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    UNIT5

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    joshilantony
    Artificial Intelligence

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    UNIT5

    Uploaded by

    joshilantony
    32 views7 pages
    Artificial Intelligence

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Artificial Intelligence

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views7 pages

    UNIT5

    Uploaded by

    joshilantony
    Artificial Intelligence

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    EXPERT SYSTEM

    An expert system is a computer program that is designed to solve complex problems and to
    provide decision-making ability like a human expert. It performs this by extracting knowledge
    from its knowledge base using the reasoning and inference rules according to the user
    queries.

    The expert system is a part of AI, and the first ES was developed in the year 1970, which was
    the first successful approach of artificial intelligence. It solves the most complex issue as an
    expert by extracting the knowledge stored in its knowledge base. The system helps in decision
    making for complex problems using both facts and heuristics like a human expert. It is called
    so because it contains the expert knowledge of a specific domain and can solve any complex
    problem of that particular domain. These systems are designed for a specific domain, such
    as medicine, science, etc.

    LISP is the language of most artificial intelligence researchers. However, we found many cases
    in which expert systems were not written in LISP or were orig- inally written in LISP and later
    translated to another language.

    The performance of an expert system is based on the expert's knowledge stored in its
    knowledge base. The more knowledge stored in the KB, the more that system improves its
    performance. One of the common examples of an ES is a suggestion of spelling errors while
    typing in the Google search box.

    Below is the block diagram that represents the working of an expert system:
    SOME EXAMPLES OF EXPERT SYSTEM:

     DENDRAL: It was an artificial intelligence project that was made as a chemical analysis
    expert system. It was used in organic chemistry to detect unknown organic molecules
    with the help of their mass spectra and knowledge base of chemistry.
     MYCIN: It was one of the earliest backward chaining expert systems that was designed
    to find the bacteria causing infections like bacteraemia and meningitis. It was also
    used for the recommendation of antibiotics and the diagnosis of blood clotting
    diseases.
     PXDES: It is an expert system that is used to determine the type and level of lung
    cancer. To determine the disease, it takes a picture from the upper body, which looks
    like the shadow. This shadow identifies the type and degree of harm.
     CaDeT: The CaDet expert system is a diagnostic support system that can detect cancer
    at early stages.

    PROBABILITY-BASED EXPERT SYSTEM

     A probability based expert system is a type of artificial intelligence system that uses
    probability theory and statistical methods to make decisions or provide
    recommendations.
     It combines expert knowledge with probabilistic reasoning to handle uncertainty and
    make informed choices.
     These systems are commonly used in various fields including medicine, finance and
    engineering where decisions must be made in situations with incomplete or uncertain
    information.

    Components/Architecture of an Expert System:


    An expert system mainly consists of three components:

     User Interface
     Inference Engine
     Knowledge Base
    Knowledge Base
    The knowledge base represents facts and rules. It consists of knowledge in a particular domain
    as well as rules to solve a problem, procedures and intrinsic data relevant to the domain.
    Inference Engine
    The function of the inference engine is to fetch the relevant knowledge from the knowledge
    base, interpret it and to find a solution relevant to the user’s problem. The inference engine
    acquires the rules from its knowledge base and applies them to the known facts to infer new
    facts. Inference engines can also include an explanation and debugging abilities.
    Knowledge Acquisition and Learning Module –
    The function of this component is to allow the expert system to acquire more and more
    knowledge from various sources and store it in the knowledge base.
    User Interface
    This module makes it possible for a non-expert user to interact with the expert system and
    find a solution to the problem.
    Explanation Module –
    This module helps the expert system to give the user an explanation about how the expert
    system reached a particular conclusion.

    The Inference Engine generally uses two strategies for acquiring knowledge from the
    Knowledge Base, namely –

     Forward Chaining
     Backward Chaining

    Forward Chaining –
    Forward Chaining is a strategic process used by the Expert System to answer the questions –
    What will happen next. This strategy is mostly used for managing tasks like creating a
    conclusion, result or effect. Example – prediction or share market movement status.

    Figure: Forward Chaining


    Backward Chaining –
    Backward Chaining is a strategy used by the Expert System to answer the questions – Why
    this has happened. This strategy is mostly used to find out the root cause or reason behind it,
    considering what has already happened. Example – diagnosis of stomach pain, blood cancer
    or dengue, etc.

    Figure: Backward Chaining

    Characteristics of an Expert System:

     Human experts are perishable, but an expert system is permanent.


     It helps to distribute the expertise of a human.
     One expert system may contain knowledge from more than one human experts thus
    making the solutions more efficient.
     It decreases the cost of consulting an expert for various domains such as medical
    diagnosis.
     They use a knowledge base and inference engine.
     Expert systems can solve complex problems by deducing new facts through existing
    facts of knowledge, represented mostly as if-then rules rather than through
    conventional procedural code.
     Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of artificial intelligence (AI)
    software.

    Limitations of an Expert system:


     Do not have human-like decision-making power.
     Cannot possess human capabilities.
     Cannot produce correct result from less amount of knowledge.
     Requires excessive training.

    Advantages of an Expert System:


     Low accessibility cost.
     Fast response.
     Not affected by emotions, unlike humans.
     Low error rate.
     Capable of explaining how they reached a solution.
    Disadvantages of an Expert System:
     The expert system has no emotions.
     Common sense is the main issue of the expert system.
     It is developed for a specific domain.
     It needs to be updated manually. It does not learn itself.
     Not capable to explain the logic behind the decision.

    Applications of an Expert System :


    The application of an expert system can be found in almost all areas of business or
    government. They include areas such as :
     Different types of medical diagnosis like internal medicine, blood diseases and show
    on.
     Diagnosis of the complex electronic and electromechanical system.
     Diagnosis of a software development project.
     Planning experiment in biology, chemistry and molecular genetics.
     Forecasting crop damage.
     Diagnosis of the diesel-electric locomotive system.
     Identification of chemical compound structure.
     Scheduling of customer order, computer resources and various manufacturing task.
     Assessment of geologic structure from dip meter logs.
     Assessment of space structure through satellite and robot.
     The design of VLSI system.
     Teaching students specialize task.
     Assessment of log including civil case evaluation, product liability etc.
     Expert systems have evolved so much that they have started various debates about
    the fate of humanity in the face of such intelligence, with authors such as Nick Bostrom
    (Professor of Philosophy at Oxford University), pondering if computing power has
    transcended our ability to control it.

    STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM


     PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION PHASE: Identifying the problem and opportunity where
    the organization can obtain benefits from an ES and establishing the ES general
    goals.
     FEASIBILITY STUDY PHASE: Accessing the feasibility of the ES development in terms
    of its technical, economical and operational feasibility.
     PROJECT PLANNING PHASE: Planning for the ES project including development team
    members, working environment, project schedule and budget.
     KNOWLEDGE AQUISITION PHASE: Extracting domain knowledge from domain
    experts and determining the system requirements.
     KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION PHASE: Representing key concepts from the domain
    and interrelationships between these concepts using formal representation
    methods.
     KNOWLEDGE IMPLEMENTATION PHASE: Coding the formalized knowledge into a
    working prototype.
     VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION: Verifying and validating a working prototype
    against the system requirements and revising it as necessary according to domain
    expert’s feedback.
     INSTALLATION/TRANSITION/TRAINING: Installing the final prototype in an
    operating environment, training the users and developing documentation/user’s
    manual.

    TYPES OF EXPERT SYSTEM IN AI

    An expert system is a computer program designed to simulate the problem-solving behaviour


    of a human expert in a particular domain. It uses knowledge and reasoning techniques to
    provide intelligent advice or decision-making support for specific problems.

    Expert systems can be classified into five categories:

     Rule-based expert systems


     Frame-based expert systems
     Neural expert systems
     Fuzzy expert systems
     Neuro-fuzzy expert systems.

    Rule-based expert systems

    Rule-based expert systems are expert systems in which the knowledge is represented by
    production rules. A production rule, or simply a rule, consists of an IF part (a condition or
    premise) and a THEN part (an action or conclusion). IF condition THEN action (conclusion).
    Frame-based expert systems

    A frame-based expert system is an artificial intelligence (AI) program that uses a knowledge
    representation technique to store and reason with facts about the world. It works on the basis
    of frames, which are structures designed to capture relevant information from a particular
    domain such as medicine or business.

    Neural expert systems

    Expert systems are an artificial intelligence application that uses a knowledge base of human
    expertise for problem solving. In a neural network expert system, the knowledge is encoded
    in the weight, and the artificial neural network generates inference rules.

    Fuzzy expert systems

    This type of system uses fuzzy logic to represent and manipulate uncertain or vague
    information which allows for degrees of truth instead of just true or false.

    Neuro-fuzzy expert systems.

    A neuro-fuzzy system is a fuzzy system that uses a learning algorithm derived from or inspired
    by neural network theory to determine its parameters (fuzzy sets and fuzzy rules) by
    processing data samples.

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