1 Acknowledgement This Powerpoint presentation was prepared by Dr. Terry Weigel, University of Louisville. This work and other contributions to the text by Dr. Weigel are gratefully acknowledged.
2 Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Concrete – a mixture of fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (eg, limestone), cement, water, and/or admixtures.
Why Admixtures are added?
Concrete has high compressive strength and
low tensile strength
3 Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced concrete is a combination of
concrete and steel. The reinforcing steel is used to resist tension
Reinforcing steel can also be used to resist
compression (columns)
4 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete High compressive strength relative to unit cost
High resistance to effects of fire and water
Reinforced concrete structures have high
stiffness
Low maintenance cost
5 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete Reinforced concrete structures have a long service life
Reinforced concrete is often the only
economical material for footings, floor slabs, basement walls and piers
Reinforced concrete offers architectural
flexibility 6 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete Most of the items required for Reinforced concrete are available locally.
Labor skills are not as high for reinforced
concrete construction, when compared to some other common materials, such as structural steel
7 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete Concrete has a low tensile strength, requiring use of reinforcing steel
Forms are required to hold the concrete until
it hardens. In addition, falsework may be necessary. Formwork and falsework are expensive
Concrete has relatively low strength when
compared to its unit weight 8 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete
Concrete beams are relatively large, which
leads to, for example, larger story heights and taller buildings Concrete properties can vary widely depending on proportioning, mixing and curing
9 Codes Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14)
10 Properties of Reinforced Concrete
11 Compressive Strength
The specified compressive strength of concrete
is denoted by the symbol c ' f
Compressive strength is determined by testing
a 6x12 in cylinder at an age of 28 days
For most applications, the range of concrete
strength is 3,000 to 4,000 psi
12 Compressive Strength
For prestressed concrete, the range of
concrete strength is 5,000 to 6,000 psi
For columns with high axial loads (lower
stories of tall buildings), concrete with strength in the range 9,000 to 10,000 psi may be used
13 Compression Test Setup for f’c Acceptance Criteria for standard cured specimen • ACI Section 26.12.3 • (a) Strength level of a concrete mixture shall be acceptable if (1) and (2) are satisfied • (1) Average of any three consecutive strength ' tests equals or exceeds c f • (2) No strength test falls below c by more than ' f ' f 500 psi if c is 5000 psi or less; or by more ' f f ' than 0.10 c if c exceeds 5000 psi. Concrete Stress-Strain
17 Concrete Stress-Strain
The relationship between stress and strain is
roughly linear at stress levels equal to about one-third to one-half the ultimate strength. Beyond this range the relationship is non-linear
18 Concrete Stress-Strain Regardless of compressive strength, all concretes reach their maximum strength at a strain of about 0.002
19 Concrete Stress-Strain
Concrete does not have a well-define yield
point.
20 Concrete Stress-Strain
Ultimate strain achieved is on the order of 0.003
to 0.004. Lower strength concrete achieves higher ultimate strains than does higher strength concrete
ACI 22.2.2.1 Assumption: Maximum strain at the extreme 21 concrete compression fiber to be 0.003 Concrete Stress-Strain
ACI 22.2.2.1 Assumption: Maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber to be 0.003
22 Static Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete does not have a single modulus of
elasticity The particular value varies with concrete strength, age, type of loading and proportions of aggregate and cement ACI Code Section c E 33w1.5 c f c' wc from 90 to 160lb/ft3 19.2.2.1 For concrete weighing about 145 lb/ft 3 Ec 57,000 f c' 23 Static Modulus of Elasticity High-strength concrete (> 6,000 psi) 1.5 6 wc Ec 40,000 f c 10 ' 145 For normal weight concrete with f c' > 6000 psi and up to 12000 psi and For lightweight concrete with c >6000 and up ' f to 9000 psi
Dynamic modulus is about 20 to 40 percent
higher than the static modulus 24 Poisson’s Ratio
About 0.11 for high strength concrete
About 0.21 for low strength concrete
Average value is about 0.16
25 Tensile Strength Tensile strength of concrete is about eight to 15 percent of its compressive strength
Tensile strength varies with the square root
of the compressive strength
Concrete is filled with micro-cracks
Micro-cracks affect tensile strength, but not
compressive strength
26 Tensile Strength
While tensile strength is small, it
nevertheless has a significant impact on deflections, bond strength, shear strength and torsional strength
Tensile strength is measured indirectly, using
either the modulus of rupture or split cylinder test
27 Modulus of Rupture Test ASTM C78 – (6-in x 6-in x 30-in) unreinforced concrete specimen Flexural formula for fr (modulus of rupture) fr Mc P/2 P/2 I PL M 6 bh 3 I 12 PL h L/3 L/3 PL fr 2 6 bh 3 bh 2 28 12 ACI Value for fr
ACI Code Section 19.2.3.1
f r 7.5 f c' is a parameter to account for lightweight concrete: = 1 for normal weight concrete = 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete = 0.75 for all-lightweight concrete
29 Split Cylinder Test Split Cylinder Test
ASTM C496
2P fr LD L length of specimen D diameter of specimen
31 Reinforcing Steel Bars or welded wire fabric (WWF)
Bars can be plain or deformed
Plain bars are rarely used
Deformed bars come in these sizes: No 3 to
No 11, No 14 and No 18
The diameter of the bar is the bar’s number
divided by 8 (up to #8) 32 Deformed Rebars Deformed Rebar
Ribs Reinforcing Steel Bar No Diameter Area (in2) (in) 3 0.375 0.11 4 0.500 0.20 5 0.625 0.31 6 0.750 0.44 7 0.875 0.60 8 1.00 0.79 9 1.13 1.00 10 1.27 1.27 11 1.41 1.41 14 1.70 2.25 18 2.26 4.0 35 ASTM Reinforcing Steel Standards and Grades of Reinforcing Steel ASTM A615 – deformed or plain billet steel – most commonly used Available in four minimum yield strength levels
Grade 40, 60, 75 or 80
Grade 60 -> 60 ksi (60000 psi) specified
minimum yield stress Grade 60 most commonly used 36 Reinforcing Steel Identification
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