline Clary sage

Cocoa Extract Coconut Oil

Coenzyme Q10 Coffee

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Cordyceps

Cotton Seed Creatine

Curcumin D-Aspartic Acid

Dandelion Devil's Claw

Ecklonia Cava Eleuthero

Ephedrine Eucommia Bark

Fish Oil Folic Acid

Fruits And Vegetables Gamma Oryzanol

Ginger Ginkgo Biloba

Gotu Kola Grains of Paradise

Grape Juice Grape Seed Extract

Grapefruit Green Coffee Extract

Green Tea Extract Guduchi

Guggul Hemp Protein

Holy Basil Horny Goat Weed

Horse Chestnut Inositol

Iron Japanese Knotweed

Ketogenic Diet King of Bitters

Korean black raspberry Krill Oil

L-Tyrosine Lactase Enzyme

Lactobacillus Casei Lactobacillus Reuteri

Leucic Acid Leucine

Licorice Lion's Mane

Low-FODMAP Diet Maca

Magnesium Magnolia Bark Extract

Mediterranean Diet Medium-chain Triglycerides

Melatonin Menstrual Cups

Microlactin Milk Protein

Milk Thistle Minoxidil

Mucuna Pruriens N-Acetylcysteine

N-Phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester Nattokinase

Olive Leaf Extract OMAD And 20:4 Intermittent Fasting