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ISO 10817-1:1998(E)

Contents

1 Scope .......................................................................................................... .............................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................... ..................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................... ..................................... 2

4 Shaft vibration measuring systems overview.................................................................................. .................... 2

5 Sensing systems............................................................................................................ ........................................ 4

5.1 Relative shaft-vibration measuring systems ................................................................................ .................... 4

5.2 Absolute shaft vibration measuring systems ................................................................................ ................... 6

6 Measurement uncertainties ................................................................................................... ................................ 9

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6.1 Measurement principles.................................................................................................... .................................. 9
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6.2 Accuracy requirements on the measuring system ........................................................................................... 9

ISO 10817-1:1998
6.3 Monitoring of critical machinery .......................................................................................... ............................ 13
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7 Environmental conditions.................................................................................................... ................................ 13

7.1 Transducers ............................................................................................................... ........................................ 13

7.2 Non-integral conditioners .................................................................................................................................. 14

8 Calibration ................................................................................................................. ............................................ 15

8.1 Relative shaft vibration measuring systems.................................................................................................... 15

8.2 Absolute shaft vibration measuring systems .................................................................................................. 16

Annex A (informative) Mechanics of shaft vibration.............................................................................................. 17

Annex B (informative) Measurement quantities ..................................................................................................... 18

Bibliography .................................................................................................................. ........................................... 22

© ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet [email protected]
Printed in Switzerland

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Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.

Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

International Standard ISO 10817-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration and
shock, Subcommittee SC 3, Use and calibration of vibration and shock measuring instruments.

ISO 10817 consists of the following parts, under the general title Rotating shaft vibration measuring systems :
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 Part 1: Relative and absolute sensing of radial vibration
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 Part 2: Signal processing
ISO 10817-1:1998
Annexes A and B of this part of ISO 10817 are for information only.
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ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD © ISO 10817-1:1998(E)

Rotating shaft vibration measuring systems —

Part 1:
Relative and absolute sensing of radial vibration

1 Scope

This part of ISO 10817 gives details of how to obtain reproducible measurement results in order to enable the
monitoring and evaluation of shaft vibrations according to the ISO 7919 series. As such, it is concerned primarily
with the measurement of shaft vibrations for large machines (e.g. steam turbine generator sets, gas turbines,
industrial turbosets, hydraulic machines).

This part of ISO 10817 is applicable to radial vibration measuring systems on shafts, both for absolute and relative
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measurements. It covers the sensing device (i.e. transducer), signal conditioning, attachment methods and
calibration procedures.
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ISO 10817-1:1998
2 Normative references
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The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this part of ISO 10817. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 10817 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated
references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.

ISO 683-1, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 1: Direct-hardening unalloyed and low-
alloyed wrought steel in form of different black products.

ISO 2041, Vibration and shock — Vocabulary.

ISO 4287, Geometrical Product Specification (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms, definitions and
surface texture parameters.

ISO 5347, Methods for the calibration of vibration and shock pick-ups (all parts).

ISO 5348, Mechanical vibration and shock — Mechanical mounting of accelerometers.

ISO 7919-1:1996, Mechanical vibration of non-reciprocating machines — Measurements on rotating shafts and
evaluation criteria — Part 1: General guidelines.

ISO 7919-2, Mechanical vibration of non-reciprocating machines — Measurements on rotating shafts and evaluation
criteria — Part 2: Large land-based steam turbine generator sets.

ISO 7919-3, Mechanical vibration of non-reciprocating machines — Measurements on rotating shafts and evaluation
criteria — Part 3: Coupled industrial machines.

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ISO 7919-4, Mechanical vibration of non-reciprocating machines — Measurements on rotating shafts and evaluation
criteria — Part 4: Gas turbine sets.

ISO 7919-5, Mechanical vibration of non-reciprocating machines — Measurements on rotating shafts and evaluation
criteria — Part 5: Machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pumping plants.

ISO 8042, Characteristics to be specified for seismic pick-ups.

ISO 16063-1, Methods for the calibration of vibration and shock transducers — Part 1: Basic concepts.1)

GUM:1995, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML).

IEC 60068-2-6, Environmental testing — Part 2: Tests — Test Fc: Vibration (sinusoidal).

IEC 60068-2-29, Environmental testing — Part 2: Tests — Test Eb and guidance: Bump.

IEC 60529:1989, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code).

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this part of ISO 10817, the terms and definitions given in ISO 2041 apply.

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Shaft vibration measuring systems overview

A measuring system to evaluate the radial vibration ISOof10817-1:1998

a rotating shaft can be thought of as consisting of several
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distinct subsystems: a transducer or transducers for either relative or absolute vibration measurement; a transducer
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cabling; a phase reference to relate a position on the rotating
shaft to the position of the measurement in the time domain (e.g. a shaft encoder); signal processing
instrumentation to output the measurement in a specified format; and an output device to display the measurement.
Figure 1 shows the interrelationship of these subsystems. ISO 10817-2 covers instrumentation requirements for
signal processing and analysis.

The output signals from the measuring devices, Sext , can be processed via specific systems and software packages
which provide the quantities required for machine analysis and maintenance purposes. These systems and
software packages are not part of this part of ISO 10817.

The relative motions are generally measured with non-contacting transducers. The absolute rotor motions can be
sensed with non-contacting relative motion transducers in combination with an absolute motion detection made at
the positions of the relative motion transducers. These absolute motion measurements could also be sensed by
seismic transducers, e.g. shaft-riding transducers.

This part of ISO 10817 deals with the signal sensing block only, see Figure 1.

1) Revision of ISO 5347-0.

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Figure 1 — Structure of rotating shaft measuring systems

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5 Sensing systems

5.1 Relative shaft-vibration measuring systems

5.1.1 Introduction

Relative shaft-vibration transducers take advantage of changes in either the optical path length, inductance or
capacitance between a position on a rotating shaft and a point removed from the shaft, usually in very close
proximity to the shaft, to determine the relative displacements in time. This reference point (i.e. the location point of
the relative shaft vibration transducer) often undergoes significant vibration from other sources. Seismic transducers
placed at the location of the sensing element of the non-contacting sensor can be used to determine absolute
vibration values (see 5.2).

5.1.2 General structure of the sensing systems

A shaft vibration sensing system according to the requirements of this part of ISO 10817 consists of relative
displacement transducers, cabling and the appropriate conditioners (see Figure 2).

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Key
1 Shaft
2 Transducer to shaft distance
3 Transducers
4 Conditioners
5 Signal outputs
6 Measurement track
7 Measurement plane

Figure 2 — Shaft vibration measuring system for measurements in one plane

Two orthogonal transducers are preferably required to determine the total dynamic motion and mean position of the
shaft (see Figure 3). The two transducers are arranged in two perpendicular measurement directions in one
measurement plane. Generally for one machine set there are several measurement planes which may have a pair
of measuring devices for each plane. The system of all measuring devices belonging to one machine set is called a
measuring system for shaft vibration.

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Key
1 Kinetic orbit of shaft
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Instantaneous position of shaft centre
2 Reference axes (standards.iteh.ai)
x, y Mean values of shaft displacement
O Mean position of orbit x (t ), y (t ) Time-dependent alternating values of shaft displacement
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Figure 3 — Kinetic orbit of the shaft
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Depending on the measurement method, a conditioner may be necessary between the transducer and the signal
processing instrumentation. The conditioner may be either a self-contained unit or may be integral with the
transducer or the signal processing instrumentation.

No requirements are given in this part of ISO 10817 for the indication instruments and the recording equipment.

5.1.3 Operating ranges

The user should select a transducer system which is at least compatible with the relevant part of ISO 7919 and/or
the specification of the machine under evaluation. The output signal tolerances are given in clause 6.

5.1.4 Characteristics to be specified

The manufacturer shall specify the following:

 the range where the signal output is linear proportional to the gap between the target and transducer;

 the amplitude and phase response as a function of frequency where linearity is maintained (see 6.2);

 the overall size and thread of the transducer for each measurement range (tip diameter 5 mm, 8 mm and
18 mm, and thread M8¥1, M10¥1 and M20¥1 are recommended);

 the cable length (5 m is recommended);

 the power supply (- 24 V d.c. is recommended);

 the sensitivities (8 mV/µm for the 2 mm range and 4 mV/µm for the 4 mm range is recommended where
applicable);

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 the output signal mode (voltage-current);

 the maximum output signal;

 the output impedance and permissible load impedance;

 the classes of temperature;

 degree of protection [IP-67 (dust-tight and protected against the effects of temporary immersion) in accordance
with IEC 60529:1989 is recommended].

NOTE The above are recommended industry standards in common use.

5.2 Absolute shaft vibration measuring systems

5.2.1 Introduction

Two types of measuring systems are in use for the measurement of absolute shaft vibrations, as follows.

a) A combined absolute-vibration and relative-vibration measuring system using a seismic transducer and a
relative shaft displacement transducer (non-contacting) mounted on the same structure. Their conditioned
outputs are summed to provide a measurement of the absolute shaft motion.

b) A shaft-riding probe, where a seismic transducer is mounted on the shaft so that it measures directly the
absolute shaft motion.

5.2.2 General structure of the sensing systems

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An absolute shaft vibration sensing system according to the requirements of this part of ISO 10817 consists either
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of two sets of seismic and non-contacting transducers (non-contacting measurement) or of two shaft-riders (direct
measurement) and the appropriate conditioners (Figures 4 and 5).
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Key
1 Transducer to shaft distance 6 Direction 1
2 Measurement axes 7 Direction 2
3 Seismic transducers 8 Signal outputs
4 Non-contacting transducers 9 Trajectory of absolute precession of the centre of the rotor section
5 Conditioners 10 Geometrical centre of the trajectory

Figure 4 — Absolute shaft vibration sensing system using a combination of non-contacting

and seismic transducers for one measurement plane

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Key
1 Signal conditioner
2 Seismic transducer
3 Machine structure
4 Shaft rider
5 Shaft
6 Signal outputs

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Figure 5 — Absolute shaft vibration sensing system using a shaft-rider transducer assembly
for one measurement plane
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The two transducer assemblies are radially mounted in orthogonal measurement directions in one measurement
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Depending on the measurement method, a conditioner may be necessary between the transducer(s) and the signal
processing instrumentation. The conditioner may be either a self-contained unit or may be integral with the
transducer.

5.2.21 Combined seismic and non-contacting sensing system

A combined seismic and non-contacting sensing device consists of two sets of transducers, each set fitted with one
non-contacting type relative displacement transducer as described in 5.1 and one absolute seismic transducer
mounted on a common rigid structure in close proximity with their sensitive axes in-line or parallel to ensure that
both transducers undergo the same absolute structural motion. Their conditioned outputs are summed to provide a
measurement of the absolute shaft motion.

The combined absolute shaft vibration sensing system has to have at least two outputs for each measuring
direction:

a) the relative shaft vibration transducer displacement output, which is identical to that described in 5.1.1;

b) the output of the seismic transducer, which is proportional to the acceleration or velocity motion of the structure
to which it and the non-contacting transducer are mounted.

The seismic transducer output shall be processed to provide a displacement signal (single integration in the case of
velocity or double integration in the case of acceleration signal).

The seismic transducer placed at the location of the non-contacting transducer can also be used to determine the
absolute vibration values according to the ISO 10816 series.