SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT CONDUCTED

AT DELHI HIGH COURT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BA.LL.B (Semester 4th)

To

Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi

Internship Guide: DR. NAMITA FAGARIA Submitted by: AKANSHA

Designation: ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Enrollment No.: 01719103822

CENTRE FOR LEGAL STUDIES GITARATTAN INTERNATIONAL

BUSINESS SCHOOL, DELHI-110085

Batch (2022-2027)

1
 CERTIFICATE

I, AKANSHA, Enrolment No. 01719103822 certify that the Summer

Internship is conducted by me, and the Report submitted is an authentic work carried

out by me at VIKALP LAW FIRM UNDER ADVOCATE SANJAY KHANNA.

The matter embodied in this Report has not been submitted earlier for the award of

any degree or diploma to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Signature of the Student:

Date:

Certified that the Summer Internship Report conducted by Mr./Ms. ,

Enrolment No. , conducted at

(Name of Organisation) is completed under my guidance.

Signature of the Guide Date:

Name of the Guide:

Designation:

Countersigned

Summer Internship Coordinator Head of Department

2
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to my mentor, Adv. SANJAY KHANNA, for granting

me the opportunity to intern at VIKALP LAW FIRM. His invaluable guidance,

support, and encouragement throughout my internship have played a pivotal role in

enhancing my understanding of the legal profession. The insights and knowledge he

shared have greatly enriched my learning experience.

I am also deeply appreciative of the entire team at VIKALP LAW FIRM for their

constant support and for making my internship experience truly rewarding. Their

willingness to share their expertise and provide practical guidance has been

immensely beneficial. The opportunities to observe and participate in various legal

proceedings have significantly enhanced my practical skills and understanding of the

law.

Lastly, I am grateful to my family and friends for their unwavering support

and encouragement throughout this journey. Their belief in my abilities has

been a constant source of motivation.

Sincerely,

AKANSHA

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. Index 1

2. Certificate 2

3. Acknowledgement 3

4. Table of Contents 4

5. List of Abbreviations 5

6. List of Tables 6

7. Chapter - I 7-22

8. Chapter - II 23-32

9. Chapter - III 33-38

10. Chapter - IV 39-49

11. Chapter - V 56-58

12. References / Bibliography 59

4
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Full Form

AIR All India Reporter

CrPC Code of Criminal Procedure

CPC Code of Civil Procedure

SC Supreme Court

HC High Court

SCC Supreme Court Cases

IPC Indian Penal Code

W.R.P. (C) Writ Petition (Civil)

RSA Regular Second Appeal

RFA Regular First Appeal

EX. F.A. Execution First Day

SLP Special Leave petition

T.R.P.C Transfer Petition

SEC. Section

CJ. Chief Justice

ADV. Advocate

5
 LIST OF TABLES

S.No. Title Page No.

1. Rajesh Kumar v. Meera Singh 39-41

2. Neha Sharma v. Arvind Sharma 42-43

3. Dr. Sitanshi v. Dr. Achintya 44-45

4. Mohan Gupta v. Sunil Kumar 46-47

5. Rajesh Sharma v. State of NCT of Delhi 48-49

6
 CHAPTER - 1

LEGAL DELIVERY SYSTEM AT DISTRICT LEVEL/STATE

LEVEL

1.1. EVOLUTION OF COURT SYSTEM IN INDIA

1. The history of the Indian judicial system is extensive, dating back to

ancient times, during which it underwent several stages of development

under the influence of numerous governing bodies and legal

frameworks.

2. Historical and Medieval Eras:

(a) Ancient Period: - Vedic Period: Village assemblies and local

chieftains were principally in charge of enforcing justice during this

time. The idea of Dharma, or duty and righteousness, was a major

factor in the choices made by judges.

(b) Mauryan Empire: Under Emperor Ashoka, a more formal judicial

system developed, with Rajukas—designated officials—tasked with

carrying out the administration of justice.

3. British Period:

(a) Early British Rule: The British East India Company initially applied

English law selectively. They established their courts, starting with

the Mayor’s Courts in the Presidency towns of Madras, Bombay, and

Calcutta in the early 18th century.

(b) Regulating Act of 1773: This act marked the beginning of a

unified judicial system. It established the Supreme Court of

Judicature in Calcutta, which was later followed by similar courts

in Madras and Bombay.

7
 (c) Judicial Reforms by Cornwallis: Lord Cornwallis introduced

significant judicial reforms in the late 18th century, including the

establishment of civil and criminal courts at the district level and

the introduction of a code of regulations.

(d) High Courts Act of 1861: This act established High Courts in the

Presidency towns, replacing the Supreme Courts and Sadar

Adalats, which were the highest courts during the Company’s rule.

4. Post- independence Period:

(a) Constitution of India (1950): The adoption of the Constitution of India

in 1950 laid the foundation for the modern judicial system. The

Supreme Court of India was established as the apex court, with High

Courts in each state or group of states.

(b) Hierarchy of Courts: The Indian judiciary is organised in a

hierarchical structure with the Supreme Court at the top, followed by

High Courts, District Courts, and subordinate courts, including

Magistrate and Civil Judge Courts.

(c) Judicial Reforms and Modernisation: Over the years, several reforms

have been introduced to enhance the efficiency and accessibility of

the judiciary. The introduction of Fast Track Courts, Lok Adalats, and

the implementation of e-courts are notable examples.

8
1.2. HIERARCHY OF INDIAN COURT SYSTEM

India has a well-structured judiciary with a clear hierarchy, designed to ensure

the smooth administration of justice. This hierarchical system allows for a

systematic process of appeals and reviews.

9
1. SUPREME COURT:

(a) Apex Court: The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in India.

It was established on January 28, 1950, under the Constitution of India.

(b) Jurisdiction: It has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction. The

original jurisdiction includes disputes between the Government of India

and one or more states, or between states. Appellate jurisdiction covers

appeals against judgments of the High Courts, while advisory jurisdiction

allows the President of India to seek its opinion on legal questions.

(c) Composition: It consists of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum

of 33 other judges.

2. HIGH COURTS:

(a) State-Level Courts: High Courts operate at the state or union territory

level. Each state has its own High Court, although some High Courts

have jurisdiction over more than one state or union territory.

(b) Jurisdiction: High Courts have original and appellate jurisdiction.

Original jurisdiction covers cases involving fundamental rights and

significant constitutional matters. Appellate jurisdiction allows them to

hear appeals against the decisions of lower courts.

(c) Composition: Each High Court is headed by a Chief Justice and

comprises several other judges, whose number varies from state to

state.

3. DISTRICT AND SESSIONS COURT:

(a) District Courts: These are established by the state governments for

every district or group of districts, based on the caseload and

population.
10
 (b) Jurisdiction: District Courts have original jurisdiction in both civil and

criminal matters. They also handle appellate jurisdiction over decisions

of subordinate courts within the district.

(c) Sessions Courts: These courts handle serious criminal cases and are

headed by a Sessions Judge. They have the authority to impose the

death penalty.

4. SUBORDINATE COURTS:

1) Civil Courts:

(i) Junior Civil Judge Court: Handles minor civil cases and small

claims.

(ii) Senior Civil Judge Court: Deals with more significant civil cases

and appeals from Junior Civil Judge Courts.

2) Criminal Courts:

(i) Judicial Magistrate Court: Handles minor criminal offences.

There are First-Class and Second-Class Judicial Magistrates, with

the First Class having broader jurisdiction.

(ii) Chief Judicial Magistrate Court: Deals with more serious criminal

cases and supervises the work of another Judicial Magistrates in

the district.

5. SPECIALISED COURTS AND TRIBUNALS:

(a) Family Courts: Handles cases related to family matters such as divorce,

child custody, and maintenance etc.

(b) Consumer Courts: Address disputes between consumers and businesses.

(c) Labour Courts: Deals with labour and employment issues.

11
 (d) Revenue Courts: Handles matters related to land revenue and tenancy.

(e) Tribunals: Established for specific purposes like the Income Tax

Appellate Tribunal, National Green Tribunal, and Armed Forces Tribunal.

These tribunals have specialised jurisdiction over particular types of

cases.

1.3. CONSTITUTION AND COMPOSITION OF DISTRICT COURTS

SPECIALLY OF CIVIL & CRIMINAL (PURPOSE, FUNCTIONS,

NOMENCLATURE OF JUDGES OF EACH CONSTITUENT)

1. CONSTITUTION AND COMPOSITION OF DISTRICT COURTS

PURPOSE & FUNCTION

a) Purpose: District Courts are established to administer justice at the

district level, ensuring that legal remedies are accessible to the

common people. They handle a wide range of civil and criminal

cases, ensuring local access to the judiciary.

b) Functions: District Courts adjudicate both civil and criminal

matters. They serve as the principal courts of original jurisdiction

in the district, hearing cases in the first instance. They also

function as appellate courts for decisions from subordinate courts.

2. CIVIL COURTS

a) Junior Civil Judge Courts

i. Purpose: The Junior Civil Judge Court is intended to

handle minor civil disputes and small claims. It serves

as the first level of the civil judiciary system at the

district level, providing accessible and expedient justice

for less complex legal issues.

12
 ii. Functions:

 Adjudicates civil cases involving smaller

financial stakes or less complex legal questions.

 Conducts trials, hears testimonies, examines

evidence, and delivers judgments in civil

matters falling within its jurisdiction.

 Issues orders, injunctions, and decrees based on

the evidence and legal arguments presented.

iii. Nomenclature of Judges: Junior Civil Judge, the

presiding officer in this court is referred to as the Junior

Civil Judge. They are responsible for managing the court’s

operations and ensuring justice is served promptly and

fairly in the cases they handle.

b) Senior Civil Judge Courts

i. Purpose: The Senior Civil Judge Court deals with more

significant civil disputes than those handled by the

Junior Civil Judge Court. It serves as an intermediate

level of the civil judiciary system, handling cases of

greater complexity and value.

ii. Functions:

 Adjudicates more substantial civil cases

involving higher financial stakes or

more complex legal issues.

 Acts as an appellate court for decisions made

by the Junior Civil Judge Court, reviewing and

13
 potentially overturning or modifying these

decisions.

 Conducts trials, hears appeals, examines

evidence, and delivers judgments in civil

matters falling within its jurisdiction.

 Issues orders, injunctions, and decrees based

on the evidence and legal arguments presented.

iii. Nomenclature:

 Senior Civil Judge: The presiding officer in

this court is referred to as the Senior Civil

Judge. They have a higher rank than Junior

Civil Judges and handle more complex and

higher- stake cases.

 Subordinate Judge: In some states, the

same position is referred to as Subordinate

Judge, indicating their intermediate status in

the judicial hierarchy.

c) District Judge Court

i. Purpose: The District Judge Court is the principal civil

court of original jurisdiction in the district. It handles the

most significant civil disputes within the district,

including those involving substantial financial stakes and

complex legal questions.

ii. Functions:

14
  Adjudicates major civil cases with high

financial stakes or intricate legal issues.

 Acts as an appellate court for decisions made by

the Senior Civil Judge Court, reviewing and

potentially overturning or modifying these

decisions.

 Conducts trials, hears appeals, examines

evidence, and delivers judgments in civil matters

falling within its jurisdiction.

 Issues orders, injunctions, and decrees based on

the evidence and legal arguments presented.

 Supervises and manages the functioning of all

civil courts within the district, ensuring efficient

administration and uniformity in the judicial

process.

iii. Nomenclature: The presiding officer in this court is

referred to as the District Judge. They are the highest-

ranking judicial officer in the district for civil matters,

responsible for handling the most significant and complex

cases. In some jurisdictions, the District Judge may also

be referred to as the Principal Civil Judge, emphasising

their primary role in the civil judicial system of the

district.

3. CRIMINAL COURTS

a) Judicial Magistrate Court

15
 i. Purpose: Judicial Magistrate Courts handle minor

criminal offences and preliminary inquiries. They are the

first level of the criminal judiciary system at the district

level, providing accessible justice for less severe criminal

cases.

ii. Function:

 Adjudicates minor criminal cases, including

petty offences and misdemeanours.

 Conducts preliminary hearings and inquiries

in more serious criminal cases before they are

committed to the Sessions Court.

 Issues summons, warrants, and bail orders,

and conducts trials for offences within its

jurisdiction.

 Imposes sentences, including fines, short-term

imprisonment, and community service for

convicted offenders.

iii. Nomenclature: Judicial Magistrate (First Class and

Second Class), The presiding officer in these courts is

referred to as the Judicial Magistrate. First Class

Magistrates handle more significant cases compared to

Second Class Magistrates.

b) Chief Judicial Magistrate Court

i. Purpose: The Chief Judicial Magistrate (CJM) Court

handles more serious criminal cases within the

district and supervises the work of other Judicial

Magistrates.

ii. Functions:
16
  Adjudicates more significant criminal cases that

are beyond the jurisdiction of First and Second

Class Judicial Magistrates.

 Supervises and guides the functioning of

other Judicial Magistrates in the district.

 Conducts trials, hears testimonies, examines

evidence, and delivers judgments in

criminal matters falling within its

jurisdiction.

 Issues orders, including search and arrest

warrants, and decides on bail applications in

serious cases.

iii. Nomenclature: The presiding officer in this court is

referred to as the Chief Judicial Magistrate. They hold a

higher rank and handle more serious and complex

criminal cases.

4. SESSIONS COURT

a. Purpose: The Sessions Court handles the most serious criminal

cases, including those involving severe punishments such as life

imprisonment or the death penalty. It is the principal criminal

court of original jurisdiction in the district.

b. Functions:

 Conducts trials for major criminal offences,

including murder, rape, and other serious crimes.

 Hears appeals from the decisions of Judicial

Magistrates and the Chief Judicial Magistrate.

17
  Examines evidence, hears arguments, and delivers

judgments in criminal matters falling within its

jurisdiction.

 Imposes sentences, including long-term imprisonment and

capital punishment, for convicted offenders.

 Reviews and decides on appeals against the decisions of

lower criminal courts.

c. Nomenclature:

 The presiding officer in this court is referred to as the

Sessions Judge. They are the highest-ranking judicial

officer in the district for criminal matters, responsible for

handling the most significant and complex criminal

cases.

 In districts with a high volume of cases, Additional

Sessions Judges may be appointed to assist the Sessions

Judge.

1.4. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL OF DISTRICT COURTS

1. INTRODUCTION: District Courts in India play a crucial role in the

judicial system by handling a significant volume of cases and ensuring

justice at the grassroots level. The administrative control of these courts

is essential to ensure their efficient functioning, timely delivery of justice,

and adherence to legal standards.

2. ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE:

 District Judge: The administrative head of the district judiciary

is the District Judge, who is responsible for overseeing the

functioning of all courts within the district. The District Judge

18
 ensures that the courts operate smoothly, efficiently, and in

accordance with the law.

 Chief Judicial Magistrate (CJM): The CJM assists the District

Judge in managing the criminal courts in the district. The CJM

oversees the functioning of Judicial Magistrates and ensures proper

administration in criminal matters.

 Administrative Staff: A dedicated team of administrative staff,

including clerks, registrars, and other support personnel, assists the

judges in managing the court’s daily operations. They handle case

filings, maintain records, and ensure smooth courtroom procedures.

3. FUNCTIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL:

 Case Management: Ensuring the timely listing, hearing,

and disposal of cases to reduce backlog and delay.

 Supervision: Overseeing the work of subordinate judges and

magistrates, providing guidance, and ensuring compliance

with judicial standards.

 Resource Allocation: Managing court resources, including

budgeting, infrastructure, and human resources, to

facilitate efficient court operations.

 Training and Development: Organising training programs for

judicial officers and court staff to enhance their skills and

knowledge.

 Public Interaction: Ensuring transparency and accessibility of

court services to the public, including the management of public

grievances and queries.

19
1.5. OTHER ADJUDICATORY BODIES AT DISTRICT LEVEL (PURPOSE

AND FUNCTIONS)

a) Family Courts: These are established to promote conciliation and

secure a speedy settlement of disputes relating to marriage and

family affairs. They handle cases related to matrimonial issues

such as divorce, child custody, maintenance, and alimony. Family

Courts facilitate reconciliation and mediation between parties

to avoid litigation and provide a less formal and more

accessible setting for resolving family disputes.

b) Motor Accident Claim Tribunals (MACT): These are set up to

provide compensation to victims of motor vehicle accidents.

They adjudicate claims for compensation arising out of motor

vehicle

accidents, determine the liability of insurance companies, and

award appropriate compensation to the victims or their families.

MACTs expedite the process of granting compensation to

reduce the hardship of victims.

c) Green Courts: Specifically, the National Green Tribunal, are

established to handle cases related to environmental protection and

conservation of forests and other natural resources. They

adjudicate cases involving environmental laws, pollution control,

and conservation of natural resources. Green Courts ensure the

enforcement of environmental regulations and policies and provide

relief and compensation for damages to persons and property due

to environmental issues.
20
d) CBI Courts: These are designated to handle cases investigated

by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), which often involve

serious crimes, corruption, and high-profile cases. These courts

adjudicate cases of corruption, fraud, and other serious offences

investigated by the CBI. CBI Courts ensure the speedy trial and

resolution of cases involving high public interest and provide a

specialised judicial process for handling complex criminal cases.

e) Consumer Forums: These are set up to protect the rights of

consumers and provide a mechanism for the redressal of consumer

grievances. They adjudicate consumer complaints regarding

defective goods, deficient services, unfair trade practices, and

overcharging. Consumer Forums award compensation and refunds

to aggrieved consumers, ensure the enforcement of consumer

rights, and promote fair trade practices.

f) Legal Aid Centres: These provide free legal services to the

underprivileged and ensure access to justice for all, regardless of

economic status. They offer legal advice, representation, and

assistance to those who cannot afford legal services. Legal Aid

Centres conduct legal awareness programs and camps to educate

people about their rights and the legal system, facilitating access to

justice by connecting eligible individuals with legal aid lawyers.

g) Mediation System: These aims to resolve disputes amicably

through mutual agreement between the parties involved. It

provides a platform for voluntary and confidential resolution of

disputes through negotiation and mediation. The Mediation System

helps
21
 parties reach mutually acceptable solutions without the need for

litigation and reduces the burden on the judiciary by resolving

disputes outside the formal court system.

h) National Human Rights Commission (NHRC): These aims to

protect and promote human rights in India. It investigates

complaints of human rights violations and recommends corrective

measures. The NHRC conducts inquiries, intervenes in cases of

human rights abuses, and provides legal assistance and support to

victims of human rights violations.

i) Lok Adalat: Lok Adalats are established to provide an

alternative dispute resolution mechanism. Facilitates settlement of

disputes through negotiation and conciliation. It provides quick

and cost- effective resolution of disputes without formal

litigation. It deals with cases related to family disputes, bank

recovery cases, and other civil matters.

j) Juvenile Justice Board: The Juvenile Justice Board deals with

cases involving juveniles in conflict with the law. It conducts

inquiries and adjudicates cases involving juveniles. It ensures

rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile offenders into society.

It provides a child-friendly approach to justice for minors.

22
 CHAPTER – 2

OFFICE PROCEDURES AT ADVOCATE’S / LEGAL FIRM /

COMMISSIONERATE OFFICE

2.1.1. CLIENT COUNSELLING

During my internship at S.K. Kaushik & Associates, I had the opportunity to observe

and participate in client counseling sessions, which are integral to the legal practice.

Client counseling involves the process of interviewing clients, understanding their

issues, and providing appropriate legal advice. It is a crucial aspect of an advocate's

work, as it sets the foundation for the legal strategy that will be employed. The initial

interaction with the client is vital as it helps in building trust and rapport, which are

essential for effective communication and representation.

Throughout my internship, I learned that client counseling requires a blend of

interviewing, planning, and analytical skills. The process begins with the advocate

listening attentively to the client's narrative, asking pertinent questions to gather

relevant information, and identifying the key issues at hand. This stage is crucial as it

helps in understanding the client's needs, expectations, and the legal context of their

problem. I observed that successful client counseling involves not just legal

knowledge, but also empathy, patience, and the ability to communicate complex legal

concepts in a manner that is easily understandable to the client.

In practice, I witnessed several client meetings where the advocate would

meticulously take notes, ask clarifying questions, and provide preliminary advice on

the legal options available. For instance, in one session, a client came with a property

dispute issue. The advocate first allowed the client to explain their situation in detail,

23
then asked specific questions to uncover critical facts, and finally advised on

possible legal remedies and the next steps. This structured approach ensures that no

important detail is overlooked and the client feels heard and supported.

Participating in these sessions allowed me to experience the dynamics of lawyer-

client relationships firsthand. I observed how the advocate maintained a balance

between professionalism and approachability, ensuring that the client felt comfortable

sharing sensitive information. The sessions also highlighted the importance of

confidentiality and ethical considerations in legal practice. By experiencing the

counseling process with multiple clients, I was able to see the diverse range of issues

that clients bring to a law office and how each case requires a tailored approach.

In conclusion, client counseling is a multifaceted skill that combines legal expertise

with interpersonal skills. My internship at S.K. Kaushik & Associates provided me

with invaluable insights into the intricacies of client counseling, emphasizing the

importance of effective communication, thorough understanding of the client's issues,

and ethical conduct in building a successful lawyer-client relationship.

2.1.2. TAKING NOTES

Taking notes during client meetings and court proceedings is a fundamental aspect of

a lawyer's daily routine. At S.K. Kaushik & Associates, I quickly learned the

importance of meticulous note-taking. This practice ensures that all relevant

information is captured accurately, which is essential for drafting legal documents,

preparing for hearings, and maintaining case files.

During client meetings, the advocate would take detailed notes, documenting the

client's concerns, the facts of the case, and any legal advice given. These notes serve

24
as a reference for future consultations and help in formulating a coherent legal

strategy. I observed that effective note-taking involves not just writing down what is

said, but also noting the client's demeanor and any non-verbal cues that might be

important.

In court, note-taking becomes even more critical. The advocate would jot down key

points from the arguments presented, the judge's remarks, and any procedural details.

These notes are then used to prepare for subsequent hearings, draft legal submissions,

and ensure compliance with court directives. The standard format used for note-taking

includes headings, subheadings, and bullet points to organize information clearly and

efficiently.

Through this experience, I understood that note-taking is not just a clerical task but a

crucial skill that underpins effective legal practice, ensuring accuracy, consistency,

and preparedness in all legal proceedings.

1.2.3. LEGAL RESEARCH

Legal research is a cornerstone of effective legal practice, bridging the gap between

theoretical knowledge and practical application. I engaged deeply in legal research,

understanding its critical role in case preparation, drafting, and court presentations.

The process involves identifying relevant laws, statutes, precedents, and legal

principles that apply to the specific facts and circumstances of a case.

During my internship, I was tasked with researching various legal issues, which

required me to delve into legal databases, journals, and case law repositories. This

involved not just finding relevant information but also analyzing and interpreting it in

the context of ongoing cases. For instance, I researched precedents for cases

involving
25
property disputes and contractual obligations, ensuring that our legal arguments

were well-founded and supported by judicial decisions.

The research process also highlighted the importance of accuracy and thoroughness. I

learned to verify the reliability of sources and to cross-reference information to ensure

its credibility. Additionally, I was trained to summarize complex legal texts into

concise, actionable insights that could be easily integrated into legal briefs and

arguments.

Through hands-on research, I grasped the nuances of legal interpretation and the

strategic use of legal precedents. This experience underscored the necessity of staying

updated with current legal developments and understanding how legislative changes

and judicial interpretations impact ongoing and future cases.

Overall, my legal research tasks at S.K. Kaushik & Associates sharpened my

analytical skills, deepened my understanding of the law, and prepared me for the

meticulous work required in the legal profession.

1.2.4. DRAFTING

Drafting legal documents is a fundamental skill for any lawyer, and during my

internship, I had the opportunity to learn the basic rules of effective drafting and

practice them. Drafting involves creating precise, clear, and legally sound

documents such as petitions, affidavits, contracts, and legal notices. The process

requires a thorough understanding of legal language, structure, and the specific

requirements of each type of document.

26
I was guided through the principles of effective drafting, which include clarity,

conciseness, and coherence. Legal documents must be free of ambiguity, with each

sentence constructed to convey the exact intention of the drafter. I learned to avoid

unnecessary legal jargon and focus on straightforward, easily understandable

language.

During my internship, I drafted a legal document as part of my learning process. This

involved understanding the facts of the case, researching relevant laws, and

structuring the document appropriately. I received feedback from my mentor, which

was invaluable in refining my drafting skills. The process of drafting not only

improved my writing skills but also enhanced my ability to think logically and

present arguments coherently.

Drafting is not just about writing; it also involves reviewing and revising documents

to ensure accuracy and completeness. I observed how senior advocates meticulously

review drafts, checking for legal compliance and ensuring that all necessary details

are included. This experience taught me the importance of attention to detail and the

iterative nature of the drafting process.

Overall, the drafting experience during my internship was a significant learning

opportunity. It provided practical insights into the creation of legal documents and

underscored the importance of precision and clarity in legal writing.

1.2.5. FILE PREPARING

Preparing a case file is a crucial part of legal practice, and during my internship, I

learned the detailed procedures and formats involved in this process. A well-prepared

case file ensures that all relevant documents are organised, easily accessible, and

27
ready for presentation in court. The process of file preparation involves several steps,

including sequencing documents, numbering pages, and compiling affidavits and

Vakalatnamas.

The first step in file preparation is to gather all necessary documents related to the

case. This includes petitions, affidavits, evidence, correspondences, and legal

notices. Each document must be placed in a logical order that reflects the progression

of the case. Sequencing documents chronologically or by relevance helps in

presenting a clear narrative to the court.

Numbering the pages of the file is essential for easy reference during court

proceedings. Each page is numbered sequentially, and an index is created at the

beginning of the file to list all the documents included. This index acts as a guide,

making it easier to locate specific documents quickly.

Affidavits and Vakalatnamas are integral parts of a case file. An affidavit is a sworn

statement of fact, and a Vakalatnama is a document authorising a lawyer to represent

the client in court. These documents must be prepared meticulously, ensuring they

meet all legal requirements and are properly signed and attested.

During my internship, I prepared a complete case file, which involved masking the

real names/parties for confidentiality. This exercise taught me the importance of

organisation and attention to detail in legal practice. A well-prepared file not only aids

in presenting the case effectively but also ensures that all necessary documentation is

in place, facilitating a smoother legal process.

1.2.6. ACCOUNT SETTLING

28
During my internship at S.K. Kaushik & Associates, I gained insight into the critical

process of account settling, which involves negotiating fees with clients and ensuring

all financial transactions are handled ethically and transparently. This process is

pivotal in maintaining the trust and satisfaction of clients while also ensuring the

financial health of the law practice.

Account settling begins with a clear and detailed discussion with the client about the

services provided and the associated costs. I observed how my supervising advocate,

Adv. S.K. Kaushik, approached these discussions with clarity and honesty, outlining

the fee structure, potential additional costs, and payment schedules. This transparency

helps in setting realistic expectations and avoiding any misunderstandings later on.

I also learned about the ethical considerations in account settling. It's crucial to

provide a fair and reasonable estimate of costs and to avoid overcharging or hidden

fees. Lawyers must balance their need to be compensated for their expertise and time

with the client's ability to pay and the ethical obligation to ensure justice is accessible.

Negotiating fees can sometimes be challenging, especially when clients face financial

constraints. I witnessed how my mentor handled such situations with empathy and

flexibility, often working out payment plans that accommodated the client's financial

situation while ensuring that the practice's needs were met.

1.2.7. COURT FEE

Understanding the intricacies of court fees was an essential aspect of my internship at

S.K. Kaushik & Associates. Court fees are charges imposed on the filing of various

legal documents and are crucial for the functioning of the judicial system. They vary

29
depending on the type and value of the case, such as civil suits, criminal cases, and

other legal proceedings.

During my internship, I observed the process of calculating and paying court fees for

different types of cases. The calculation is based on the value of the claim in civil

matters, and specific fee schedules are prescribed under various statutes. I learned the

importance of accurately assessing these fees to avoid delays or rejections during the

filing process.

I also became familiar with the rules and procedures regarding court fees, including

the relevant laws such as the Court Fees Act, 1870, and the Delhi Court Fees Act.

These laws outline the fee structure, exemptions, and refunds applicable in different

scenarios.

The experience underscored the necessity of meticulous attention to detail in

preparing and filing documents, ensuring that the correct court fees are paid, and

understanding the legal framework governing these fees. This knowledge is crucial

for the smooth processing of legal cases and maintaining compliance with judicial

requirements.

1.2.8. RELATIONSHIP WITH SUPPORT STAFF

During my internship, I gained valuable insights into the importance of the

relationship between lawyers and their support staff. Support staff in a legal office

typically includes clerks, paralegals, secretaries, and administrative assistants. These

individuals play a crucial role in the preparation, filing, tracking, and archiving of

cases, and their efficient management is essential for the smooth functioning of the

office.

30
Support staff are often responsible for organising and maintaining case files,

managing schedules, and ensuring that all necessary documents are prepared and

submitted on time. They handle a significant portion of the administrative workload,

allowing lawyers to focus on legal analysis and client representation. I observed that

clear communication and delegation of tasks are vital for effective teamwork and

productivity.

Building a positive relationship with support staff involves recognising their

contributions and fostering a collaborative environment. During my internship, I saw

how senior advocates acknowledged the efforts of their support staff and provided

them with the necessary resources and training to perform their duties efficiently. This

approach not only boosts morale but also enhances the overall efficiency of the legal

office.

Managing support staff also requires a clear understanding of their roles and

responsibilities. I learned that effective management involves setting clear

expectations, providing regular feedback, and addressing any issues promptly. By

working closely with support staff, lawyers can ensure that all administrative tasks are

handled efficiently, leading to better case management and client service.

Understanding the functions of support staff and learning to manage them effectively

was a significant part of my internship experience. It underscored the importance of

teamwork and the need for strong organisational skills in legal practice. Building and

maintaining a good relationship with support staff is essential for any lawyer to ensure

the smooth operation of their practice and to deliver high-quality legal services to

clients.

31
 CHAPTER – 3

FILING A CASE AND COURT PROCEDURES

3.1. Filing a Case & Court Procedures

(a) Procedures of Filing a Case at the Registry / Filing of Appeal /

Review/ Revision/ Writ Petition

Filing a case in court involves several steps. Initially, the case needs to be prepared

and checked for completeness, including all relevant documents, pleadings, and

evidence. The advocate then submits these documents to the court registry. For filing

an appeal, review, revision, or writ petition, specific procedures must be followed:

1. Case Filing: This involves preparing the case documents, including the plaint

or petition, and submitting them to the registry of the relevant court. The

court registry checks the documents for compliance with procedural

requirements.

2. Filing an Appeal: This requires submitting a memorandum of appeal

outlining the grounds for appeal, along with supporting documents and a

copy of the lower court’s judgment. The filing includes paying the prescribed

court fee and presenting the documents to the court registry.

3. Review/Revision: Filing for review or revision involves preparing a petition

detailing the grounds for review or revision, supported by relevant

documents. This petition is submitted to the registry of the court that issued

the original order or judgment.

4. Writ Petition: A writ petition is filed directly in the High Court or

Supreme Court, depending on the nature of the writ. The petition must

outline the
32
 grounds for seeking a writ and include relevant evidence. The documents are

submitted to the registry, and the court fee is paid.

(b) Various Forms of Court Procedure

Several standard forms are used in court procedures, each serving a specific function:

1. Bail Bond: A document that ensures a person released on bail will appear

in court as required. It includes details of the surety and terms of bail.

2. Index Form: This is used to list the documents in a case file, providing a

detailed index to facilitate easy reference.

3. Memorandum of Appeal: A form outlining the grounds on which an appeal

is made against a decision, including details of the case and the errors

alleged.

4. Process Fees Form: This form is used to pay fees for issuing processes like

summons, notices, or warrants.

5. Vakalatnama: A document appointing a lawyer to represent a client in court.

It includes details of the case and the authority granted to the lawyer.

6. Application for Certified Copy: Used to request a certified copy of a

court order or judgment. It includes details of the case and the specific

document required.

(c) Filing Before a Relevant Court (Jurisdiction of the Courts)

Filing a case involves selecting the appropriate court based on its jurisdiction, which

is determined by the subject matter and territorial limits. The courts are categorised

into:
33
 1. Civil Courts: Handle civil disputes such as property, contracts, and

family matters. Jurisdiction is based on the value of the claim and

geographical location.

2. Criminal Courts: Deal with criminal offences. Jurisdiction is based on

the nature and severity of the crime, ranging from Magistrate Courts for

minor offences to Sessions Courts for serious crimes.

3. High Courts: Have jurisdiction over appeals from lower courts and cases of

significant importance. They have territorial jurisdiction over their

respective states or union territories.

4. Supreme Court: The apex court with jurisdiction over all types of

cases, including appeals, reviews, and writs from High Courts and

tribunals.

(d) Listing of Cases for Hearing (Cause List)

The cause list is a schedule of cases to be heard by the court on a particular day. It is

prepared by the court registry and includes case numbers, names of parties, and the

scheduled time for hearing. The cause list helps in managing court proceedings and

ensuring that cases are heard in an orderly manner. It is usually published in advance

and can be accessed by lawyers, litigants, and the public.

(e) Structure of Court Staff, Their Nomenclature and Functions

Court staff play various roles in the functioning of the judiciary:

1. Judge: Presides over court proceedings, makes decisions, and delivers

judgments. The judge is responsible for ensuring that the trial is

conducted fairly and according to the law.

34
2. Registrar: Manages the administrative functions of the court, including

case registration, maintenance of records, and issuing notices.

3. Court Clerk: Assists the judge by managing court documents, preparing

case files, and recording proceedings.

4. Stenographer: Records verbatim accounts of court proceedings,

including testimonies and arguments.

5. Process Server: Delivers court notices and summons to parties involved in the

case.

6. Bailiff: Maintains order in the courtroom and assists with the execution of

court orders.

3.2. COURT MANNERS/PROCEDURES

Court manners and procedures are crucial for maintaining decorum and

ensuring the smooth conduct of proceedings. In court, lawyers must

address the judge respectfully, using titles such as “Your Honor” or “My

Lord” depending on the court. When addressing the opposition lawyer, a

professional and courteous tone is maintained.

Oral submissions involve presenting arguments verbally before the judge,

while written submissions are made through formal documents submitted

to the court. Procedures for seeking time or adjournments involve filing an

application with valid reasons and obtaining the court’s approval.

Applications for bail require presenting arguments to demonstrate the

necessity for bail and addressing concerns about the accused’s potential

flight risk or impact on the investigation. It is important to follow proper

35
 procedures and adhere to court etiquette to ensure effective representation

and maintain professionalism.

3.3. HEARING AND PLEADING

Attending court proceedings provided valuable insights into the hearing

and pleading process. Hearing involves presenting arguments, examining

witnesses, and responding to the judge’s questions. Pleading includes

drafting and submitting legal documents that outline the case’s facts and

legal arguments.

I observed how experienced lawyers structured their arguments, referred

to case laws, and addressed counterarguments effectively. The process

requires meticulous preparation, deep knowledge of legal principles, and

the ability to think on one’s feet. Documenting these observations and

understanding the dynamics of courtroom advocacy were crucial aspects

of my learning experience.

3.4. ACTION BY THE COURT

Understanding the court’s actions in a case involves observing various

procedural steps. These include granting adjournments, recording

evidence, and issuing orders and judgments. Adjournments are granted to

allow parties more time to prepare or for other reasons deemed necessary

by the judge.

The court records evidence presented by parties, which is critical for

making informed decisions. Orders and judgments are issued based on the

36
 evidence and legal arguments presented. Notices, summons, and warrants

are issued to inform parties and enforce court orders. Observing these

actions provided insights into the judicial process and highlighted the

importance of procedural fairness and transparency.

3.5. RECEIVING A COPY OF AN ORDER

Obtaining a certified copy of a court order involves submitting an

application to the court registry. The application must include details such

as the case number, names of the parties, and the specific order or

judgment required. The registry processes the application, and the certified

copy is issued once the necessary formalities are completed.

The procedure for obtaining a certified copy ensures that litigants and

advocates have access to official records of court decisions. The

application format and procedure for obtaining copies were integral parts

of my learning experience, providing practical knowledge about managing

court documents.

3.6. APPEAL PROCEDURE

Familiarising oneself with the appeal procedure involves understanding

the grounds for appeal, the types of orders or judgments that can be

appealed, and the relevant appellate courts. Appeals can be filed against

final judgments, orders, or decrees from lower courts.

The procedure includes preparing and submitting a memorandum of

appeal, paying the required court fee, and presenting the appeal before the

37
appropriate appellate court. The appellate court reviews the case to

determine if there were errors in the lower court’s decision and may

uphold, reverse, or modify the original decision. Understanding this

process was crucial for comprehending the appellate system and its role in

ensuring justice.

38
 CHAPTER –

4 CASE

DIARY

IN THE COURT OF SH. NEERAJ GAUR, JUDGE, FAMILY COURT,

ROHINI COURT

Case No. – CMM-8637-2024

RAJESH KUMAR …Petitioner

V.

MEERA SINGH …Respondent

Date of Case: 04.07.2024

 Facts of the Case:

o Rajesh Kumar and Meera Kumar were married on June 15, 2015,

following a traditional arranged marriage. Rajesh, the petitioner, filed

for divorce on the grounds of irretrievable breakdown of marriage

under Section 13(1)(i) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. He claims

that despite several attempts to salvage the relationship, their marriage

has deteriorated beyond repair. The couple has been living separately

since January 1, 2022, due to constant arguments and a lack of mutual

understanding. Rajesh asserts that his efforts to reconcile with Meera,

including marriage counseling sessions and mediation attempts, were

unsuccessful.
39
 o Meera Kumar, the respondent, contests the divorce petition, arguing

that the issues in the marriage were largely due to Rajesh’s frequent

absences and neglect. She maintains that the separation was

precipitated by Rajesh's lack of responsibility towards familial duties,

which she believes should be addressed before proceeding with a

divorce.

 Issues:

o Whether the marriage between Rajesh Kumar and Meera Kumar

has irretrievably broken down.

o Whether the grounds for divorce under Section 13(1)(i) of the Hindu

Marriage Act are adequately established.

 Court’s Observation:

o The court considered the evidence presented by both parties. Rajesh

Kumar provided detailed accounts of the couple’s attempts at

reconciliation, including documentation from counseling sessions

and mediation efforts. The court noted that Rajesh had made

significant

attempts to resolve the issues, as evidenced by correspondence and

testimony from the marriage counselor.

o In contrast, Meera Kumar’s defense, while acknowledging the

marital issues, did not provide sufficient evidence to counter the

claim of irretrievable breakdown. The court observed that the

prolonged separation and ongoing disputes between the parties

indicated that the marriage had reached an impasse. The court

emphasized that the

40
 inability to resolve fundamental issues despite multiple attempts

strongly supported the claim of irretrievable breakdown.

 Self Observation:

o The case provided insights into how courts approach divorce petitions

based on irretrievable breakdown of marriage. It highlighted the

importance of substantial evidence demonstrating attempts at

reconciliation and the severity of marital discord. The court’s thorough

examination of both parties’ claims underscored the need for clear and

convincing evidence to justify the dissolution of marriage. This case

reinforced the principle that

legal decisions in divorce cases are deeply rooted in the factual matrix of

the parties' relationship and their efforts to resolve conflicts.

Next date of hearing:

 The next hearing is scheduled for September 20, 2024, to finalize the

proceedings and issue the divorce decree, pending any further submissions

or objections from either party.

41
 IN THE COURT OF MS. NIVEDITA ANIL SHARMA, PRINCIPAL JUDGE

FAMILY COURT, ROHONI COURT

Case No. – CMM-4624-2024

NEHA SHARMA …Petitioner

V.

ARVIND SHARMA …Respondents

Date on Case: 08.07.2024

 Facts of the Case:

o Neha Sharma, the petitioner, filed a domestic violence complaint

against her husband, Arvind Sharma, on April 12, 2024. Neha alleges

that since their marriage on October 10, 2016, Arvind has subjected

her to physical and emotional abuse. The petitioner claims that the

abuse started shortly after their marriage and escalated over time.

Neha reports incidents of physical assault, verbal abuse, and financial

coercion. She provided medical records and witness testimonies to

support her claims of abuse.

o Neha also stated that Arvind had threatened her with eviction from

their shared residence, which is located at 17, Green Park, Rohini.

She seeks protection under the Protection of Women from Domestic

Violence Act, 2005, and has requested immediate relief, including a

restraining order, maintenance, and the right to reside in the shared

household.

o Arvind Sharma, the respondent, denies all allegations, claiming that

Neha is exaggerating and misrepresenting the facts. He argues that

the couple has had marital disputes but denies any physical abuse.

Arvind
42
 contends that Neha’s allegations are a pretext to gain an upper hand in

divorce proceedings and seeks dismissal of the complaint.

 Issue:

o Whether Neha Sharma has been subjected to domestic violence as

defined under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act,

2005.

o Whether the petitioner is entitled to reliefs such as protection orders,

maintenance, and the right to reside in the shared household.

 Court’s Observation:

o The court reviewed evidence presented by both parties, including

medical records, witness statements, and testimonies. Neha

Sharma’s documentation of medical visits and her detailed accounts

of abuse were examined critically. Witnesses who observed

incidents of violence or witnessed Neha’s distress were also

considered.

o The court noted inconsistencies in Arvind Sharma’s testimony and the

lack of evidence to refute Neha’s claims. The physical evidence and

corroborative testimonies lent credibility to Neha’s allegations. The

court acknowledged the need for immediate protection and support for

Neha while ensuring that Arvind’s rights are also respected during the

proceedings.

 Self Observation:

o The case illustrated the court’s thorough approach in handling

domestic violence claims, emphasizing the importance of

corroborative evidence and witness testimony in such matters.

Next date of Hearing: 09.12.2024.

43
 IN THE COURT OF HMJ SWARNA KANTA SHARMA, DELHI HIGH

COURT

Case No. - TR.P.(C.)-112-2024

DR. SITANSHI SHARMA …Petitioner

V.

DR. ACHINTYA SHARMA …Defendant

Date of Case: 16.07.2024

 Facts of the Case:

o The Respondent has filed the above HMA No. 303/2021 seeking

Dissolution of Marriage on the ground of cruelty and desertion under

Section 13(1) (ia) and 13(1) (ib) of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.

o The application of the Petitioner came up for hearing before the Ld.

Family Court-02 on 04.11.2023, and 12.01.2024. The Ld. Presiding

Officer of Family Court-2 District South did not allow the Ld. Sr.

Counsel representing the Petitioner reasonable opportunity to address

submissions on the basis of grounds raised in the application under

Order 7 Rule 11 CPC.

o The Ld. Family Court-02 orally granted three days' time is granted to

the Petitioner/Wife to file written submissions with judgements. The

Petitioner/Wife filed an application under Section 151 CPC before the

Ld. Family Court-02 sought an opportunity to make oral submissions

on the review application and the matter was mentioned by the Ld.

Senior Counsel on 08.07.2024 seeking an opportunity as prayed in the

application under Section 151 CPC. The Ld. Trial Court, did not

accede to the submissions made by the Ld. Senior Counsel for the

Petitioner to
44
 address oral submissions and the matter was again fixed for. Orders for

12.07.2024 just after three days.

 Issues:

o To call for the records of case HMA No. 303/2021 titled as

Dr.Achintya Sharma Vs. Sitanshi Sharma from the Court of the Ld.

Principal Judge, Family Court-02, District South, Saket Courts, New

Delhi.

o Transfer the case bearing HMA No. 303/2021 from the Court of Ld.

Principal Judge, Family Court-02, District South, Saket Courts, New

Delhi, to any other Court within the same jurisdiction to ensure fair

and impartial adjudication.

 Court’s Observation:

o The Hon’ble Justice ordered the Petitioner to withdraw the allegations

put up against the ld. Judge of the Trial Court.

o Notice was issued.

 Self Observation:

o The petitioner was wrong in putting up malicious allegations on a

reputed judge of the trial court without any proof.

o The Hon’ble Justice correctly pointed out this and clearly directed to

withdraw the allegations before moving further with the case.

Next Date of Hearing: 01.08.2024

45
 IN THE COURT OF SH. PRITU RAJ, CIVIL JUDGE, ROHINI COURTS

Case No. – CA-119-2024

MOHAN GUPTA …Complainant

V.

SUNIL KUMAR …Respondent

Date of Hearing: 25.07.2024

 Facts of the Case:

o Mohan Gupta, the petitioner, initiated a commercial dispute against

Sunil Kumar on June 5, 2024, at Rohini Courts. Mohan Gupta, an

entrepreneur, had entered into a contractual agreement with Sunil

Kumar for the supply of raw materials for his manufacturing

business. The contract, signed on March 15, 2023, stipulated that

Sunil Kumar would deliver raw materials worth ₹500,000 by June 1,

2023. However, Sunil Kumar failed to deliver the materials on time

and provided substandard goods, resulting in significant financial

losses and disruption of Gupta’s business operations.

o Mohan Gupta claims that despite several reminders and a formal

notice, Sunil Kumar did not rectify the breach or compensate for

the losses. Gupta seeks damages for breach of contract, a refund of

the advance payment of ₹200,000, and compensation for the losses

incurred due to the delay and poor-quality goods.

o Sunil Kumar, the respondent, contends that the delay was due to

unforeseen supply chain issues beyond his control. He argues that

he made partial deliveries and offered a discount on future orders as

46
 compensation. Sunil Kumar denies that the goods were substandard

and disputes the amount claimed by Gupta as excessive.

 Issues:

o Whether Sunil Kumar is liable for breach of contract and failure

to deliver raw materials as agreed.

o Whether Mohan Gupta is entitled to damages, a refund, and

compensation for losses incurred.

 Court’s Observation:

o The court examined the contract terms, delivery records, and

correspondence between the parties. Evidence was presented regarding

the quality of goods and the extent of the delay. The court also

reviewed expert testimony on the standard quality of raw materials and

the impact of the delay on Gupta’s business.

 Self Observation:

o The case highlighted the complexities involved in commercial

disputes, particularly regarding contract performance and damages. It

emphasized the importance of clear contract terms and timely

communication between parties to prevent disputes. The court’s focus

on balancing the impact of genuine issues faced by the respondent

with the petitioner’s right to seek redress under contract law illustrated

the judicial approach to resolving commercial disputes fairly and

equitably.

Next date of Hearing: 25.10.2024

47
 IN THE COURT OF HMJ ANUP JAIRAM BAMBHANI, DELHI HIGH

COURT

Case No. – W.P.C. 267-2024

RAJESH SHARMA …Appellant

V.

STATE OF NCT OF DELHI ...Respondents

Date of Hearing:

31.07.2024

 Facts of the Case:

o Rajesh Sharma, the petitioner, filed a writ petition on July 10, 2024, at

the Delhi High Court challenging the legality of an order passed by the

Delhi Police Department. The petitioner, a businessman, had applied

for a license to operate a commercial establishment in a specific zone

of Delhi. Despite fulfilling all the regulatory requirements and

receiving initial approval, Rajesh Sharma’s application was rejected

on May 15, 2024, citing alleged discrepancies in the documents

submitted.

o Rajesh Sharma contends that the rejection was arbitrary and without

proper examination of the evidence. He argues that the

discrepancies cited were minor and that the decision was influenced

by external factors, including personal bias from a local official.

Sharma seeks a writ of certiorari to quash the rejection order and a

direction for the authorities to process his application in accordance

with the law.

o The Delhi Police Department, the respondent, argues that the rejection

was based on valid procedural lapses and non-compliance with certain

regulations. The department maintains that all due processes were

48
 followed and that the decision was made in the interest of enforcing

legal standards.

 Prayer:

o Whether the rejection of Rajesh Sharma’s application was

arbitrary and legally unsound.

o Whether the petitioner is entitled to a writ of certiorari to quash

the rejection order and a direction for processing the application.

 Court’s Observation:

o The court reviewed the petitioner's application, the rejection order, and

the regulatory framework governing commercial licenses. It

scrutinized the alleged discrepancies and the procedural steps followed

by the Delhi Police Department. The court also considered whether the

decision was influenced by improper factors or if it adhered to the

legal standards required for such administrative decisions.

o The court observed that while administrative discretion is permitted,

it must be exercised within the bounds of legality and fairness. The

emphasis was on ensuring that procedural justice was upheld and that

the petitioner’s right to a fair review was maintained.

 Self Observation:

o The case underscored the importance of administrative transparency

and the need for clear, well-supported reasons for rejecting

applications. It demonstrated how judicial oversight can ensure that

administrative decisions comply with legal standards and procedural

fairness.

Next date of Hearing: 30.09.2024

49
 CHAPTER – 5

LEARNING SUMMARY

5.1. YOUR ACHIEVEMENTS DURING THE INTERNSHIP

During my internship at S.K. Kaushik & Associates, I achieved significant

milestones that enriched my legal understanding and skills. I was actively

involved in drafting legal documents, which enhanced my proficiency in legal

writing and attention to detail. My role included preparing case files, where I

learned the intricacies of organizing legal documents, affidavits, and

annexures. I participated in client counseling sessions, gaining firsthand

experience in managing client relationships and understanding their legal

needs. This exposure was instrumental in developing my interviewing and

advisory skills. Additionally, I engaged in legal research, which allowed me to

connect case facts with applicable laws, improving my analytical abilities. I

also had the opportunity to observe court proceedings, which provided

practical insights into the judicial process and courtroom etiquette. These

experiences collectively contributed to my professional growth, offering a

comprehensive understanding of both the administrative and procedural

aspects of legal practice.

5.2.ETHICAL ISSUES OBSERVER OF FACED

Throughout my internship at S.K. Kaushik & Associates, I encountered

several ethical issues that underscored the importance of integrity in legal

practice. One primary concern was the challenge of maintaining client

confidentiality. I
50
 observed situations where sensitive information was discussed openly, raising

concerns about protecting client privacy and avoiding potential breaches. This

experience highlighted the critical need for vigilance in safeguarding

confidential information.

Another ethical issue involved the handling of legal documents. I noted

instances where there was pressure to expedite certain filings, potentially

leading to oversights or errors. This raised questions about balancing

efficiency with accuracy and ensuring that all legal documents are thoroughly

reviewed before submission.

Additionally, I witnessed the ethical dilemmas faced during negotiations,

where aggressive tactics were sometimes employed to secure favorable

outcomes. This emphasized the importance of maintaining professionalism

and fairness in legal negotiations, avoiding manipulative strategies that could

compromise the client's interests or the integrity of the legal process.

These observations reinforced the necessity of adhering to ethical standards

and maintaining a commitment to justice, accuracy, and respect for all parties

involved in legal proceedings.

5.3. SUGGESTIONS

Based on my internship experience at S.K. Kaushik & Associates, I offer

several suggestions for improving practices within the legal environment at

Rohini Courts. Firstly, there should be a greater emphasis on client

confidentiality protocols. Implementing stricter measures to protect sensitive

51
information can help prevent accidental disclosures and maintain trust in the

legal process.

Secondly, enhancing training for legal staff on document management and

accuracy is crucial. Regular workshops focusing on the importance of

meticulous review and verification of legal documents can help mitigate errors

and improve overall efficiency.

Additionally, it would be beneficial to promote ethical practices during

negotiations. Encouraging a culture of fairness and professionalism in

negotiations can help avoid aggressive tactics and ensure that all parties are

treated with respect.

Lastly, improving communication channels between the legal team and clients

can lead to more effective case management. Regular updates and clear

explanations of legal procedures can help clients stay informed and engaged

in their cases, ultimately leading to better outcomes and higher client

satisfaction. Implementing these suggestions can contribute to a more ethical,

efficient, and client-centered legal practice

52
 REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Books:

 M. P. Jain, "Indian Constitutional Law," LexisNexis, 2020.

 R. C. Agarwal, "Indian Legal System," Sahitya Bhawan

Publications, 2018.

 S. K. Verma & M. M. Agrawal, "Legal Education in India," Eastern

Book Company, 2021.

2. Journals:

 “Journal of Indian Law and Society,” National Law School of India

University, 2023.

 “Indian Journal of Law and Justice,” Indian Law Institute, 2022.

 “Legal Studies Journal,” Oxford University Press, 2023.

3. Website Databases:

 Manupatra: [www.manupatra.com](http://www.manupatra.com) –

Comprehensive legal database with case law, statutes, and legal

commentaries.

 SCC Online: [www.scconline.com](http://www.scconline.com) – Database

providing access to Supreme Court Cases, High Court judgments, and

legal news.

53
  Legal India: [www.legalindia.com](http://www.legalindia.com) – Resource

for legal articles, case law, and legal education.

4. Official Website of Court:

 Delhi High Court: [www.delhihighcourt.nic.in]

(http://www.delhihighcourt.nic.in) – Official site providing access to

judgments, case status, and court procedures.

 Rohini District Court: [www.districts.ecourts.gov.in/rohini]

(http://www.districts.ecourts.gov.in/roh ini) – Official portal for case status,

court schedules, and court staff information.

54
55