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    Unit 6 Microbiology

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    babariabal36

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    Unit 6 Microbiology

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    11 views6 pages

    Unit 6 Microbiology

    Uploaded by

    babariabal36

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Unit-6

    Define Normal flora of the body?

    Normal flora is the microorganisms that are usually present on or in the body
    of the normal healthy person without causing disease.

    OR

    The term normal microbial flora refers to the population of the


    microorganisms that inhabit on skin and mucus membrane of healthy normal
    person.

    The normal flora are of two types.

    1. Resident normal flora.

    1. The microorganisms when consistently found in particular site of the body


    are also described as the resident normal flora. e.g. staphylococcus albus lives
    in the pores of all healthy and undamaged skin without causing infection so
    they may be called either skin commensals or resident skin flora.

    2. Transient normal flora.

    1. Transient flora consists of non pathogenic or potentially pathogenic


    microorganisms acquired from the environment. They may inhabit a site from
    seconds to weeks but do not ordinarily produce infection or disease and do not
    become permanently established. e.g E.coli is a normal inhabitant of the gut
    where it causes neither disease nor infection but if it is transferred to to the
    urinary bladder it will cause a urinary tract infection.
    Difference between resident flora and transient flora.

    Resident flora Transient flora

    1. They are found in deeper layer of 1. They are found in superficial layers
    the skin. of the skin.
    2. Permanant flora. 2. Temporary flora.
    3. If disturbed reestablish themselves.
    3.Usually do not reestablish
    themselves
    4. Not removed by routine hand wash. 4.Easily removed by routine hand
    wash
    5. Usually not associated with 5. Usually associated with
    transmission of infection. transmission of infection.
    6. Generally harmless and non 6. Generally harmful and pathogenic.
    pathogenic.

    Beneficial role of normal flora.

    1. Help in absorption of nutrients.

    2. Synthesize vitamins especially vitamin-k.

    3. Prevent colonization of pathogenic microorganisms.

    4. Elevate immune status against pathogens having related or shared antigens.

    5. Bactriocins are produced to inhibit the growth of pathogens.

    Define nosocomial infection or hospital acquired infection?

    Nosocomial infections are the infections which develop during hospitalization


    and were not incubating or present at the time of admission in the hospital.

    OR This is infection acquired from hospital whether originating from a patient,


    a member of hospital staff or equipment.
    It may be either endogenous (self infection) or exogenous (cross infection)
    transfer from an infected patient to an uninfected one

    What measures should be taken to control nosocomial infections?

    1. Adaption of isolation policy.

    2. Use of adequate aseptic techniques.

    3. Immunization of the hospital staff.

    4. Arrangement of infection control training program for hospital staff.

    5. Provision for an appropriate clean environ ment.

    6. Review of antibiotic policy.

    Describe some pathogenic microbes and disease

    1. Tetanus. It is an infection caused by bacteria called clostridium tetani. When


    the bacteria invade the body, they produce a poison (toxin) that causes painful
    muscle contractions. Another name for tetanus is ‘’lockjaw’’.It often causes a
    person’s neck and jaw muscles to lock, making it hard to open the mouth or
    swallow.

    Pathogen clostridium tetani; it is a common soil bacterium and the causative


    agent of tetanus. Clostridium tetani are usually rod shaped and upto 2.5 um
    long, but they become enlarged and tennis racket or drum stick shaped when
    forming spores. Clostridium tetani spores are extremely hardy and can be
    found globally in soil or in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. If inoculated
    into a wound it can grow and produce a potent toxin which interference with
    motor neurons, causing tetanus.

    2. Typhoid is bacterial infection that can lead to high grade fever, diarrhea,
    and vomiting. It can be fatal. It is caused by the bacteria salmonella typhi. The
    infection is often passed on through contaminated food and drinking water,
    and more prevalent in places where hand washing is less frequent.

    Pathogen salmonella typhi; salmonella typhi are bacteria which infect the
    intestinal tract and the blood. The disease is referred as typhoid fever.
    Salmonella typhi are common in many developing countries where sewage and
    water treatment systems are poor.

    3. Cholera; Cholera is an intestinal infection and a bacterial disease usually


    spread through contaminated water. Cholera causes severe diarrhea and
    dehydration. If left untreated can be fatal within hours.

    Pathogen vibrio cholerae; vibrio cholerae is a species of gram-negative


    facultative anaerobe and comma shaped bacteria. The bacteria naturally live in
    brackish or salt water.

    4. Diphtheria is an infection of the upper respiratory tract and causes fever,


    sore throat, and malaise. A thick gray green fibrin membrane, the pseudo
    membrane often forms over the sites of infection as result of combined effects
    of bacterial growth, toxin production and necrosis of underlying tissues.It is
    caused by the bacteria corynebacterium diphtheriae.

    Pathogen corynebacterium diphtheriae is non motile non capsulated, gram


    positive rod shaped bacterium. The ability to cause diphtheria depends on the
    organism’s ability to produce diphtheria toxin. Corny bacterium diphtheria is
    transmitted through droplets secretions and direct contact.

    5. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium


    tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs and also infect the other
    parts of the body. TB Patient suffering with fever, cough, weight loss, and night
    sweat.

    Pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis is an aerobic bacilli non spore forming,


    non motile, rod shaped and very slow growing. It spreads through the droplets
    such as coughing, sneezing, and talking.

    6. Pertusis also known as whooping cough is a highly contagious respiratory


    disease. It is caused by the bacterium bordetella pertusis. Pertusis is known for
    uncontrollable, violent coughing which often makes it hard to breathe.

    Pathogen bordetella pertusis is a gram negative, aerobic pathogenic


    encapsulated coccobacillus of the genus bordetella is motile and expresses
    flagellum like structure.
    7. Mumps is viral infection that primarily affects saliva producing (salivary)
    glands that are located the ears. Mumps can cause swelling in one or both of
    these glands. It is caused by the mumps virus.

    Pathogen Mumps virus which belongs to a family of viruses known as


    paramyxoviruses.It spreads through droplets such as coughing, sneezing or
    contaminated saliva.

    8. Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by measles virus.


    Symptoms usually develop 10-12 days after exposure. Initial symptoms include
    fever, often greater than 104 F, cough, runny nose, and inflamed eyes.

    Pathogen;Measles morbillivirus also called measles virus is a single stranded


    negative sense, envolped non segmented RNA virus of the genus morbillivirus
    within the family paramyxo virus. It is the cause of measles. Human are the
    natural hosts of the virus.

    9. Poliomyelitis;commonly known as polio is an infectious disease caused by


    the polio virus. It moves from gut to affect the central nervous system and
    there is muscle weakness resulting in a flaccid paralysis.The weakness most
    often involves the legs.

    10. Pathogen. Polio virus is composed of an RNA genome and a protein


    capsid.the genome is single stranded positive sense RNA genome.

    11. Influenza is a viral infection that attacks respiratory system. Influenza is


    commonly known as flu. It is caused by the influenza virus. Symptoms include
    fever, runny nose, sore throat, coughing, chills, and general weakness, fatigue,
    and pain in the muscles.

    Pathogen; Influenza virus are members of the family orthomyxoviridae. This


    family represents enveloped viruses the genome of which consists of
    segmented negative sense single strand RNA strand. There are four genera of
    this family: types A, B, C, only genera A and B are clinically relevant for
    humans.

    11. Ascariasis is a type of round worm infection. These worms are parasites
    that use body as a host to mature from larvae or eggs to adult worms.
    Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or bloody
    stools and weight loss, persistent cough, shortness of breath and wheezing.

    Pathogen: Ascaris lumbricoides which is species of round worm.Round worms


    are types of parasitic worms. After ingestion lumbricoids round worm
    reproduces inside the small intestine.

    12. Taeniasis: It is a parasitic infection caused by tape worm species. Humans


    can become infected with these tapeworms by eating raw or undercooked
    beef or pork and also found in contaminated food and water. Symptoms
    include abdominal pain, anorexia, weight loss, and gastric problems. It is also
    known as Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia Solium (Pork tapeworm).

    13: Dermatomycosis: It is the fungal infection of skin including nails and


    hair.Dermatocycosis is mainly caused by dermatophyton three genera
    Trichophyton, Microsporum and epidermophyton and keratophytons of some
    yeast species. Candida albicans and moulds.,. These are fungi that feed on
    keratin occurring in skin, hair, and nails. Trichophyton rubrum is the most
    frequent causative agent transmitted to humans by close contact with infected
    animals while some pathogen are found in the soil.

    THE END

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