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    LEC 10 Dental Waxes

    Uploaded by

    محمد امين

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    LEC 10 Dental Waxes

    Uploaded by

    محمد امين
    8 views8 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

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    8 views8 pages

    LEC 10 Dental Waxes

    Uploaded by

    محمد امين

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Dental waxes

    Waxes are one of the many essential materials used in dentistry. Fabrication of
    artificial restoration of soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity requires use of wax in
    one form or the other. Waxes are, essentially, soft substances with poor mechanical
    properties.

    Composition of waxes

    Waxes are organic polymers consisting of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. These
    are composed of mixtures of thermoplastic materials (softened by heating then
    hardened by cooling) which are normally solid at room temperature but melt without
    decomposition to form mobile liquids. The waxes that used in dentistry normally
    consist of two or more components which may be natural or synthetic waxes, resins,
    oils, fats and pigments.

    Requirements of dental waxes:

    1. Must conform to the exact size and shape and contour of the appliance which is
    to be made.

    2. Should have enough flow when melted to reproduce the fine details.

    3. No dimensional change should takes place once it's formed.

    4. Boiling out of the wax without any residue.

    5. Easily carved and smooth surface can be produce.

    6. Definite contrast in color to facilitate proper finishing of the margins.

    Applications

    1. Used in the formation of wax pattern.


    2. Used in the dental laboratory to box impressions prior to cast pouring with
    gypsum.

    3. Used as a base plate for the registration of jaw relationships.

    4. Used as a casting wax to establish minimum thickness to certain areas.

    5. Used as a utility wax to prevent distortion of impression materials.

    6. Used as a sticky wax to join fractured parts together.

    7. Used as a corrective impression wax to contact and register the detail of soft
    tissues.

    Classification of waxes

    • Classification of waxes according to their origin

    • Classification of waxes according to the Application in Dentistry

    Classification of waxes according to their origin: According to their origin waxes


    are classified as:

    1. Synthetic Waxes: Synthetic wax is a man-made wax synthesized from


    appropriate monomers. The synthetic waxes differ chemically from the
    natural waxes. The synthetic waxes have specific melting points and are
    blended with natural waxes. These are more often refined when compared to
    the natural waxes. For example, polyethylene waxes.
    2. Natural waxes

    Type Example Source Properties


    1.Mineral Paraffin wax Obtained during the •Brittle at room temperature.
    distillation of crude • Softening temperature: 37–55°C
    petroleum • has relatively low melting point range: 40–71°C
    Ceresin wax From natural and mineral Added to increase the melting range of paraffin wax.
    petroleum
    Microcrystalline Obtained from petroleum • Less brittle than paraffin wax due to their oil content.
    wax • Melting range: 60–80°C
    • Added to modify the softening and melting ranges of wax
    blends.
    • Less volumetric change during solidification
    2. Plants Carnauba wax from trees and plants • Melting temperature: 84–91°C
    waxes • Added to increase the melting range and hardness of
    paraffin wax.
    Candelilla wax from trees and plants • Melting temperature: 68–75°C
    • Added to harden paraffin waxes.
    3. Animal stearin wax obtained from animal fat • has low melting point 50 °C
    waxes Spermaceti Wax Obtained from the whale. • Used as a coating in the manufacture of dental floss.
    Bees wax obtained from honycomb • Less brittle.
    • Melting temperature: 63–70°C. often blended with
    paraffin wax in order to modify the properties of the
    paraffin. The effect of adding beeswax to paraffin wax is to
    render the material less brittle and to reduce the extent to
    which it will flow under stress at temperatures just below
    the melting point.

    Classification of waxes according to the their Application in Dentistry

    1. Pattern wax: the primary uses of the wax in dentistry are to form patterns of
    appliances prior to casting. Following the production of a stone model or die, the
    next stage in the formation of many dental appliances, dentures or restorations is the
    production of a wax pattern of the appliance on the model. The wax pattern defines
    the shape and size of the resulting appliance and is eventually replaced by either a
    polymer or an alloy using the lost-wax technique. Methods which involve the
    production of a model followed by the laying down of a wax pattern are known as
    indirect techniques. Some dental restorations, may be produced by a direct wax
    pattern technique in which the inlay wax is adapted and shaped in the prepared cavity
    in the mouth. Waxes used in the production of patterns by either the direct or indirect
    technique must have very precisely controlled properties in order that well fitting
    restorations or appliances may be constructed. The Pattern wax divided to the
    following types which are:

    A. Inlay wax: Should be hard and brittle in order to fracture rather than to distort
    when removed from undercut areas. The wax is mostly blue in color. They are used
    to make inlays crowns and pointic replicas. They are mostly paraffin with carnauba
    wax.

    There are 2 types.

    Type 1: for direct technique. Type 2: for indirect technique

    B. Denture casting wax: used to produce the metal components of cobalt –


    chromium partial denture. It is based on paraffin wax with bees wax to give softness
    necessary for molding and stickiness necessary to ensure adhering to an investment
    material. It is mostly green sheet.

    C. Modelling waxes (Denture base plate wax, sheet wax):


    It is used to form the base of the denture and in setting of teeth. Modelling waxes
    consist mainly of mixtures of paraffin wax and bees wax and have melting points in
    the range 49–58ºC. They are generally supplied in pink sheet form. Modelling waxes
    are tough enough to resist fracture when withdrawn from shallow undercuts.

    Three types of material are available, designated as follows:

    • Type 1 soft wax

    • Type 2 hard wax

    • Type 3 extra hard These products differ primarily in regard to their softening
    temperature.

    D. White wax: to make pattern simulate veneer facing in crowns.

    2. Processing wax: used during processing of the appliance like:

    A. Beading wax: Used to make beading around the impression before pouring
    gypsum to protect the margins.

    B. Boxing – in wax: Used to make box around the impression to make pouring
    gypsum into the impression easier and more perfect.
    C. Block – out wax: To block – out undercut areas on cast during processing of
    Co/Cr metal frame work.

    D. Sticky wax: Used for temporarily joining two components of an appliance and
    join the broken pieces of the denture before repair.

    3. Impression wax: They are previously used to make impression but distort when
    removed from undercut, they have high flow.

    Wax Properties:

    1. They are thermoplastic materials that are soft when heated and are solid at room
    temperature.

    2. High coefficient of thermal expansion and contraction it is the highest of dental


    materials. 300 × 10–6 /°C – 1000 × 10–6 /°C. shrinkage of wax from liquid to solid
    at room temperature is 0.4% thermal contraction of wax is compensated by
    expansion of investment.

    3. Poor thermal conductivity after softening of the wax it is allowed to cool, which
    is accompanied by contraction. because of poor thermal conductivity only the outer
    layer solidify and the inner solidify later which will produce internal stress. Relief
    of the stresses accrues later especially when temp. increases, greater stresses may be
    incorporated if the wax is not properly softened.
    4. Methods for softening wax prior to using include a water bath, an infra-red lamp
    and a bunsen burner. The best way to soften the wax is to be held in the warm raising
    air above the flame and not in the flame itself. While The ideal method for softening
    wax is to use a wax annealer (This is a thermostatically controlled oven which keeps
    the wax at a constant temperature, just above the softening point, ready for use).
    5. Flow: should have high flow when softened but should have little or no flow at
    room temp. or mouth temp. in order not to distort.

    6. Brittleness: inlay wax should be brittle in order to fracture rather than distort when
    removed from undercut of the cavity.

    Wax Distortion

    Distortion is one of the most serious problems faced when forming the pattern and
    removing it from the mouth or die specially in the direct technique.

    Reasons for wax Distortion

    The wax distorted by:

    1. Thermal changes, using of the wax at not uniform temperature. Some parts of the
    wax pattern may thermally contract more than others when stresses are introduced.
    2. Releasing of internal stresses. The stresses are induced from the natural tendency
    of the wax to contract on cooling, from occluded gas bubbles, change of shape during
    moulding and due to carving, etc.

    3. Distortion may also take place due to flow of wax under its own weight
    particularly at a higher temperature.

    4. During carving operation, some molecules of wax will be disturbed and the
    stresses will be introduced.

    5. Time and temperature of storage before investment may result in stress release.
    6. If the wax has to be melted and added to the pattern in order to repair some parts
    that were not accurately obtained, the added wax will introduce stress during
    cooling.

    7. If the wax is not held under uniform pressure during cooling.

    Avoidance of wax distortion:

    1. Minimal carving

    2. Minimal change in temperature.

    3. Minimal storage of the pattern (Invest immediately).

    4. Use warm instruments for carving.

    5. Store in fridge if necessary

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