EE 204 Lecture13

EE 204
Analog Circuits
Lecture 13
Dr. Saptarshi Ghosh

Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Indore, M.P.
Open loop OPAMP: Frequency characteristics
The open-loop gain (A) of OPAMP is quite high at DC/low frequencies and decreases with
frequency. The variation of OPAMP gain with to different frequencies is termed as frequency
characteristics. They are generally expressed using Bode plots.
Two effects are evident while increasing frequency:
(1) The gain (amplitude) of the amplifier decreases Due to internal capacitors
(2) The phase shift between the output and input increases and stray capacitors
Ideal OPAMP circuit OPAMP circuit with an

internally compensated capacitor
Compensating Network: Used for modifying rate of change of gain and phase shift.
(1) Internally compensated network (LM 741C), (2) Externally compensate network (LM 709C)
Open loop OPAMP: Frequency characteristics
For an internally compensated OPAPM, one single capacitor is
incorporated to maintain the decay at a constant rate of -20
dB/decade. This results in a single-time-constant (STC) network.
Transfer function of an open loop OPAMP:
Vo ( s ) AOL
 A s 
Vid ( s ) 1  s b
s  j
AOL
A  j  
1  j b
AOL: Open loop gain
b: Corner or break frequency
A0b A0b t
For  >> b, A  j  A  j   A  j  
j  
Unity gain frequency/ t  A0b
Unity gain bandwidth: t
where, A  j     1 A  j 
t j
Closed loop OPAMP: Frequency characteristics
The closed-loop gain of OPAMP is derived for different configurations (inverting/ non-inverting):
Closed loop Vout  R2 R1


voltage gain: Vin 1  1  R2 R1  AOL 
AOL
Using frequency response: A s 
1  s b
Vout  s   R2 R1
Inverting configuration 
Vin  s  1  R2  s
1  1   
AOL  R1  t 1  R2 R1 
DC gain: A0   R2 R1
t AOL  1  R2 R1 
Corner frequency: b 
1  R2 R1
Vout  s   R2 R1
Vin  s  1
s
t 1  R2 R1 
which is of the same form as that
for a low-pass STC network.
1
Transfer function: b 
C2 R2
Vout  s  Z s R R 
 2  2 1
Vin  s  Z1  s  1  sC2 R2
Ideal OPAMP, with an integrator circuit
Vout  s   R2 R1
Transfer function:
Vin  s  1
s
t 1  R2 R1 
DC gain: A0   R2 R1
t
1  R2 R1
Practical OPAMP, with a frequency dependent gain
t 1
By comparison, the results are: b  
1  R2 R1 C2 R2
Closed loop Vout 1  R2 R1


voltage gain: Vin 1  1  R2 R1  AOL 
AOL
A s 
1  s b
Vout  s  1  R2 R1

Vin  s  1  R2  s
Non-inverting configuration 1  1   
AOL  R1  t 1  R2 R1 
AOL  1  R2 R1 
DC gain: A0  1  R2 R1 
t Vout  s  1  R2 R1
1  R2 R1 Vin  s  1
s
t 1  R2 R1 
which is of the same form as that
for a low-pass STC network.
which is of the same form as that for a low-pass STC network.

OPAMP characteristics: Slew Rate (SR)
Definition: It is the maximum rate of change possible at the dV0
SR 
output of a real OPAMP. dt max
Due to delay in feedback circuit, the output cannot change beyond a certain rate (SR).
Output voltage
Input voltage Voltage follower The output is slew-rate limited.
The slew-rate limitation can also cause non-linear distortion to an input sinusoidal signal.
Rate of change in dVo dVin

Input voltage:   V  cos t
output voltage: dt dt
Vin  V sin t
Voltage follower
Output voltage waveform

OPAMP characteristics: Slew Rate (SR)
Rate of change in dVo dVin
  V  cos t
output voltage: dt dt
dVo
Slew rate (SR): SR   V  2 fV (Volt/sec)
dt max
Consider the rated output voltage of the OPAMP: Vomax Input voltage: Vin  V p sin t
dVo
Rate of change in output voltage:  AclV p cos t
dt
SR
Full-power bandwidth (fM): M Vo max  SR fM 
2 Vo max
An output sinusoid of amplitude Vomax will not show any slew rate distortion for operating
frequencies lower than fM, but will show distortion at frequencies higher than fM.
Example: Assume an inverting op-amp with a gain of –10 has a max SR of 1 V/s and is
driven by a sinusoidal input with a peak (Vp) of 1V. At what input frequency will the output
start to show slew rate limitation?
Solution: Max rate of change in output voltage: Frequency:

dVo SR
 10V pM cos t  10V pM fM   16 kHz
dt max
max 2 10V p

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EE 204

Dr. Saptarshi Ghosh

Ideal OPAMP circuit OPAMP circuit with an

Closed loop Vout  R2 R1

Ideal OPAMP, with an integrator circuit

Closed loop Vout 1  R2 R1

which is of the same form as that for a low-pass STC network.

Rate of change in dVo dVin

Output voltage waveform

Solution: Max rate of change in output voltage: Frequency:

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