RESISTIVE,

CAPACITIVE &
INDUCTIVE
AC CIRCUIT
PREPAR ED BY: ENGR. JENELYN B. BORIBOR
PURELY
RESISTIVE
AC CIRCUIT
 PURE RESISTIVE AC CIRCUIT

➢ The circuit containing only a pure resistance of R ohms

in the AC circuit is known as Pure Resistive AC
Circuit.

➢ The presence of inductance and capacitance does not

exist in a purely resistive circuit.

➢ The alternating current and voltage both move forward

as well as backward in both directions of the circuit.

➢ The alternating current and voltage follow the shape of

the Sine wave or known as the sinusoidal waveform.
 PURE RESISTIVE AC CIRCUIT

➢ In a purely resistive AC circuit,

the impedance is equal to the
resistance.
𝑉𝑇
➢𝐼𝑇 =
𝑍𝑇
 Example: Determine the Impedance of
the AC circuit below.

Solution:
𝑉𝑇
𝑍𝑇 =
𝐼𝑇
120𝑉 𝐴𝐶
Given: 𝑍𝑇 =
4𝐴
It = 4A
V = 120V AC 𝒁 𝑻 = 𝟑𝟎Ω
Zt = ?
 PURE RESISTIVE AC CIRCUIT
➢ Phase angle between voltage and current is zero.

➢ In an AC circuit containing pure resistance, the current

is in phase with the voltage.
POWER IN PURELY RESISTIVE
AC CIRCUIT

Where:
P - the average power in Watts
Vrms - the rms supply voltage in Volts
Irms - the rms supply current in Amps
R - resistance of the resistor in Ohm’s (Ω) or Z -
Impedance
CAPACITIVE
AC CIRCUIT
 PURE CAPACITIVE AC CIRCUIT
➢ In the purely capacitive circuit, the
capacitor is connected directly
across the AC supply voltage.
➢ As the supply voltage increases and
decreases, the capacitor charges
and discharges with respect to this
change.
➢ The charging current is directly
proportional to the rate of change of
the voltage across the plates with
this rate of change at its greatest as
the supply voltage crosses over from
its positive half cycle to its negative
half cycle or vice versa at points,
0o and 180o along the sine wave.
 PURE CAPACITIVE AC CIRCUIT
➢ At 0o the rate of change of the
supply voltage is increasing in a
positive direction resulting in a
maximum charging current at that
instant in time.
➢ As the applied voltage reaches its
maximum peak value at 90o for a
very brief instant in time the supply
voltage is neither increasing or
decreasing so there is no current
flowing through the circuit.
PURE CAPACITIVE AC CIRCUIT
➢ As the applied voltage begins to
decrease to zero at 180o, the slope
of the voltage is negative so the
capacitor discharges in the negative
direction.
➢ At the 180o point along the line the
rate of change of the voltage is at its
maximum again so maximum
current flows at that instant.
 PURE CAPACITIVE AC CIRCUIT

➢ For capacitors in AC circuits the

instantaneous current is at its
minimum or zero whenever the
applied voltage is at its maximum
and likewise the instantaneous value
of the current is at its maximum or
peak value when the applied voltage
is at its minimum or zero.
PURE CAPACITIVE AC CIRCUIT

➢ Current is leading the voltage by 1/4 cycle or 90o.

➢ In a purely capacitive circuit the alternating
voltage lags the current by 90o
 PURE CAPACITIVE AC CIRCUIT
➢ For capacitors in AC circuits, the resistance against
current flow or the opposition is known as Reactance.
➢ Capacitive Reactance in a purely capacitive circuit is
the opposition to current flow in AC circuits only

1
Xc =
2fC
Where:
• Xc - capacitive reactance in ohms
• f - frequency in Hertz
• C is capacitance in Farad
 RC CIRCUIT
➢ A resistor-capacitor circuit (RC Circuit) is an electrical
circuit consisting of passive components like resistors
and capacitors, driven by the current source or the
voltage source.
➢ The capacitor stores energy and the resistor connected
to the circuit control the rate of charging or discharging
 The Impedance of AC Circuit
➢ Impedance, Z which has the units of Ohms (Ω), is the
“TOTAL” opposition to the current flowing in an AC
circuit that contains both Resistance, ( the real part )
and Reactance ( the imaginary part ).
➢ A purely resistive impedance will have a phase angle of
0o while a purely capacitive impedance will have a
phase angle of -90o.
 RC Phase Shifter
➢ One of application of Xc and R in series is to provide a
desired phase shift in the output Vr compared with the input
V t.
➢ The R can be varied up to 100kΩ to change the phase angle.
➢ The C is 0.05µF here for the 60-Hz ac power-line voltage, but
a smaller C would be used for a higher frequency.
 RC Phase Shifter
➢ One of application of Xc and R in series is to provide a
desired phase shift in the output Vr compared with the input
V t.
➢ The R can be varied up to 100kΩ to change the phase angle.
➢ The C is 0.05µF here for the 60-Hz ac power-line voltage, but
a smaller C would be used for a higher frequency.
 RC Network Coupling
➢ The coupling capacitor is used for this
application because it provides more reactance
at lower frequencies, resulting in less ac
voltage coupled across R and more across Cc.

➢ AC coupling consists of using a capacitor to

filter out the DC signal component from a signal
with both AC and DC components.
➢ Known as capacitive coupling.
 High Pass RC Filter
➢ The high pass filter circuit, only passes signals
above the selected cut-off point, ƒc eliminating
any low frequency signals from the waveform.
 Low Pass RC Filter
➢A RC filter or RC network, is an electrical
circuit composed of resistors and capacitors.
➢RC circuits can be used to filter a signal by blocking
certain frequencies and passing others.
High-pass filter - the output is taken across the resistor, low
frequencies are attenuated (shorted to ground) and high
frequencies are passed.

Low-pass filter - the output is taken across the capacitor,

high frequencies are attenuated (shorted to ground) and low
frequencies are passed.

Bandwidth - the range of frequencies that the filter passes.

Cutoff frequency - the point at which the filter attenuates the

signal to half its unfiltered power.
𝟏
𝒇𝒄 =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪
INDUCTIVE
AC CIRCUIT
 High Pass LC Filter
➢An
 INDUCTIVE REACTANCE

XL=2πfL

Where:
XL- Inductive reactance in Ohms
f - frequency in Herts
L- inductance in Henry
 Low Pass LC Filter
➢An RL filter or RL network, is an electrical circuit composed of
resistors and inductors driven by a voltage or current source.
➢High-pass filter - the output is taken across the inductor,
high frequencies are passed and low frequencies are
attenuated (rejected).
➢Low-pass filter - the output is taken across the resistor, low
frequencies are passed and high frequencies are attenuated
(rejected).
➢Bandwidth - the range of frequencies that the filter passes.
➢Cutoff frequency - the point at which the filter attenuates
the signal to half its unfiltered power.

𝑹
𝒇𝒄 =
𝟐𝝅𝑳
RESONANCE
CIRCUIT
 Low Pass LC Filter

➢An LC circuit, also called a resonant circuit, tank circuit,

or tuned circuit, is an electrical circuit consisting of an
inductor, represented by the letter L, and a capacitor,
represented by the letter C, connected together.

➢LC circuits are used either for generating signals at a

particular frequency, or picking out a signal at a
particular frequency from a more complex signal; this
function is called a bandpass filter.
➢Resonance occurs when an LC
circuit is driven from an external
source at an angular
frequency ω0 at which the
inductive and capacitive
reactances are equal in
magnitude.
1
𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶
Where:
• L = Inductance in Henry
• C = Capacitance in Farad
• Fr = Resonance Frequency in Hertz
 RLC CIRCUIT
➢An RLC circuit is an electrical
circuit consisting of a resistor (R),
an inductor (L), and a
capacitor (C), connected in series
or in parallel.
➢Reactance is the ohmic effect of
capacitance and/ or inductance
due to frequency in an AC circuit.
X=XL-XC
RLC CIRCUIT

Z= R +X2 2

R
Pf = = cos 
Z
 FORMULAS

1
Xc = 𝑋 = 𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿
2fC
𝑋 = 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

1
Z= R +X2 2

𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶 R
Pf = = cos 
Z
 Example
• A circuit contains a resistor with an ohmic value of 8Ω and a
reactance value of 6Ω. If it is connected to a 40-V AC supply,
find the impedance and the power factor.
Given:
R=8Ω
X=6Ω
𝑍 = 𝑅2 + 𝑋 2
𝑍 = 82 + 62
𝒁 = 𝟏𝟎Ω

𝑅 8Ω
𝑃𝑓 = = = 𝟎. 𝟖
𝑍 10Ω
 Example
• An RLC circuit contains a resistor with an ohmic value of
15Ω, inductance of 22mH and a capacitance of 47µF.
Compute for its capacitive reactance, inductive reactance and
impedance at a frequency of 1kHz.
Given:
R=15Ω
L = 22mH 1 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝑋𝐶 =
C = 47µF 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(1𝑘𝐻𝑧)(22𝑚𝐻)
f = 1kHz 1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋(1𝑘𝐻𝑧)(47𝜇𝑓) 𝑿𝑳 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟐𝟑Ω

𝑿𝑪 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟗Ω
 Example

𝑍= 𝑅2 + 𝑋 2

𝑋 = 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 𝑍= (15Ω)2 +(134.84Ω)2

𝑋 = 138.23Ω − 3.39Ω 𝑍= 225Ω2 + 18.18𝑘Ω2

𝑿 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟒Ω 𝒁 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟔𝟕Ω

 Example
• An RLC circuit contains a resistor with an ohmic of 27Ω,
inductance of 33µH and a capacitance of 18µF. Compute for
the resonance frequency, capacitive reactance, and inductive
reactance.
Given: 𝑋 𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
1
R=27Ω 𝑓𝑟 = 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(6.53𝑘𝐻𝑧)(33𝜇𝐻)
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶
L = 33µH 1 𝑿 𝑳 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓Ω
C = 18µF 𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋 (33𝜇𝐻)(18𝜇𝐹) 1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝒇𝒓 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟑𝒌𝑯𝒛 1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋(6.53𝑘)(18𝜇𝑓)
𝑿𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓Ω
Thank You!