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    Plant Cloning Summary

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    Huiqing Teo
    1. Micropropagation techniques involve taking explants from plants, sterilizing them, and culturing them on nutrient media with plant growth regulators to produce callus or plantlets. 2. Plant growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins determine the type of tissue formed by influencing gene expression - high auxin produces roots and high cytokinin produces shoots. 3. Different culture techniques are used to propagate different agricultural plants, like meristem culture for potatoes and embryo rescue culture for crops where embryos fail to develop.

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    Plant Cloning Summary

    Uploaded by

    Huiqing Teo
    121 views1 page
    1. Micropropagation techniques involve taking explants from plants, sterilizing them, and culturing them on nutrient media with plant growth regulators to produce callus or plantlets. 2. Plant growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins determine the type of tissue formed by influencing gene expression - high auxin produces roots and high cytokinin produces shoots. 3. Different culture techniques are used to propagate different agricultural plants, like meristem culture for potatoes and embryo rescue culture for crops where embryos fail to develop.

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    1. Micropropagation techniques involve taking explants from plants, sterilizing them, and culturing them on nutrient media with plant growth regulators to produce callus or plantlets. 2. Plant growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins determine the type of tissue formed by influencing gene expression - high auxin produces roots and high cytokinin produces shoots. 3. Different culture techniques are used to propagate different agricultural plants, like meristem culture for potatoes and embryo rescue culture for crops where embryos fail to develop.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    121 views1 page

    Plant Cloning Summary

    Uploaded by

    Huiqing Teo
    1. Micropropagation techniques involve taking explants from plants, sterilizing them, and culturing them on nutrient media with plant growth regulators to produce callus or plantlets. 2. Plant growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins determine the type of tissue formed by influencing gene expression - high auxin produces roots and high cytokinin produces shoots. 3. Different culture techniques are used to propagate different agricultural plants, like meristem culture for potatoes and embryo rescue culture for crops where embryos fail to develop.

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    PLANT CLONING

    Micropropagation techniques:
    1 Preparation of explant Explant = any portion taken from plant Initiate a culture Explants usu obtained from Fast growing tissue Root, shoot tips, buds Meristematic tissue, diseasefree Young plants chosen 2 Obtaining aseptic callus cultures Surface-sterilise explants by soaking in sodium hypochlorite solution Prevent pathogen (BVF) contamination Produce toxins that kills plant cells Use up nutrient medium 3 Establishment of plantlet Callus induced to form plantlets Different ratios of PGR, organogenesis Shoot formation high cyto:auxin Root formation high auxin:cyto 4 Acclimatisation Shift from hetero to autotrophic Wean planlets from high humiditiy low light, warm

    Components of culture media


    Inorganic mineral salts Vitamins Carbon source Plant Growth Regulators Macronutrients needed for protein, nucleic acid, cell wall, chlorophyll synthesis. N, S, Ca, Mg; Micro are enzyme cofactors Co-enzymes in plant metabolism Sucrose; Undifferentiated callus are not autotrophic Auxin: Stimulate cell division when cytokinins present, root formation and embryogenesis, inhibit bud formation Cytokinin: Stimulate cell division when auxins present, shoot formation and bud proliferation Nitrogen, agar, activated charcoal (decrease toxin levels), antibiotics and fungicides (prevent bacteria and fungal growth)

    Others transferred to culture vessels Mineral nutrients, vitamins, carbon, PGR Medium is thickened with agar, gel, support Higher prop of activelyAmorphous mass of undiff tissue dividing cells (callus) dev Responsive to callus Disadvantages Intermediate conc of auxin and Normal growth environment Advantages and initiationrate, high fecundity (potential reprod capacity) compared to cytokinin High X efforts Donor plant, desirable Can be repeated sub-cultured into Plantlet hardened in vitro by conventional characteristics reducing humidity/adding Genetic uniformity, genetically new medium identical to stock plants, desirable sucrose to medium to increase traits passed on osmotic potential Disease-free, eliminate BVF contamination, tips of meristem chosen, pathogens Other types of plant tissue culture Produces rooted plantlets ready for growth compared to seeds, cuttings Somatic Embryogenesis Protoplast Anther (e.g. rice) Protoplast Culture Technique Questions: More robust of embryoids Development plants, accelerated growth Cells without cell walls Developing pollen grains, Choose explant from tissues Cell debri pellet Explain why plants are describe as clones: 1. Derived from one parent, 2. Products of mitotic Good way of multiplying plants, produce seeds in uneconomical explant High proportion of Wash protoplast in enzymedivision, where amts, fusion of gametes (orchids) e.g. Withoutsterile (banana), seeds difficult to introduce material into and diff of T and B lymp DNA undergoes semi-conservative replication, 3. Genetically identical to parent Easier to germinateproliferation Haploid anther calli, plants meristematic cells e.g. free medium Severe Combined How do plant-growth regulators determine type of plant tissue formed: Result in expression of embryo culture sterile shoot, root tip, bud Immunodeficiencycell different genes/different Independentzygote as transformed done in controlled Advantageous in selection genes switched on, resulting in different plant tissues formed To produce Deficient in Tchangelymphocytes a of climate and B e.g. tissue cultureprotoplasts Surface-sterilisation Protoplast fusion Adenosine deaminase (ADA) Explain briefly why 2 different culture techniques are used in propagation of 2 named environment process as phenotypic effects of Isolate protoplasts Chemicals such as calcium deficiency Hypocotyls, cotyledons Protoplast fusion, overcome agricultural plants Takes up less space than growing plants in field all genes seen. Lethal genes are or reproductive infection-fighting cells mutations on gene, code for enzyme 1. recessive culture: Cell wall is removed, without of DNA Large quantities of plantlets can be air-freight quickly eliminated, Protoplast alleles are cells plasmolysed in sugar this barrier, introduction (PEG) into plant cell polyethylene glycol ADA Induce callus then induce Barriers, combine good traits of 2 more effective, allows genetic manipulation of crops e.g. tomato, tobacco Impt tool in genetic engineering of plants, only viable method of expressed, non-masking solution embryo vulnerable to severeplants recurrent breaks down adenosine 2. Meristematic tissue culture: Explants obtained from fast growing tissue like root, shoot tips, regenerating GM cells or cells from protoplast fusion free cytoplasm from cell wall Electrofusion High auxin infections Generate polypoids young buds, are disease-free, allows propagation of disease-free plants e.g. soya bean, potatoes Plants produce secondary products e.g. digoxin from foxglove Mechincal disruption Fused protoplasts cultured opportunistic infections no ADA 3. Embryo culture: Encapsulated to form to high skilled labour cost, (e.g. tomato, accumulation of dATP artifical Increase vigour technology -> Colchicine applied to disruptEmbryos that do not develop well, or may be prematurely aborted are removed Very expensive due and Enzymatic treatment Nutrient medium X-SCID prevents lymphocyte proliferation cultivated in culture, allows propagation of hybrid where embryos fail to develop e.g and spindle, and seeds tobacco, banana) formation of mitotic facilities maturation Fungal pectinases, Varying constituents of peaches prevents separation of Loss incurred when transferring plant material from in vitro hemicellulases medium mutations of common gamma chain especially T cells, chromatids Anther culture: Propagation of haploid plantlets with desirable characteristics e.g. rice, maize. cannot matureanaphase 4. at conditions to acclimatisation stage Pollen grains develop Cellulase, remove cell walls due to non-masking of phenotypes as they into plantlets, easily selected inititate cell division Or embryo geneproduce infected progeny culture (embryo rescue, overcoming seed dormancy) Homozygous diploid plants Infected plants autosomal recessive disorder Protoplast suspensions induce organogenesis e.g. peach X chromosome formed Higher than acceptable levels of somatic variation, plant cells can centrifuged non-functional/absent common disease expressed undergo genetic changes gamma chain cell receptor for some interleukins both copies of ADA alleles defective Conventional Treatment stem cell transplant Gene Therapy remove T-lymp, insert normal func alleles

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