EU Graphene Flagship-Annual Report 2023

Annual
Report
2023
2 3
Contents
5 From the Director

6 The Graphene Flagship sets sail for new horizons
8 Graphene and 2D materials in photonics:
A revolutionary leap in technology
SPEARHEAD PROJECTS
2D EXPERIMENTAL PILOT LINE
12 2D-EPL: Creating an ecosystem for 2DM integration
GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

14 Wafer Scale Growth
15 Wafer Scale Transfer
16 Wafer Scale Integration
17 Modules for the Industry
18 2D Pilot Line
19 Management
20 Europe in the Lead
COORDINATION AND SUPPORT ACTION

22 GrapheneEU
24 Flash Graphene: Trash to Treasure
ENERGY
26 ARMS
28 GRAPHERGIA
BIOMEDICAL
30 MUNASET
32 2D-BioPAD
ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS

34 GATEPOST
36 2DNeuralVision
38 Next-2Digits
40 Exploring the Marvels of 2D Materials
COMPOSITES
42 GIANCE
2D MATERIALS OF TOMORROW
44 2D-PRINTABLE
46 2D ENGINE
48 2DSPIN-TECH
SAFE BY DESIGN
50 SAFARI
52 Empowering Innovation through Standardisation

54 From the Science and Technology Officer
4 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 5
From the
(new) Director
T
HE LAST YEAR was nothing like any of the
preceeding years for the Graphene Flagship.
We celebrated the first ten years of the project
as we closed Core 3, and with it the single-pro-
ject structure of the Flagship. The five-day final
review and the broader assessment of the past
decade meant a lot of hard work by many. In the
end, I think we can proudly say that we have
delivered beyond expectations and given European tax-payers
extremely good value for their money. It was not a true ending,
but nevertheless a feeling of departure for many in the
community – the end of the Graphene Flagship as we knew it.
NEW HORIZONS
The past year was also a bright new beginning – the existing

2D-EPL was joined by twelve new research and innovation
projects gathered under the GrapheneEU CSA to shape the
future of the Graphene Flagship. The transition to this organisa-
tion, as all transitions, has meant plenty of challenges but also
revitalised the awareness of who we are and why we do what
we do in our community. We are not yet finished gathering up all
“old” and new elements at full strength for the future endeav-
ours of the Graphene Flagship, so we will continue that work.
Combined, we truly are part of the solution to many of the
problems Europe is facing at large. We will need to use not only
the hard data and scientific and technological advances that
we have gathered together, but perhaps even more import-
antly, the personal interactions that have created trust and a
playground for cross-fertilisation of ideas to forge the future
of 2D materials innovation. Last but not least, we should not
forget that one of our “exports” in 2023 – former Graphene
Flagship Director Jari Kinaret – will play a key role in establish-
ing European industrial independence through his leadership
of the Chips Joint Undertaking.
COLLABORATIONS
During 2024 we will see our community re-form and gather
strength. One particularly important avenue, apart from the
Graphene Flagship itself and our Graphene Week conference in
Prague in October, will be the Innovative Advanced Materials for
Europe partnership. This partnership, drafted with a lot of input
and background from our community, is now an official “candi-
date partnership” in the Second Horizon Europe Strategic Plan.
Indeed, looking a bit broader, there are three strategic orienta-
tions made therein by the European Commission (EC): the green
transition, the digital transition, and a more resilient, competi-
tive, inclusive and democratic Europe. For all of these, the EC
stresses that securing Europe’s leading role in developing and
deploying critical technologies is an overarching principle. I’m
sure this is something we all can agree to work towards beyond
2024 and even beyond Horizon Europe.
Patrik Johansson
Passing the baton: Former Graphene Director Graphene Flagship Director
Jari Kinaret (right) congratulates current
Graphene Flagship Director Patrik Johansson
on a successful Graphene Week 2023 in
Gothenburg, Sweden.
6 ABOUT GRAPHENE FLAGSHIP ABOUT GRAPHENE FLAGSHIP 7
The Graphene
Finally, Horizon Europe will create jobs, fully engage the
EU’s talent pool, boost economic growth, promote industrial
competitiveness and optimise investment impact within a
Flagship sets sail

strengthened European Research Area.
Biomedicine
MUNASET
2D-BioPAD
A DECADE OF SUCCESS
The Graphene Flagship was funded to ensure that Europe
for new horizons

would maintain its lead in graphene research and innovation Safe by design 2D materials of tomorrow
following the scientific breakthrough of graphene’s isolation SAFARI 2DSPIN-TECH
at the University of Manchester. The European Commission 2D ENGINE
2D-PRINTABLE
launched the unprecedented long-term and large-scale Flagship
research initiatives to tackle major challenges in science and
B
technology, bringing positive changes that benefit society and
the economy and advance European leadership in technology
and industry. A decade on, we are proud to say that the Graphene Flagship
GrapheneEU
UILDING ON A DECADE of success, the “I’m excited to see the 2D materials community in Europe Graphene Flagship has delivered on its promise. The clearly
Graphene Flagship has now continued its continue to grow with the launch of the new Horizon Europe achieved objectives within scientific excellence, as well as Electronics Composites
journey under the European Commission’s projects. It will be interesting to see the new ideas that come societal and economic impact are detailed in the report, and Photonics GIANCE
Horizon Europe funding programme. In 2023 from this latest European investment in graphene and other Ten years of research, innovation and collaboration: the GATEPOST
2DNeuralVision
the single project that had sailed through the 2D materials,” Johansson says. Graphene Flagship and the 2DM community. Next-2DIGITS
EC’s FP7 and Horizon 2020 programmes
crossed the finish line with a series of cele- Energy
brations of its remarkable results in terms of HORIZON EUROPE MEETING NEW CHALLENGES ARMS
GRAPHERGIA
research outputs and commercialisation success. In October, The Graphene Flagship is funded by the European Commis- Despite changes in our funding structure and the make up
the Flagship split into a fleet of separately funded projects. sion’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme of our community, the Graphene Flagship’s core mission to M EET THE NEW FLAGSHIP
(see page 18), which puts a strong emphasis on tackling commercialise graphene remains unchanged. From sensors

Bringing together 118 academic and industrial partners
Bringing together 118 academic and industrial partners in climate change and addressing the United Nations’ Sustain- for self-driving cars to Alzheimer’s diagnostics systems, power across 13 projects, the Graphene Flagship continues to
12 research and innovation projects and 1 coordination and able Development Goals. Each project within the initiative supplies for e-textiles to more effective batteries, 2DM advance Europe’s lead in technologies that rely on
graphene and other 2D materials.
support project, the Graphene Flagship will continue to is committed to creating a more sustainable, more environ- technologies will reshape the future. Moreover, work on novel
advance Europe’s strategic autonomy in technologies that rely mentally friendly Europe by creating alternatives to scarce 2DM will broaden the scope of materials science, creating new
on graphene and other 2D materials with the common goal to or conflict materials, creating more efficient technologies, opportunities for the future. The CSA industrialisation team
commercialise graphene. The GrapheneEU Coordination and strengthening our energy infrastructure and more. Learn provides a link between the past, present and future activities
Support Action (CSA) ensures that the Graphene Flagship stays about each project’s sustainable solutions in their respec- in standardisation, roadmapping, business development and
the course, providing a link between the past, present and tive sections. industry outreach. Their experience will accelerate the projects’ with other EU funded projects, bringing them in as partnering
future (see page 22). commercialisation success, helping them to make their mark projects in the initiaive. Collaborations with additional agen-
Furthermore, the programme facilitates collaboration, on European industries. cies, like ISO, REACH-ECHA and others will continue, as will
The projects work on applications in key areas from compo- strengthening the impact of research and innovation in the international workshops that facilitated discourse on 2DM
sites and energy to biomedical and electronics. Fundamental developing, supporting and implementing EU policies while The CSA faces a further challenge to connect the past and topics with experts around the world.
work on emerging two-dimensional materials is also being tackling global challenges. It supports the creation and present Graphene Flagship partners in a collaborative
addressed in our 2D materials of tomorrow projects. Research dissemination of excellent knowledge and technologies. community. To this end, the association mechanisms that As the Graphene Flagship sails on to new horizons, we look
into health and safety will continue to be an integral part of Collaboration will remain a cornerstone of the Graphene existed in the previous phase will be continued and improved. forward to growing our community and expanding our impact
the initiative. Flagship, largely facilitated by GrapheneEU whose activities The Graphene Flagship will not only encourage past partners on 2DM research and innovation, European thought leadership
will provide opportunities for collaboration, knowledge to associate to the initiative but will also foster collaborations and eventually, everyday consumers.
transfer and community building. Events like the annual
TAKING THE HELM Graphene Week conference will continue to draw the
With this new phase of the Graphene Flagship comes new broader graphene and 2DM community together.
leadership. Patrik Johansson, formerly Vice-Director for the
project, has stepped up as the new Graphene Flagship Director.
8 PHOTONICS PHOTONICS 9
Graphene Hybrid graphene/TMD

structures can be used to
and 2D materials
create novel light-emitting
devices.
in photonics:
A revolutionary
I
leap in technology

N THE VAST LANDSCAPE of modern HARNESSING GRAPHENE AND 2D MATERIALS
science and technology, graphene and IN PHOTONICS
two-dimensional materials (2DM) have Photonics, with its focus on the manipulation of light, benefits
emerged as game-changers, revolutionising immensely from the remarkable properties offered by graphene
industries with their remarkable properties and 2DM. These materials have opened up new avenues for the
and diverse applications. Among the myriad development of photonic devices with enhanced performance,
fields benefiting from their extraordinary efficiency and versatility. Let’s explore some of the compelling environmental monitoring and industrial process control, cant hurdles to the widespread adoption of these materials
characteristics, photonics stands out as uses of graphene and 2D materials in photonics applications: facilitating real-time, label-free detection with high accuracy. in commercial applications. Moreover, the development of
one of the most promising domains. scalable fabrication techniques, reliable material quality
Photonics, the science and technology Photodetectors Light-Emitting Devices control and efficient device integration strategies are essential
of generating, detecting and controlling Graphene-based photodetectors have garnered significant While graphene itself is not a direct emitter of light, its for transitioning from laboratory demonstrations to practical
photons, has found new avenues for interest due to their exceptional sensitivity, high-speed integration with other 2DM in heterostructures has enabled the implementations.
innovation and advancement through the response and broadband absorption characteristics. By development of novel light-emitting devices. TMDCs such as
integration of graphene and 2D materials. integrating graphene with other 2DM or heterostructures, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tungsten diselenide (WSe2) Looking ahead, ongoing research efforts focus on overcoming
In this article, we delve into the captivating researchers have developed photodetectors capable of exhibit strong photoluminescence properties, making them these challenges and exploring new avenues for innovation in
realm of photonics and explore how operating across a wide range of wavelengths, from ultraviolet suitable for applications in optoelectronics and light-emitting graphene- and 2DM-based photonics. Emerging concepts such
graphene and 2D materials are reshaping to infrared. These devices find applications in optical communi- diodes (LEDs). By combining graphene with TMDCs in hybrid as van der Waals heterostructures, quantum confinement
its landscape, opening up unprecedented cations, imaging systems and sensing technologies, offering structures, researchers have demonstrated efficient light effects and hybrid nanophotonic platforms hold immense
possibilities and paving the way for unparalleled performance and reliability. emission with tunable properties, paving the way for next- promise for advancing the frontiers of photonics and unlocking
groundbreaking discoveries. generation display technologies and optoelectronic devices. new functionalities. As researchers continue to unravel the
Light Modulators mysteries of these fascinating materials, the future of
Graphene’s unique ability to control the absorption and Optical Waveguides and Modulators photonics shines brighter than ever, propelled by the trans-
THE GENESIS OF GRAPHENE transmission of light makes it an excellent candidate for optical Graphene’s exceptional optical transparency and high carrier formative potential of graphene and 2DM.
AND 2D MATERIALS modulators. By applying an external electric field, the optical mobility make it an attractive material for integrated photonic
Before delving into their applications in properties of graphene can be dynamically tuned, enabling the circuits. Graphene-based waveguides and modulators offer low The marriage of graphene and 2DM with photonics represents
photonics, it’s imperative to understand the modulation of light intensity with ultrafast response times. This insertion losses, high-speed operation and compatibility with a paradigm shift in the way we generate, manipulate and
foundational aspects of graphene and 2DM. capability is instrumental in the development of high-speed existing silicon-based platforms, making them promising harness light. From photodetectors and modulators to sensors
Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms optical communication systems, optical switches and integrat- candidates for on-chip optical interconnects and data commu- and light-emitting devices, the integration of these extraordi-
arranged in a hexagonal lattice, garnered widespread attention ed photonic circuits, where rapid signal processing is para- nication systems. Moreover, the flexibility and scalability of nary materials has unlocked a plethora of opportunities for
following its isolation in 2004 by Andre Geim and Konstantin mount. graphene-based photonic devices enable the realisation of innovation and discovery. As researchers continue to push the
Novoselov, earning them the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010. compact, energy-efficient solutions for diverse applications boundaries of science and engineering, the synergistic
Since then, graphene has captivated researchers worldwide Optical Sensors in telecommunications and computing. interplay between graphene, 2DM and photonics will continue
due to its extraordinary mechanical, electrical and optical The exceptional sensitivity of graphene and 2DM to external to drive technological advancements, shaping the future of
properties. Moreover, the family of 2D materials extends stimuli makes them ideal candidates for optical sensing communication, sensing, imaging and beyond. With each
beyond graphene, encompassing semiconductors like applications. Whether detecting minute changes in environmen- CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS breakthrough bringing us closer to realising the full potential
transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), hexagonal boron tal conditions, biomolecular interactions or gas molecules, While the integration of graphene and 2D materials has of these remarkable materials, the journey towards a brighter,
nitride (h-BN), and other layered materials, each possessing graphene-based sensors offer unparalleled performance in unlocked unprecedented opportunities in photonics, several more connected world accelerates.
unique attributes that make them ideal candidates for various terms of sensitivity, selectivity and response time. These challenges remain to be addressed. Issues such as scalability,
applications (see page 40). sensors find applications in diverse fields, including healthcare, device reproducibility and interface engineering pose signifi-
10 2D -EPL 2D -EPL 11
2D-EPL Creating
transfer tool for the de-bonding of the 2D layer from the growth
substrate to a rigid carrier from SUSS MicroTec.
an ecosystem for
Both of these tools have been installed in the imec cleanroom.
The availability of these unique tools allow us to take the next
step forward in the set-up of mature modules for 2D-material
growth and layer transfer: both are essential modules in
2DM integration
establishing pilot-line process capability.
LOOKING AHEAD
“In this last year of the project, it’s really our ambition to go in
T
a full sequence through using the new tooling from growth to
transfer and use the lessons we have learned thus far on the
integration flow,” says Inge Asselberghs, director of the 2D
he 2D Experimental Pilot Line (2D-EPL), now in Experimental Pilot Line. “We are also looking forward to seeing
its fourth and final year, is a €20 million project the final outcomes of the MPW runs and how we can build on
launched to address the challenges of upscal- this project’s foundation in the future.”
ing 2D material production processes for the
semiconductor industry. The project helps
create a European ecosystem for the integra-
tion of 2D materials in applications like 2D-EPL Horizon Europe
sensors, electronics and photonics. Projects
Graphene
At this stage, the project is mostly on track, having achieved Flagship
some important checkpoints in creating new processes and
modules for the generic integration flow. In parallel, the 2D-EPL

has been working to enable new processing tools.
Wafer scale Modules for

HOW WE WORK growth the industry
The project is constructed around two pillars. In the first pillar,

we started prototyping from day one. The 2D-EPL’s multi-project Wafer scale 2D Pilot Line
transfer
wafer (MPW) runs have been providing academic groups,
start-ups and other companies the opportunity to test novel
ideas for 2D material devices on a larger scale at relatively low Wafer scale Management
costs. This is a key step toward bringing products to the integration
market.
The second pillar focuses on process enablement. Within that

scope, we have built two new tools for the fabrication of 2D
materials. The 200/300 mm compatible MOCVD reactor by
Aixtron is allowing the 2D-EPL to advance its work on the
deposition of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) on 300
Above: 2D-EPL Director Inge Asselberghs
mm sapphire wafers. In parallel we also now have an automated
prepares to speak at Graphene Week.
Upper left: The 2D-EPL has worked on

prototyping from the beginning through
1. DEVELOPMENT OF TOOLS AND METARIALS its MPW runs. Credit: AMO
Left: The Aixtron MOCVD reactor installed

in the imec cleanroom. Credit: Aixtron
2. DEVELOPMENT OF MODULE AND PLATFORM
3. MULTI-PURPOSE WAFER RUNS
Coordinator: Chalmers University of Technology

Innovation support: Chalmers Industriteknik
12 2D -EPL WORK PACKAGE 2D -EPL WORK PACKAGE 13
Wafer Wafer
Scale Scale
Growth WORK PACKAGE LEADER
Transfer WORK PACKAGE LEADER
Michael Heuken, AIXTRON, Germany Steven Brems, imec, Belgium
SCALING UP 2D MATERIAL GROWTH DEVELOPING RELIABLE WAFER SCALE 2D TRANSFER

The goal of the Wafer Scale Growth Work Package is to scale up WORK PACKAGE DEPUTY 2D materials are of interest for several applications including WORK PACKAGE DEPUTY
the growth of high-quality TMDCs and graphene to large wafer Amaia Zurutuza, Graphenea sensors, imagers, photonic devices, future CMOS transistors, Thomas Rapps, SUSS MicroTec
sizes in order to provide 200- and 300-mm films to the 2D Semiconductor, Spain BEOL transistors and more, but high quality 2D materials are Solutions GMBH & CO KG, Germany
Experimental Pilot Line (2D-EPL). needed to enable these applications. The Wafer Scale Transfer
Work Package is developing a module to reliably transfer
high-quality 2D materials from the growth wafer developed in
THIS YEAR’S PROGRESS the Wafer Scale Growth Work Package to a target wafer for
Over the past year, AIXTRON completed the qualification of the mobility in particular, needs significant improvement. The the 2D Experimental Pilot Line (2D-EPL). temporary adhesive will be critical to successfully finalising the
new 300 mm MOCVD (metal-organic chemical vapour deposi- challenges include the need to further improve the new MOCVD work of the 2D Experimental Pilot Line.
tion) reactor for the growth of 2D materials. The reactor was reactor hardware and software stability. Wafer scale transfer includes the development of a temporary
installed in imec’s 300 mm cleanroom facilities where the carrier, bonding of the temporary carrier to a 2D material,

growth of WS2, MoS2 and graphene on 200 mm sapphire was debonding the 2D material from the growth wafer using the NEW HORIZONS
demonstrated. NEW HORIZONS temporary carrier system, bonding the 2D material on the final The efforts in the framework of the 2D-EPL will pave the way
The continuation of the 2D-EPL project will be key to the device wafer, removing the device wafer and cleaning the towards a 2D pilot line in Europe. The establishment of 2D pilot
Further research activities were focused optimising the growth success of the implementation and successful functioning adhesives from the 2D materials. This whole transfer module lines will be essential for innovative companies to get access to
and performance of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs of the 2D-Pilot Line called for within Horizon Europe funding development is one of the main goals of the 2D-EPL and 2D material-based devices, which will enable the development
like WS2, MoS2) on 50–200 mm sapphire in imec’s and mechanism. The interactions would include close collaboration enables further integration work in the pilot lines. of new sensor, photonic, imager and even transistor concepts
AIXTRON’s R&D MOCVD reactors. Graphenea Semiconductors among the ecosystem of partners established within the by multiple companies and will keep Europe at the forefront of
and AMO grew graphene on catalytic CuNi(111)/sapphire, 2D-EPL project, targeting the production and efficient charac- research and development in these industries.
Cu(111)/sapphire and copper foil-based templates with sizes terisation of high performance 2D materials (TMDC and THIS YEAR’S PROGRESS
up to 200 mm, and Graphenea continuously supplied project graphene) at high volume manufacturing levels. Many of the The Wafer Scale Transfer Work Package achieved several
partners with high quality graphene grown on copper foils. Graphene Flagship projects have already shown interest in milestones this year. One of the main accomplishments was
collaborating with the 2D-EPL, which could prove fruitful. the demonstration of a 300 mm WS2 transfer, where a notable
Of note was the first reported growth of WS2 on 300 mm transfer yield of more than 99 % was achieved after multiple
sapphire, with excellent spectroscopic uniformity demonstrat- 300 mm size 2D transfers. A high transfer yield is a necessary
ed by Raman spectroscopy. Demonstrating uniform growth on step to achieving a real 2D pilot line.
a large wafer scale is one of the pivotal requirements for the
success of the 2D-EPL. Furthermore, Suss MicroTec’s system was installed at imec,
which should enable large-scale 2D material debonding from
sapphire.
COLLABORATIONS
Close collaboration between Graphene Flagship partner
AIXTRON Ltd. and 2D-EPL partner AIXTRON SE has allowed the COLLABORATIONS
successful build, testing and qualification of the new 300 mm Interactions within the Graphene Flagship, with Partnering
MOCVD reactor which will be a key tool for the success of the Projects and Associated Members as well as supplier discus-
2D-EPL. The collaboration included an exchange of personnel sions and thought exchanges with foundries, fab-less and
as well as regular online meetings during the system testing fab-lite companies outside the project are essential to get a
and qualification phases. Discussions and planning for the clear view of market trends, challenges, new capabilities,
implementation of optimised hardware is continuously ongoing. innovative solutions and more. These collaborations were all
key to making sufficient relevant progress in the Wafer Scale
Close collaboration between imec and AIXTRON has allowed for Transfer Work Package. They help to finetune the current 2D
the successful process demonstration of 2D materials growth, roadmaps, and also provide technical solutions that allow
with AIXTRON overseeing the transfer of process recipes and faster progress in the development of a 2D transfer module.
tuning from AIXTRON’s R&D systems to the new 300 mm
reactor, while imec managed the characterisation of the
materials produced and the qualification of the reactor in term MEETING NEW CHALLENGES
of particle levels and metal contamination performance. A 200 mm graphene transfer has already been demonstrated Suss MicroTec’s 200/300 mm automated tool for
debonding 2D materials (TMDCs) from a growth wafer.
on 200 mm and 300 mm device wafers. Furthermore, a 300 Credit: SUSS MicroTec Solutions GMBH & CO KG
mm MX2 transfer from an amorphous growth wafer to a device
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES wafer has also been demonstrated. Currently, a lot of effort is
The coming year will be dedicated to the quality and perfor- being put into the transfer of epitaxially grown MX 2 materials
mance optimisation of the 2D layers grown in the new reactor Above: The new 300 mm reactor by AIXTRON installed on sapphire. The debonding process of epitaxial material from
installed at imec. Though the TMDC layer (WS2 and MoS2) in the 300 mm cleanroom at imec. Credit: AIXTRON sapphire is challenging and developing a debonding process
Below: First reported WS2 growth on a 300 mm
grown on sapphire demonstrated reasonable quality and good sapphire wafer in the new AIXTRON 2D reactor at imec. on the installed Suss system will be essential to making this
uniformity, the electrical performance of the TMDC materials, Credit: AIXTRON process a success. Further maturing micro resist technology’s
Wafer Modules
Scale for the
Integration WORK PACKAGE LEADER
Industry WORK PACKAGE LEADER
Miika Soikkeli, VTT Technical Research Daniel Neumaier, AMO GmbH, Germany
Centre of Finland, Finland
DEVELOPING PROCESSES LAUNCHING THE MULTI-PROJECT WAFER RUNS
The main goal of the 2D Experimental Pilot Line’s Wafer Scale The main goal of the 2D Experimental Pilot Line’s (2D-EPL) WORK PACKAGE DEPUTY
Integration Work Package is to develop mature fabrication WORK PACKAGE DEPUTY Modules for the Industry Work Package is to deliver process Olli-Pekka Kilpi, VTT Technical Research
processes for graphene- and TMDC-based devices including Mindaugas Lukosius, IHP – Leibniz Institute modules, which can be adopted by different semiconductor Centre of Finland, Finland
the contacting, patterning, dielectrics, interface optimisation for high Performance Microelectronics, Germany manufacturers with only minimal changes for their specific
and passivation. The quality of the devices is closely monitored needs. In addition, by delivering multi-project wafer (MPW)
with the established quality control protocols to ensure that the runs, the Work Package provides a cost-efficient solution to
devices meet the expected criteria. smaller companies and universities to perform experiments NEW HORIZONS
on state-of-the-art graphene-based sensor devices. This In the Horizon Europe funding cycle, several projects on 2D
significantly reduces the entry barrier for testing new concepts materials related to sensors, electronics and photonics have
THIS YEAR’S PROGRESS based on an established technology. been funded. For most of these projects there is already an
The processes developed by the Work Package over the past related to functionalisation in the biosensing application area. existing link between the partners involved in these projects

year have been utilised in the 2D-EPL’s multi-project wafer The project is also open to collaborations with the projects that and the 2D-EPL. These links will be used to identify specific
(MPW) runs and directly in tailored customer projects. Project are not yet connected to the 2D-EPL. THIS YEAR’S PROGRESS needs for process modules and also for future MPW runs
partners have already established stable process flows in the The Modules for the Industry Work Package is developing beyond the end of the 2D-EPL project.
pilot line sites that can be utilised in product development for fabrication processes for graphene- and MoS2-based devices
customers. having an application focus on electronics, photonics and
sensors. Here the specific need to integrate these processes
into a conventional semiconductor fabrication line is consid-
COLLABORATIONS ered. That means that the fabrication processes are based
The processes developed in the 2D-EPL have been utilised to on processes which are compatible with automated tools and
fabricate devices for groups in the Graphene Flagship Core 3 easily transferrable to other production sites.
project. For example for biosensing and gas sensing devices for
the Sensors Work Package and for IR cameras for the GBIRCAM The main output for the Work Package is the preparation and
Spearhead project. In addition to supporting those groups, this performance of MPW runs, which are offered to external
collaboration between the 2D-EPL and Core 3 partners has clients. In these runs, graphene-based devices are fabricated
also enabled direct feedback on the application specific for external clients (companies, research centres and universi-
requirements for device performance. The feedback has further ties) based on their individual designs. This facilitates the
enabled the Wafer Scale Integration Work Package in the testing and validation of the process technology developed in
2D-EPL to mature the processes faster by focusing on the most the 2D-EPL. In 2023 two MPW runs were completed: one by
critical device parameters. The processes that were developed VTT and one by AMO with a focus on sensors. Both runs were
have also been made available to everyone through the MPW successful, and the AMO run was even delivered two months
run service offerings. A graphene-integrated wafer. ahead of schedule. An additional run, offering graphene-based
Credit: VTT
sensors on silicon-based CMOS electronics, is under prepara-
tion by VTT.
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES
The main technological challenges remaining are related to the
achievement of stable processes with higher electrical quality COLLABORATIONS
for key control characteristics such as mobility, contact The main collaboration with the Graphene Flagship’s Core
resistance, doping and hysteresis. This work includes precise project over the past year was a continued discussion with
optimisation of the full process flow including interfaces, the relevant Spearhead projects on how to design the process
dielectrics, contacts and passivation. The development of modules according to their needs. An important aspect of
2D-material specific processing steps is crucial to ensuring the the 2D-EPL in general and the Modules for the Industry Work
high electrical quality of the devices, because even high-quality Package specifically is the interaction with the Industrial
material growth and transfer is easily hindered by suboptimal Advisory Board, which provides input on the most relevant
process flows. application areas and venues for advertising the MPW runs.
NEW HORIZONS MEETING NEW CHALLENGES

The 2D-EPL project is well connected to several other projects The key challenge in the future will be to increase the repro-
in the new Horizon Europe ecosystem. The processes devel- ducibility for device fabrication. This challenge has been clear
for many years, but its importance has significantly increased Above: The first step in the fabrication process is the
oped in the 2D-EPL will directly benefit the more application wafer coating and development. Credit: AMO
specific development targets in the other projects. This for the MPW runs. After that, device reliability will be the next Below: The fabrication process ends with the lift-off
enables faster and easier adaptation of more mature devices big challenge to address. performed on a wet-chemistry bench. Credit: AMO
in the application development phase and leaves more
resources to tackle the specific problems, for example those
2D 2D-EPL
Pilot Line Management
PAVING THE WAY FOR PILOT LINE DEVELOPMENT COORDINATING
The 2D Pilot Line Work Package supports the 2D Experimental WORK PACKAGE LEADER The Management Work Package ensures that the 2D Experi- WORK PACKAGE LEADER
Pilot Line’s (2D-EPL) development. From defining the multi- Inge Asselberghs, imec, Belgium mental Pilot Line (2D-EPL) project runs efficiently. It coordi- Patrik Johansson, Chalmers University of
project wafer (MPW) runs and disseminating the results of the nates the project and facilitates the 2D-EPL’s interactions and Technology, Sweden
project to creating a business model that will shape the future collaborations with the Graphene Flagship’s Core project, with
of the Pilot Line, this work package lays the groundwork for WORK PACKAGE DEPUTY Horizon Europe projects, and with the European Commission.
success. Max Lemme, AMO GmbH, Germany WORK PACKAGE DEPUTY
Maria Recaman Payo, imec, Belgium
THIS YEAR’S PROGRESS
THIS YEAR’S PROGRESS
With the end of the Graphene Flagship’s Core 3 project in
Over the past year the focus has been on maturing the September 2023, the Management Work Package worked to
2D-EPL’s offerings. Two multi-project wafer (MPW) runs were create a smaller, more streamlined governance structure which
organised, building on the experience of the previous year’s is more appropriate to a 12-partner project. The Graphene
work. The 2D-EPL’s third run, delivered by AMO, was intended Flagship’s Management Panel and Strategic Advisory Board
for electronics and leveraged the experience from the first run were dissolved, and the roles of the Executive Board and
effectively enough to be delivered early. The fourth run, by General Assembly were redefined. The new Executive Board is MEETING NEW CHALLENGES

VTT, took a step further offering a CMOS integrated graphene made up of the six work package leaders, while the General Over the next year, the Management Work Package will work
field-effect transistor. These MPW runs were supported by Assembly has a representative from each partner. In addition, to ensure a successful final review and close of the project.
dissemination activities including workshops, marketing 2D-EPL partners also voted to approve the addition of Chalmers Guidance on technical and financial reporting and a critical
materials and outreach toward relevant industry media. Industriteknik (CIT) to the consortium. review of deliverables will ensure that the project’s success
is evident in the final review.
The 2D-EPL’s participation in the Graphene Week conference The Management Work Package also organised an interim
and in the Graphene Flagship’s ten-year anniversary celebra- project review in 2023 to help the Work Packages to assess
tion helped the project gain visibility within the graphene what needs to be improved ahead of the project’s final review. NEW HORIZONS
community and a wider reach with relevant media covering The review successfully highlighted several areas that will The continuity between the Graphene Flagship Management
the milestone. require attention in 2024. in Core 3 and the new GrapheneEU Coordination and Support
Action (CSA) has ensured a smooth transition between Horizon
Synergies between the Core 3 and 2D-EPL Management teams 2020 and Horizon Europe. This continuity has also made
COLLABORATIONS ensured integration between the projects in key internal activi- possible to create a natural and strong connection between
The 2D Pilot Line Work Package plays a key role in ensuring ties. This included the Graphene Flagship Annual Meeting the 2D-EPL and the new projects handled by the CSA. The
collaborations between 2D-EPL work packages in the coordina- where the 2D-EPL was able to share its results with the rest opportunity now presented by the call for “Pilot line(s) for 2D
tion of the MPW runs as well as in its dissemination efforts. of the consortium, and a Roadmapping and Vision Workshop materials-based devices” enables the possibility for further
More importantly, however, the Work Package helps to connect where industrial priorities through 2050 were identified. collaborations beyond 2D-PL, providing an avenue in the
the project to the Graphene Flagship and its community. This European ecosystem for wafer-scale integration of 2D materials
connection provides mutual benefits where the Graphene to grow at large. A future pilot line project on 2D materials will
Flagship, and its wider community, have access to more mature COLLABORATIONS then be fully integrated in the Graphene Flagship, and the
technologies for graphene integrated devices and the 2D-EPL The Management Work Package has been integral to the relationships forged now will thus be key to growth in the future.
receives feedback on the specifications that are important to smooth operation of the 2D-EPL, helping to ensure collabora-
developing a commercial pilot line. tions between partners and Work Packages through Division
Meetings, like the one held in-person at Graphene Week 2023,
and its leadership role in the Pilot Line Coordination Team.
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES Collaborations between Management Work Package partners,
Over the next year, the Work Package will expand its portfolio Chalmers University of Technology and imec, helped to ensure
offering MPW runs from IHP and Graphenea. These runs, not a smooth governance transition at the close of Core 3.
previously included in the project plan, add breadth to the
2D-EPL service offering and help to further gauge the needs Furthermore, due to synergies with the Core 3 project, the
of the pilot line customers. These insights will help to form the Management Work Package helped to monitor collaborations
future sustainability and business plan that will be drafted by across the entire Graphene Flagship and suggested avenues
the end of the project. for further collaborations. In fact, the incorporation of the
2D-EPL in the Graphene Flagship governance until the end
of Core 3 was key to ensuring opportunities for knowledge
NEW HORIZONS transfer and further collaborations.
The launch of the new Graphene, Europe in the Lead projects
in Horizon Europe has presented an opportunity for the 2D-EPL
to connect with the next generation of collaborators. There are
existing connections with the photonics and electronics
projects which all have some partners in common with the
2D-EPL, but interest in collaborations among the other projects
The 2D-EPL workshop at Graphene Week helped to
has been high. These collaborations will form a framework for engage the graphene and 2D materials community in The 2D-EPL team met at Graphene Week 2023
the future of the project. the project’s work. Credit: Graphene Flagship for a Division Meeting. Credit: Graphene Flagship
18 EUROPE IN THE LEAD EUROPE IN THE LEAD 19
Europe
responsive” ecosystem, one with “new economic opportuni- NEXT: HORIZON EUROPE
ties” and larger “more rapid deployment” thus “reinforcing The ambitious EU research and innovation
EU resilience and open strategic autonomy.”4 framework programme (2021–2027)
Although the Graphene Flagship project was successful in
in the Lead
taking investment and translating it into a wealth of knowledge,
including thousands of peer-reviewed articles and hundreds of
marketable products, the “graphene gold-rush” and the impact
of the project’s investment will be hard to assess until
approximately 15-years after its completion. Kari Hjelt, the
Graphene Flagship’s head of innovation, says that is how long
I
the path is from research to commercialisation.5 It has been Science & technology
noted that while the EU has funded R&I heavily, the commercial Fuel EU’s scientific and technological
conversion has fallen behind, with shortcomings when it comes excellence and the strengthen the
to venture capital and infrastructure support; some of which European Research Area (ERA)
can be attributed to production challenges, funding gaps and
competition from China and the United States.6
PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE FUTURE

Fortunately building partnerships and bridging gaps is an area
that the Graphene Flagship and Horizon Europe initiatives excel
in and have taken great strides in developing. International
Society
collaboration and information exchange between a broader
community has been addressed through international work- Tackle policy priorities, including green
shops and partnerships forged under the Flagship umbrella and and digital transitions and Sustainable
have the potential to lead to greater success in commercialisa- Development Goals
N 2013, the European Commission (EC) With Horizon Europe, the

started its largest research and innovation tion in the future.
project to date: the Graphene Flagship, with European research community,
The Graphene Flagship international outreach activities act as
a budget of €1 billion. This project ran for research organisations and our citizens a support mechanism to bring the broader 2D material (2DM)
ten years and provided funding to a con-
sortium of approximately 170 academic and
can count on one of the world’s largest community together for knowledge exchange and collaboration
industrial partners spanning 22 countries research and innovation Programmes. toward a joint vision. With the launch of the rearranged
and collaborating on the development of Graphene Flagship initiative, there are now 12 projects each
marketable products containing graphene Mariya Gabriel with partners spread across Europe, working under the umbrella Economy
and related 2D materials. The project and Commissionaer for Innoavtion, Research, of the Coordination and Support Action (CSA) group/project. Boost Europe’s innovation uptake,
investment have been largely successful, Culture, Education and Youth competitiveness and jobs
with collaboration and longevity pinpointed Although the focus is on EU member states, with the Horizon
as being the biggest benefits of the project, Europe grants call titled “Europe in the Lead”, the European
which generated €5.9 billion in economic The Programme boosts the EU’s competitiveness and growth Commission is eager to promote international collaborations,
impact and helped to create 81,622 jobs.1 by fostering collaboration and the dispersion of knowledge and including with “associated” countries that stretch beyond EU
Considering the success of the Graphene technologies to address global challenges. Simultaneously by borders. There are also opportunities for other interested
Flagship and the European Union’s aim to investing in European R&I the initiative bolsters the economy by public and private research organisations from around the
strengthen science and technology within creating jobs and promoting industrial competitiveness. New world to partner with Horizon Europe members, but often at
its borders, the initiative will continue under elements include, a European Innovation Council, a set of five their own cost.7
the Horizon Europe programme. measures to reach goals within a set timeframe, an open
science policy and objective driven partnerships with industry. Taken together, the Graphene Flagship collaborations and
contribution to the realm of advanced materials R&I and the
HORIZON EUROPE revised European commitment and support for the production
LEADERSHIP FOR ADVANCED MATERIALS and use of advanced materials sets a course for a future where
Horizon Europe is a continuation of what
Europe continues to lead us towards the green and digital
was previously called Horizon 2020 and is However, to maintain and further advance Europe as a leader in
transition that we have all set our compasses for.
Europe’s leading research and innovation both the green and digital transition, the EC has proposed an
(R&I) initiative, also focusing on the United encompassing strategy for the further development of
Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. It advanced materials. The Communication about leadership for References
is set to run from 2021 – 2027 with a budget of €95.5 billion.2 advanced materials, reached through dialogue with member
1. https://www.chemistryworld.com/
With the intention of keeping Europe at the forefront of global states and stakeholders, “addresses not only R&I needs, but news/a-decade-on-how-has-the-eus-1-billion-gamble-to-get-
research and innovation, Horizon Europe plans to: maximise its also efforts towards strengthening the production, use and graphene-on-the-market-fared/4018554.article
impact and deliver on EU’s strategic priorities (i.e. digital and uptake of advanced materials”4 and stands on five main pillars: 2. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/horizon-eu-
rope/#:~:text=Horizon%20Europe%20is%20the%20
green transition); strengthen science and technology through
European,the%20green%20and%20digital%20transitions
increased investment; foster industrial competitiveness; and 1. Develop research and innovation of advanced materials. 3. European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and
enhance access for researchers to participate and collaborate 2. Fast-track these materials to market. Innovation, Horizon Europe, the EU research and innovation
in a broader global dialogue.3 3. Increase capital investment and access to financing programme (2021–27) – For a green, healthy, digital and
inclusive Europe, Publications Office of the European Union,
(Horizon Europe). 2021, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/052084
“With Horizon Europe, the European research community, 4. Support production and use of advanced materials. 4. European Commission, Advanced Materials for Industrial
research organisations and our citizens can count on one of the 5. Create a Technology Council. Leadership, 2024, ps://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.
eu/document/download/0fcf06ea-c242-44a6-b2cb-
world’s largest research and innovation Programmes. It is our daed39584996_en
main tool to strengthen our scientific and technological base, The Communication addresses the advanced materials 5. https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/74/8/20/837643
develop solutions for healthier living, drive digital transforma- ecosystem within the EU and proposes actions that “address 6. https://thenextweb.com/news/eu-big-bet-on-making-europe-
the entire value creation, spanning from early-stage research to graphene-powerhouse
tion and fight climate change, for our collective resilience.”
7. https://sciencebusiness.net/sites/default/files/inline-files/
Mariya Gabriel, Commissioner for Innovation, Research, deployment and market uptake.”4 The intention is that together SB%20Report%20Webcast_Horizon%20Europe%20-%20
Culture, Education and Youth3 these actions will pave the way for a more “coordinated and a%20guide%20for%20non-Europeans_FINAL_7.pdf
20 GRAPHENEEU GRAPHENEEU 21
GrapheneEU
Ensuring coordination, collaboration and
cooperation in the Graphene Flagship
T
HE GRAPHENE EUROPE in the Lead (Graphe- GrapheneEU will help PROJECT COORDINATOR
neEU) Coordination and Support Action (CSA) Patrik Johansson,
ensures the overall coherence of the Graphene secure a sustained Chalmers University of Technology
Flagship. Building on ten years of experience European leadership in 2DM by
providing central support and coordination to
the Graphene Flagship, the GrapheneEU project
capitalising on the past decade’s PARTNERS
partners will help to unite the new Horizon investments in the Graphene Chalmers University of Technology,
Europe Research and Innovation Actions (RIAs) Sweden
and Innovation Action (IA) and provide services to help increase
Flagship. Chalmers Industriteknik, Sweden
the initiative’s visibility, effectiveness and voice. European Science Foundation, France
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
The CSA’s primary function is to encourage collaborations and Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and
knowledge transfer between the RIA/IA projects and with the studies. The CSA will build on the past roadmapping success, Innovation Research ISI, Germany
broader 2D materials (2DM) community. GrapheneEU ensures working jointly with the RIAs/IA to create field-specific road- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung
a strong and coherent initiative by providing key support maps based on their technical and scientific input. und – prüfung (BAM), Germany

functions in coordination and governance, industrialisation,
dissemination and alignment, enabling the participating pro- Standardisation
jects to identify and utilise synergies in their work, share best The aim of the standardisation work is to address regulatory
practices and promote interactions with relevant national and compliance as one crucial factor in a successful innovation
regional initiatives. GrapheneEU will help secure a sustained process of 2DMs. GrapheneEU promotes international
European leadership in 2DM by capitalising on the investments standards through the ISO and IEC organisations, supporting
in the Graphene Flagship from the FP7 and Horizon 2020 the RIAs/IA in creating regulatory-ready products. Standardised
European funding programmes and fostering and facilitating and regulatory compliant characterisation methods will be
the work to be continued during Horizon Europe. made available to be applied during product development.
Innovation
COORDINATION AND GOVERNANCE To maximize their utilisation potential the RIAs/IA will be guided
GrapheneEU’s management in conjunction with the Graphene by the CSA’s innovation support to extend beyond European
Flagship Director help coordinate the initiative, bring the pro- industries and the Graphene Flagship. Past experience in
jects together to make strategic decisions and influence the industrial outreach, business development for 2DM technolo-
European research and innovation landscape for 2DM. The gies and hosting innovation events will help to strengthen the Sofia Öiseth will continue to coordinate the Innovation
Forum at Graphene Week, forwarding GrapheneEU’s
CSA monitors specific aspects of the RIAs/IA’s progress, impact of these activities. Industrialisation and Dissemination goals.
increases internal cohesion of the initiative by organising Credit: Graphene Flagship
strategic meetings, supports the RIA/IA coordinators regarding
EC regulations and requests and handles contacts with other DISSEMINATION
key stakeholders. GrapheneEU ensures that the work of the Graphene Flagship
is communicated to all stakeholders from the research and
The Graphene Flagship governance structure relies on one innovation community to decision-makers and the public.
common decision-making body, the Coordination Board, which Sharing a common message and combined voice ensures
includes the coordinators of the RIAs/IA as well as repre- greater visibility and impact for all the Graphene Flagship
sentatives of GrapheneEU. In this way the projects are kept projects. Coordination of individual messages will help ensure
appraised of the work being done inside the initiative and are collaboration rather than competition in reaching the various
encouraged to collaborate and contribute to broader activities. communication channels. This begins with a common website ALIGNMENT AND INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONS
and events calendar, helping the Graphene Flagship to remain Collaboration and knowledge transfer are key to the Graphene GrapheneEU is also establishing a strategic network of national
the single-entry point for news and information about graphene Flagship’s success. GrapheneEU will continue the past work on and thematic representatives to facilitate the interactions and
INDUSTRIALISATION and 2DM. international collaborations and alignment with national and exchange of information between the Graphene Flagship and
Industrialisation support is a key element in maximising the regional initiatives in Europe. The 2DM research community in other national, regional and thematic initiatives. Moreover, as
impact of the Graphene Flagship in terms of new products, The continuation of the popular Graphene Week conference Europe is comprised of over 1500 institutions actively working a result of the Graphene Flagship’s excellent research activities
companies and jobs in Europe. On this matter, GrapheneEU which allows for networking and knowledge transfer in all areas in the field, with over 150 European companies involved in and demonstrated scientific impact over the last ten years,
partners collaborate with the RIAs/IA through three interlinked of 2DM as well as digital workshops on more targeted topics various segments of the market (materials production, product Europe is recognised as a 2DM leader. This position has made
tasks: roadmapping, standardisation and innovation support. will be key to the collaborative dissemination efforts of the development, equipment manufacturing, etc.). While part of the the initiative an attractive global collaboration partner, a
The continuity of the Graphene Flagship partners working on Graphene Flagship. The RIAs/IA will contribute with speakers, research activities will be covered by the RIA/IA projects, a position that the CSA will continue to strengthen through a
industrialisation will facilitate early adoption and growth. strategic leadership and expertise to the conference, while the larger number of research activities will be supported at the series of international workshops that will address topics of
event will provide an avenue for collaboration and cooperation. national level or through other EU funding programmes. The interest to individual actors as well as international partners.
Roadmapping The Graphene Flagship’s established educational programmes CSA provides an interface for these activities, so that they can
Technology and Innovation Roadmaps identify the areas where and workshops and the Diversity in Graphene networking and all contribute to the Graphene Flagship and its objectives. This
new 2DM technologies can make the most significant impact coaching events continue to support the next generation, with will be achieved by offering the possibility for organisations or
on society, the economy and the environment using a highly a particular focus on underrepresented groups within the projects to join the initiative as Associated Members or
successful combination of workshops, interviews and literature 2DM community. Partnering Projects.
22 SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY 23
Flash Graphene:
PLASTICS
The problem of plastic is familiar to anyone visiting the grocery Graphene Flagship Associated Member
Nanografen is producing graphene from
store or an open beach. It is everywhere and inescapable. waste tyres with the goal of improving
Trash to Treasure
recycling systems and making cars more
Plastics are made of polymetric materials and are used in many eco-friendly. Credit: Nanografen
indispensable applications throughout our daily lives, but their
long-decomposition time has left the unsolved problem of trash
in its wake. Although some plastics can be recycled, most end
up in landfills or floating in our seas, taking hundreds (if not
thousands) of years to decompose.
T
Since the Rice University discovery of FG, some have begun to
ponder and test whether the conversion of plastic waste (PW)
to graphene could be an answer to overcoming this immense
HE APPLICATIONS for graphene use are broad, Most conventional production problem.
having altered the composition of electronics,
energy storage and biomedical devices, methods include high energy
One approach to upcycling PW relies on FJH to convert PW to
sensors and composites and coatings over use and chemical leakage. As the FG. According to findings in an ACS (2020) article, “to make
the past two decades. This is all due to its
exceptional mechanical, electrical and ther- production of graphene-related high-quality graphene, a sequential alternating current (AC) and
mal properties. However, what are the environ- materials (GRM) continues to scale, direct current (DC) flash is used. The FJH process requires no
mental impacts of its use and how does the cost limit its catalyst and works for PW mixtures, which makes the process
application?
they will inevitably leak into our soil and suitable for handling landfill PW.” The authors also suggest that
waterways, therefore we must form an not only could FJH manage PW from landfill, but that the energy
Graphene was first isolated in 2004, and since then the cost required “is ≈23 kJ/g or ≈$125 in electricity per ton of PW,
informed understanding of what this potentially making this process economically attractive.” 9
has come down significantly. However, this is still dependent
on the quality of the graphene desired, and the production means for the environment and health
Another promising use for PW could be to produce not only However, according to a One Earth (2022) article “the sustaina-
methods used to isolate it. Commercial-grade, high-quality of the impacted ecosystems”.

graphene can still be extremely expensive, with retail prices graphene, but hydrogen, an alternative to fossil fuel. Research- bility credentials of the FJH approach remain unclear, and it is
ranging from $60,000 to $200,000 per ton.1 In some instanc- ers from Rice University found that when using FJH they can far from certain whether FJH can use biomass waste to produce
es, the cost is high (both economically and environmentally) transform PW into hydrogen gas, producing FG as a byprod- industry-quality graphene.” Overall, their study revealed “that
due to the resources needed to produce it. uct.10 By using FJH and PW they can produce clean hydrogen for the FJH technology can contribute greatly to the environmental
END - OF-LIFE VEHICLES free, by selling the graphene at a fraction of its current market and economic sustainability of graphene production, with the
A promising discovery made by scientists at Rice University in Another top carbon emissions contributor is the automotive/ value.9 “Hydrogen could be the green fuel of the future.” 11 potential to facilitate the transition of circular bioeconomy by
the lab of chemist James Tour, in January 2020, may upend our transportation industry. These emissions are not only from valorising biomass waste.16
graphene production processes and our concept of trash vehicles in use, but also from the end-of-life vehicle (ELV), in
altogether. Their findings were first published in Nature (2020) the form of non-recyclable waste of plastics (ELV-WP). MUNICIPAL WASTE While there is still much research to be done, the resounding
and describe the use of Flash Joule Heating (FJH) to create With over 2 billion tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) message is clear; we need new ways to minimise carbon
flash graphene or flake graphene (FG). The process uses According to a Nature (2022) article, “the automotive sector generated globally every year, equating to “around 70 % of waste emissions and to deal with waste, and the process and
inexpensive carbon sources, such as coal, discarded food, produces an estimated 5% of the global industrial waste in the ending up in landfills or open dumps... technologies that can production of FG could be one way to turn our trash into
rubber tires, plastic waste, etc. to make FG which is suitable for form of ELV” which is only estimated to increase as global minimise waste volume or convert waste into valuable products treasure.
use in bulk composites of plastic, metals, plywood, concrete standards of living increase, and the cost of entry decreases. are required.” 12 In an ACS publication, the use of FJH to make
and other building materials.2 The electrical cost is about 7.2 Although global processing standards vary from country to FG as a waste management strategy is assessed as a form of
kilojoules per gram, which is just “a fraction of the cost used country, in the United States as of 2020, an estimated “waste valorisation” one which could “help achieve near-zero
References
by other bulk-graphene producing methods,” says Tour.3 10 – 30% of total vehicle weight is saved from shredding. “EVL waste and an economy-boosting MSW management system.”12
waste plastic (EVL-WP) is the largest non-recycled material in 1. Wyss, K.M., et al. Nature. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1038/
This inexpensive process of turning trash into treasure is a vehicles, and the increased use of next-generation polymer The paper also points to this method as less polluting than its s44172-022-00006-7
conventional counterparts, used to produce bulk-graphene, 2. Luong, D.X., et al. Nature. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/
simple flash of super-hot electricity focused on the source composites exacerbates recycling of ELV-WP through traditional s41586-020-1938-0
of carbon, which reorders the atoms and creates graphene. methods which generally focus on singular plastic sources.” 1 which can be resource intensive and polluting. 3. https://news.rice.edu/news/2020/rice-lab-turns-trash-valu-
Since its discovery there have been many promising plans For instance, the Graphene Flagship partner Nanografen, able-graphene-flash
4. https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottsnowden/2020/07/24/
and proposals for its use. based in Turkey, transforms old tyres into graphene-based
ground-breaking-method-to-make-graphene-from-garbage-
nanoplatelets through a process of pyrolysis, chemical and CRUDE OIL BYPRODUCT (ASPHALTENE) is-modern-day-alchemy/?sh=874fa6d50d7a
thermal treatments.6 This offers not only a solution to the INTO GRAPHENE COMPOSITE 5. https://graphene-flagship.eu/materials/news/materi-
CONSTRUCTION issue of toxic tyre waste, but a low-cost graphene source for Rice University researchers have also uncovered a potential
als-of-the-future-graphene-and-concrete/#:~:text=By%20
integrating%20graphene%20into%20concrete,water%20
As populations and urbanisation thrive, the construction thermoplastic applications in automotive components.7 use for asphaltene a byproduct of crude oil production, that permeable%20than%20standard%20concrete.
industry faces tremendous challenges when it comes to when flashed turns into useful turbostatic graphene that can 6. https://www.nanografen.com.tr/products.html
reducing its carbon footprint, especially the footprint linked The difficulty and cost of upcycling depolluted, dismantled 7. https://graphene-flagship.eu/materials/news/nanografen-
be used in composites for thermal, anti-corrosion and 3D- is-making-automotive-vehicles-more-eco-friendly-here-s-
to cement-based products. and shredded end-of-life plastics still remains, and has made printing applications.13 These applications tie into the how/
EVL-WP a pressing environmental concern, however, with the Graphene Flagship project GIANCE which works to support, 8. https://graphene-flagship.eu/about/first-10-years/
According to an article in Forbes (2020), concrete is only introduction of FJH and FG the possibility of processing the develop and advance innovative solutions to environmental spearheads/c3-sh02-gboard/
9. Algozeeb, W.A., et al. ACS Nano. 2020, https://doi.
second to water, as the most consumed product in the world, waste into useable graphene is hopeful. challenges thus establishing a holistic, integrated and org/10.1021/acsnano.0c06328
with the production of cement producing 8% of the world’s industrial-driven platform for the design and scalable fabri- 10. https://news.rice.edu/news/2023/making-hydrogen-waste-
carbon emissions.4 Additionally, the Graphene Flagship spearhead project, cation of the next generation of recyclable graphene.14 plastic-could-pay-itself
G+Board features conductive patterns, sensors and devices 11. https://singularityhub.com/2023/10/08/how-flash-heating-
plastic-waste-could-produce-green-hydrogen-and-graphene/
This is where graphene can enter the equation. As a strong, based on multi-functional graphene or reduced graphene oxide 12. Barbhuiya, N.H., et al. ACS Nano 2021, https://doi.
but light material it can be added to concrete, and in small to replace copper that is currently used in car dashboards.8 CONCLUSION org/10.1021/acsnano.1c07571
increments of 0.03 % which then increases its compressive This substitution reduces the number of production steps and 13. https://news.rice.edu/news/2022/rice-turns-asphal-
The Flash Joule Heating (FJH) process has been shown to tene-graphene-composites
strength by 25%.4 Graphene-enhanced concrete is 2.5 times lowers vehicle weight, while also improving aesthetics and produce high-quality flash (flake) graphene (FG) that can lessen 14. https://graphene-flagship.eu/focus/composites/giance/
stronger and four times less water permeable than standard recyclability. the carbon and water footprint by more than 90%, compared to 15. Dhali, S., et al. Science Direct. 2023, https://doi.
concrete. It uses much less cement to deliver the desired org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90914-3.00004-8
other bulk-graphene production methods; not to mentioned 16. Jia, C., et.al. One Earth. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
strength. As a result, it is expected to reduce CO2 emissions that it’s more cost effective than other retrieval methods.15 oneear.2022.11.006
by 30 %.5
25
PHOTO GALLERY
PHOTO GALLERY
24 GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023
26 ENERGY ENERGY 27
ARMS
Eco-friendly supercapacitors
T
HE ARMS PROJECT, short for Atomic layer-coat- One key innovation within ARMS NEW HORIZONS
ed gRaphene electrode-based Micro-flexible Over the next few years, the ARMS project has an ambitious
and Structural supercapacitors, aims to create is the use of scalable atomic roadmap encompassing various crucial activities. In the first
environmentally-friendly supercapacitors with layer deposition (ALD) processes to modify year, the baseline synthesis parameters for both bio-graphene
high energy density (>50 Wh/kg), similar to and wood-derived carbon nanomaterials will be established,
batteries. By incorporating graphene-rich graphene-rich activated carbon electrodes
laying the groundwork for subsequent research. Concurrently,
bio-based carbon materials and graphene- by applying ultrathin conformal coatings benchmark and test procedures will be developed to evaluate
decorated carbon fibres and utilising scalable
and cost-effective atomic layer deposition (ALD) manufacturing
of metal oxides at the nanoscale, electrode performance in hybrid electrolyte systems. Later,
the focus will shift towards providing feedback on electrolyte
technology, the project seeks to maintain power density, cycle promising a major increase in energy interactions and presenting a Systems Safety by Design (SSbD) The ARMS project team.
Credit: ARMS
life and eco-friendliness. The ultimate goal is to establish a
density. These electrodes are designed framework report outlining criteria for safety, sustainability and
new value chain for supercapacitor manufacturing, with circularity assessments.
European small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) playing to offer high power density and long
a key role in this innovative initiative. cycle life, addressing the limitations Executing the ARMS project’s roadmap faces challenges in The ARMS project will contribute to the Graphene Flagship

bio-graphene and wood-derived carbon nanomaterial synthe- community by actively engaging in cutting-edge research,
of conventional supercapacitors.” sis, demanding rigorous experimentation and collaboration. sharing insights at community events and fostering collabora-
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES Coordinating interdisciplinary activities requires effective tive partnerships. Through these efforts, we aim to enhance
The outputs of the ARMS project, focusing on developing Matti Mäntysalo the collective knowledge base, contribute to the community’s
communication and resource management while adapting to
supercapacitors with enhanced energy density and cycle life, Project Coordinator goals and increase visibility and credibility, ultimately working
evolving industry standards. Benchmarking electrode perfor-
have diverse real-world applications. These advanced superca- mance in hybrid electrolyte systems entails iterative testing towards advancing graphene-related technologies and fostering
pacitors offer a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to and collaboration with electrochemistry specialists. innovation within the Graphene Flagship ecosystem.
conventional batteries, featuring large amounts of graphene on project attends to the urgent need for sustainable energy
the surface of electrode materials but formulated so that storage solutions, especially in the context of achieving the Ensuring regulatory compliance and safety criteria within the
macroscopically useful quantities of the material can be used. goals outlined in the Green Deal. SSbD framework requires engagement with regulatory experts
The sustainability, scalability and enhanced functionalities of and ongoing updates. The project’s success relies on a holistic
the developed supercapacitors make them versatile solutions approach, combining technical expertise, collaboration and
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS
for a range of industrial processes and consumer products. adaptability to ensure smooth progress aligned with industry Energy
The applications include consumer electronics (remote The ARMS project plays a vital role in helping Europe meet its standards and regulations.
controls, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, fire alarms and other sustainability goals by contributing to the Green Deal and
small wireless devices), toys and drones, and electric grid aligning with the continent’s objectives for a circular, cli- PROJECT COORDINATOR
applications. mate-neutral and sustainable economy. By developing new COLLABORATIONS Matti Mäntysalo, Tampere University, Finland
technology solutions for portable energy sources, the project Being part of the broader Graphene Flagship ecosystem
Although currently outside the project’s scope, the enhanced aims to outperform alternative technologies in terms of energy presents a myriad of anticipated benefits. Firstly, the collabora-
functionalities of ARMS materials suggest a potential future and power density, safety, stability, flexibility, lightweight, tive nature of the Graphene Flagship allows for unparalleled PARTNERS
application in electromobility. The supercapacitors developed thinness and cost-effectiveness. The supercapacitors networking opportunities with leading researchers, experts and Tampere University, Finland
within the ARMS project could contribute to advancing electric developed by ARMS will be designed to be entirely made of industry players in the field of graphene and 2D materials. This KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
vehicle technology, providing an eco-friendly and cost-effective eco-friendly materials. They will be applicable to various network fosters knowledge exchange and opens avenues for CIDETEC Energy Storage, Spain
alternative to traditional batteries. sectors, from consumer goods and IoT objects to electrification potential collaborations and partnerships. InnoCell ApS, Denmark
of transport. The project’s emphasis on sustainable materials Institute of Solid State Physics, University
The project addresses the performance gap between batteries and processes, such as bio-based carbon and environmentally Secondly, being part of the Graphene Flagship ecosystem of Latvia, Latvia
and supercapacitors using 2D materials, aiming to enhance friendly electrolytes, supports Europe’s transition to a digitally enhances visibility and credibility within the scientific and Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry,
energy storage technologies. This effort could lead to improved led circular and climate-neutral economy. industrial communities. The association with a renowned and Latvia
energy density, environmental sustainability and technological collaborative initiative strengthens our position as a noteworthy University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
innovation within the European ecosystem of 2D materials. The outputs of the ARMS project are expected to lead to a more player in the graphene domain. This enhanced visibility can AIMEN Technology Centre, Spain
Successful outcomes may foster research collaboration, environmentally friendly future through the development of attract funding opportunities, partnerships and collaborations Beneq Oy, Finland
economic growth and increased competitiveness in the global supercapacitors with energy densities comparable to batteries. that may not have been possible without the support of the Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
market for energy storage solutions. The use of eco-friendly bio-based carbon and metal oxides in Graphene Flagship. Lynxdrone, France
the electrodes, along with sustainable fabrication processes,
The ARMS project aims to tackle several critical challenges ensures that the materials are sourced and produced in an Moreover, participation in Graphene Flagship events adds a
faced by Europe, including the aftermath of the COVID-19 environmentally responsible manner. The project contributes to dynamic dimension to these benefits. The project organises
pandemic, the impact of climate change leading to extreme creating a sustainable and autonomous materials value chain various events tailored for researchers, industry professionals
weather events and the geopolitical shift with the disruption in for EU industrial ecosystems, promoting the use of naturally and early career researchers. These events serve as invaluable
the supply of Russian fossil fuels due to the war in Ukraine. abundant and non-toxic materials. Additionally, the focus on platforms for inspiration, encouraging us to engage in better
By focusing on developing graphene-enhanced, eco-friendly, sustainable-by-design materials in the production of super- research, innovation and collaboration. The exchange of ideas
bio-based carbon supercapacitors, ARMS seeks to provide capacitors enhances their functionalities while minimising the and experiences in these events is expected to enrich our
a vital solution for renewable green energy in Europe. These impact on worker health and safety. Overall, ARMS aims to perspective and fuel our commitment to excellence.
supercapacitors are anticipated to offer energy densities establish a circular and sustainable economy by addressing
comparable to batteries while maintaining power density and environmental concerns throughout the entire lifecycle of the
cycle life comparable to conventional supercapacitors. The developed energy storage solutions.
28 ENERGY ENERGY 29
GRAPHERGIA Self-charging textile

development.
Innovative pilot lines for sustainable

graphene-based flexible and structural
energy harvesting and storage devices
Self-powered
structurally integrated
sensors for aerospace
structures.
We expect that GRAPHERGIA’s
T
dual focus on represents a
paradigm shift in the graphene industry,
HE GRAPHERGIA project seeks to transform
energy solutions with sustainable, efficient promising scalable and sustainable Advanced graphene-
power technologies. It focuses on developing advancements that will shape the future based LIB module for
space applications.
eco-friendly dry electrode fabrication for energy
storage devices, leveraging the potential of of energy storage and smart textiles.”
lasers in graphene synthesis. The project’s
ambition is two-fold: it will create self-charging Spyros Yannopoulos
e-textiles for biomechanical energy harvesting, Project Coordinator
making the charge-as-you-go lifestyle a reality for everyone. In
parallel, it aims to develop cost-effective lithium-ion batteries The GRAPHERGIA team.
(LIBs) for space applications, marking a significant step Credit: GRAPHERGIA

towards a more sustainable energy future.
Scalable technology: The process is designed for rapid, Self-powered structurally integrated sensors for aerospace
large-scale production, leveraging industrial-type laser structures: Demonstrating a miniaturised TENG-based sensor
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES technology for immediate graphene synthesis and integration. in a scaled aerospace composite structure. This demo case
GRAPHERGIA will establish scalable, eco-friendly pilot-scale aims to integrate a self-powered wireless temperature/strain
methods for crucial real-world applications. It focuses on High-quality standards: Our method produces graphene quality sensor into a composite fan blade, enhancing data accuracy Energy
breakthrough developments in materials, processes, and in harmony with the “Good Practice Guides” and ISO graphene for better and quicker design decisions in aerospace.
integration, aiming to provide sustainable, long-term solutions standards.
in the rapidly advancing fields of energy harvesting and storage, Advanced graphene-based LIB module for space applications: PROJECT COORDINATOR
meeting the growing market demands for cutting-edge energy Adaptability: Direct graphene growth on various substrates Designing, manufacturing and testing a graphene-based LIB Spyros Yannopoulos, Foundation for Research
applications. negates the need for transfer processes. module prototype for space applications. This demo will and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Greece
validate the efficacy of our laser-assisted fabrication tech-
Smart e-textiles: Envision clothing that not only connects you Integrated modularity: The ambient condition synthesis nology at TRL 5, focusing on optimal laser-scribed graphene
wirelessly to the IoT but also powers itself. GRAPHERGIA will facilitates an integrated system with real-time quality monitor- electrodes and LIB cells. PARTNERS
develop multifunctional, self-charging smart textiles that ing capabilities. Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas
integrate advanced wearable electronic systems seamlessly Challenges in these areas will be addressed through rigorous (FORTH), Greece
into fabrics. It will revolutionise the fabrication of graphene- Versatile precursor usage: Capable of converting a range of research and development, leveraging our beneficiaries’ Université Gustave Eiffel / ESYCom Lab, France
based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) electrodes on precursors, including polymers, biomass, and carbides, into expertise in graphene technology and our commitment to University ‘Sapienza’ Rome, Italy
textiles and develop a ground-breaking power management premium graphene and graphene-nanohybrids through tailored innovative solutions. Deutsches Zentrum für Luft - und Raumfahrt e.V.,
system, designed to significantly enhance the efficiency of laser treatment. Germany
TENG output. Next Technology Tecnotessile, Italy
Resourcefulness: Reducing dependence on traditional COLLABORATIONS Pleione Energy GMBH, Germany
Li-ion batteries: GRAPHERGIA will redefine LIB technology with wet-chemistry methods, thereby streamlining production By joining the Graphene Flagship community, GRAPHERGIA Adamant Composites Ltd., Greece
advanced graphene-based electrodes, employing a novel processes, and enhancing efficiency. stands to gain substantial benefits. Participation in this Born – Knitting Engineers, Germany
“dry-electrode” fabrication approach integrating 2D materials dynamic network offers unparalleled opportunities for collabo- Comsensus, Slovenia
and process-oriented methodologies, utilising cost-effective Promoting material independence: By reducing reliance on ration, knowledge sharing, and visibility. Our project will gain AUSTRALO Marketing Lab, Spain
raw materials and scalable fabrication techniques to ensure imported Critical Raw Materials (CRMs), it enhances the EU’s access to cutting-edge research, key stakeholders, and Euglottia Monoprosopi I.K.E., Greece
economically viable and environmentally sustainable solutions. energy autonomy while simultaneously strengthening environ- potential partners across Europe. This involvement will not
It will create highly efficient graphene-based electrodes for mental sustainability and conserving resources. only accelerate our own graphene innovations but also help Started in October 2023 and running until March
LIBs using scalable, green, laser-assisted processes. in disseminating our breakthroughs to both the scientific 2027, the GRAPHERGIA project unites 11
community and the public at large, enhancing our project’s partners from six European Union countries. It is
NEW HORIZONS impact and recognition. supported by a budget of € 4.5 million, funded
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS During 3.5 years, GRAPHERGIA is dedicated to enhancing the through the European Commission Horizon
GRAPHERGIA embodies a commitment to pioneering advance- scalable, economic and environmentally friendly production of In parallel, our project will bring fresh perspectives, innovative Europe programme.
ments in graphene technology, underscored by several graphene-based materials, targeting high-impact products in approaches to graphene-related material development, and a
fundamental principles: the energy sector for significant societal, economic and commitment to advancing the collective goals of the communi-
environmental benefits. Our three demo cases include: ty. Through active participation and sharing of our research
Eco-friendly manufacturing: Our process is waste-free and advancements, GRAPHERGIA aims to be a key contributor to
excludes the use of hazardous substances, aligning with Self-charging textile development: Manufacturing an all-in-one the continuation of the GFi’s mission, fostering advancements
environmental protection goals. textile capable of energy harvesting and storage. It will in graphene technology and applications.
integrate single electrode TENGs into, e.g., T-shirts and belts
Cost-effective production: We implement a single-step method for energy storage and gait monitoring, and embedding these
at room temperature, eliminating the need for specialised technologies into upholstery fabrics for transport interiors to
equipment or further treatment of graphene. boost comfort and safety.
30 BIOMEDICAL BIOMEDICAL 31
MUNASET
Multiparametric nanoelectronic
biosensors for therapy response testing
The aim of the MUNASET
M
project is to develop graphene-
based devices to help doctors monitor
UNASET will develop a highly sensitive
graphene-based biosensor platform to the therapy of patients with depression
The project’s month six meeting took place in
diagnose neurological and psychiatric and other psychiatric disorders. The Zweibruecken on 29 February 2024. Credit: MUNASET
diseases.
envisioned test is fast, easy-to-use, only
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES requires blood samples and can be
Proteases recently emerged as a
promising new class of biomarker with
used at the point-of-care to develop
a broad diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential for personalised therapies. It can greatly NEW HORIZONS
different human diseases including neurological and psychi- The project starts at technology readiness level (TRL) 3. In
improve the treatment outcomes for previous work by MUNASET partners and other researchers,
atric diseases, several types of cancer and immune system

disorders. However, there is a lack of tools for real-time activity psychiatric diseases.” experimental proof-of-concept was demonstrated for two key
analysis of disease-related protease biomarkers. components:
Alexey Tarasov MUNASET Graphenea chip.
As a specific business case, we plan to address therapy Project Coordinator • Analytical performance of graphene-based biosensors Credit: MUNASET
response prediction along treatment of major depressive was characterised for clinically relevant analyte in different
disorder (MDD). MDD is one of the most common and burden- media, including buffer and serum.
some mental disorders worldwide. MDD is also among the • A CMOS readout was already fabricated, and its function
most expensive brain diseases in Europe. While effective • A novel field-effect sensing mechanism based on specific demonstrated in liquid without chemical functionalisation.
treatments exist, there is a high variability in treatment charge removal by proteases to ensure high and homogene- In the next two years, MUNASET will reach TRL 4. Detection
response. There are no serum-based tests to predict perso- ous signals. of purified protease in buffer using peptide-coated graphene
nalised therapy for MDD patients. The effective treatment is • An integrated complementary metal-oxide semiconductor biosensors will be validated in a lab environment.
identified through trial and error, a great burden for patients (CMOS) readout to enable robust multi-analyte measure-
and the health care system. ments with built-in calibration, averaging, etc. Point-of-care devices testing blood or serum samples often
suffer from the complexity of the analyte solution. In the
MUNASET will develop a rapid, highly sensitive and easy-to- MUNASET project a novel approach for the detection of
use graphene-based biosensor platform to address therapy SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS proteases in serum is being investigated, offering a highly
response prediction and allow faster and more precise MUNASET will contribute to a more sustainable industry sensitive and selective method to detect active proteases in Biomedical
treatment identification, improve therapy outcomes and reduce because the same underlying technology could be used in complex samples. The integration of highly sensitive devices
hospitalisation time. MUNASET will also help secure Europe’s different industries and application scenarios. The platform will with integrated electrical readout, as well as a microfluidic
industrial leadership over the entire value chain of novel integration ensures that the previous limitations in the field PROJECT COORDINATOR
also be miniaturised and have multi-analyte detection capabili-
graphene-based bio-analytical tools. ty on a single small chip, which will save materials and can be overcome. Alexey Tarasov, Kaiserslautern University of
resources needed to perform the tests. Applied Sciences, Germany
Our goal is a next-generation biosensor platform technology
that combines several existing technologies into a unique The project aims to further the United Nation’s Sustainable COLLABORATIONS
biosensor device that can potentially revolutionise the way Through interactions within the Graphene Flagship ecosystem, PARTNERS
Development Goal (SDG) for health and well-being. Not only will
biochemical reactions and physiological interactions are the developed platform be used for MDD patients to improve we anticipate a higher impact for our research, enabled by Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences,
studied. If successful, we expect that the resulting platform the therapy and monitor its effectiveness, but the platform will discussions leading to new scientific insights, new project Germany
technology will significantly advance biomedical research and also give valuable insight into the development of point-of-care ideas and collaboration opportunities; in addition to, access Graphenea Semiconductor SL, Spain
permit the development of novel point-of-care diagnostic and devices for multiple other diseases such as cancer. to various tools and knowledge from the GrapheneEU Coordina- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz,
drug screening tools that can provide a competitive advantage tion and Support Action. Germany
for the healthcare and wellbeing sector in the European Union The MUNASET project is working to simplify the therapy VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.,
(EU). process associated with MDD. This approach will reduce the Contribution to the Graphene Flagship initiative will be an Finland
number of resources used in classical therapies. Not only will essential goal of MUNASET, with four tasks articulating our Mainz University Medical Centre, Germany
By using 2D graphene, we plan to demonstrate the following the use of the MUNASET devices reduce the time spent at commitment and involvement. As such MUNASET will be able ProActive Ltd., Belgium
advantages compared to conventional tools: clinics, but it will also reduce the amount of medication that is to participate in the activities, contribute technical expertise,
• Improved biosensing performance; including low detection being used and streamline the tests that must be performed provide key exploitation results and report overall indicators
limits, low drift, high chemical stability and biocompatibility in a laborious way in standard laboratories. assessment to the new GrapheneEU CSA.
to allow sensitive and selective biomarker detection in real
time.
• Versatile surface chemistry via pi stacking of linker mole-
Having initiated synergies with both the Graphene Flagship and
other biomedical-oriented projects and initiatives, such as the
MUNASET
PART OF THE GRAPHENE FLAGSHIP
cules on graphene to attach capture peptides for different sister project 2D-BioPAD, MUNASET expects to contribute via
analytes. tangible actions and activities for promoting graphene bio-
medical research and innovation within and beyond the
Graphene Flagship ecosystem.
32 BIOMEDICAL BIOMEDICAL 33
2D-BioPAD
A supple graphene bio-platform for point-
of-care early detection and monitoring of
Alzheimer’s disease
T
2D-BioPAD will leverage the
NEW HORIZONS
HE PROJECT 2D-BioPAD aims to introduce a rich physical and chemical 2D-BioPAD kicked-off its activities in October 2023, and since
fast and cost-effective, non-invasive, reliable, properties of graphene, as well as the then has successfully implemented key elements to establish
digitally and graphene-enabled point-of-care a strong and coherent presence. The project designed a well-
(PoC) in-vitro diagnostics (IVD) system for expertise of the consortium partners defined graphic identity that extends across various promotion-
supporting the early diagnosis and progression to develop hand-held sensors for al materials (i.e., leaflet, poster, banner). The online sphere is
monitoring of Alzheimer’s Disease directly at also effectively covered with the creation of a website and
primary healthcare settings.
Alzheimer disease and validate them
active social media accounts on platforms such as LinkedIn,
in a clinical setting from patients’ Facebook and X (formerly Twitter), whereas a YouTube channel
blood samples.” will be launched in March 2024 along with the project’s
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES promotional video.
2D-BioPAD leverages the unique properties of
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of
Aristeidis Bakandritsos graphene and its derivatives to deliver a graphene-
dementia,1 affecting more than one in nine people aged 65 and From a scientific perspective, 2D-BioPAD has geared up with based point-of-care diagnostics system.
Project Coordinator
older. The disease is one of the most severe factors driving
numerous activities starting in January 2024, extending from

brain dysfunction in elderly people and is expected to affect field research to capture end-users’ needs via interviews and
roughly 18.8 million people by 2050 in Europe alone2.With an surveys, to preliminary (co-)design activities for its technical
enormous phycological, social and financial burden for components and the clinical pilot studies. These are also the
healthcare, long-term care and hospice (over $355b just in the SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS core challenges that the project will be addressing over the
US in 2021, without including an additional ~$257B in unpaid According to research findings,7 the current healthcare sector next nine months, aiming to finalise preliminary designs and
caregiving) at a global scale. Perhaps most important of all, the contributes negatively to society, in the form of environmental delve deeper into the implementation of the 2D-BioPAD
incidence and mortality due to AD keep rising, with an increase degradation and costs that affect patients and those close to system.
of 145.2% from 2000 to 2019, while heart diseases have them. Considering that by 2050, almost 20 million individuals
decreased by 14%. This situation will worsen due to population will be affected by Alzheimer’s in Europe, there is much work
ageing; life expectancy in Europe is expected to increase by that needs to be done to reshape the healthcare sector and its COLLABORATIONS Biomedical
~10% in 2065 reaching 92.8 years for women and 90.5 years negative impact on the environment and society. To tackle The 2D-BioPAD project has established a strong collaboration
for men3. Absent of a cure, and with current practices targeting these challenges, the transition from curative medicine with the Graphene Flagship community through active partici-
the symptoms rather than the cause4, the need for a preventive towards prevention, pre-care and health promotion,8 is PROJECT COORDINATOR
pation in joint meetings and undertaking the role of co-organiser
approach to diagnose as early as possible and get a better considered one of the most effective approaches. Such Aristeidis Bakandritsos, Palacký University
of Graphene Week 2024 in Prague.
insight into the progression of AD is of utmost importance, strategy also aligns with AD clinical research findings that Olomouc, Czech Republic
especially at earlier stages such as mild cognitive impairment support early diagnosis and prevention as the only effective Wider promotion, visibility and outreach are key benefits that
(MCI). countermeasures for delaying progression, providing access are already showing results, with the online social media
to new medication and eventually improving quality of life. PARTNERS
interaction between 2D-BioPAD and the Graphene Flagship
An early and accurate Alzheimer’s diagnosis would offer Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
being frequent and productive. As the project progresses, other
significant benefits such as (i) a better chance of benefiting Towards that direction, 2D-BioPAD contributes to a greener Q-Plan International Advisors PC, Greece
aspects such as industrialisation and standardisation will also
from treatment, (ii) lessening emotional and social burden, healthcare digital supply chain by introducing a low-power, Catalan Institute of Science and Nanotechnolo-
be explored, to maximise the outcomes of the project.
(iii) allowing more time and better quality of life, and (iv) saving advanced, digitalised PoC IVD system, able to cost-effectively gy, Spain
trillions of Euros in terms of overall costs5. On top of that, support widely accessible early diagnosis and progression Grapheal, France
Having initiated synergies with both the Graphene Flagship and
emerging promising treatment through novel drugs requires monitoring of AD in primary healthcare settings. Through this, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
other biomedical-oriented projects and initiatives, such as the
extensive screening to identify the people who are at risk for we anticipate significant reductions in the burden for patients Novaptech, France
sister project MUNASET, 2D-BioPAD expects to contribute via
AD, while aiming to limit adverse effects6. As we speak, such and the environment compared to current required treatments, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
tangible actions and activities for promoting graphene bio-
screening processes are too expensive and inaccessible to by enabling the related healthcare sector to achieve improved Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and
medical research and innovation within and beyond the
the public. outcomes with fewer examinations, less hospitalisation time, Related Disorders, Greece
Graphene Flagship ecosystem.
delayed disease progression and hence the mitigation of Envia, Denmark
2D-BioPAD leverages the unique properties of 2D materials intense clinical support. Central Institute of Mental Health in Manheim,
(2DM), such as graphene and its derivatives, and goes beyond Germany
the 2DM state-of-the-art to deliver a graphene-based PoC IVD Moreover, 2D-BioPAD introduces two additional and important University College Dublin/National University
1. https://www.alz.org/media/documents/ of Ireland, Ireland
system that will (i) introduce a versatile surface chemistry merits towards a greener digital supply chain, that will further alzheimers-facts-and-figures.pdf
that combines nano and DNA technologies towards improved improve the European industrial and technology landscape. 2. https://www.alzheimer-europe.org/dementia/
biocompatibility, stability, as well as high sensitivity and First, the graphene design envisioned is expected to be prevalence-dementia-europe
3. Janssen, F. et al. Elife. 2021, DOI: 10.7554/
specificity for enhanced biosensing; (ii) be able to reliably CRM-free taking advantage of state-of-the-art developments eLife.66590
identify and quantify in real-time and simultaneously up to on graphene and aptamer technologies. Secondly, through 4. Kumar, A. et al. Pharm. Rep. 2015, DOI:
five AD biomarkers in blood samples effectively supporting its digitalised implementation, it will be able to generate a 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.09.004
5. https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/
healthcare professionals in early diagnosis and progression significant volume of (paperless) data on several biomarkers,
diagnosis/why-get-checked
monitoring; (iii) offer an easy to use and understand digital enabling a patient-oriented and clinically robust device, 6. Gustavsson, E. et al. J Med Ethics. 2021, DOI:
interface with key metrics and insights regarding the measured catalysing the transformation of the contemporary complex and 10.1136/medethics-2021-107304
results; and (iv) employ artificial intelligence (AI) to improve the energy-demanding methods for Alzheimer’s Disease diagnosis 7. Eckelman, M. J., & Sherman, J. J PONE. 2016,
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157014
overall system implementation and drive the next generation and monitoring, to a sustainable, POC, minimally invasive and 8. Ossebaard, H. C., & Lachman, P. Int J Qual Health
of graphene design and implementation. effective hand-held sensor. Care. 2021 DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzaa036
34 ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS 35
GATEPOST
and communities. GATEPOST also supports SDG 13, to combat
climate change and its effects. The GATEPOST technology
enables 56/6G applications of the future, which will reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and enable new climate mitigation
and adaptation measures.
Introducing the first Graphene-based
All-Optical Technology Platform for a
NEW HORIZONS
Secure Internet of Things and exciting In the first two years of the project, the focus will be on the
5G/6G applications conception and design of the system and devices. The
GATEPOST project team will achieve the first milestone in the
development and integration of the graphene process by the
end of 2024. The large-scale integration of graphene into
If we succeed in combining silicon nitride complementary metal-oxide semiconductors
T
graphene with standard (CMOS) has been challenging. Progress has been slow, mainly
due to a lack of infrastructure.
CMOS processes, we will be on the
ODAY, THE INTERNET of Things (IoT) is an verge of a breakthrough in data As the main challenge lies in the maturity of graphene process-
es within standard CMOS environments, the main objective of
integral part of our everyday lives and is no processing and memory.” GATEPOST is to fabricate and demonstrate a radically new
longer a dream of the future. Devices connect-
ed locally or over IoT not only make our daily graphene-based all-optical processing platform, integrated and
Mindaugas Lukosius
lives easier and more convenient, but also tested in a real CMOS pilot line. The unique expertise of each
Project Coordinator
more efficient. The same is true of 5G/6G consortium member in all-optical digital logic, neuromorphic
technologies, which will enable new applica- computing, memory and ultra-fast clock generation enables the
tions by transmitting data without delay. GATEPOST project team to tackle the challenges together.
Experts will be able to support medical interventions by Cybercrime continues to be one of the biggest challenges

transmitting camera images from remote locations in real time, facing data centres, with an estimated value of €294 billion COLLABORATIONS
From Lab to Fab: The Leibniz Institute for High Performance
complex simulations can be easily sent to customers, and in 2021. From the beginning of the project, the GATEPOST team has Microelectronics (IHP) is responsible for process development
entire cities can become smart cities. Not to mention autono- worked closely with the Graphene Flagship and its 2D-Experi- for the integration of components on a large scale and for
mental Pilot Line (2D-EPL). The project outcomes will be shared compatibility with silicon technology. Credit: Leibniz Institute
mous driving, where intelligent cars can exchange telemetry One of the use cases for the technology developed as part of for High Performance Microelectronics (IHP)
data with each other to prevent accidents. the GATEPOST project is a network security device to detect to allow for a continuous exchange of knowledge generated,
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks and inspect competencies and ideas. With IHP and imec as partners of the
All of these new applications and developments require network packets. Despite an average of 170 cyber-attacks per 2D-EPL project, and Fraunhofer as well as Akhetonics (associ-
high-performance computing with the lowest possible power IoT device per day, there is still a huge lack of security. This is ated) as partners of the Graphene Flagship, a great basis for
consumption. Add to this the increase in cyber-attacks, which often due to additional performance requirements, latency, future collaborations has already been established and will be
pose a growing threat to the productivity and agility of compa- operational costs and bandwidth limitations. intensified over the course of the GATEPOST project.
nies and public institutions. In this context, reliable security
solutions are becoming increasingly important – but until now GATEPOST, the graphene-based computing platform, will
they have mostly lagged in terms of performance, latency and enable network security with low power consumption, low
operating costs, or have been unable to defend against a wide latency and high bandwidth. The vision of the GATEPOST
range of attacks. project is a secure IoT and 5G/6G future. Electronics and Photonics
The EU-funded GATEPOST project is the answer. The aim of The realisation of this solution will serve as first industrial
the project is to revolutionise data processing and the security use-case and thus not only prove the viability of 2DM as a PROJECT COORDINATOR
of the IoT through a ground-breaking approach based on non-linear photonics platform for graphene-based photonics Mindaugas Lukosius, IHP, Germany
graphene. Graphene and 2D materials (2DM) offer great technologies and devices, but also demonstrate a significant
potential and unprecedented opportunities for efficient non- increase in performance at lower power consumption. The
linear light interactions with ultra-fast response times. The development and integration of the GATEPOST technology PARTNERS
GATEPOST project aims to integrate these innovative materials allows us to fully integrate the European graphene value chain EurA AG, Germany
into complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) made while creating a sustainable, innovative and competitive IHP GmbH – Leibniz Institute for High Perfor-
of silicon nitride. The project focuses on the combination of solution for the EU. mance Microelectronics, Germany
graphene with standard CMOS processes, which if successful Akhetonics GmbH, Germany
will lead to a breakthrough in data processing and storage. Hewlett Packard Enterprise Belgium, Belgium
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, WinPhoS
GATEPOST stands for Graphene-based All-Optical Technology The GATEPOST technology is helping Europe achieve its Research Group, Greece
Platform for Secure Internet of Things. Experts from all over sustainability goals. The technology is expected to consume Enlightra Sárl, Switzerland
Europe have joined forces to achieve the project’s ambitious 100 times less power than current data centre equipment. Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik,
goal of developing and manufacturing a robust and massive While state-of-the-art electronic devices generally increase Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, Germany
gateway that will make the IoT safer and take data processing power consumption with increasing data rates, the GATEPOST imec, Belgium
to a new level. devices can manage data rates up to Terabit per second (TBps)
The large-scale integration of graphene and layered materials
with constant low power consumption. Furthermore, graphene- has been challenging. GATEPOST, in collaboration with the
based optical computing allows the fabrication and production Graphene Flagship Initiative and the 2D-EPL project, is
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES of high-end logic devices using processes that are less addressing this challenge. Credit: Leibniz Institute for High
Performance Microelectronics (IHP)
We all know that IT performance has grown enormously over wasteful than modern high-end electronics.
the past decade and is expected to continue to grow through
2025. As a result, the demand for electricity for data centres The GATEPOST technology therefore makes a valuable
has also increased in recent years and will continue to do so. contribution to achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable
The power consumption of data centres is mainly dependent Development Goal (SDG) 9, to develop sustainable and resilient
on the efficiency efforts of the operators and the growth in industries and infrastructure. Similarly, the designed devices
capacity. contribute to SDG 11, to develop sustainable and smart cities
2DNeuralVision
2DNeuralVision will contribute to Europe’s sustainability goals
by developing and implementing advanced technologies in
neural vision, leveraging two-dimensional materials (2DM).
This initiative likely enhances energy efficiency, reduces the
environmental impact through a reduction in the power
Developing a novel low-power consumption of 2DM pixels and the use of non-toxic colloidal
consumption vision system that materials, hence making the solutions environmentally friendly
and aligning with the European Green Deal and the Paris
could be used for adverse weather Agreement. By aligning with these goals, 2DNeuralVision helps
and low-light conditions Europe move towards a more sustainable and environmentally
conscious technological landscape.
T
2DNeuralVision envisions the NEW HORIZONS
realisation of advanced imaging Over the next years, 2DNeuralVision will make progress in the
development of integrated photonic and electronic compo-
HE HORIZON EUROPE project 2DNeuralVision and vision systems that enable perception nents, including a 2DM-enhanced wide-spectrum image sensor
brings together seven European research
centres, leading universities, and innovative
for ADAS at scale, featuring low-cost and optical neural network (ONN). The project also expects to
provide significant advances in the development of wafer-scale
companies from four different countries to image sensors with extended spectral BEOL (black end-of-line) processes for graphene and transi-
develop the enabling components for a low-
power consumption, computer vision system
coverage and low-power consumption tion-metal dichalcogenide (TMDCs). Challenges in this process
optical neural networks. Such break- may include technical hurdles, resource constraints or unfore-
that could be used for adverse weather and
seen issues. Overcoming them could involve collaborative The 2DNeuralVision team.
low-light conditions. throughs will be enabled by the use problem-solving, securing additional resources and staying Credit: 2DNeuralVision
Funded with €5.5 million from the European Commission, this of 2D materials and quantum dots.” adaptable to evolving circumstances.
initiative seeks to develop the enabling photonic and electronic
Gerasimos Konstantanos Complementing the work development framework, 2DNeural-
integrated circuit components to achieve a novel computer

Project Coordinator Vision’s dissemination and communication activities will take
vision system that could be used under any weather and light
place at all relevant points during the project and will be
conditions, while also keeping low power consumption. Its
considered at the achievement of each of the project mile-
results can lead to disruptive innovations in sectors like the
stones. The strategies on data management, intellectual
automotive industry.
property rights and exploitation will also be of paramount
vision system. ICFO has already initiated research on III-V importance to ensure the project’s sustainability. Possible
The project celebrated its kick-off meeting on 9 –10 October
quantum dot materials and developed processes for their issues regarding the outreach of these measures could need
2023, hosted at ICFO in Barcelona, Spain. The event propelled
integration on the image sensor. a readjustment of strategies as the project evolves.
the first contact between all partners, who shared their
technical backgrounds and presented their expected contribu-
tions to 2DNeuralVision. Following a lab tour, the meeting
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES COLLABORATIONS
ended with planning for the upcoming activities and delivera-
bles. 2DNeuralVision aims to develop the enabling components for 2DNeuralVision envisions fostering the Graphene Flagship
a low-power consumption, computer vision system that could initiative, enhancing graphene- and 2D materials-based
So far, during the first three months of the project, a manage- be used for adverse weather and low-light conditions. These developments and providing positive recommendations in
ment plan has been developed to guarantee smooth operation, components involve a two-dimensional (2D) enhanced wide terms of modifications or updates in the existing policies.
efficiency in the allocation of resources, adequate time spectrum image sensor and optical neural network with Electronics and Photonics
planning, quality outcomes and compliance with the European enabling 2D passive and active elements. The project will contribute to the Graphene Flagship governance
Commission guidelines, as well as fruitful collaboration among via its participation in the Coordination Board and the regular
PROJECT COORDINATOR
partners and with the Graphene Flagship. For that, the Moreover, the hybridisation of 2D materials (2DM) with quan- Science and Technology Forum, and it will report on its outputs
Gerasimos Konstantanos, The Institute
coordinator has put in place a common platform for sharing tum dots and silicon technologies will enable smaller and more to be presented to the European Commission.
of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), Spain
documents, a plan for project meetings, mailing lists for power efficient devices, manufacturable at scale, with greater
internal communication within the consortium, a governance functionality when compared to the silicon technologies of Envisioning the contribution to industrialisation, 2DNeural-
structure to direct discussions and decision-making, internal today. Therefore, the project results will enable disruptive Vision will promote the coordinated standardisation of its activi-
PARTNERS
quality controls and a risk management strategy, among other improvements in areas such as the automotive industry, ties, thereby contributing to the ongoing standardisation pro-
The Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), Spain
tools. augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), service robotic and jects initiated during the H2020 Graphene Flagship phase.
Qurv Technologies SL, Spain
mobile device sectors. 2DNeuralVision can further benefit from synergies with the 2D
Black Semiconductor, Germany
Progress has also been made in the project’s communication. Experimental Pilot Line (2D-EPL) in prototyping, standardisation
Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet Heidelberg, Germany
A specific visual identity has been designed for 2DNeuralVi- In that sense, 2DNeuralVision will make significant progress and towards pilot manufacturability.
Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum
sion, including the project’s logo, brand book and templates for towards the integration of 2DM technology by developing (imec), Belgium
different types of documents. The website is also developed European competence in semiconductor process technologies, To support innovation work within the project, 2DNeuralVision
Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft, Germany
and available at 2dneuralvision.eu, including a homepage to and it will have a wider impact on Europe’s strategic autonomy will also contribute to the overall Graphene Flagship innovation
FI Group, Portugal
present the project’s scope, work packages and consortium, by sustaining first-mover advantages in strategic areas, activities, such as participating in industrial outreach activities
and additional pages to access different news and articles including artificial intelligence (AI), data, robotics, quantum like workshops and conferences.
related to 2DNeuralVision, events that the project organises or computing and graphene, which can be key to sectors like the
participates in, and resources such as promotional materials, automotive industry. 2DNeuralVision also takes part in the Graphene Flagship
public deliverables, newsletters, press releases, as well as Dissemination Working Group, making the most of its bigger
scientific and professional publications. outreach and contributing to its joint communication and
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS dissemination activities. The project will be represented in the
Meanwhile, the other 2DNeuralVision partners have been By investigating emerging technologies early on, 2DNeuralVi- initiative’s events, especially in the annual Graphene Week, but
planning and kicking off the work for their tasks in the different sion seeks to strengthen European industry leadership across also in other workshops, exhibitions, exchanges with interna-
work packages of the project, including the specification the digital supply chain and establish a robust presence in key tional initiatives, etc. Moreover, 2DNeuralVision will provide
definition and validation, the development of envisioned aspects of a greener digital supply chain, from low-power content for the Graphene Flagship’s communication channels
materials and components for the image sensor and for the components to advanced systems and future networks, new and materials, such as their website, social media, newslet-
optical neural network, and their integration in the computer data technologies and platforms. ters, press releases and annual reports.
Next-2Digits
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS
Next-2Digits introduces sustainable solutions
in alignment with the European Green Deal
and Europe fit for the digital age. The project
features a laser-based process for the selec-
Integrating graphene in photonic tive transfer of graphene/2DM, offering a
integrated circuits digital and solvent-free additive manufactur-
T
ing process based on laser pulses. This
approach eliminates the use of chemicals,
minimises material waste and reduces
HE NEXT-2DIGITS’ integration of graphene and non-recurring engineering time. The single-
other 2D materials (2DM) into photonic inte- step transfer method, free-form processing
grated circuits (PICs) and optoelectronic and absence of masks contribute to a
Graphene empowers sustainable and efficient process, with
integrated circuits (OEICs) will overcome the
main challenges associated with performance, photonic integrated circuits minimal waste production.
compactness and cost-effectiveness of the with laser precision transfer.”
PIC- and OEIC-based devices. These sustainable practices offer significant
benefits, including the LDT method as a green
Ioanna Zergioti semiconductor processing example, replacing
Impurities and defects in circuits, especially when polymers Project Coordinator
and solvents are involved, drastically impact devices’ perfor- chemicals with laser light. The intrinsic
mance. Next-2Digits will introduce direct wafer-scale integra- cleanliness of the transfer method minimises
tion of graphene in PICs, a technique that enhances the unique undesired recombination processes and stray
Validation of Next-2Digits use cases: (1) LiDAR-based
properties of graphene when integrated into optical devices, doping that typically degrade device perfor- aerial mapping system; (2) waveguide-based NDIR gas
employing two innovative technologies: mance. As a result, PIC-based components sensor; (3) OCT imager.
developed through Next-2Digits exhibit up to
turing technologies developed within the project, thanks to the
i. Semi-dry transfer of graphene layers for full wafer-scale six times lower power consumption, signifi-
remarkable expertise of its consortium, Next-2Digits will pave
integration and direct die processing, and cantly reduced size and over 50% cost
the way for large-scale graphene production for photonic

ii. Laser digital transfer (LDT) of intact 2DM pixels selectively reduction, contributing to a more sustainable
devices. This sets the stage for the first market-ready photode-
on the designated site of the die, without the need for any and cost-effective technology landscape.
tector products, establishing accessible fabrication processes
post-processing. for European industry.
The Next-2Digits concept consists of four pillars of R&I
These two technologies will make the interfaces largely NEW HORIZONS activities encompassing: 2D material and Si waveguide
The project aims to solve application-specific challenges that
defect-free with high electronic mobility and large bandwidths, hamper the wide adoption of graphene and 2D materials in The project is currently in its first year, implementing the development, integration of 2D materials using additive
therefore improving performance, enabling the advent of the optoelectronics and sensors. In addressing LiDAR challenges specification and design phase. The next year will be dedicated transfer processes on SOI PIC platforms, integration of active
next generation of integrated PDs and MDs. In addition, the on Si waveguide platforms, where density is the key, Next-2Dig- to the development of the PIC platforms and the fabrication of components on the PIC platforms and evaluation and validation
proposed technology will have significant advantages in terms its aims to overcome limitations in detector footprints by the 2DM-based devices employing laser digital transfer and of Next-2Digits use cases (LiDAR-based aerial mapping system,
of cost, material and energy savings and reductions of resulting ensuring a pitch as large as the waveguide width, around 5 μm, semi-dry transfer technologies. The third year of the project waveguide-based NDIR gas sensor and OCT imager).
waste. regardless of the platform (SiN or Si). The LiDAR array within will focus on the integration of the 2DM-based devices into
the project will cover a 10x10 mm2 area and consist of 20,000 the TRL5 demonstrator prototypes and the testing and
PDs, achieving a resolution of less than 0.1 mm at the validation of their performance.
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES maximum distance. The system features fast detection (500
In Next-2Digits, graphene will be the driving force behind the GHz), compactness (less than 250 cm³), lightweight design The main challenge foreseen at this phase is to ensure the Electronics and Photonics
development of three applications: (under 300 g) and power efficiency (below 5 W), enabling the compatibility of the newly introduced 2D material transfer
demonstration of a LiDAR-based drone for geo-mapping. technologies with the SOI platforms and the processes
PROJECT COORDINATOR
1. A miniaturised light detection and ranging (LiDAR) with an involved in both the fabrication of the waveguides and the
integration of the chips, while keeping the 2D material Ioanna Zergioti, National Technical University
integrated graphene photodetector (PD) for an unmanned The challenges in PIC gas sensors, which involve integrating of Athens, Greece
aerial vehicle (UAV). This will offer the drone high resolution cost-effective mid-infrared (mid-IR) LEDs and PDs, include layers intact and defect-free.
and high speed in a compact form factor, while also fulfilling addressing dimensional mismatches with additional photonic
the requirements of long flight times and minimal energy coupling structures. The solution proposed by Next-2Digits PARTNERS
consumption in advanced geo-mapping. involves using 2DM as mid-IR emitters and detectors, enabling COLLABORATIONS
National Technical University of Athens, Greece
2. A PIC greenhouse gas sensor offering multi-sensing seamless integration into silicon photonics. The key enabling Being part of the Graphene Flagship ecosystem provides the
Graphenea Semiconductor S.L., Spain
capability. The PIC-based sensor device will be validated in technology, LDT, will be employed to realise integrated Next-2Digits consortium with excellent opportunities in terms
Ommatidia Lidar S.L., Spain
two types of biogas plants and comprise an Internet of 2D-based modulators (MDs) and PDs on silicon photonics, of improving their innovation capacity and forging new collabo-
Silex Microsystems AB, Sweden
Things (IoT) sensor network offering novel cost-effective facilitating non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas sensing rations with worldwide experts in 2DMdesign, synthesis and
Senseair AB, Sweden
and real-time monitoring for process optimisation and gas solutions. The project aims to develop first-generation sensors applications. As it provides access to a vast network of
YellowScan, France
leakage detection. with a limit of detection of approximately 50 ppm, offering a researchers, organisations and experts in the field of graphene
LINKOPINGS University, Sweden
3. An on-chip polarisation diversity receiver (PDR) with extended cost-effective and compact solution for detecting various gas and 2DM, this collaborative environment facilitates knowledge
Bert energy GMBH, Germany
bandwidth and high resolution. This will be validated for leakages, including those from biogas plants. exchange, sharing of best practices and the opportunity to
VTT Technical Research Cetre of Finland, Finland
biomedical optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging in engage in synergistic activities.
AMIRES SRO, Czech Republic
a cardiovascular application and compared against currently The current challenge in polarisation diverse receiver (PDR) Gooch & Housego (Torquay) Ltd., United Kingdom
available receivers. applications lies in their reliance on bulk or fibre optics. Being Overall, this partnership allows the Graphene Flagship
more sensitive to transverse electric (TE) polarisation than community to capitalise on the extensive experience and
Next-2Digits’ innovative work will contribute to the fields of transverse magnetic (TM) polarisation, it requires a polarisa- expertise of the Next-2Digits consortium, fostering a strong
sustainable and efficient environmental monitoring and tion rotator for optimal performance, to convert all TM polarised and coherent initiative. Next-2Digits has been involved with the
medical diagnostics. signals to TE before detecting them. Next-2Digits proposes Graphene Europe CSA even before its official Kick-off and is
a solution using PIC waveguides and integrated graphene committed to supporting and contributing to the maximum,
Graphene and other 2DM have superior optoelectronic detectors. This approach aims to miniaturise the receiver starting by co-organising the next Graphene Week (2024).
properties compared with conventional materials, making them architecture, reducing the costs, and involves careful simula-
ideal for a wide range of applications. Yet, the integration and tion of graphene PDs to optimise their lengths for separately This collaboration enhances the impact of individual projects
processing challenges associated with these 2DM hinder the detecting TE and TM polarisations, ensuring a well-balanced and contributes to sustaining European leadership in the field
industrial uptake. With the novel additive and digital manufac- measurement of signals for both polarisations. of 2D materials.
40 2D MATERIALS 2D MATERIALS 41
Exploring the
Marvels of
2D Materials
I
Properties and applications of TMDCs,
MXenes, h-BN and h-AlN

N THE REALM of materials science, the TMDCs exhibit exceptional breakdown voltage and low leakage current improve device The breadth of 2D materials
discovery of graphene heralded a new era of performance. Additionally, h-BN serves as a substrate for
exploration into two-dimensional materials electronic, optical and graphene and other 2D materials, providing a stable and and their properties present
(2DM). Since then, a plethora of novel 2D mechanical properties.” atomically flat surface for growth and device integration. limitless possibilites for future research
materials have emerged, each with unique
properties and promising applications.
and advancements in high-impact
Among these, transition metal dichalco- HEXAGONAL ALUMINUM NITRIDE applications.”
genides (TMDCs), MXenes, hexagonal boron Hexagonal aluminum nitride (h-AlN) is a wide-bandgap semi-
nitride (h-BN), and hexagonal aluminum MXENES
conductor with properties similar to those of h-BN. It exhibits
nitride (h-AlN) have garnered significant MXenes are a family of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides excellent thermal conductivity, high electrical resistivity and
attention for their diverse range of proper- and carbonitrides, first synthesised in 2011. Unlike many other chemical inertness, making it suitable for various electronic In the energy sector, these 2D materials show great promise
ties and potential applications. In this article 2D materials, MXenes are derived from their bulk counterparts and optoelectronic applications. h-AlN is often employed as in improving the efficiency and performance of energy storage
we delve into the properties and explore the through selective etching of the ‘A’ layer, typically aluminum or a substrate material for gallium nitride (GaN) devices due to devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors, and in the
exciting applications of these remarkable silicon, from MAX phases. MXenes exhibit a unique combina- its lattice matching and thermal expansion coefficient com- development of efficient catalytic systems for energy conver-
materials. tion of metallic conductivity and hydrophilicity, making them patibility with GaN. sion processes. Additionally, their high surface area and
attractive for a wide range of applications. tunable surface properties make them excellent candidates for
h-AlN has found applications in high-power electronics, UV sensing applications, including environmental monitoring and
TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDES The versatile properties of MXenes render them suitable optoelectronics and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. Its biomedical sensors. As research continues to unravel their
Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) for energy storage, catalysis, sensing and electromagnetic wide bandgap allows for the fabrication of UV photodetectors mysteries and refine fabrication techniques, the potential for
represent a class of 2D materials composed interference shielding. They have been extensively studied for and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with superior performance and transformative applications of 2D materials remains limitless.
of transition metal atoms sandwiched their use in supercapacitors and batteries due to their high efficiency. Moreover, h-AlN’s piezoelectric properties make it
between layers of chalcogen atoms, typic- specific capacitance and excellent rate capability. MXenes also suitable for SAW devices used in wireless communication
ally sulfur, selenium or tellurium. Unlike show promise in catalytic applications, where their high surface systems and sensors. CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
graphene, which is a zero-bandgap material, area and metallic conductivity enhance reaction kinetics.
Despite the significant advancements in the field of 2D
TMDCs possess a finite bandgap, rendering materials, challenges remain in terms of scalable synthesis,
them suitable for electronic and optoelec- LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES integration into devices and stability. The development of
tronic applications. One of the most notable HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE
The exploration of 2D materials has unlocked a treasure trove cost-effective and scalable production methods is crucial
properties of TMDCs is their thickness- Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), also known as white graphene, of unique properties and promising applications. TMDCs, for the commercialisation of these materials. More work is
dependent bandgap, enabling tunable electronic properties shares a similar hexagonal lattice structure with graphene MXenes, h-BN and h-AlN exemplify the diverse range of ongoing to understand the potential of 2DMs and how they
by simply varying the number of layers. but consists of alternating boron and nitrogen atoms. Unlike materials available in the realm of 2D materials. Their unique can be used for specific applications. The next step is
graphene, h-BN is an insulator with a wide bandgap, making properties are being explored in various high-impact applica- engineering materials with specific properties and for
TMDCs exhibit exceptional electronic, optical and mechanical it an excellent dielectric material. Its exceptional thermal and tions. In electronics, these materials could be used in the specific applications.
properties. They possess high carrier mobility, making them chemical stability, combined with high thermal conductivity, next generation of transistors, memory devices and flexible
promising candidates for high-speed transistors and flexible make it an ideal candidate for high-temperature applications electronics, offering potential solutions to the limitations
electronics. Additionally, TMDCs demonstrate strong light- and thermal management. of silicon-based technologies. Their optical and electronic
matter interactions, paving the way for applications in photo- properties are also exploited in the development of novel
detectors, photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). h-BN finds applications in a variety of fields, including elec- optoelectronic devices, including LEDs, lasers and photo-
Moreover, their mechanical flexibility and strength make them tronics, photonics and aerospace. It is utilised as a dielectric voltaic cells.
suitable for applications in flexible and wearable electronics. material in field-effect transistors (FETs), where its high
42 COMPOSITES COMPOSITES 43
GIANCE Composites
Pioneering sustainable solutions PROJECT COORDINATOR

for industrial advancement Ana Villacampa, Fundació EURECAT, Spain
T
PARTNERS
Fundació EURECAT, Spain
HE GIANCE project is a pioneering initiative
Centro Ricerche FIAT SCPA, Italy
aimed at revolutionising the landscape of
Boeing Turkey Aviation and Trade Ltd. Co., Turkey
graphene and other 2D materials (2DM) by The project GIANCE is revo- Idryma Technologias Kai Erevnas, Greece
establishing a holistic, integrated and indus-
lutionising the graphene and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy
try-driven platform. Our mission is clear: to
Faurecia Systemes d’échappement SAS, France
design, develop and scale-up the next gene- related 2D materials landscape, driving Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der
ration of cost-effective, sustainable and high-
performance 2DM-based multifunctional sustainable solutions and impactful Angewandten Forschung EV, Germany
Dawn Aerospace Nederland B.V., Netherlands
composites, coatings, foams and membranes, all with a innovations across various sectors, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, UK
keen focus on real-world applications and sustainability.
including automotive, aerospace, energy Fundacion Bcmaterials – Basque Centre for
Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Spain
(hydrogen economy) and water treatment. IRIS SRL, Italy
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES
With our collaborative efforts, we’re Graphene hexagonal lattice
Crossfire Srl, Italy
Our project addresses a myriad of challenges faced by Stichting Koninklijk Nederlands Lucht –
industries worldwide. By engineering advanced materials with shaping a greener, more sustainable structure, 3D model.
en Ruimtevaartcentrum, Netherlands
enhanced thermal, mechanical and chemical attributes, we future for industries worldwide.” Fundacion Para La Promocion De La Innovacion,
aim to provide functionalities ranging from wear resistance to

Investigacion Y Desarrollo Tecnologico En La
structural health monitoring. These materials hold immense Ana Villacampa Industria De Automocion De Galicia, Spain
potential for applications in diverse sectors, including auto- Project Coordinator Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast
motive, aerospace, energy and water treatment, thus paving investigations and pilot-scale demonstrations, we aim to
Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Netherlands
the way for ground-breaking innovations and societal benefits. accelerate the transition of 2DM technologies from research to
HydroSolid GmbH, Austria
market. Despite the challenges ahead, we are confident in our
Graphenea SA, Spain
The applications for our project outputs are vast and impactful. foams and membranes solutions supported by life cycle ability to deliver impactful results and drive positive change in
Applied Graphene Materials UK Limited, UK
From revolutionising transportation through lightweight and assessment, including the optimisation of multifunctional the industry.
Lenntech BV, Netherlands
durable components to enhancing energy efficiency in the designs. By leveraging 2DM-based technologies, we aim to V.E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics of
hydrogen economy, our materials offer solutions to pressing reduce resource consumption, minimise waste generation and Funding limitations, technical complexities and market
the NationalAcademy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
societal and environmental challenges. By incorporating mitigate environmental impact across the entire value chain. uncertainties pose difficulties as the adoption of innovative
Nanoprom Chemicals S.r.l., Italy
2DM-based technologies into major civilian sectors, we aim Through our sustainable solutions, we strive to promote materials in several markets besides their potential in effective
BAX Innovation Consulting SL, Spain
to drive economic growth, promote sustainability and improve responsible innovation and contribute to a greener, more manufacturing and reusability is uncertain due to the estab-
Innovation Engineering SRL, Italy
quality of life for individuals worldwide. sustainable future for generations to come. lished products coming from Asia. To overcome these obsta-
cles, we plan to leverage strategic partnerships, seek addition-
With a consortium comprising 23 partners from 10
Within the European ecosystem for 2DM, GIANCE serves as GIANCE plays a pivotal role in advancing Europe’s sustainability al funding opportunities and engage with industry stakeholders
countries, representing the entire value chain,
a robust catalyst for innovation and industrial advancement. agenda by developing sustainable materials and technologies to validate and commercialise our technologies. By adopting a
GIANCE is strategically positioned to maximise its
By fostering collaborations between leading original equipment that address critical socio-economic and environmental proactive approach and staying adaptable to changing market
impact on industries and society at large. Through
manufacturers (OEMs), industries, research organisations challenges. By fostering collaborations between industry dynamics, we aim to navigate challenges effectively and
collaborative efforts and innovative solutions, we aim
and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), we create stakeholders, research institutions and policymakers, we achieve our objectives.
to usher in a new era of sustainable materials and
synergies that propel 2DM technologies to new heights. Our facilitate the adoption of sustainable working, educational and technologies that drive economic growth, promote
project not only strengthens the competitiveness of European consumption practices and promote the transition towards a environmental stewardship and improve quality of life
industries but also positions the region as a global leader in circular economy. Through our collective efforts, we aim to drive COLLABORATIONS
for individuals worldwide.
2DM research, development and commercialisation. positive change and create lasting impact on both regional and As part of the broader Graphene Flagship ecosystem, GIANCE
global scales. Therefore, GIANCE implements the following stands to benefit from enhanced visibility, networking opportu-
GIANCE is dedicated to overcoming key challenges in 2DM SDGs: 4,5,8,9,12, 13 and 17. nities and access to cutting-edge research facilities. Through
synthesis, stability, manufacturing and environmental impact. collaborations with other research teams and industry
Through advanced research and development efforts, we aim partners, we aim to accelerate the translation of research
to streamline production processes (increasing 25% productivi- NEW HORIZONS findings into commercial products and services. We anticipate
ty), improve a huge range of material properties such as impact Looking ahead, GIANCE has ambitious plans for the next few benefiting from access to valuable expertise, resources and
strength, fire resistance, weight reduction and different years. Our focus will be on advancing manufacturing process- infrastructure. By collaborating with other research teams and
functionalities in a range of up to 30% and minimise ecological es, optimising material properties and scaling up production industry partners, we aim to accelerate the development and
footprint (30% improvement in environmental performance). capabilities. However, we anticipate facing challenges such as commercialisation of 2DM-based technologies. Additionally,
By addressing these challenges head on, we pave the way for technical hurdles, regulatory constraints and market uncertain- our participation in collaborative initiatives and knowedge-
the widespread adoption of GRM-based technologies in various ties. Nevertheless, we remain committed to overcoming these sharing activities will enable us to stay at the forefront of
industrial applications, thereby driving sustainable growth and obstacles through collaboration, innovation and strategic materials innovation and drive positive change in the industry.
innovation. partnerships.
Our project contributes to the Graphene Flagship community by
Over the next one to two years, our project will focus on enhanc- advancing the state-of-the-art in 2DM research, development
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS ing material properties, optimising manufacturing processes and commercialisation. Through our collaborative efforts, we
Our project aligns closely with Europe’s sustainability goals and validating commercial propositions. Within a year the aim to generate new insights, develop practical solutions and
by prioritising the development of eco-friendly materials and project is expected to have selected all validation strategies drive innovation in the field of graphene and 2DM. By sharing
manufacturing processes. GIANCE will offer a robust modular and circular designs for its products, and in two years all knowledge, resources and best practices, we seek to enrich
and integrated conceptual eco-design for products using optimised materials will be implemented. Through experimental the Graphene Flagship ecosystem and contribute to its mission
innovative 2DM-based multifunctional composites, coatings, of fostering materials innovation for societal benefit.
44 2D MATERIALS OF TOMORROW 2D MATERIALS OF TOMORROW 45
2D-PRINTABLE
not printable. In the paradigm proposed by 2D-PRINTABLE,
silicon-based TFTs can be replaced with printed nanosheet-
based TFTs, to reduce both the cost and energy consumption
of mobile devices, thereby ushering in a new era of sustainable
and cost-effective electronic displays.
Developing new 2D materials and
heterostructures for printed digital In summary, 2D-PRINTABLE aims to accelerate the outputs of
the Graphene Flagship to develop new materials and process-
devices using sustainable liquid ing technologies allowing the production of high-performance
exfoliation and deposition printed electronic devices, reinforcing European leadership
within the printed electronics industry.
methods.
T
2D-PRINTABLE will be pivotal SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS
in allowing us to use liquid The 2D-PRINTABLE project contributes to Europe’s sustain-
ability goals by embracing environmentally friendly practices
HE WORLD OF MATERIALS SCIENCE and exfoliation methods to develop a palette throughout its entire supply chain. The newly developed
nanoscience has been revolutionised by 2D
materials (2DM).Thanks to their exceptional
of new 2D materials perfectly designed materials’ potential (nano)toxicity will be evaluated to guaran-
tee maximum safety in the entire supply chain. Such measures
physical and chemical properties they have for use in high performance printed will ultimately enable the development of greener, more
enabled ground-breaking applications in
various fields, such as optoelectronics, energy,
electronic applications.” sustainable, and circular materials and processes. A pivotal
aspect of the project’s commitment to sustainability is the
sensing technology and composite materials. Artistic visualization of two dimensional
Jonathan Coleman rigorous identification and application of green solutions. The
However, the key to unlocking their full heterostructures.
Project Coordinator shift toward greener synthesis methods adheres to Responsi-
technological potential lies in finding cost-effective methods
ble Research and Innovation and Safe and Sustainable by
to harness these properties on a larger scale, to transfer the
Design criteria, contributing to a more sustainable and
superlative electronic properties of individual nanosheets on
Through the 2D-PRINTABLE project, we will demonstrate that environmentally friendly supply chain. The project strongly

macroscale samples. The 2D-PRINTABLE project is dedicated
2DM are an indispensable asset in the field of printed elec- emphasises utilising inorganic, earth-abundant materials and 2D-PRINTABLE actively seeks collaboration with other EU
to achieving this goal by employing sustainable and affordable
tronics and have the potential to contribute significantly to non-toxic solvents for printing, with a preference for aqueous projects addressing 2DM technologies. This collaborative
liquid exfoliation methods.
addressing some of the world’s most pressing global challen- inks and the use of benign solvents. To further enhance effort aims to establish Europe’s long-term technological
ges. The knowledge and innovations developed in this project sustainability, any toxic solvents used will be recycled and leadership and industrial competitiveness. The project will
The 2D-PRINTABLE project aims to integrate sustainable
will be instrumental for future emerging technologies in areas reused, aligning with circular economy principles. Additionally, engage in joint dissemination activities, including participation
large-scale liquid exfoliation techniques with theoretical
such as energy storage, water purification, environmental demonstrating the potential of all-printed, all-nanosheet in Graphene Week conferences, workshops and webinars. This
modelling to produce a wide range of new 2DM, including
monitoring and healthcare. devices like LEDs, solar cells and transistors could pave the collaborative and proactive approach underscores the project’s
conducting, semiconducting and insulating nanosheets.
way for flexible and wearable electronics, reducing electronic commitment not only to advancing its specific objectives but
The focus includes developing the printing and liquid phase
waste and contributing to a more sustainable electronics also to contributing to the collective progress and regulatory
deposition methods required to fabricate networks and
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES lifecycle. frameworks within the Graphene Flagship community.
multicomponent heterostructures, featuring a layer-by-layer
assembly of nanometre-thick 2DM into ordered multilayers. The project aims to produce over 45 new 2DM with properties
The goal is to optimise these printed networks and hetero- ideal for electronics and photonic applications. 2D-PRINTABLE
NEW HORIZONS
structures for digital systems, unlocking new properties and will develop all-printed, all-nanosheet devices – a platform
functionalities. The project also seeks to demonstrate various technology that could be used in various specific applications. There are several challenges related to the successful
printed digital devices, including proof-of-principle, first-time For example, such super-high-performance printed transistors exploitation of the full potential of 2DM in printed electronics: 2D Materials of Tomorrow
demonstration of all-printed, all-nanosheet, heterostack will likely be used as low-cost/high-performance driver circuitry i) One significant challenge is the limited exploration of
light-emitting diodes (LEDs). in active matrix displays (e.g., in smartphones), wearable materials in printed nanosheet devices. Therefore, the project
will expand the materials palette to include a broader range of PROJECT COORDINATOR
health monitoring devices (e.g., blood pressure or heart rate Jonathan Coleman, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
The project workplan is divided into the following phases: monitors), and other IoE (Internet of Everything) devices. 2DM, considering their unique characteristics for enhancing
Ultimately, it will broaden and underpin the supply and value device performance. ii) One of the most serious problems for
Phase 1 – Involves computationally screening and analysing chains of graphene and 2DM in Europe. producing high-performance nanosheet-based printed devices
is the effect of inter-nanosheet junctions. The junction PARTNERS
literature for novel 2DM, focusing on doped variants. These Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
materials are exfoliated in liquid media for use in digital Challenges addressed – Case study 1: resistance is often much larger than the nanosheet resistance,
limiting mobility and hindering major progress in 2D-printed University of Strasbourg, France
devices. Chemical modification follows to study optical and Wearable Health Monitoring University of Kassel, Germany
physical properties, ultimately forming heterostructures with Wearable health monitors are vital for tracking various electronics. The project will develop novel strategies to
eliminate or mitigate junction resistance in nanosheet net- BeDimensional SpA, Italy
well-defined interfaces. indicators like blood pressure and heart rate. Polymer- Technical University of Dresden, Germany
graphene pressure sensors can potentially detect symptoms works. Additionally, scaling up the production of 2D materials
will be a focus, with an emphasis on exploring scalable and University of Chemistry and Technology Prague,
Phase 2 – Focuses on developing methods for printing or of e.g.: diabetic neuropathy and multiple sclerosis Yet, Czech Republic
solution-depositing high-mobility networks of nanosheets. integrating compact, lightweight, flexible, and affordable driver cost-effective production methods and collaborating with
industry partners. Uniresearch B.V., The Netherlands
Subsequently, the characterisation process comes into play, circuitry into insoles poses a challenge with conventional Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany
involving the comprehensive assessment of exfoliated and electronics. Our printed 2D driver circuitry addresses this Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne,
functionalised nanosheets, as well as the printed nanosheet challenge, enabling the implementation of sensors for early Switzerland
networks and heterostructures. disease detection, particularly in affordable insole-based gait COLLABORATIONS
analysis. This breakthrough not only boosts healthcare The broader collaboration within the Graphene Flagship
Phase 3 – The electrical properties of individual flakes, monitoring but also has the potential to cut down the overall provides valuable access to a diverse network of partners
networks, films and heterostructures are then characterised cost of disease treatment. within the initiative, fostering opportunities for collaborative
for performance optimisation. This step establishes an research and knowledge exchange and provide 2D-PRINTABLE
understanding of charge transport, charge injection mecha- Challenges addressed – Case study 2: with access to expertise, insights and synergies for advancing
nisms and structure-property relationships in printed struc- Electronic Device Displays its research objectives. With its contribution to addressing
tures. Consumer displays, including smartphone screens, predomi- challenges related to scalable production processes and
nantly employ active matrix displays utilising thin-film transis- achieving breakthroughs in the applications of 2DM, the project
In the Demo stage, novel 2DM are showcased in traditional tors (TFTs) to control LED-based pixels. While many displays can contribute valuable knowledge, methodologies, and
electronic devices like thin-film transistors, solar cells, and feature organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) as pixels, the potentially novel materials to the broader Graphene Flagship
LEDs, demonstrating their potential. TFTs responsible for switching are typically silicon-based and community.
2D ENGINE
NEW HORIZONS
In the first year, 2D ENGINE will focus on the growth and
validation of 2D phases to make sure that the hexagonal 2D
phase is obtained, as targeted. Then, the consortium will
evaluate the stability of the materials in order to prepare for
Engineering new 2D materials the device fabrication planned within the first 36 months of the
phases not existing in nature project. To achieve our most urgent objectives in the first 18
months, the main challenges faced are associated with the
growth of ultrathin layers below the critical thickness to induce
the transition to the 2D hexagonal phase. An important, related
issue is to obtain large-area crystals in the mm scale, to
facilitate device fabrication. To face these challenges, two
different growth methodologies, namely liquid metal catalysis
This project is pushing the
I
and molecular beam epitaxy will be employed to maximise
boundaries of engineering by our chances of success. An equally important challenge is to
confirm the 2D hexagonal phase of the grown thin films. To
synthesising new 2D materials.” achieve this, several in situ and ex situ surface analytical
MAGINE MATERIALS as thin as a single atom, yet
possessing incredible strength, flexibility and electrical techniques will be employed, including high-resolution and
Thanasis Dimoulas high-sensitivity synchrotron X-ray scattering, complemented
properties. These are not the stuff of science fiction, Project Coordinator
but the result of cutting-edge engineering. Two-dimen- by atomistic modelling.
sional materials (2DM), best exemplified by graphene –
a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb
lattice – have opened the door to a universe of COLLABORATIONS
possibilities that were previously unimaginable. Collaboration with other projects in the electronics and
photonic clusters of the Graphene Flagship ecosystem is
In this project we are pushing the boundaries even further by investigated. The 2D ENGINE materials are 2D semiconductors expected to benefit 2D ENGINE, although these projects have The possibilities posed by 2D materials and their
engineering new phases of 2DM which cannot be produced in and insulators with sp2 hybridisation offering stability that higher technology readiness level (TRL). Interaction with the properties are not the stuff of science fiction, but

bulk form by equilibrium growth methods, so they cannot be rivals that of graphene but additionally possess an electronic active 2D-EPL and the possible successor project is expected rather the result of cutting edge engineering.
exfoliated but they can only be engineered as atomically thin band gap that makes them better suited to efficient transistors to promote our goals. We envisage valorising our liquid metal
2D films by synthetic methods. Essentially, we will be creating for digital logic and for light emission and optical information catalyst technology by investigating the compatibility with
materials with tailored properties for specific applications. processing. established 2DM processing practices in a 2D pilot line.
These materials could revolutionise industries, such as Integration of inspection tools developed in 2D ENGINE with
electronics, where they could lead to the development of The proposed new 2DM phases are expected to inherit some of the pilot line and investigation of cross-contamination issues
ultra-fast, ultra-thin and energy-efficient devices. the desired properties of their well-known parent 3D materials will be a priority in our interaction with the 2D-EPL. Depending
(SiC, GaN, AlN), including their processability and compatibility on the 2D ENGINE results, an MPW run at the 2D pilot line
We target a class of materials that are semiconductors (GaN, with Si processing. One of the biggest challenges is finding of a photonic integrated circuit based on a 2D light emitting
SiC) and insulators (AlN) adopting the wurtzite 3D structure in suitable atomically thin and stable 2D semiconductors which diode integrated with a waveguide is planned at the end of
their bulk form. These materials are polar, accumulating charge will allow the ultimate scaling of the active channel thickness to the four-year project. Our long-term vision is that 2D ENGINE
and building electrostatic energy on their surface. Under a the angstrom regime. Thin channels allow for better electrostat- catalyses the interaction between the Graphene Flagship
critical thickness of a few monolayers, the materials transition ic control so devices could be laterally scaled to the nanometre community and the broader Chips Act initiative in Europe and
to a flat, non-polar 2D hexagonal phase resembling that of range without suffering from short channel effects. In the end, the Chips Joint Undertaking in specific. The 2D ENGINE goals
hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) in order to minimise or eliminate this will allow the miniaturisation of devices for the benefit of match well with the Chips JU pilot lines and competence centre 2D Materials of Tomorrow
the electrostatic energy. The main objective is to engineer reduced cost, combined with higher performance and lower plans. More specifically, the plans of 2D ENGINE regarding a
these materials in the targeted 2D hexagonal phase and static and dynamic power dissipation. While 2D semiconduc- photonic integrated circuit based on 2D SiC or GaN could take
PROJECT COORDINATOR
incorporate them into proof-of-concept transistors, memory tors from the transition metal dichalcogenides family do exist, advantage of optically addressable spin defects (known in
bulk SiC as colour centres/single photon emitters) to create Ioanna Zergioti, National Technical University
and light emitting diode devices, to show that they can have these are not so stable, especially after transferring to target
a spin-photon interface for qubit and quantum entanglement of Athens, Greece
an impact on electronic and photonic technologies. substrates, while optimum contacts and doping have not been
identified. The 2D ENGINE semiconductors could help over- targeting quantum communications. Such an activity could
Key enablers are the liquid metal catalyst technology for the come the shortcomings of present 2D semiconductors, contribute to the effort for quantum chips within the Chips
PARTNERS
seamless growth of large-area single-crystal 2D layers and providing more stable materials with better processability. JU initiative making the 2DM community a key player in the
Chips Act European endeavour. National Centre for Scientific Research
radiation-mode optical microscopy for real-time monitoring of
DEMOKRITOS, Greece
growth. Our methodology will be further supported by atomistic
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, France
simulations, molecular beam epitaxy growth and several in situ SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS
University of Patras, Greece
and ex situ surface analytical techniques to validate the new 2D ENGINE, through the miniaturisation of mainstream digital
Leiden University, Netherlands
2D hexagonal phases. We will leverage previous results electronic and photonic devices, will ensure low cost, high
Leiden Probe Microscopy, Netherlands
published by consortium members on the liquid metal catalyst density and low power consumption to face the challenges of
AMO GmbH, Germany
growth of graphene and the molecular beam epitaxy growth of handling a large amount of inhomogeneous and unstructured
Max-Planck Society for the Advancement of
hexagonal AlN on silver, to extend these methodologies to the information in the Cloud and at the edge, leading to a sustaina-
Science, Germany
new materials phases targeted in this project. ble Industry 4.0 evolution. Moreover, device miniaturisation
and optical on-chip communications could lead to energy-
efficient integrated circuits with an immediate impact on
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES energy savings and the environment.
2D ENGINE is expected to impact electronics and photonics
and primarily aims to provide solutions for the miniaturisation
of mainstream transistors beyond the 2nm technology node.
Our materials could help bringing Moore’s law to the angstrom
regime. Moreover, 2D light-emitting diodes efficiently coupled
to planar waveguides could be ideal for the realisation of
photonic integrated circuits for on-chip optical communication.
It proposes a totally new materials class beyond graphene and
2D transition metal dichalcogenides which have been intensely
2DSPIN-TECH
Sustainable Materials: Spintronic devices often require less
material to manufacture compared to conventional semicon-
ductor devices. Additionally, the use of 2DM in spintronics
can further reduce the amount of material required, leading
to a smaller environmental footprint.
Applying spintronics to provide a break-
through for next generation computer
NEW HORIZONS
memory technologies The discovery of novel materials and nanoscience has been
a driving force behind the modern information technology (IT)
revolution. The rapid IT expansion generates a vast amount of
digital data that needs to be stored, processed and communi-
cated. However, traditional materials offer limited performance
The aim of the project and energy efficiency, hindering their ability to meet future
T
is to demonstrate e computing demands. 2DSPIN-TECH envisions a new paradigm
in IT, one in which, novel atomically thin two-dimensional (2D)
fficient 2D spin-orbit torque quantum materials and their heterostructures are utilised. 2DM
HE FLOW OF charged electrons can generate memory devices.” will have a significant impact on IT due to their unique electron-
electrical current, and in addition to this charge ic properties. 2DSPIN-TECH has the ambition to exploit novel
it also carries a spin. In the same way tradition- Saroj Dash 2DM heterostructures to develop an experimental prototype
al electronics uses charge current to represent Project Coordinator non-volatile magnetic memory device based on a basic
information as zeros and ones, the spin current spin-orbit torque mechanism.
can be used to represent the same binary data
in spintronics. Such devices should have The main challenges are the fabrication of high quality 2D
quicker switching times and lower power heterostructure devices and their interface engineering for
consumption than conventional devices because spin can be utilisation in non-volatile memory applications, which can be
2DSPIN-TECH proposes new concepts for MRAMs and shows Researchers working in the cleanroom.
manipulated faster and at lower energy costs than charge can. faster, energy efficient and multi-functional. To achieve this,
that graphene and other 2D materials (2DM) can potentially

Credit: Chalmers University of Technology
we plan to carefully engineer the properties of the 2D hetero-
be the solution to all the current technology roadblocks. For
2DSPIN-TECH envisions a new paradigm in materials science structures by controlling the interfacial effects and gain a
example, graphene has high electron mobility needed for
by utilising novel, atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) quantum deeper understanding of the fundamental interactions at play.
high-speed electronics, while transition metal dichalcogenides
materials and their heterostructures to develop an experimen- (TMDCs) exhibit a wide range of properties: semiconducting,
tal prototype memory device based on the spin-orbit torque metallic, superconducting, magnetic or topological. The use
(SOT) mechanism, advancing the research from technology COLLABORATIONS
of 2DM offers several advantages, such as an atomically thin
readiness level (TRL) two to four. body, ultra-flat interface, with minimal element intermixing The Graphene Flagship’s Coordination and Support Action
between layers, stacked in any preferred combination and (CSA) will coordinate 12 graphene and 2DM Research and
order and extreme sensitivity to external stimuli. This allows Innovation Actions (RIAs) and Innovation Actions (IAs) projects.
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES for large gate tunability and strong interface proximity interac- This allows the separate actions to exploit synergies in their
In the conventional ‘volatile’ memory used for fast random- tions, which can tune and optimise desirable properties and scientific and technological activities and work more efficiently
access memory (RAM), data is only maintained when the improve device performance. by utilising common services and support functions provided
memory chip is powered. NAND flash memory achieves non- by the project.
volatile storage but is orders of magnitude slower than that
needed for processor-adjacent memory. A key advantage of SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS We hope the 2DSPIN-TECH results can be integrated in the 2D Materials of Tomorrow
spintronics is that electron spin is not energy-dependent, spin Spintronics has the potential to realise high performance with CSA’s communication platform to a large extent. 2DSPIN-
is non-volatile – preserving stored data even after loss of power. ultralow power consumption and fast speeds. It offers a way TECH will provide technical content that can feed into the
CSA activities related to road-mapping for industrialisation, PROJECT COORDINATOR
to advance technologies in various areas, such as quantum Saroj Dash, Chalmers University of Technology,
The first application of spintronics to computers was based on computing and energy harvesting, which are key to realising especially in the area of 2DM for spintronics and electronics
applications. We can make a solid contribution to standard- Sweden
the work of Professors Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg awarded a low-carbon society.
the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of giant isation on terminology and characterisation of graphene and
magnetoresistance (GMR). They realised they could use Low-Power Electronics: Spintronic devices can operate with other 2DM by involving the discussion of new standards and
applying existing standards to characterise the materials. PARTNERS
electron spin to increase the reading rate from a hard disk significantly lower power consumption compared to convention- Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
drive. Ever since, spintronics researchers have been working al semiconductor devices based on charge transport. This is University of Regensburg, Germany
on introducing the same technology to computer memory, because spintronics utilises the spin of electrons, a quantum University of JENA, Germany
aiming to replace electrical current-based dynamic random- property, to manipulate the flow of information, reducing the Budapest University of Technology and
access memory (DRAM) with magnetic RAM (MRAM). amount of energy required for switching and processing. Economics, Hungary
University of Manchester, UK
MRAM technologies are built on magnetic tunnel junctions Non-Volatile Memories: Spintronic memory technologies Hq Graphene, Netherlands
(MTJ) comprised of two ferromagnetic (FM) layers separated by eliminate the need for constant power consumption to maintain Chalmers Industriteknik, Sweden
a thin insulator. The structure appears to be simple but memory, leading to significant energy savings, especially in
practical devices are far more complex. Improving the MTJ battery-powered devices.
stacks and their versatility using conventional materials and
integration processes is a difficult challenge. The actual stacks High-Speed Data Processing: Spintronic devices can achieve
consist of dozens of ultra-thin layers in which each material and faster switching speeds compared to conventional semiconduc-
interface plays an important role in determining the device tor devices, enabling faster data processing and communica-
performance. However, to date, only a very limited number tion. This can reduce the time required for computations and
of optimal material combinations have been identified, in data transfer, leading to energy savings in data centres and
particular CoFeB/MgO has played a prominent role for nearly other high-performance computing environments.
two decades since no alternative has been found yet. As the
MTJ size is downscaled, charge accumulation near the inter- Reduced Joule Heating: Spintronic devices generate less heat
face reduces the energy dissipation and memory cell area. during operation compared to conventional semiconductor
Consequently, MRAM technology faces severe constraints, devices. This reduces the need for cooling systems, which
threatening its future evolution and broad deployment. consume energy and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
50 SAFE BY DESIGN SAFE BY DESIGN 51
SAFARI
Safe and sustainable by design
graphene/MXenes hybrids
MXenes will be applied in
T
energy storage, shielding of
electromagnetic field, water purification,
HE SAFARI PROJECT is developing a new kind
of super-thin material called MXenes in a way construction of sensors and biosensors
that’s safe for people and the environment. as well as lubrication and catalysis.”
MXenes are remarkable for their properties,
which can enhance products we use every day, Dariusz Garbiec
like electronics and energy devices. Project Coordinator
The main goal of the SAFARI project is to find

better and safer ways to make MXenes, as the current process
is far from perfect. It uses some chemicals that are harmful, The Safari team. A glimpse of graphene, the thinnest and strongest
and the materials produced aren’t always as pure or predicta- material known, capable of shaping the future of

Credit: SAFARI
ble as they need to be. electronics, energy storage and beyond.
In this frame, SAFARI aims to improve the process from

scratch. This means finding better ways to prepare the
materials we need to make MXenes, making the MXenes European companies adhere to high standards while remaining COLLABORATIONS
themselves in a safer and more efficient way and figuring out innovative and efficient. Overall, SAFARI plays a crucial role in Being a part of the broader Graphene Flagship ecosystem
how to use them in ways that are good for people and the unlocking the full potential of MXenes and driving sustainable offers several benefits for SAFARI and its stakeholders. Firstly,
environment. economic growth and technological advancement in Europe. collaboration within the Graphene Flagship provides access
to a vast network of academic and industrial partners across
Ultimately, SAFARI is working to make MXenes cleaner, more Europe, fostering knowledge exchange, collaboration and
reliable and easier to produce. This will help scientists and SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS synergies. This network enables SAFARI to leverage expertise, Safe by Design
companies use them to create new technologies that could SAFARI contributes to Europe’s sustainability goals in several resources and infrastructure from diverse disciplines, enhanc-
make our lives better, without causing harm to the planet or ways, aligning with the objectives outlined in initiatives such as ing the development and implementation of innovative
ourselves. the European Green Deal and Horizon Europe. Firstly, SAFARI technologies based on graphene and other 2DM. PROJECT COORDINATOR
focuses on developing sustainable production methods for Dariusz Garbiec, Poznanski Institute
MXenes, reducing energy consumption and minimising the use Our participation in the Graphene Flagship ecosystem enhanc- of Technology, Poland
MEETING NEW CHALLENGES of hazardous chemicals. By implementing a safe and sustaina- es our visibility and credibility facilitating opportunities for
SAFARI addresses several key challenges in the production ble-by-design (SSbD) strategy, SAFARI ensures that the entire collaboration and commercialisation. Being part of the initiative
and utilisation of MXenes, a class of 2D materials (2DM) with lifecycle of MXene production, from raw materials to end-of-life supports SAFARI’s commitment to excellence and leadership PARTNERS
exceptional properties. One significant challenge to solve is the scenarios, complies with environmental standards and in the field of 2DM research and innovation, strengthening its Poznanski Institute of Technology, Poland
development of sustainable and efficient production methods regulations. position within the scientific community and industry. Creative Nano PC, Greece
for MXenes. Current production processes often involve the University of Burgos, Spain
use of hazardous chemicals, leading to environmental Moreover, SAFARI’s emphasis on improving material quality and Moreover, SAFARI’s collaboration with the Graphene Flagship ITENE Research Center, Spain
concerns and safety risks. SAFARI aims to overcome this purity enhances the efficiency and reliability of MXene-based offers opportunities for cross-fertilisation of ideas and ISQ Group, Portugal
challenge by implementing a safe and sustainable-by-design products. Higher-quality MXenes require fewer resources for technologies. By sharing insights, methodologies and best AIMEN Technology Center, Spain
(SSbD) strategy, integrating REACH-compliant chemicals and manufacturing and maintenance, leading to reduced waste and practices with other projects and initiatives within the Danish Technology Institute, Denmark
evaluating processes for safety and sustainability. environmental impact over the product lifecycle. SAFARI’s Graphene Flagship, SAFARI can accelerate progress, address Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd., Israel
outputs, including advanced production methods, standardised common challenges and maximise impact. ThinkWorks BV, Netherlands
By tackling these challenges, SAFARI opens opportunities for characterisation techniques and safety assessment methodol- AXIA Innovation GmbH, Germany
a wide range of real-world applications. For instance, we are ogies, contribute to a more environmentally friendly future by In return, SAFARI contributes to the Graphene Flagship Metrohm DropSens SL, Spain
demonstrating MXene-graphene hybrids in biosensors for promoting responsible innovation and technology development. community by bringing its expertise, capabilities and perspec-
glucose and lactate where we target a biosensing sensitivity tives to the table. SAFARI’s focus on safe and sustainable
reaching a detection limit of 10 nM for glucose and 100 nM production methods for MXenes complements the Graphene
for lactate. We are also producing conductive inks with a NEW HORIZONS Flagship’s efforts to advance the development and commer-
conductivity up to 4.000 S/cm for MXenes and 400 S/cm SAFARI just launched and we are in the process of aligning our cialisation of graphene and other 2DM. By sharing its research
for Mxene-based inks after curing. Finally, we are developing work across all the work packages and partners involved. The findings, insights and technological advancements with the
electromagnetic shielding coatings with MXene paints ranging project has established a communication and dissemination broader Graphene Flagship community, SAFARI enriches the
from 48 to 70 dB over a thickness range of 1.5 – 45 μm. plan which includes a visual identity, printed materials and collective knowledge base and progress towards shared goals.
representation in social media and our website. Furthermore,
Moreover, SAFARI brings significant benefits to the European technical meetings have resulted in a detailed workplan for the
ecosystem for 2DM, by developing advanced production first year of the project starting with the definition of specifica-
methods for MXenes. SAFARI enhances the competitiveness of tions and requirements for the development and production of
European industries in the global market and with its focus on MXenes, assessing their toxicological profiles as well as their
safety, sustainability and regulatory compliance ensures that sustainability through a decision-support tool.
52 STANDARDISATION STANDARDISATION 53
Empowering
By establishing robust
standards, stakeholders are
empowered with confidence in material
innovation
quality and performance, while societal
trust in the safety and reliability of
emerging technologies is bolstered.”
through
I
A CONTEMPLATION ON NANOMATERIALS Jörg Radnik
Standardisation
VS 2D MATERIALS Dr. Jörg Radnik is Senior Scientist
A pertinent question arises regarding the classification of 2D at the Federal Institute for Material
materials within the broader realm of nanomaterials. Radnik Research and Testing, Berlin in the
acknowledges the prevailing classification but anticipates Division 6.1 “Surface analysis and
future deliberations on whether distinct standards for 2D Interfacial Chemistry” and working in
materials are warranted. As the field evolves, collaborative the competence centre nano@BAM.
discussions will be imperative to ensure a nuanced approach
to standardisation, one that fosters innovation while upholding
Illuminating the world of 2D materials regulatory rigor and safety standards.
FOSTERING TRUST THROUGH STANDARDISATION

N A REALM where innovation thrives on the Standards serve as beacons In his closing remarks, Radnik emphasises that standardisa-
cutting edge, the quest for new materials
tion transcends mere technical specifications; it is about

with tailored properties propels industries of clarity, providing a common instilling trust. By establishing robust standards, stakeholders
forward at an unprecedented pace. Yet, language and framework for precisely are empowered with confidence in material quality and
amidst this surge of ingenuity, a critical performance, while societal trust in the safety and reliability
challenge emerges: How do we ensure
defining materials, their properties and
of emerging technologies is bolstered. This trust forms the
consistency, reliability and trust in these measurement protocols.” bedrock for widespread acceptance and adoption of 2D mater-
novel materials? ials in commercial products, thereby propelling innovation and
economic growth.
Dr. Jörg Radnik, a distinguished expert at
the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und THE INFLUENTIAL REACH OF THE GRAPHENE FLAGSHIP
– prüfung (BAM), provides invaluable insights Within the landscape of standardisation, Europe, spearheaded IN CONCLUSION
into the pivotal role of standardisation, by initiatives like the Graphene Flagship, assumes a central As we navigate the frontier of materials science, standardisa-
particularly within the realm of 2D materials. role in shaping international standards for 2D materials. Radnik tion emerges as a linchpin for progress. Jörg Radnik’s insights
In his role as standardisation leader for the underscores the significant influence exerted by collaborative serve as a guiding light, illuminating the critical role of
GrapheneEU Coordination and Support efforts within the Graphene Flagship in propelling standardisa- standards in unlocking the full potential of 2D materials.
Action, Radnik will guide the Graphene tion forward. Through the initiation of standardisation projects Through collaborative endeavours, such as those championed
Flagship projects in standardisation matters and the proposal of consensus-based protocols, Europe by the Graphene Flagship, we can chart a course towards a
and help them to take part in the standardi- endeavours to lead the charge in defining accepted standards, future where clarity, reliability and trust reign supreme in the
sation decisions being made today which thereby solidifying its position as a nexus of innovation in the realm of materials development. As we embark on this journey,
will impact the field for decades to come. field. let us recognise the power of standardisation in the commer-
cialisation of graphene, fostering collaboration, and promoting
Radnik, with a profound background steeped the use of graphene in new exciting products.
in decades of research in X-ray spectrosco- NAVIGATING THE PATH FORWARD
py, catalysis and analytical methods, brings Despite notable strides, Radnik notes that substantial work
a wealth of experience to his current role at remains to be done in comprehensively standardising 2D
BAM’s Division 6.1: Surface Analysis and materials. While consensus on terminology and measurement
Interfacial Chemistry. Since joining BAM in protocols is beginning to emerge, the delineation of standards
2016, he has been a driving force behind advancements in across the entire product chain remains a priority. Over the
analytical techniques, notably X-ray photoelectron spectro- next two years, concerted effort will be directed towards
scopy (XPS) and has actively contributed to standardisation establishing standards for chemical composition, defect
efforts, both domestically and on a global stage. characterisation, contamination control, morphology assess-
ment and other crucial parameters.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STANDARDS

IN MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT
In a candid dialogue with Radnik, the paramount importance of
standards in material development becomes abundantly clear.
He articulates how uncertainties often shroud the characterisa-
tion of new materials, impeding their widespread adoption and
commercialisation. Standards serve as beacons of clarity,
providing a common language and framework for precisely
defining materials, their properties and measurement proto-
cols. This clarity not only fosters trust among stakeholders but
also facilitates reproducibility and comparability, thereby laying
the foundation for innovation and industrialisation.
54 STO STATEMENT 55
Forging
ahead
The 2D-EPL’s technical leader Inge
Asselberghs reflects on the successes
of the project and future of 2DM
integration, and the close of the Horizon
2020 phase of the Graphene Flagship.
It has become apparent
T
that graphene and other
2D materials not only have different
EN YEARS HAVE now passed since the kick-
off of the Graphene Flagship with European unique characteristics, but also
researchers joining forces in developing 2D require dedicated handling in a
materials-based processes, material and
device models, devices and circuits exploration
fabrication environment.”

paving the way towards uptake of this material
in various application fields. The 2D Experimen-
tal Pilot Line project offers the unique setting The international research community continues its endeav-
for research institutes and industry to jointly develop the essen- ours to use, implement and explore a multitude of approaches.
tial building blocks for 2D material (2DM) deposition, post- While it has become apparent that graphene and other 2D
processing and integration evaluation focusing on the domain materials, like transition metal dichalcogenides, have different
of sensors, photonics and electronics. unique characteristics, they also require dedicated handling in
a fabrication environment due to deviating chemical or thermal
Intrinsically challenging is the project’s ambition to create an stability requirements.
ecosystem for 2DM integration and contribute to the enable-
ment of the uptake of 2D materials by the semiconductor Beyond the scope of this project, more development efforts
industry. will be required to further bridge the gap with state-of-the-art
performance demonstrated in literature reports. Interestingly,
The development goals for maturing the wafer scale integration the contribution of this project by exploring various integration
of 2D-materials and delivering reliable deposition modules has routes also shed light on further challenges to tackle. Process
resulted in the achievement of important project milestones. translation to industry relevant process conditions, reducing
The spotlight is on establishing stable deposition modules by variability, increasing stability and reliability.
the manufacturing and installation of specialised equipment.
An MOCVD reactor, uniquely equipped to handle both 200 and Now, the 2D-EPL project has entered its fourth and final year.
300 mm sapphire wafers, is installed by Aixtron. Layer transfer Relevant milestones are successfully achieved, while other
takes the next step to automation with the installation of an important milestones in process demonstration are on the
automated be-bonder by SUSS Micro Tec. With this novel verge of being reached. Innovation outreach events and
dedicated equipment installed in the imec cleanroom facilities, business development inquiries are further driving the
the project’s next step lies in demonstrating a reliable layer information collection and guiding the understanding of
deposition process from growth to transfer. the requirements for industrial uptake.
Gradually, process integration is moving in the direction of The 2D-EPL team is ready to jointly take the final steps for
down selecting the more industry-relevant processes with successful project completion, and move towards the next
the collection of relevant datasets on repeatability, uniformity phase of the pilot line.
and variability.
Essential in a phase one pilot line project is finding the balance Inge Asselberghs
between investing in process maturation and serving custom- 2D-EPL Technical Leader
ers. Today’s 2D-EPL customers have both university and Graphene Flagship Science
company backgrounds. The incentive to join the multi-project and Technology Officer
wafer (MPW) runs can be research enablement, benchmarking
purposes or first prototype testing. Therefore, different stage
MPW runs have been offered by AMO and VTT. Having been
successful, additional MPW offerings have been added for
photonics applications by IHP and sensors by Graphenea.
What is the Graphene Flagship?
Bringing together 118 academic and industrial

partners in 12 research and innovation projects
and 1 coordination and support project, the
Graphene Flagship will continue to advance
CONTE NT AN D CONCE PT BY CONTACT US
Europe’s strategic autonomy in technologies WORK PACKAGE DISSE M INATION
General queries
that rely on graphene and other 2D materials. Editor [email protected]
The initiative, which builds on the previous Rebecca Waters Media inquiries
Flavia Maia [email protected]
10-years of the Graphene Flagship, is funded Dana Gilliland-Wiström Experimental Pilot Line
[email protected]
by the European Commission’s Horizon Europe Administration
Funded by the European Union. Views and
research and innovation programme. opinions expressed are however those of [email protected]
the author(s) only and do not necessarily Events
reflect those of the European Union or [email protected]
The 2D-Experimental Pilot Line, addressing the European Commission. Neither the Innovation/Business Development
European Union nor the granting authority [email protected]
challenges of upscaling 2D material production can be held responsible for them.
processes for the semiconductor industry, FIN D US
is another key component of the Graphene Account
Flagship ecosystem. /GrapheneEU
Visit graphene-flagship.eu

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Annual

5 From the Director

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

20 Europe in the Lead

COORDINATION AND SUPPORT ACTION

24 Flash Graphene: Trash to Treasure

ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS

40 Exploring the Marvels of 2D Materials

52 Empowering Innovation through Standardisation

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

Flagship sets sail

for new horizons

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

Graphene Hybrid graphene/TMD

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

Wafer scale Modules for

The project is constructed around two pillars. In the first pillar,

The second pillar focuses on process enablement. Within that

Upper left: The 2D-EPL has worked on

Left: The Aixtron MOCVD reactor installed

2. DEVELOPMENT OF MODULE AND PLATFORM

3. MULTI-PURPOSE WAFER RUNS

Coordinator: Chalmers University of Technology

SCALING UP 2D MATERIAL GROWTH DEVELOPING RELIABLE WAFER SCALE 2D TRANSFER

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

NEW HORIZONS MEETING NEW CHALLENGES

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

Although the Graphene Flagship project was successful in

PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE FUTURE

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

GRAPHERGIA Self-charging textile

Innovative pilot lines for sustainable

We expect that GRAPHERGIA’s

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

The aim of the MUNASET

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

numerous activities starting in January 2024, extending from

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

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Pioneering sustainable solutions PROJECT COORDINATOR

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

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GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

MXenes will be applied in

The main goal of the SAFARI project is to find

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

In this frame, SAFARI aims to improve the process from

FOSTERING TRUST THROUGH STANDARDISATION

tion transcends mere technical specifications; it is about

GR APHENE F L AGSHIP ANNUAL REPORT 2023

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STANDARDS