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    Tema 6

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    xetifri

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Tema 6

    Uploaded by

    xetifri
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    TEMA 6

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    5 views1 page

    Tema 6

    Uploaded by

    xetifri

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 1

    Writing systems (Ways representing with visual media

    the spoken language) ≠ language

    - Many languages are not written

    - For most of humanity's history, languages were not written, and even for those that were,
    many (most?) speakers were not literate, at least until the last two hundred years or so
    Why spoken/signed communication is more
    important for understanding the linguistic system???
    - Writing is a technology, a cultural invention that is added to
    language — it's not language itself (relatively recent invention)

    - Children learn language first via spoken or signed


    communication, writing comes second

    We can classify orthographies according to whether the


    WRITING SYSTEMS graphemes represent sounds or meanings, or both.

    (also called morphographic systems)

    Morphemes = smallest meaning-bearing unit


    LOGOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
    【one grapheme = one morpheme or word】

    Examples: Chinese script (80,000+ logograms/characters),


    Ancient Hieroglyphs,...

    Syllables = an organizational unit of speech sounds


    consisting of a vowel nucleus

    TYPES SYLLABARIES 【one grapheme = one syllable (multiple sounds)】

    Examples: Japanese, cree script, inuktitut scripts,


    katakan,...

    Sounds (phonemes) = smallest meaning-distinguishing


    unit, time versus dime, bear versus pear

    【one grapheme = one phoneme (ideally) (distinctive


    speech sounds)】
    PHONOGRAPHIC SYSTEM / ALPHABET
    Example: Latin script, Arabic script, Hangul (Corean)...

    There are several kinds of such systems, the most familiar


    is obviously an alphabet (english letters ≠ phonemes)

    - NO vowels

    - Fits the tri-consonantal roots of Arabic (This is


    Arabic script called ‘non-concatenative morphology’)

    - Writing orientation is an additional dimension along


    WRITTEN LANGUAGE AND WRITING ORIENTATION which orthographies vary
    Hebrew scripts are written right to left

    LINGUISTICS
    Directionality in our writing systems impacts other
    aspects of cognition

    The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

    English spelling is notoriously difficult

    ENGLISH

    One grapheme or ‘digraph’


    correspond to many sounds
    English is a ‘many-to-many’ mapping system:

    One phoneme (sound) corresponds to


    many graphemes or digraphs

    TRANSLATION Translating the meaning of a sentence into another language.

    Mapping the script of one system into another as


    closely as possible based on their phonetic similarity.

    TRANSLITERATION
    Example: transliterating between the Latin (Roman) and Greek alphabets (Socrates =
    Σωκράτης). Another is pinyin, which is the official system for 'romanizing' Standard
    FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT WRITING Mandarin Chinese, i.e. Pǔtōnghuà (普通話).
    SYSTEMS AND HOW LINGUISTS USE THEM
    Linguistically annotating the different morphological and syntactic components of a
    GLOSSING sentence (you often see this in syntax papers, and it is often right beneath a transliteration
    or transcription).

    A) just writing down what somebody has said, e.g.


    transcribing a speech into standard English orthography
    TRANSCRIPTION
    B) transcribing something into the International Phonetic
    Alphabet (phonetic transcription).

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