Pali Grammer Only-Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Volume 16

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—11-12-2013 633
PALI : DICTIONARY 633
The Pali Grammar

Section I o.kZfopkj & Orthography
Section II Hkk"kkfu;e & Rules of change
Section III 'kCnfopkj & Etymology

A1 - Nouns - I General grammar
II Words in groups
III Sentences
A2 - Pronouns - Classification same as above
A3 - Adjectives - Classification same as above
B - Verbs - I General grammar
II Verbs in groups
III Participles
IV Participles in groups
V General conversation
C - Particles I Prefix
II Indeclinables
III Particles in groups
IV Sentences
Section IV Cardinals
Section V Syntax
Section VI General conversation
Section VII General information
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634 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES
Section 1
ALPHABETS or o.kZ 41
o.kZfopkj (Orthography)
1. (i) ljk (Loj in Sanskrit) or Vowels in Pali are eight in number viz :—
v a, vk a, b i, bZ i, m u, mQ u, , e, vkS o. Out of these v] b] m are short
or jLl (:gLo)] and vk] bZ] mQ are long or nh?k (nh?kZ)_ , and vks are
diphthongs.
(ii) Consonants or C;atuk are Thirty-three :-
(a) d ka; [k kha; x ga; ?k gha; Ä na (doXxks)
p ch; N cha; t ja; > jha; ×k na (ooXxks)
V ta; B tha; M da; < dha; .k na (VoXxks)
r ta; Fk tha; n da; / dha; u na (roXxks)
i pa; iQ pha; c ba; Hk bha; e ma (ioXxks)
; ya; j ra; y la; o va; l sa; g ha; G la;
(b) The above consonants are classified into two categories – hard and soft.
(i) The last three consonants in each group and ;] j] y] o] g and G together
are the twentyone soft consonants.
(ii) The first two consonants in each group and l together are the eleven hard
consonants.
(iii) Ä] ×k] .k] u] e µ are nasal
(iv) la;qDr O;atu %µ Conjunct Consonants.
éï kka; D[k kkha; D; kya; fØ kri; d] Do kva:
[; khya; [o khva; Xx gga; X?k ggha; xz gra;
Äï] Ä~d nka; …] Ä~[k nkha; Äõ] Ä~x nga; †] Ä~?k ngha;
Pp cca; PN ccha; T×t] jja; T> jjha; ××k nna; ×g nha;
×p] ÛÓ nca; ×N ncha; ×t] ×t nja; ×> njha; V ð tta;
Vò ttha; M ó dda; M ò ddha; ..k nna; .V nta; .B ntha;
.M ndha; Ùk tta; RFkk ttha; Ro tva; =k tra; í dda;
¼ ddha; nz dra; } dva; èo dhva; Ur nta; UFk ntha;
Un nda; U/ ndha; Uu nna; Ug nha; Ii ppa; IiQ ppha;
Cc bba; CHk bbha; C; bya; cz bra; Ei mpa; EiQ mpha;
Ec mba; EHk mbha; Ee mma; Eg mha; Õ; yya;
Õg yha; Yy] Š lla; Y; lya; Yg lha; Og vha; Ll ssa;
Le sma; Lo sva; ã hma; à hva; Gg lha.
(iii) vuqLokj or fuXxfgrk i.e - ez pronounced as vga and written as Ahan.
(iv) folxZ (%)
(v) There are no vowels Í] Í] Æ] Æ] ,s and vkS nor are there the consonants
'k and "k in Pali. l substitutes 'k and "k in Pali.
(v) All Pali words end with vowels, e.g.:—
nf.Mu~ = n.Mh in Pali.
An inherent v is present in all consonants.
2. Pronounciation; p] t] and > are respectively pronounced as in pgk]
f>Eek and >dkl-
3. Mode of writing certain words.
xaxk ¾ xÄõk iafMr ¾ if.Mr ¯yi ¾ fyEi
iap ¾ iÛÓ va/ ¾ vU/
4. Mode of writing numbers.
ûúû ¾ ,dkf/da lra_ ,dÙkqj lra
üüø ¾ vV òfolfr f}lra
ûüú ¾ ohlfr vf/d lra
Section 2
Hkk"kkfu;e (Rules of Change)
(A) Vowel Changes :–
1. ½ is changed to, v] b] m] e.g. :–
(i) ?k`r ¾ ?kr (Ghee); Ñr ¾ dr (done); x`g ¾ xg (house) e`r ¾ er (dead).
(ii) ½f"k ¾ bfl_ ½f¼ ¾ bf¼_ /`fr ¾ f?kfr (courage)_ e`x ¾ fex (deer)
(iii) ½rq ¾ mrq_ ½tq ¾ mtq (straight); ½"kHk ¾ mlHk (an ox); o`"kHk ¾ cqlHk (ox)
2. v is changed to b] m] ,] vk-
(i) panzek ¾ pfUnek
(ii) vlw;k ¾ mlw;k (hatred)
(iii) ,d'kÕ;k ¾ ,dlÕ;k
(iv) vydk ¾ vkydk
3. vk is changed to v] m-
laektZuh lEeqTtuh (broom)
4. b is changed to m] ,] v-
(i) b"kq ¾ mlq (arrow): b{kq ¾ mNq (Sugarcane)
(ii) fu"kkn ¾ uslkn_ foeè; ¾ oseT>
(iii) i`fFkoh ¾ iBoh
5. m is changed to v] b] vks-
(i) xq# ¾ x#
(ii) iq:"k ¾ iqfjl
(iii) izkeq[; ¾ ikeksD[k_ 'kq.Mk ¾ lks.Mk (Trunk) :
6. , is changed to vks-
}s"k ¾ nksl
7. ,s is changed to ,] b-
oS'kk[k ¾ oslk[k
,sÜo;Z ¾ bLlfj; (riches)
8. vks is changed to m-
gks=k ¾ gqÙk (offerings to god)
9. vkS is changed to vks] m] vk] v-
(i) vkS"k/ ¾ vksl/
(ii) ekSfÙkQd ¾ eqfÙkd_ vkSRlqD; ¾ mRlqd
(iii) xkSjo ¾ xkjo (respect)
(iv) lkSE; ¾ lEe (friend)
10. The visarga (:) preceded by v is changed to m after v and is dropped after other
vowels e.g. :–
cq¼k% ¾ cq¼k_ efr% ¾ efr_ ÜoJw ¾ lLlw
(B) Consonantal Changes :–
I. (i) d changed to [k
dhy ¾ [kky (nail)_ 'kqud ¾ lqu[k
(ii) x changed to d & rMkx ¾ rGkd (bottom)
?k g & y?kq ¾ ygq (small)

changed to
(iii) M changed to G & xqM ¾ xqG (jaggery)
& ØhMk ¾ dhGk (game)
V changed to G & LiQfVd ¾ iQfGd
n changed to G & nksgn ¾ nksgG
(iv) < changed to Ÿg & vk"kk< ¾ vklkŸg
(v) i changed to iQ & ij'kq ¾ iQjlq (axe)
(vi) Hk changed to g & izHkq ¾ igq (almighty)
(vii) ; changed to o & vk;q/ ¾ vkoq/
(viii) j changed to y & ek#r ¾ ekyqr (air)
(ix) y changed to u & yykV ¾ uykV (forehead)
(x) 'k] "k changed to N] l & 'kkod ¾ Nkid
& vkdk'k ¾ vkdkl
(xi) / changed to g & #f/j ¾ :fgj (blood)
(xii) g changed to / or Hk & bg ¾ b/ (here)
& fe=knzksgh ¾ feÙknwHkh
II. Conjunct-consonantal changes :–
1. A long vowel is made short when followed by a conjunct, consonant or an
anuswara.
(i) ekxZ ¾ eXx_ ektkZj ¾ eTtkj (cat)
bZ'oj ¾ bLlj (god); ijkØe ¾ ijkéïe
(ii) a) 'kkyke~ ¾ lkya_ unhe~ (µ) ¾ u¯n
(iii) b) when the anuswara on short vowels is dropped the latter are length-
ened
¯lg ¾ lhg_ na"Vªk ¾ nkBk_
lana'k ¾ laMkl
(c) when long vowel has an anuswara becomes short :–
lukru ¾ luaru (old)
(d) when a long vowel is accompanied with anuswara, it becomes short :–
ekal ¾ eal (meat)
2. (i) The first member of a conjunct consonant (la;qÙkQ tksMk{kj) in a sanskrit
word is dropped in its Pali form and the remaining member is doubled
e.g. :–
HkqÙkQ ¾ HkqÙk_ 'kCn ¾ lí-
(ii) If the first member of a conjunct consonant, so doubled, is the second letter
of a class (oXx) , it is changed to the first letter of the same class; and if
it is the fourth, it is changed to the third :–
vFkZ → vFFk → vR; as Hkw is the second letter of the roXx-
nqX/ → nqè/ → nq¼ & milk
yqC/ → yqè/ → yq¼ & greedy
(iii) The remaining first member of a conjunct consonant is
not doubled at the beginning of a word e.g. :–

L[kfyr → [kfyr (mistake)
Nor is it doubled after a niggahita or anuswara e.g. :–
la=kkl → larkl (fear)
This doubling is optional in a compound e.g. :–
i××kk; lfgrks → li××kks or lIi××kks (wise)
(iv) ; is doubled after ,_ e.g. xs;e~ → xsÕ;a (song); is;e~ → isÕ;a (drink)
(v) When e~] u~] ;~] or n~ stands as the last member of a conjunct consonant,
it is dropped and the remaining member is doubled Rule (i) is superseded
by this and by the subsequent rule (vii) e.g. ;qXe → ;qXx (pair); Le`fr →
lfr (rule iii) (recollection); uXu → uXx_ lkSE; → lksEe] èoal → /al]
(destruction).
Exception :– When e~] u~] ;~] o~ are combined with g] this change does
not take place. e.g. lgÔ → lÕg (bearable).
(vi) e is not dropped in the conjunct consonants Ye and Ue e.g. mUekn →
mEekn_ dYek"k → dEekl (spotted); tkYe → teks (a rogue); fuEu → fuUu
(deep). Le is either ratained or changed to Eg e.g. HkLe → HkLe_ rfLeu~
→ rfEg (in it) m"ek → mLek (heat).
(vii) j~ whether the initial or final member of a comjunct consonant is dropped
and the remaining member is doubled. e.g. ekxZ → eXx_ o.kZ → o..k_
pØ → péï_ nfjnz → nfGí_ exceptions vkn'kZ → vknkl (mirror); nh?kZ
→ nh?k_ 'kh"kZ → lhl (the head)
(viii) ;Z is changed to fj; and the preceding vowel if long is made short. e.g.
vkpk;Z → vkpfj;_ → oh;Z → fofj; (effort) Hkk;kZ → Hkfj;k_ lw;Z →
lwfj;_ vk;Z → vfj; → vÕ;-
(ix) gZ is hanged to jg_ e.g. vgZr → vjgfr- (deserves), xgZfr → xjgfr
(censures). vUr£gr → vUrjfgr (concealed).
(x) b is inserted between the two members of a conjunct consonant whose
final member is y- e.g. Dys'k → fdyslks (torture); Xyku → fxyku (ill);
Eyku → feyku (faded).
(xi) Similarly b is inserted between the two members of the conjunct
consonants in the words T;k_ ãh_ L;kr~_ pSR;_ oTj_ gÔl_ Jh etc.:–
T;k → ft;k (Bow - string)); g → ghjks (shame); L;kr~ → fl;k (may
be); pSR; → psfr; (tample); oTj → oftj (Diamond); gÔl~ → fgÕ;ks
(yesterday); Jh → fljh (prosperity).
(xii) o~ in combination with another consonant is changed to c e.g. loZ → lOc_
dkO;a → dOca-
(xiii) R;~] ;w] è;~ and Lr are respectively changed to p~] t~] >~ and Fk~ at the
beginning and to Pp~] Tt~] T;~] RFk~ & in the middle of the words. e.g. R;kx
→ pkx_ u`R; → pPp_ → e; → eTt_ |qfr → tqfr_ è;ku → >ku_
izFkeè;kue~ → iBeT>kua_ Lrkeu~ → /ke (strength).
Exception : m|ku → mÕ;ku (garden).
(xiv) LFk~ and "B~ are changed to

B~ and V~ according to their position in a word.
e.g. :– LFkku → Bku; → x`gLFk → xgêò_ dk"B → dêò ( "B~ is changed
to Vw] whenever it is either in the middle or end of a word).
(xv) F;~] Üo] Rl~ and Il are changed to PN e.g. :– rF; → rPN (truth); vkÜp;Z
→ vPNfj;_ ifÜpe → ifPNe (behind); oRl → nPNks (calf); vIljk
→ vPNjk.
(xvi) "d~] Ld~ and {k~ are changed to [k or D[k~ according to their position in
a word e.g. :– 'kq"d → lqD[k_ nq"dj → VqD[kj_ LdU/ → [kU/ks_ ueLdkj
→ ueéïkj_ fHk{kq → fHkD[kq_ {khj → [khj_ {k; → [k;_ (when at the
beginning {k is changed to [k, and N, when at the end or middle it is
changed to D[k) {kek → Nek % b{kq → mPNq (Sugar-cane)
(xvii) Li~ and "i~ are changed to iQ~] Ii~ and IiQ~] Ii respectively. e.g. LiUnue~
iQUnua_ ouLifr → ouIifr_ iq"i → iqIiQ_ prq"in~ → prqIin~-
(xviii) U;~] .;~ and K~ are changed to ×k~ or ××k e.g. U;k; → ×kk;_ dU;k →
d××kk (when in the middle or at the end); vj.; → vj××k_ Jke.; →
lke××k_ Kku → ×kk.k_ iKk → i××kk_ ÑrK → dr××kq Conjunct
consonants mentioned in Rules xiii to xviii, preceded by anuswara
undergo those changes which they would do at beginning of words, e.g.
dka{kk → da[kk-
(xix) ".k is changed to .g~ e.g. m".k → m.g_ Ñ".k → d.g_ m".kh; → m.ghl
ikf".kZ → if.g-
(xx) vc changed to vks e.g.; O;ogkj → oksgkj_ to.k → yks.kh Salt.
(xxi) O; changed to o e.g.; O;k;ke → ok;ke_ O;oLFkk → ooêòk
(xxii) Üu changed to ×g e.g.: izÜu → i×g
III. Ending Consonants
(i) a consonant is dropped at the end of a word. e.g. :– Hkxoku~ → Hkxok-
(ii) But the ending e~ and ending r~ or n~ of a pronoun are substituted by an
anuswara e.g. :– cq¼e~ → cq¼a (to Buddha); ,rr~ → (n) → ,ra (this, that).
(iii) The ending visarga (:) or l~ or j~ preceded by v is changed to vks] together
with the preceding v_ and is dropped when preceded by other vowels. e.g. loZr%
→ lCcrks_ cq¼k% → cq¼k_ #fp% → #fp_ fHk{kq → fHkD[kq-
(iv) Ending V~ of a pronoun (lCcuke) or in an milxZ (prefix or suffix) and at the
end j~] often reappear when followed by vowels. e.g. :– ,ra $ vgksfl = ,rngksfl
(this happened); rko $ ,RFk = rkonsRFk (also); ikrks $ ,o = ikrjso] ikrks¿o-
(v) ;~] o~] e~] r~] and n~ → are often inserted as revivals from sanskrit forms or
by analogy to such insertions.
lfd $ ,o = lfdnso_ iqu $ ,o = iqujso] iqunso] ;ko $ vRFka = ;korRFka
Section 3
'kCnfopkj (Etymology)
Parts of speech :–
In pali there are eight parts of speech as in English though the Pali
Grammarians do not classify them in the same way. Their general classifi-
cation is :–
I. Nouns (uke) :– This group includes substantives, pronouns and adjec-
tives. Pronouns are simple pronouns when they stand alone in a sentence,
and admit of all genders as they stand for every person or thing which are
in different genders. Pronouns become adjectives when they qualify other
nouns. Pronouns have no vocative forms. Adjectives in Pali are treated like
nouns because they take all the inflections of the nouns and are declinable.
Almost all pronouns become adjectives when they are used before a substan-
tive of the same gender, number and case. As the adjectives qualify nouns,
which are of different genders and numbers, they must agree with their
substantives in gender, number and case.
Nouns are divided into five classes, viz. :–
(i) ukeuke ¾ Substantives and proper nouns (includes common, proper and
abstract nouns).
(ii) lCcuke ¾ Pronouns.
(iii) lekluke ¾ Compound nouns formed by combination of two or more
words. e.g. jktiqÙk.
(iv) if¼ruke ¾ Derivatives from nouns or Secondary Derivatives are
formed from a substantive or a primary derivative (verbal derivative)
by adding another suffix to it. e.g. ukok (ship) $ bdk (in the meaning
of engaged) ¾ ukfod (sailor).
(v) fdrduke ¾ Verbal derivatives otherwise called Primary Derivative, are
formed from the verbal root itself by adding suffixes. e.g. nk (To giver)
$ (vd ¾ nk;d (giver); uh (to lead) $ rq ¾ usrq (leader). About 75% of Pali
nouns are derived from Sanskrit.
A. As in English, in Pali there are three genders and two numbers.
(i) Gender (¯yx) (i) Masculine ¾ iqfŠÄõ
(ii) Feminine ¾ bfRFkfŠÄõ
(iii) Neuter ¾ uiql
a dfŠÄõ
(ii) Number (opu) (i) Singular ¾ ,dopu

(ii) Plural ¾ cgqopu
B. Nouns in Pali are declined in eight cases according to their gender and
termination. Eight cases (foHkfÙkQ) namely :–
(i) iBek (izFkek) ¾ Nominative, denotes the subject or drkZ-
(ii) nqfr;k (f}rh;k) ¾ Accusative, denotes the object or deZ-
(iii)rfr;k (r`rh;k) ¾ Ablative of agent and of instrument, denotes the person
or thing with or by whom something is performed. dkj.k] lk/u-
(iv) prqRFkh (prqFkhZ) ¾ Dative, the person to whom or for whom something is
given laiznku (to, at, towards).
(v) i××keh (iapeh) ¾ Ablative of separation viknku.
(vi) Nêòh ("k"Bh) ¾ Genitive or possessive in English. lac/
a .
(vii) lÙkeh (lIreh) ¾ Locative shows the place, in, on, upon, at, etc. vfèkdj.k.
(viii) vkyiu (lacks/u) ¾ Vocative is used to address person.
The inflections or case endings vary according to gender and number e.g.,
masculine words or stems ending in A (v) declined as follows :–
Masculine Nouns ending in A (v). We may take Buddha and decline it
thus :–
Case Singular Plural
(Terminations) (Terminations)
Nominative (iBek) cq¼ks (vks) cq¼k (vk)
Accusative (nqfr;k) cq¼a (e~) cq¼s (,)
Instrumental (rfr;k) cq¼su (,u) cq¼sfg] cq¼sfHk (,fg] ,fHk)
Dative (prqRFkh) cq¼k;] cq¼Ll (vk;] Ll) cq¼ua (ua)
Ablative (i×peh) cq¼Egk] cq¼Lek] cq¼sfg] cq¼sfHk
cq¼k] (Egk] Lek] vk) (,fg] ,fHk)
Genitive (Nêò)h cq¼Ll (Ll) cq¼kua (vkua)
Locative (lÙkeh) cq¼s] cq¼¯Le s q (,lq)
cq¼l
cq¼fEg] (,] ¯Le] fEg)
Vocative (vkyiu) cq¼] cq¼k (vk) cq¼k (vk)
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A2 PRONOUNS
Pronouns are words used, to replace nouns or substantives, to avoid
repitition. The word Pronoun means “for a noun” or “instead of a noun”.
Pronous admit of all genders, as they stand for every person or thing
which are in different genders. They are alsodeclined as nouns, with the
only difference that there is no Vocative forms. They are classified into
various groups by the English Grammarians, but for our purposes, we
will restrict to only the important groups, viz :-
I. (1) Personal Pronouns :
(i) First personal – “Amha” vEg (vLen~)
(ii) Second personal – “Tumha” rqEg (;q"en~)
(m.f.n.) : – Thou, you.
(iii) Third personal – “Ta” r (rn~) (m) : when used as a demonstrative
pronoun, meaning ‘that’, it is declined
differently in three genders.
No. (i) and (ii) are declined similarly in all the three genders.
(2) Relative Pronouns :
Relative Pronouns : - Such as ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘that’, so called because
they relate or refer to a noun, which has gone before. These are declined
like nouns ending in v (m,n.) or vk (f) with some differences. In the
declension of masculine Pronouns, the Nominative and Accusative plural
termination is ,; terminations for the Dative and Genitive plural are,la]
,lkua; while in the singular the following terminations are absent :– vk;
of Dative, vk of the Ablative and , of the Locative.
In the neuter gender, the pronouns are declined like masculine
nouns with slight change in Nominative and Accusative plural their
terminations being , or vkfu-
The feminine base is formed by addingvk to the masculine base and
are declined liked××kk-
There are no vocative forms.
(3) Demonstrative Pronouns :
This, that, those, etc. words used to point out the object or objects to
which they refer.
r (that)–declined in these genders with certain changes; addition of prefix

b to r gives br (that or this) which is also declined like r.
be (this)–
II. Some important Pronouns and Pronominal terms :
A, An, ,d (in singular it means Everybody, lCcso

‘one’; in plural it means ‘some’) Everyone, lCcs
All,lCc] ldy (3) He, lks
Another, v××k vij (3) Her, ra (acc.), rLlk (gen.)
Both, mHk; (plural only: 3) Him, ra
Certain,v××krj (3) His, rLla

Each other, v××ke××ka I, vga
It, ra
Me, ea]eea
My, ee eÕga
No one, u dksfp [suffix fp (fpr~) added to interrogative pronoun]

Other, v××k brj] ij (3)
Some, ,dPp [in the singular ,d means ‘one’ or ‘a, an’ in plural it means ‘some’
‘certain’ (3.)]
Somebody, dksfp
Somebody else, v××kks dksfp
That man, blks [prefix “e” added to lks& nominative singular of r (that) ]
That woman, blk
That thing, bra
These men, bes

These women, bek
These things, bekfu
Their,rsla (m, nt), rkla (f)
Them, rs m, rk (f), rkfu (nt)
This man, v;a be = This : Nominative forms.
This woman, v;a }
This thing, bea] bna& Nom. Neut, forms of be = This
Thee,ra] Roa
Thine, ro] rs] rqÕga
Those men etc., rs Which (of the two), drj (3), dre
Those woman, brk] rk Which, who, dks] ¯d (from d) ;
Those things, brkfu] rkfu Whosoever, ;ks dksfp
Us, vEgs Whom, da \ (Nom. Sin. of
We,e;a d Neu.)
What, ¯d \ Whose, dLl (d m; nt)
Whatsoever, ;a fdf×p You, rqEgs
Western, vij Your, rqgkda

Eastern, iqCck
III. Sentences wherein some of the above listed Pronominals are

used.
1. What is the use of water to me ? ¯d eÕga okfjuk \ A

2. The Buddha tells this story about a monk. bna oRFkqa cq¼ks ,da fHkD[kqekjCHk
dFksfr A
3. I have three bows. ee rkf.k /uwfu gksfUr A
4. What is the use of medicine to one not diseased ? vC;kf/rLl ¯d
HkstTtsu \ A
5. You bind the cow with a rope. Roa jTtq;k /suqa cU/fl A
6. You throw sugar into the gruel. rqEgs ;kxq;a lD[kja f[kiFk A
7. Good men live together in mutual satisfaction. lIiqfjlk rqfê ò;k v××ke××ka
lailfUr A
8. Gold is the best of all metals. lqo..ka lqCcklq /krqlq lsê òa A
9. Both are degraded by nature; both do not see the duty. mHkks idfr;k pqrk]
mHkks /Eea u iLlfUr A
10. He tells me a story. lks eÕga oRFkqa dFk;fr A
11. What is the use of a bow without arrows ? ljsfg fouk ¯d /uquk\ A
12. We bring fuel and grass from the forest below. vEgs nk:a p fr.ka p vj××kk
vkgjke A
A3 ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are describing words and add something to the meaning

of a noun i.e., they qualify the nouns. Hence they are treated as nouns and
carry all the infletions of the nouns. As the adjectives qualify nouns which
are of different genders and numbers, they must agree with their
substantives in gender, number and case. Roughly they could be classi-
fied thus (according as their derivations–from) :–
(1) Pronouns becoming adjectives when used before a substantive of

the same gender, number and case – Pronominal adjectives.
(2) Adjectives formed, from verbal bases. They are also called parti-
ciples. Like verbs they are divided into Present, Past, and Future
Tenses; and each group is divided into Active and Passive voices.
Becoming adjectives, they are declined in all the genders–Verbal
Adjectives or participles.
(3) Adjectival Nouns are often used as adjectives : they become
substantives when they stand alone in the place of person or the
thing they qualify. They are decline in all genders.
(4) Adjectives proper, qualify nouns and must agree with their sub-
stantives in gender, number and case.
II. Verbal Adjectives or Participles (Declinable)
1. Present Participles
Going, xPNUr Sitting, fulhnUr

Cooking, ipUr Carrying, gjUr
Doing, djksUr Buying, fd.kUr
Walking, pjUr Standing, frêòUr
Running, /koUr Bringing, vkgjUr
Bathing, ugk;Ur Living, residing, fogjUr
Laughing, glUr Selling, foféï.kUr
Eating, Hkq×tUr Giving, nnUr
Sleeping, l;Ur Crying, jksnUr
Seeing, looking at, ilUr
2. Past Participles
Gone,xr Sat, fuflUu

Come, vkxr Lived, oqRFk
Made, done, dr Bitten, nê ò
Told, said, oqÙk Cooked, iéï] ifpr
Broken, fHkUu Received, y¼
Descended, vksfr..k Bought, dhr
Brought, vkgV Eaten, HkqÙk
Beaten, igV Worshipped, ofUnr
Carried, gV Killed, gr
Dead, er Cut, fNUu
Slept, lqÙk] lf;r Enraged, dq¼
Stood, fFkr
3. Some adjectival nouns (Masculine ending in ‘u’)
Rich,/uoUr Fortunate, iq××koUrq

Powerful, cyoUr Of high caste, dqyoUrq
Sun, HkkuqeUrq Fruitful, iQyoUrq
The exalted one, fortunate, HkxoUrq Possessor of ice, snowy, fgeoUrq
Wise, i××koUrq Possessor of eyes, péïeUrq
Famous, ;loUrq Virtuous, lhyoUrq
Mindful, lfroUrq With many relations, cU/qeUrq
Intelligent, cqf¼eUrq
4. Adjectives as such
Small, [kqíd Many, much, cgq] cgqd

Big, large, egUr Umpire, vke
Long, nh?k Ripe, iéï
Short, jLl Young, ngj
mPp
High, tall, Elderly, old,egŠd
Low, vulgar, uhp Wide, broad, foRFkr
Medium, efT>e White, lsr

Few, a little, vIid Blue, uhy
Red, jÙk Foolish, young, cky

Black, dky Wise, if.Mr
Yellow, ihr Powerful, cyoUrq
Shallow, mÙkku Feeble, nqCcy
Deep, xEHkhj Beautiful, l:i
Rough, coarse, [kj
Handsome, nLluh;
Soft, eqnq
Insane, mEeÙk
Bald, [kŠkV
Lame, [k×t
Blind, vU/
Poor, nfGí
Blind of one eye, dk.k
Rich, /uoUrq
Deaf, cf/j
Squint-eyed, ofyj
Dumb, ewx
Red, jÙk] yksfgr

Azure, eUnuhy
Tawny, dfiy
Black, dkG
Yellow, ihr
Blue, uhy
Yellowish white, i.Mqo..k
Brown, fiÄõy
Dark-brown, d.gihr Astringent, dslko
Green, gfjr Bitter,frÙk

Grey, ?kwlj Pungent, dVqd
Light-red, v#.k Salt, yo.k
Multi-coloured, dEekl Sour, vfEcy

Orange-coloured, ihrjÙk Sweet, e/qj
Pink, ikVy
Bold, fuCHk;
Bad, vlqUnj] vHkíd Brave, ohj
Bad-smelling, nqXxU/ Bright, iHkLej] Hkklqj
Belonged, vk;Ùk Broad, foRFkr
Beautiful, lqUnj] l:i Charitable, vyq¼
Bent-down, vksur
Cheerful, lqeu
Big, egUr
Circular, péïkdkj
Blunt, vfrf[k.k
Clean, fuEey] lq¼ Foolish, nU/] eUncqf¼d

Close, lehi] vklUu Fortunate, /××k] lqHkx
Coarse, déïl Friendly, vfo:¼] lqân] vuqdwy
Cold, lhry Full, iq..k] lEiq..k
Composed of mind, lekfgr Globular, xksykdkj
Concealed, xÙk] ifrPNUu Good, lqUnj] Hkíd
Covered, NUu Great, egUr] mÙke
Crooked, oÄï] dqfVy Greedy, yq¼] efgPN
Cruel, nqV ò] dqjhj Gross, vksGkfjd
Deep, xEHkhj Haggard, fdl
Despised, fufUnr] ofEHkr Handsome, l:i

Dim, fuIiHk] efyu Heavy, Hkkfj;
Dirty, fdfyV ò Hard, Fk}
Distant, nwj High, mPp
Distracted, vlekfgr Honest, voÄï] mtq

Dry, lqD[k Hostile, fo:¼
Egg-shaped, v.Mkdkj Hot, m.g
Empty, rqPN Ignoble, v/e] uhp

Eternal, lLlfrd Immovable, vpy] Fkkoj
Even, le Impermanent, vfuPp
Excellent, i.khr] vfrlqUnj] foflV ò Kind, dk:f.kd
Exposed, fooV] vukoV Lazy, vyl

Extreme, vPpUr Less, mQu
Fair, lksHku Light, lŠgqd
Famous, foLlqr Little, lqíd] ifjÙk

Fat, Fkwy Long, nh?k] vk;r
Few, dfri; Loose, flfFky
Fine, lq[kqe Low, uhp
Many, cgqd Smooth, flfu¼] eV ò

Mean, ghu Soft, eqnq
Moderate, efT>e] eÙk××kw Square, prqjLl
More, vf/d Straight, mtq
Movable, tÄõe] py] ikfjgkfj; Sublime, lq[kqe

Much, igwr Sweet, e/qj
New, vfHkuo Sweet-smelling, lqxU/
Noble, ioj] mÙke Thick, ?ku
Octagonal, vVfòa ld Thin, ruq
One’s own, ld] lkdh; Timid, Hkh:d
Old, iqjk.k Tringular, frdks.kd
Opened, fooV] vukoV Ugly, fo:i] vlksHku

Other, ij] vij Unclean, efyu] vlq¼
Permanent, fuPp] Fkkoj Uneven, fole
Praised, vfHkRFkqr Unknown, vikdV] vi××kkr
Pure, ifjlq¼ Unfortunate, nqfD[kr] HkkX;ghu
Respected, ekfur] cgqer Unfriendly, nqgn] fo:¼
Rotten, iwfVd Virtuous, lqlhy
Round, oV ðy] oV ð Vicious, nqLlhy
Sad, nqEeu Well-known, foLlqr] lqikdV

Semi-circular, v¼péïdkj Weighty, Hkkfj;] x:d
Shallow, mÙkku Wet, frUr] vŠ
Sharp, frf[k.k Wise, i××koUrq
Short, jLl Wounded, of.kr
Skilful, iVq] nD[k Young, o#.k
Small, [kqíd
B. VERBS
I. Verb– vk[;kr is an integral and important part of speech; verbs are

divided into groups called /krqx.k. In Pali there are seven Conjugations,
though some Grammarians mention ten as in Sanskrit. Each group has
one or more conjugational signs (fodj.k)] which come between the root
(/krq) and the verbal termination (izR;;)] Thus the base or vax of a verb
is formed by the combination of the root(/krq) with its conjugational sign,
to which is added the verbal termination, as for instance:–
ip~ $ fr ¾ ip~ $ v $ fr ¾ ipfr ¾ cooks.
The Pali Grammarians represented roots with an ending vowel asxe] ol

etc. and not as xe~ or ol~] as in Sanskrit. But the end v of a root is dropped
when the conjugational sign is added. Before the first conjugational sign
v)] the penultimate short and the ending vowel take theirxq.k] v has no
xq.k or strengthening. The xq.k of b] bZ] is ,_ and of m] mQ] is vks-
Thus :– uh (to carry) is a root $ v conjugational sign $ us $ v- Hkw (to be)
$ v ¾ Hkks $ v → Hkofr] ∴ vks followed by v becomes vc and thus Hkw →
Hkofr -
Root-groups (/krqx.k) with their signs

according to Pali-course.
1st Conjugation – a, v] Hkqokfnx.k

2nd Conjugation – m : a, vuqLokj % v % #/kfnx.k
3rd Conjugation – ya : ;] fnokfnx.k
4th Conjugation – no : nu : una : Lokfnx.k
5th Conjugation – na, .kk % fd;kfnx.k
6th Conjugation – o, yira : vks] f;j % rukfnx.k
7th Conjugation – e, aya : ,] v; % pqjkfnx.k
Number of roots are included in the first and the seventh group. Pali
verbs are conjugated, in three Tenses, two Voices, two Numbers and
three Persons :–
1. Tenses or dky
(i) Present tense – oÙkekudky
(ii) Past tense – vrhrdky
(iii) Future tense – vukxrdky
2. Voices or iz;ksx
(i) Active – dÙkqdkjd (drZfj) : a transitive verb that represents its
subject as acting, is in Active Voice. Here the Subject or dÙkk takes
Nominative and the Object dEe is in Accusative (nqfr;k)] and the verb
takes the same gender and/number as the Subject – e.g., vga cq¼a uekfe_
lk cq¼a uefr_ rqEgs cq¼a ueFk-
(ii) Passive Voice – deZf.k iz;ksx-
A Transitive verb, that represents its subject as beingpassively acted
upon, is in Passive Voice. The sign of the Passive Voice is ; (ya)
irrespective of the conjugation, and is added directly to the root. The final
v of a root is dropped and the remaining ending consonant and the ;
of the Passive undergo the necessary changes (according to rules of
change).
In the Passive Voice, in a sentence, the subject (drkZ) takes the
Instrumental (rfr;k) Case and the Object (deZ) takes the Nominative
Case, and the verb takes the same person and number as that of the
Object :
The Attanopade (vkReusin) terminations are frequently used in the
Passive Voice; but it is optional.
Examples of Verbs in Passive Voice :–
djh;fr = is done or made vkdM ôh;fr = is dragged or drawn
dlh;fr = is ploughed nh;fr = is given
nslh;fr = is preached ekjh;fr = is killed
vkgjh;fr = is brought oUnh;fr = is worshipped
gjh;fr = is carried fd.kh;fr = is bought
cU/h;fr = is tied foféï.kh;fr = is sold

Hkklh;fr = is told /ksoh;fr = is washed
HkqXt;fr = is taken
(iii) Impersonal Construction, Hkkos iz;ksx

In this construction the Subject takes Instrumental Case and the verb
always is in third person single.
Examples :– drZfj µ ujksxPNfr
Hkkos µ ujsu xEers
3. Persons :– (i) Third Person – iBe iqfjl
(ii) Second Person – efT>e iqjhl
(iii) First Person – mÙke iqjhl
4. Numbers opu :–(i) Singular
(ii) Plural
5. Padas :– (i) ijEeSin – more commonly used
(ii) vkReusin –rarely met with in literature except in poetry
and in the Passive Voice.
The Padas have their own verbal terminations.
6. Moods – The manner in which a verb is used to express an action is
called Mood.
(i) Imperative Mood – vkKkFkZ –This mood is used to express command,
prayer, advise, wish, blessing or proposal.
(ii) Potential Mood – foè;FkZ – This Mood expresses probability, com-
mand, wish, prayer, hope, advise and capability. It is used in
conditional or hypothetical sentences in which one statement
depends on another as its reason or condition.
(iii) Conditional – ladsrkFkZ (dkykfrifÙk) – The Conditional Mood is
used in those hypothetical sentences in which the non-
performance of action is implied :– e.g., lps nsoks ofLlLl /××ka p fr.ka

p mIifTtLl – when it rains then there will be corn and grass.
Each mood has its own verbal termination depending on the number
and person.
Verbs in Groups, ukuk[;krink
Present Past Participle Absolutive

1st Singular (declinable) (The Gerund)
Abuses, véïkl
s fr vDdq V ò véïksflRok
Ails, :tfr µ :ftRok
Anoints, v×tfr vf×tr vf×tRok
Appears, i××kk;fr i××kkr i××kkf;Rok
Ascends, vk:gfr vk:Ÿg vk#Õg
Assembles, lfUuirfr lfUuifrr lfUuifrRok
Associates, lsofr] Hktfr lsfor] Hkftr lsfoRok] HkftRok
Attempts, mLlgfr µ mLlfgRok
Awakes, icqT>fr icq¼ icqfT>Rok
Awakens, icks/fs r icksf/r icks/sRok
Balances, rqyfs r rqfyr rqysRo
Bathes, ugk;fr ugkr ugkf;Rok
Bears, ogfr ofgr] oqŸg ofgRok
Beats, igjfr igV igfjRok
Becomes, Hkofr] gksfr Hkwr HkfoRok] gqRok
Becomes established, ifrV òfr ifrfV rò ifrV òk;
Becomes full, vkiwjfr vkiq..k vkiwfj;
Becomes purified, folqT>fr folq¼ folqfT>Rok
Begs, ;kpfr ;kfpr ;kfpR;k
Begins, vkjHkfr vkj¼ vkjC/] vkjfHkRok
Behoves, oV ðfr µ µ
Washes, ?kksofr ?kksr ?kksfoRok

Wears on, fuoklsfr fuoRFk fuoklsRok
Weaves, foukfr ohr fofuRok
Wins, ftukfr ftr ftfuRok
Wishes, bPNfr bfPNr bfPN;
Wraps, osBfs r osfBr osBsRok
Writes, fy[kfr fyf[kr fyf[kRok
Yokes, ;kstfs r ;qÙk ;kstsRok] ;ksft;
III. The Participles /krqlkf/rsa
The participles are either verbal adjectives, agreeing with the
qualified nouns in gender, number and case or indeclinables. As usual
with verbs they are classified according to tenses, as present, past
and future: The Future Participle is less commonly met with. The
Past Particple is the declinable past passive participle and is formed
by r or br to the root. The Pali Past Participles, listed above, are
all from the Sanskrit forms directly, with modification. The past
participles are used as adjective and are declined like cq¼ (m); iQy
(n); d××kk (f): The Indeclinable Past Participle also called the
Absolutive (Pali-Course) or the Gerund (English Grammar) are formed
by adding Rok to the root. They are dealt with under Nipata or vO;;-
The Infinitive of purpose is the same thing as rqeUr vO;; and is
indeclinable.
(1) Present Participles : Addition of vUr or eku to a root forms
Present Participle (masculine) and are declined HkxoUr_ cq¼-
xe µ xPN $ vUr ¾ xPNUr_ xPN~ $ eku ¾ xPNeku
nn µ on~ $ vUr ¾ onUr_ on $ eku ¾ oneku
da[k µ da[k~ $ vUr ¾ da[kUr_ da[k $ eku ¾ da[keku
yHk µ yHk~ $ vUr ¾ yHkUr_ yHk $ eku ¾ yHkeku
#n µ jksn~ $ vUr ¾ jksnUr_ jksn $ eku ¾ jksneku
lqi µ lqi~ $ vUr ¾ lqiUr_ lqi $ eku ¾ lqieku
nk µ nn~ $ vUr ¾ nnUr] nsUr_ nn $ eku ¾ nneku
gk µ tg~ $ vUr ¾ tgUr_ tg $ eku ¾ tgeku
dq/ µ dqT>~ $ vUr ¾ dqT>Ur_ dqT> $ eku ¾ dqT>eku
;q/ µ ;qT>~ $ vUr ¾ ;qT>Ur_ ;qT> $ eku ¾ ;qT>eku
lq µ (Jq) lq.k~ $ vUr ¾ lq.kUr_ lq.k $ eku ¾ lq.keku

ld ('kd~) léïksUr ¾
iqPN µ iqPN~ $ vUr ¾ iqPNUr_ iqPN $ eku ¾ iqPNeu
ej µ ej~ $ vUr ¾ ejUr_ ej $ eku ¾ ejeku
Hkaqt µ Hkaqt~ $ vUr ¾ Hkq×tUr_ Hkq×teku
dj µ (Ñ) dj~ $ vUr ¾ djksUr
xg µ x.g $ vUr ¾ x.gUr_ x.g $ eku ¾ x.geku
fo $ dh µ foféïj.k~ $ vUr ¾ foféï.kUr_ foféï.k $ eku ¾ foféï.keku
pqj µ pksj;~ $ vUr ¾ pksj;Ur_ pksj; $ eku ¾ pksj $ vUr ¾ pksjsUr
dFk µ dFk;~ $ vUr ¾ dFk;Ur_ dFks $ vUr ¾ dFksUr_
dFk; $ eku ¾ dFk;eku
Addition of vrh] vUrh ekuk] to the verbal root forms Feminine Present
Participle :–
xe µ xPN~ $ vrh ¾ xPNrh_ xPNUrh_ xPNekuk

on µ on~ $ vrh ¾ onrh_ onUrh_ onekuk Thye are declined
d[k µ da[k~ $ vrh ¾ da[krh_ da[kUrh_ da[kekuk like, xPNrh] xPNUrh
yHk µ yHk~ $ vrh ¾ yHkrh_ yHkUrh_ yHkekuk
The neuter Present Participle is formed by adding vUr and eku to the root and
is declined like iQy.
(2) The Future Participle, not very common, is formed by inserting bLl
between the verbal base (/krqÄõ) and the termination vUr or eku of the Present
Participle, e.g. :–
ip $ bLl $ vUr ¾ ifpLlUr ¾ who will be cooking
ifpLleku ¾
– Masculine forms.
ip $ bLl $ vrh ¾ ifpLlrh_ ifpLlUrh
– Feminine forms
ir $ bLl $ vUr ¾ ifpLlUra ¾ ifpLlUra iQya] a fruit about to fall
– Neuter forms.
(3) The declinable Past Participles are often referred as declinable
Past Passive Participles. They are formed by adding r or br to the verbal
root. For convenience and easy understanding a list of Past Participles with their
genders are given below :–
Root Masculine Feminine Neuter
Gender Gender Gender
xe xrks xrk xra
ue urks urk ura
iqPN iqfPNrks] iqV òks iqfPNrk] iqV òk iqfPNra] iqV òa
fnl fnV òks fnV kò fnV a ò
uh uhrks uhrk uhra
Bk] frV ò fBrks fBrk fBra
gu grs grk gra
ik ihrks ihrk ihra
yHk y¼ks y¼k y¼a
xg xfgrks xfgrk xfgra
dj drks drk dra
vk $ jHk vkj}ks vkj}k vkj}a
nk nÙkks] fnUuks nÙkk] fnUuk nÙka] fnUua
vk $ :g vk:Ÿgks vk:Ÿgk vk:Ÿga
vks $ yksd vksyksfdrks vksyksfdrk vksyksfdra
[kkn [kkfnrks [kkfnrk [kkfnra
f[ki f[kÙkks f[kÙkk f[kÙka
pj pfjrks] fp..kks pfjrk] fp..kk pfjra] fp..ka
fNn fNUuks fNUuk fNUua
×kk ×kkrks ×kkrk ×kkra
/kso /ksforks /ksfork /ksfora
Ugk ugkrks] Ugkrks ugkrk] Ugkrk ugkra] Ugkra
cq¼ cq¼ks cq¼k cq¼a
Hkkl Hkkflrks Hkkflrk Hkkflra
ej erks erk era
eqp eqÙkks eqÙkk eqÙka
;kp ;kfprks ;kfprk ;kfpra
jD[k jfD[krks jfD[krk jfD[kra
ol oflrks] oqflrks oqflrk] oqflrk oflra] oqflra
(4) The Potential Passive Participles are used to denote some action which
is fit or proper to be done e.g., the students should get up at dawn ek.kodsfg
iPpwldkys mfV òrCc-Here the subject must be in the instrumental while the
participle must agree with the object in gender, number, and case. If there
is no object then the participle must be in Neuter, Nominative, Singular
e.g. :–
jD[k µ jfD[krCc] jD[kuh;] jfD[k;

oan µ ofUnrCc] oUnuh;] lafn; (oU;)
fNn µ NsrCc] Nsnuh;] fNfUnrCc
lq µ lksrCc] lqf.krCc] lo.kh;
dFk µ dFkf;rCc] dFksrCc] dFkuh;
iwt µ iwtf;rCc] iwtsrCc] iwtuh;] iqTt
IV. Some adverbial phrases, interjections
and addressing forms.
Ah ! Alas !gk] vgks Four times, prqD[kÙkqa

Anyhow, ;su dsufp vkdkjsu Six times, ND[kÙkqa
By how much, fdÙkkork Twenty times, ohlfrd[kÙkqa
By this much, ,Ùkkork Thousand times, lgLlD[kÙkqa
For a long time, fpjk; How many times, dfrD[kÙkqa \
Hail ! t;rq! Well done, lk/q ! l/q !
In many places, cgqRFk What else, v××ka ¯d \
In one place, ,dRFk In hundred ways, lr/k
In one way, ,d/k In many ways, cgq/k
In two ways, f}/k In how many ways, dfr/k
In three ways, fr/k In every way, lCc/k
In four ways, prq/k In both ways, mHk;Fkk
In five ways, i×p/k In another way, v××kFkk
In six ways, N/k In the other way, brjFkk
In seven ways, lÙk/k In another place, v××knk
In eight ways, vV ò/k In both places, mHk;RFk
In nine ways, uo/k In another day, v××knk
In ten ways, nl/k In the presence of, lEeq[kk
Twice, f}D[kraq In the absence of, ijEeq[kk
Look here, bÄ~/ Thrice, frD[kÙkqa

Methinks, e××ks Five times, i×pD[kÙkqa
My dear, Hkks] vEeks] vkoqlks] lEe] Ten times, nlD[kÙkqa
ekfjl Hundred times, lrD[kÙkqa
Revered Sir, HkUrs] HknUrs Many times, cgqD[kÙkqa
Sir, lkfe] vÕ;s My Lord, nso
Shame, f/! f/jRFkq
Adverbs of Time, dkyHksnk

Afternoon, vij.gks Morning, iHkkrks]
Afterwards, iPNk In the morning, ikrks
Always, lnk] fuPpa (Ind.) Moment, [k.kks
Dawn, v:.kks] v:.kksn;ks Night, jfÙk (f)
Day, fnolks First watch of night, iB;;keks
Day after to-morrow, ijulqoks (Ind.) Last watch ofnight, ifPNe;keks
Day before yesterday, ijgh;ks (Ind.) Middle watch of night, efT>e;keks
Day time, fnoldkyks New-moon-day, vekolh (f)
One day, ,dnk (Ind.) Now, bnkfu (Ind.)
Early morning, iPpwlks Rainy-season, oLluks
Evening, lk;a Season, mrq] (m, f)

Second, vPNjk
Fast-day, miksl;ks
Spring, olUrks
Formerly, iqCcs] iqjk (Ind.)
Summer, fxEgkuks
Fore-noon, iqCc.gks
Time, dkyks
Fortnight, v¼eklks] iD[kks
Past time, vrhrks
Fullmoon day, i..kjlh (f)
Present time, iPpqIiUuks
Future, vukxrks
To-day, vTt (Ind.)
Hour, ?kfVdk
To-morrow, lqos (Ind.)
Mid-day, eT>.gks
Week, lÙkkgks
Midnight, fulhFkks
Winter, gseUrks
Minute, eqgqÙkks] [k.kks
Year, ljnks] laoPNja
Month, eklks
Yesterday, gh;ks] fgÕ;ks
C. PARTICLES :–
C. Particles :— Avyaya (vO;;) in Pali, is a group of words consisting of

(i) Conjunctions
(ii) Prepositions
(iii) Indeclinable past participles ending in Rok] Roku] ;
(iv) Infinitives.
They are usually divided into two broad classes viz., (I) Prefix or milXxk
(ii) Indeclinable particles or fuikr.
I. Prefix or milXxk are put before verbs and substantives to modify their
meaning. They are put before verbal root whereby sometimes the quality and
meaning of the word is completely changed e.g. :–
xPNfr = goes;mi $ xPNfr = goes near;
vk $ xPNfr = comes
lj (Le`) - recall; fo $ lj ¾ foLljfr = to forget
rj = Swim; vks $ rj ¾ vksrjfr = descend or get down
More than one or two prefix could be put before a verbal root, e.g.,
fo $ vk $ djksfr ¾ O;kdjksfr = explains
vf/ $ vk $ olfr ¾ vT>kolfr = lives
la $ mr~ $ vk $ pjfr ¾ leqnkpjfr = addresses or practices.
A list of the more common milXxk %µ
Prefix Meaning, vFkZ Verb, fØ;k
vfr Beyond, over vfréïefr] vfrÙkfr
vf/ Over, upon above vf/xPNfr (goes over or acquires or
grasps)
vuq After vuqljfr (follows)
vuqLljfr (remembers)
vi Away, insult viHkklfr (criticizes)
vie××kfr (insults)
viu;fr (to remove away)
vipk;fr (worships)
vfHk Towards, oppose vfHkeq[ka] vfHk;kfr (attacks)
vks (vo~) Down, contempt vksrjfr (descends)
vk Upto, until vkxPNfr (comes)
vkgjfr] vku;fr (brings)
mn Up, out mfrV òfr (gets up)

mÙkjfr (ascends)
mi Near, nearby miladefr (comes near)
mijktk (viceroy)
fu (ful~) Down, away, fulhnfr (sits down)
less fuirfr (falls down)
fuXxPNfr (goes away)
fuEefD[kd (fly-less)
uh (fuj~) Out uhjgfr (takes out)
i (iz) Begin, shine forth i;kfr (starts),
iTtyfr (izTo) shines forth
ioknks (a theory or hypothesis)
ifV] ifr back, in-return iPpkxPNfr (comes back),
ifViqPNfr (asks in return),
ifVD[kiks (izfr{ksi) refusal.
ijk return ijkirfr (returns)
ijkt;fr (defeats)
ijkéïefr (strives)
ifj Surrounding ifj/kofr (runs about)
(ify] ifyosBfs r (wraps round)
ifG)
fo Oppose, differ fookn (quarrel)
apart foolfUr (lives separately)
foHktfr (divides)
fogjfr (lives)
la (le~) Together laolfUr (live together)
laoknks (conversation)
II. Indeclinable particles or fuikr or vO;; %µ
This group includes conjunctions, prepositions, indeclinable past participles,
indeclinable participles, infinitives. Words which have no gender, no number
and no case, are all fuikr or vO;;.
(a) List of particles or fuikr or vO;; :–
1. How, dFkaµ 5. Vocative Nipatas
What, ¯dlq] dfPp] ¯d

Superiors, HkUrs
O, you, vjs] js] Hkh
Really, uuq
Isn’t that so, really, uq For servants, ts
2. Without, besides, fouk] For Sraman, vkcqlks
vUrjsu] fjrs 6. As, when, ;Fkk

That, that way, rFkk
3. Doubt, sorry, vgks
Thus, ,oa
What, where of, fdeq
Or, mnkgq] fdeqr As it were, lsÕ;Fkk
4. Nipatas indicating time, As, ;Fkfjo

Now, v/quk] bnkfu] brjfg Thus, rFkfjo
When, ;nk 7. Because, ;rks
Then, rnk That’s why, rrks
To-day, vTt Owing to, Because of fuLlk;
To-morrow, lqos (Üo%) With reference to, about, la/k;
Dayafter to-morrow, i j l q o s 8. No, u] uks] ek
(ijÜo%) Otherwise, uksp
Yesterday, fgÕ;ks (gÔ%) Enough, vya
Evening, lk;a
Morning, ikrks
Day-time, fnok
Day-break, ixs
All prepositions except BisRok] f/jRFkq] ueks] fouk] are placed after the nouns.
Prepositions govern their objects in different cases as indicated below :
(a) The Accusative – ;ko until; vkjCHk] mfíLl] fuLlk;] lU/k;] ifVPp with
reference to, about; f/] f/jRFkq fie upon!
(b) The Instrumental – vya enough of; ¯d what is the use of ? (Interrogatively);
oV ðfr it is proper for; léïk, it is possible for; l¯¼] lg with.
(c) ueks governs the dative.

(d) iV òk; (from) governs the ablative; ;ko is used with the ablative optionally :
fouk (without); governs the accusative, the instrumental or the ablative.
(e) The genitive, v/ks under; vUrjs] vUrks in, among; m¼a] mi¯j on, upon
above; vksja on this side; ikja beyond; gsV ðk below, under; oV ðfr.
úúú
B) Terminations Rok] Roku] rwu] ; when put after a verbal root, we get
RokUr vO;; or Indeclinable Past Participle or the Gerund. Before the addition
of Rok, the root undergoes the same changes as before rCc_ e.g. ifpRok having
cooked, fofT>Rok after piercing, f[kfiRok] dFkRok] dFkf;Rok] gkjkis & if;Rok
etc; ; optionally takes the place of Rok; generally in cases where an milXx is
prefixed to the root, as miV òfgRok or miV òk; having approached; vuqHkfoRok or
vuqHkw;_ misRok or misPp having approached; iz $ fo'k~ ¾ izfo';-
Some roots with their Gerund; Indeclinable Past Participles (Absolutive)
dhG $ b $ Rok ¾ dhfGRok_ dhG $ b $ Roku ¾ dhfGRoku_
dhIG $ b $ rwu ¾ dhfGrwu = Having played.
f[ki ¾ f[kfiRok] f[kfiRoku] f[kfirwu ¾ Having thrown.
fio ¾ fifoRok] fifoRoku] fiforwu ¾ After drinking or having drunk.
ol ¾ oflRok] oflRoku] oflrwu = Having lived or living.
/kso ¾ /ksfoRok] /ksfoRoku] /ksforwu ¾ After washing.
fpUr ¾ fpUrf;Rok] fpUrf;Roku] fpUrf;rwu ¾ After having thought or after

thinking,
fNn~ ¾ fNfUnRok] fNfUnRoku] fNfUnrwu ¾ After cutting.
Hkqt ¾ Hkqf×tRok] Hkqf×tRoku] Hkwf×trwu ¾ After eating.
Bk ¾ BRok] BRoku ¾ Having stood or standing.
xg ¾ xgsRok] xgsRoku] xgsrwu ¾ Bringing with.
ihG ¾ ihGf;Rok] ihGf;Roku] ihGf;rwu ¾ torturing or having tortured.
C) Terminations rqa] ros] rk;s when added to a root we get rqeUr vO;;_
they are usually used to express purpose of a verb or fØ;k. These forms are
also called the Infinitive of Purpose :–
dhG ¾ dhfGrqa] dhfGros] dhfGrk; ¾ for playing

iB ¾ ifBrqa ifBros] ifBrk;s ¾ for studying

pj ¾ pfjrqa] pfjros] pfjrk;s ¾ for wandering about
:n ¾ jksfnrqa] jksfnros] jksfnrk; ¾ for crying
iLl ¾ ifLlrqa] ifjLros] ifjlrk;s ¾ for seeing
ft ¾ tsrqa] tsros] tsrk; ¾ for conquering
uh ¾ usrqa] usros] usrk;s ¾ for carrying
roots with i $ gj ¾ igfjrqa] igfjros] igfjrk;s ¾ for beating
milXx fu $ de ¾ fuD[kferqa] fuD[kferos] fuD[kferk;s ¾ for going
III. Indeclinables And adverbs, fuikrk
Above, mifj] m¼a- Between, vUrjk-

Across, frjks] frfj;a- But, rFkkfi-
After (that), iPNk] vRFk- Certainly, v¼k] os] gos] dkea] tkrq-
After a long time, fpjsu- Constantly, vfHk.ga
Again, iqu- Eastwards, iqjRFk-
Again and again, iquIiqua- Either or, ok] vFkok] mnkgq
All-round, leUrrks- Else, vfi p-
Almost, eua] dsoydIia- Elsewhere, v××kRFk-
Also, vfi] pkfi- Enough, vya-
Although, rFkkfi- Ever, lnk] lCcnk-
Always, lrra] lnk- Every where, lCcRFk-
And, p] vfi- Exactly, ;FkkrFka-
As, ;Fkk] rFkk- Except, fouk-
As far as, ;ko] rko- Far less, fdeÄõ
As follows, lsÕ;Fkhna Frequently, vfHkD[k.ka-
Aside, ,deUra- From afar, nwjrks-
At first, rko] iBea- From here, brks-
Because,, ;rks] ;Lek] rLek- From there, rrks
Before (in front), iqjrks- From where, dqrks-
Before (formerly), iqjk] iqCcs Grattis, eq/k-
Before long, vfpja- Hastily, lglk-
Before-hand, ixso] ifVxPpso- Hence, brks] ,Ùkks-
Behind, iPNrks- Hence forth, brks iHkqfr-
Below, v/ks] gsV òk- Here, b/k] v=k] ,RFk] bg-
How, dFka \ So, rFkk

However, ;Fkk dFkf×p So far, rkork
How much, fdÙkda] dho So long, rkork
If, lps] ;fn So long as, ;ko fdoa
In, vUrks Soon, f[kIia] lh?ka] vklq] rqora
Indeed, [kyq Strictly, nŸga
Instantly, lTtq Surely, voLla] ,dUrsu
Is not, uuq \ Then, rnk
Just, ,o Thence, rrks
Just as, ;Fk] fjo There, rRFk] r=k] r¯g
Like, foo] bo Therefore, rLek] ru
Likewise, rFkso Through, vUrjsu
More and more, Hkh;ks Tightly, xkŸga
Mostly, ;sHkqÕ;su Together, ,dT>a
Namely, lsÕ;Fkhna Together-with, lg ;so
Never, u dnkfp Until, ;ko] rko
No, u] uks Upon, mifj
No where, u] éïfp Very much, vfrfo;] vrho
Do not, ek Well-nigh, eua
Often, vfHk.ga What, ¯d
Once, l¯d What if, ;u~ uwu
Oneself, l;a] lkea When, dnk \
Or, mnkgq] vFkok Whence, dqrks
Outside, cfg Whenever, ;nk
Otherwise, v××kFkk Where, dq¯g] dq=k \
Perhaps, vIiso Wherever, ;RFk dRFkfp
Properly, lEenso Wherefore, ;Lek
Rather, fd×p Whether, dfPp
Rightly, lEek Why, dLek \
Secretly, jgks With, lg] l¯¼
Seldom, dnkfp] djgfp Without, fouk] BkisRok
Shortly, vfpja Wrongly, fePNk
Silently, rqf.g Yes, vke] ,oa
Slowly, lfuda
Section 4
1. Cardinals – Number – la[;k
1 = ,oaQ- 34 = prq¯Ùklrh-
2 = }s- 35 = i×p¯rlrh-
3 = r;ks] fr- 36 = N¯Ùklrh-
4 = prq (pÙkkjks)- 37 = lÙk¯rlrh-
5 = i×p- 38 = vê ò¯rlrh-
6 = N- 39 = ,dwupÙkkpkGhlrh-
7 = lÙk- 40 = pÙkkGhlfr-
8 = vê -ò 41 = ,dpÙkkGhlfr-
9 = uo- 42 = f}pÙkkGhlfr-
10 = nl- 43 = rspÙkkGhlfr-
11 = ,dknl- 44 = prqpÙkkGhlfr-
12 = }knl] ckjl- 45 = i×ppÙkkGhlfr-
13 = rsGl] rsjl- 46 = NÙkkGhlfr-
14 = pqíl] prqíl- 47 = lÙkpÙkkfGlfr-
15 = i..kjl] i×pnl- 48 = vê òpÙkkfGlfr-
16 = lksGl- 49 = ,dwui..kklk-
17 = lÙkjl] lÙknl- 50 = i..kklk] i×pklfr-
18 = vê òkjl] vê òknl- 51 = ,di..kklk-
19 = ,dwuohlrh- (f) 52 = }si..kklk-
20 = ohlrh- 53 = rsi..kklk-
21 = ,dohlrh- 54 = prqi..kklk-
22 = }kohlrh] ckohlrh- 55 = i×pi..kklk-
23 = rsohlrh- 56 = Ni..kklk-
24 = prqohlrh- 57 = lÙkki..kklk-
25 = i×pohlrh- 58 = vê òi..kklk-
26 = NCchlrh- 59 = ,dw.klfê ò-
27 = lÙkkohlrh- 60 = lfê ò-
28 = vê òkohlrh- 61 = ,dlfê ò-
29 = ,dwu¯rlrh- 62 = }klfê ò] f}lfê ò-
30 = ¯rlrh- 63 = rslfê ò] frlfê ò-
31 = ,dk¯rlrh- (f) 69 = ,dwulÙkfr-
32 = }k¯Ùklrh- 70 = lÙkfr-
33 = rs¯Ùklrh- 71 = ,dlÙkkr-
72 = }klÙkfr] f}lÙkfr- 900 = uolra-

73 = rslÙkfr] frlÙkfr- 1,000 = lgLla-
79 = ,dwuklhfr- 2,000 = f}lgLla-
80 = vlksfr- 10,000 = nllgLla-
81 = ,dklhfr- 100,000 = lrlgLla] yD[ka-
82 = }svlhfr] f};klhfr- 10,00,000 = nlyD[ka-
84 = prqjklhfr- 100,00,000 = lryD[ka] dksfV (f)-
89 = ,dwuuqofr- 10,00,00,000 = nldksfV (f)-
90 = uoqfr- 100,00,00,000 = lrdksfV-
92 = }kuoqfr] f}uoqfr- 101 = ,df/dlra-
93 = rsuoqfr] fruoqfr- 108 = vêÙò˜ kjlra-
96 = NUuoqfr- 110 = nlÙkjlra-
99 = ,dwulra- 150 = fn;îôlra-
100 = lra- 250 = vîôrsÕ;lra] fr;îôlra-
200 = f}lra- 1,500 = i×plrkf/dlgLla]
300 = frlra- fn;îôlgLla-
400 = prqlra- /4 = iknks- ¾ = vîô˜î ôks-
500 = i×plra- 1½ = vîô-
600 = Nlra-
2. Ordinals, – dela[;k
First, iBe (adj) Sixteenth, lksGle (adj)
Second, nqfr; (adj) Seventeenth, lÙkjle (adj)
Third, rfr; (adj) Eighteenth, vê òkjle (adj)
Fourth, prqRFk (adj) Nineteenth, ,dwuohlfre (adj)
Fifth, i×pe (adj) Twentieth, ohlfre (adj)
Sixth, NV~< (adj) Thirtieth, ¯rlfre (adj)
Seventh, lÙke (adj) Fourtieth, pÙkkGhlfre (adj)
Eighth, vê òe (adj) Fiftieth, i×pklfre (adj)
Ninth, uoe (adj) Sixtieth, lfê òre (adj)
Tenth, nle (adj) Seventieth, lÙkfre (adj)
Eleventh, ,dknle (adj) Eightieth, vlhfre (adj)
Twelfth, }knle (adj) Ninetieth, uofre (adj)
Thirteenth, rsjle (adj) Hundredth, lre (adj)
Fourteenth, pqíle (adj) Hundredth, lre (adj)
Fifteenth, i×pnle (adj)
The numerals, allmost all of them take all the genders, with the following
difference :–
(i) ,d] fr] prq take all genders but are declined differently in each gender
(ii) f}] i×p] N] lÙk] vV ò] uo] nl are declined alike in all genders but
only in the plural.
(iii) ,dwuohlfr to uouoqfr are declined in the singular number and feminine
gender only, whatever be the gender of the substantive qualified. The
cardinals are treated as ordinary adjectives.
(iv) lr and lgLl may either be used in the neutre gender, or plural in the
singular number agreeing only in case with the qualified substantives or
as ordinary adjectives agreeing in all respects. For multiples of lr and
lgLl, Prefix the word indicating the multiplicator and treat the compound
as an adjective e.g. vV òlrk ek.kodkA
(v) Multiplicative adverbs are formed by adding D[krqa to the numerals in the
sense of so many times e.g. f}D[krqa = twice : The word for ‘once’ is ldnk
or l¯d.
(vi) Suffix ?kk may be used after numerals in the sense of ways, times, fold
etc. ,d/k - once, f}/k - of two kinds : fr/k - in three ways.
(vii) lks is a distributive adverbial suffix e.g. ,dlks = one by one; lrlks = by
hundreds ; cgqlks in numbers.
(viii) eÙk is added to numerals in the sense of ‘only’ turning them into adjectives
e.g. prqeÙkk [kfÙk;k - only four warriors.
(ix) any number plus one-half is expressed by prefixing vM ô to the consecutive

higher number.
(x) To give the distributive sense a numeral is repeated e.g. ,dsd = each
one.
Section 5
Syntax
(1) Position of words in a sentence : A sentence may contain any number
of words, but a verb must necessarily be there i.e. a sentence must have two
portions viz.
(i) the subject dÙkk
(ii) the predicate fØ;k
iqfjlks l;fr is a complete sentence, iqfjlks being the subject and l;fr
the predicate. l;fr being an intransitive verb does not take object, but transitive
verbs must necessarily have an object (deZ); therefore a sentence formed with
transitive verb consists of three portions, e.g. :
iqfjlks (dÙkk)] :D[ka (deZ)] fNUnfr (fØ;k)
(2) In the above sentence, the subject comes first, object second and the
predicate last (In an English sentence the object must come after the predicate).
But there are no definite rules about the order of the words in a Pali sentence.
(3) Addressing words are very often placed first, in a sentence e.g.
(i) HkUrs] be¯Le lklus dfr /qjkfu \
(ii) So also with vklqlks
(iii) So also with Hkksfr
(4) Interrogation is expressed by using interrogative adverbs.
(a) Pronouns or particles at the beginning of a sentence :– When there
is an interrogative word in a sentence, the addressing word, if there be any,
takes the second or last place.
(i) ¯d dFksfl] Hkkfrdk \
(ii) vi vkoqlks] vEgkda lÙkkja tkukfl \
(iii) ¯d iu] HkUrs] bnkfu fi fnUus yfHkLlUrh \
(iv) dq¯g ;kfl] mikld \
(v) dga xrksa fl] vkoqlks \
(vi) dks rRFk olfr \
(vii) dLek] lks lIiks ,ra u Mfl
(b) Interrogation is also expressed by placing the verb first, in a sentence,
followed very often by the particle uq- %µ iLlFk uq rqEgs] fHkD[kos] veqa egUra
vfXxD[kU/a \
D:\AMBEDKAR-13\PALIDIC-13\AMB-26 MK D.S.24-10-2013 S.K.—11-12-2013 709
(5) Words of assent are also placed at the beginning of a sentence.

Addressing words in such sentences are placed next to the assenting words,
e.g. :– vke] lEe] bnkukga fogkja xURok Fksja fnLok vkxrksfEg
(6) Extension of predicate, be it a single word, a phrase, or a clause
is placed before the verb.
(7) The conditional particles lps] ;fn and the interjections are placed
at the beginning of a sentence.
(8) Copulative p and disjunctive ok and the conditional ps are never
placed at the beginning of a sentence.
(9) The following indeclinables are used correlatively :-
(i) ;Fkk_ rFkk (as : so)
(ii) ;ko_ rko (as longas : until)
(iii) ;nk_ rnk (when : then)
(iv) ;RFk_ rRFk (where : there)
(10) Words qualifying the subject or object, generally come before the
subject or object respectively.
Adverbs come before the verbs, but the adverbs of time always come
first in a sentence.
(11) An adjective must agree with the noun it qualifies in gender,
number and case.
(12) A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender,
number and person.
(13) Concord.
(i) The Predicate must agree with the subject in number and person.
(ii) When there are several subjects of different persons and one verb
in a sentence, the verb is put in the first person plural; and should
there be no subject of the first person, the verb is put in the first
person plural.
(iii) One subject may have more than one finite verb.
(iv) When there are more than one subject connected with, p in a
sentence, the verb must be in plural.
(v) When an action of many is the same, but if some of them are
introduced by one of the particles lg] lf¼u~ or lea or with the
instrumental case, the verb follows the subject which is in the
nominative.
(vi) When the subject is a collective noun the verb takes the singular
form.
D:\AMBEDKAR-13\PALIDIC-13\AMB-26 MK D.S.24-10-2013 S.K.—11-12-2013 721
dRok ;a fd¯×p vkgkj Hkf×tRok ,dPps lke.ksjk xUFks okpqxrs djksfUr]

,dPps vkpfj;kua lfUrdk /Ee&lRFkqXxg.ka djksfUr A
19. Before sunset they again do such of minor duties as the sweeping
of yards; then they attend on and do obeisance to their elders; and
during the first part of the night they recite what they have learnt.
lk;.gs fi lEeTtuknhfu fuê òkisRok Fks:iê òkua dRok jfÙk;k iBe;kes
okpqXxrxUFks lT>k;fUr A
Section 7
General Information
Days and months, fnolk eklk p January, iQqLlks
Sunday, jfookjks February, ek?kks
Monday, pUnokjks March, iQXxq.kks
Tuesday, dqpokjks April, fpÙkeklks
Wednesday, cq/okjks May, oslkéïks
Thursday, xq:okjks June, tsê òeklks
Friday, lqéïokjks July, vklkŸgks
Saturday, lfuokjks August, lko.kks
September, iksê òiknks
October, vLl;qtks
November, dfÙkdks
December, ekxfljks
Measures and Weights, ekurqyukfu-
7 Grains = One Inch, va…ya
9 Inches = One Span, fonfRFk, (f)
2 Spans = One Cubit, jrua] gRFkks
4 Cubits = One fathom, O;keks] /uq (nt)
500 Fathoms = One League, dkslks] xkoqra
4 Leagues = One Yojana, ;kstua
Measuring of Corn
4 Pasatas = 1 iRFk (m)
4 Patthas = 1 ukfG (f)
4 Nalis = 1 nks.k (m)
4 Donas = 1 ekfudk
4 Manikas = 1 [kjh (f)
10 Kharis = 1 dqEHk (m)
2 Kumbhas = 1 okg (m)

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D:\AMBEDKAR-13\PALIDIC-13\AMB-20 MK D.S. 24-10-2013 S.K.

PALI : DICTIONARY 633

The Pali Grammar

Section II Hkk"kkfu;e & Rules of change

Section III 'kCnfopkj & Etymology

634 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES

PALI : DICTIONARY 635

636 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES

PALI : DICTIONARY 637

?k g & y?kq ¾ ygq (small)

638 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES

not doubled at the beginning of a word e.g. :–

PALI : DICTIONARY 639

(xiv) LFk~ and "B~ are changed to

640 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES

PALI : DICTIONARY 641

(ii) Number (opu) (i) Singular ¾ ,dopu

662 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES

PALI : DICTIONARY 663

r (that)–declined in these genders with certain changes; addition of prefix

A, An, ,d (in singular it means Everybody, lCcso

Certain,v××krj (3) His, rLla

No one, u dksfp [suffix fp (fpr~) added to interrogative pronoun]

These men, bes

664 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES

Western, vij Your, rqgkda

III. Sentences wherein some of the above listed Pronominals are

1. What is the use of water to me ? ¯d eÕga okfjuk \ A

PALI : DICTIONARY 667

Adjectives are describing words and add something to the meaning

(1) Pronouns becoming adjectives when used before a substantive of

II. Verbal Adjectives or Participles (Declinable)

Going, xPNUr Sitting, fulhnUr

668 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES

Gone,xr Sat, fuflUu

3. Some adjectival nouns (Masculine ending in ‘u’)

Rich,/uoUr Fortunate, iq××koUrq

Small, [kqíd Many, much, cgq] cgqd

Medium, efT>e White, lsr

PALI : DICTIONARY 669

Red, jÙk Foolish, young, cky

Red, jÙk] yksfgr

Green, gfjr Bitter,frÙk

Light-red, v#.k Salt, yo.k

Multi-coloured, dEekl Sour, vfEcy

670 DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR : WRITINGS AND SPEECHES

Clean, fuEey] lq¼ Foolish, nU/] eUncqf¼d

Despised, fufUnr] ofEHkr Handsome, l:i

Dirty, fdfyV ò Hard, Fk}

Distant, nwj High, mPp

Distracted, vlekfgr Honest, voÄï] mtq

Empty, rqPN Ignoble, v/e] uhp

Excellent, i.khr] vfrlqUnj] foflV ò Kind, dk:f.kd

Exposed, fooV] vukoV Lazy, vyl

Fair, lksHku Light, lŠgqd

Famous, foLlqr Little, lqíd] ifjÙk

PALI : DICTIONARY 671

Many, cgqd Smooth, flfu¼] eV ò

Moderate, efT>e] eÙk××kw Square, prqjLl