Research

The economic benefits of vaccination program in preventing infectious disease
Background of the study:

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular
infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely
studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing
microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or
one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the
agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms
associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
Vaccine is a preparation that is administered as by injection to stimulate the body’s immune
response against specific infectious disease. Vaccines are a fundamental component of primary
healthcare services, especially for children, a growing number of vaccine products are now
available that provide protection against once-common infectious diseases across the lifespan.
The widespread use of available vaccines has led to significant declines in the mortality and
morbidity rates associated with such illnesses as polio, measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis,
diphtheria, small-pox, tetanus, influenza, and pneumonia.
The administration of vaccines is called “vaccination”. Vaccination is the most effective method
of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely
responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as
polio, measles, and tetanus from much of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO)
reports that licensed vaccines are currently available for twenty-five different preventable
infections.
Vaccine effectiveness can differ by the type of vaccine product used, the total number of
vaccine doses received, and how long it has been since the most recent vaccine dose was
received. Vaccine effectiveness might also differ in high-risk populations, such as older
individuals or those with immunocompromising conditions. To account for these differences,
effectiveness estimates are often presented by age group, by presence of
immunocompromising conditions or among other populations. Vaccination is a simple, safe,
and effective way of protecting you against harmful diseases, before you come into contact
with them, it uses your body’s natural defenses to build resistance to specific infections and
makes your immune system stronger. Vaccines also help prevent the development of antibiotic
resistance.
Vaccines help your body create protective antibodies—proteins that help it fight off infections.
By getting vaccinated, you can protect yourself and also avoid spreading preventable diseases
to other people in your community. The protection some vaccines provide can fade over time,
and you might need additional vaccine doses (boosters) to maintain protection. Some vaccine-
preventable diseases can have serious complications or even lead to later illnesses. For them,
vaccination provides protection not only against the disease itself but also against the
dangerous complications or consequences that it can bring. Vaccines can have side effects, but
most people experience only mild side effects—if any—after vaccination. The most common
side effects are fever, tiredness, body aches, or redness, swelling, and tenderness where the
shot was given. Mild reactions usually go away on their own within a few days. Serious or long-
lasting side effects are extremely rare, and vaccine safety is continually monitored.
There is overwhelming scientific consensus that vaccines are a very safe and effective way to
fight and eradicate infectious diseases. The immune system recognizes vaccine agents as
foreign, destroys them, and remembers them. When the virulent version of an agent is
encountered, the body recognizes the protein coat on the agent, and thus is prepared to
respond, by first neutralizing the target agent before it can enter cells, and secondly by
recognizing and destroying infected cells before that agent can multiply to vast numbers.
Limitations to their effectiveness, nevertheless, exist. Sometimes, protection fails for vaccine-
related reasons such as failures in vaccine attenuation, vaccination regimens or administration.
Failure may also occur for host-related reasons if the host's immune system does not respond
adequately or at all. Host-related lack of response occurs in an estimated 2-10% of individuals,
due to factors including genetics, immune status, age, health and nutritional status.
Vaccines typically contain attenuated, inactivated or dead organisms or purified products
derived from them. There are several types of vaccines in use. These represent different
strategies used to try to reduce the risk of illness while retaining the ability to induce a
beneficial immune response. Vaccines are complex mixtures of biological compounds, and
unlike the case for prescription drugs, there are no true generic vaccines. The vaccine produced
by a new facility must undergo complete clinical testing for safety and efficacy by the
manufacturer. For most vaccines, specific processes in technology are patented. These can be
circumvented by alternative manufacturing methods, but this required R&D infrastructure and
a suitably skilled workforce. In the case of a few relatively new vaccines.
Vaccination programs and vaccines are viewed as one of the safest, most cost-effective, and
successful public health interventions to prevent deaths and improve lives. Mass vaccination
programs have been highly successful in reducing the 57 million deaths caused by infectious
diseases in the world each year. vaccination programs have greatly diminished the morbidity
and mortality attributable to infectious diseases. these improvements in health were
concentrated mostly in higher-income countries, but they occurred in low- and middle-income
countries. Vaccination program is a global health development success , saving millions of lives
every year. Vaccines reduce risks of getting a disease by working with your body's natural
defences to build protection. When you get a vaccine, your immune system responds.

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The economic benefits of vaccination program in preventing infectious disease

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