4-H Entomology Study Materials March 2018 version 2.

Guide to Insect and Non-Insect Arthropods

I. Insect Orders

Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Hexapoda, Class Insecta

Insect Characteristics
Most adult insects have:
• A body divided into three regions (head, thorax and abdomen)
• Three pairs of legs
• Usually one pair of antennae and a pair of compound eyes (a few exceptions to
these characteristics are found)
• Usually two pairs of wings (wings are absent in insects such as lice, fleas, [some]
ants; flies and other Diptera have one pair of wings)

The Class Insecta is generally divided into about 30 orders. Many of these orders are of
minor importance and are studied only because of scientific interest. Considered here
are some of the most important or common orders likely to be encountered. Many
taxonomists (scientists who classify and name organisms) disagree on the number of
orders and their names. Thus, this scheme will often vary.

Insect orders are groups of insects with a common descent that are similar in body
structure, type of wings, type of mouthparts, etc., and to some extent, in habits. With
approximately 1,000,000 different insect species, it is impossible to become familiar with
more than a small percentage of them. A fundamental step in insect identification is
recognition of order. One should be able to assign nearly all insects to order with a little
study. This placing allows a person to conclude many things about the insect from
known information about the order.

Each insect order shares a set of characteristic biological and anatomical features.
Therefore, proper interpretation of mouthparts, wings, etc., aids in recognition of
orders. A good entomologist can recognize common insect orders quickly.
In more advanced entomology, the ability to assign an insect to a family, genus and
species becomes necessary. As the insect is assigned to a more precise group, it
corresponds more closely to other individuals in that group. Thus, classification helps us
become familiar with, and organize, our knowledge concerning insects. Classification
also allows one to use the proper scientific name to correctly look up information about
a species.

Except where noted, all photographs courtesy of the Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University or Texas
A&M AgriLife Extension.
Table 1. 4-H Level and List of Required Insect Orders. Older groups of learners are
responsible for all material presented to younger groups. Color bars are repeated on the
descriptions of insect orders.
Junior Intermediate Senior

Thysanura Thysanura Archaeognatha

Odonata Ephemeroptera Thysanura

Blattodea Odonata Ephemeroptera

Mantodea Plecoptera Odonata

Orthoptera Blattodea Plecoptera

Phasmatodea Mantodea Blattodea

Phthiraptera Dermaptera Mantodea

Hemiptera Orthoptera Dermaptera

Neuroptera Phasmatodea Orthoptera

Coleoptera Psocoptera Phasmatodea

Diptera Phthiraptera Psocoptera

Lepidoptera Hemiptera Phthiraptera

Hymenoptera Thysanoptera Hemiptera

Neuroptera Thysanoptera

Coleoptera Neuroptera

Mecoptera Coleoptera

Siphonaptera Mecoptera

Diptera Siphonaptera

Lepidoptera Diptera

Hymenoptera Trichoptera

Lepidoptera

Hymenoptera
Table 2. 4-H Level and List of Required Non-Insect Orders. Older groups of
learners are responsible for all material presented to younger groups. Color bars are
repeated on the descriptions of insect orders.

Junior Intermediate Senior

Acari Acari Acari

Aranae Aranae Aranae

Scorpiones Scorpiones Scorpiones

Solifugae Solifugae

Collembola Opiliones
Opiliones Collembola

Thelyphonida

Isopoda

Class Dipopoda

Class Chilopoda
Quick Summary of Insect and Non-insect Orders

Table 3. Insect Orders required for 4-H Senior Level.

-------- Subclass Apterygota: Primitive wingless insects --------

These insects are wingless and have no metamorphosis (are ametabolous), juveniles
resemble adults except for size and sexual maturity, molting continues until death.

Archaeognatha Bristletails
Thysanura Silverfish, Firebrats

------- Subclass Pterygota: The winged insects --------

Infraclass Paleoptera: These are relatively primitive insects that have

hemimetabolous development but cannot fold their wings back over the abdomen
horizontally.

Ephemeroptera Mayflies
Odonata Damselflies and Dragonflies

Infraclass Neoptera: All of these insects can fold their wings over their backs
horizontally when at rest. The group is divided into those with hemimetabolous or
holometabolous development.

Superorder Exopterygota: (Hemimetabola) juveniles are called nymphs, wings

develop externally, metamorphosis is incomplete (or simple) and the life stages are egg,
nymph, adult. There is no pupal stage.
Plecoptera Stoneflies
Blattodea Cockroaches, Termites

Mantodea Mantids
Dermaptera Earwigs
Orthoptera Short-horned Grasshoppers, Long-horned Grasshoppers,
Katydids, and Crickets
Phasmatodea Walkingsticks, Leaf insects
Psocoptera Barklice, Booklice
Phthiraptera Lice
Hemiptera Suborder Heteroptera (True Bugs)
Suborder Auchenorrhyncha (Cicadas, Hoppers)
Suborder Sternorrhyncha (Aphids, Psyllids, Whiteflies, Scales)
Thysanoptera Thrips
This is the end of the Exopterygota. Infraclass Neoptera continues on the next page with the
Endopterygota.
Superorder Endopterygota (Holometabola): immatures are called larvae, wings
develop internally, metamorphosis is holometabolous (complete), life stages are egg,
larva, pupa, adult.

Neuroptera Dobsonflies, Lacewings, Antlions, Owlflies, Mantispids

Coleoptera Beetles
Mecoptera Scorpionflies
Siphonaptera Fleas
Diptera Flies
Trichoptera Caddisflies
Lepidoptera Butterflies, Moths, Skippers
Hymenoptera Wasps, Bees, Ants, Sawflies, Horntails

Table 5. Non-insect arthropods.

Classification of the Non-Insects

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA, CLASS ARACHNIDA
Order Acari Ticks, mites, chiggers
Order Araneae Spiders
Order Opiliones Harvestmen
Order Scorpiones Scorpions
Order Solifugae Sunspiders or camel spiders
Order Thelyphonida Vinegaroons

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, SUBPHYLUM MYRIAPODA

Class Diplopoda Millipedes
Class Chilopoda Centipedes

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA, CLASS ENTOGNATHA

Order Collembola Springtails

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA, CLASS MALACOSTRACA

Order Isopoda Sowbugs, Pillbugs
Table 4. Insect Order and type of metamorphosis, also the type of mouthparts in adult
and juvenile stages. Mandibulate mouthparts mean there are mandibles (teeth) present,
and these are used for chewing. There are various forms of haustellate mouthparts, but
they are all essentially used for piercing-sucking or sucking.

Insect Order Common Name Metamorphosis Adult Juvenile

(name of juvenile Mouthparts Mouthparts
stage)
Archaeognatha Bristletails ametabolous mandibulate mandibulate

Thysanura Silverfish, ametabolous mandibulate mandibulate

Firebrats

Ephemeroptera Mayflies hemimetabolous mandibulate mandibulate

(juveniles called (adults do not
naiads or nymphs) feed)

Odonata Damselflies, hemimetabolous mandibulate mandibulate

Dragonflies (naiads or nymphs)

Plecoptera Stoneflies hemimetabolous mandibulate mandibulate

(naiads or nymphs)

Orthoptera Grasshoppers, hemimetabolous mandibulate mandibulate

Katydids, Crickets (nymphs)

Phasmatodea Walking sticks, hemimetabolous mandibulate mandibulate

Leaf insects (nymphs)

Dermaptera Earwigs hemimetabolous mandibulate mandibulate

(nymphs)

Mantodea Mantids hemimetabolous mandibulate mandibulate

(nymphs)

Blattodea Cockroaches, hemimetabolous mandibulate mandibulate

termites (nymphs)

Psocoptera Barklice, Booklice hemimetabolous mandibulate mandibulate

(nymphs)

Phthiraptera Lice hemimetabolous Some Some

(nymphs) mandibulate, mandibulate,
some some
haustellate haustellate

Thysanoptera Thrips hemimetabolous haustellate haustellate

(nymphs) asymmetrical asymmetrical
Hemiptera True Bugs, hemimetabolous haustellate haustellate

Cicadas, Hoppers, (nymphs)

Aphids, Psyllids,
Whiteflies, Scales

continues on next page

Insect Order Common Name Metamorphosis Adult Juvenile
Mouthparts Mouthparts

Neuroptera Dobsonflies, holometabolous mandibulate (dobsonflies do not

Lacewings, (larvae) feed) mandibulate
Antlions, Owlflies

Mecoptera Scorpionflies holometabolous mandibulate mandibulate

(larvae)

Siphonaptera Fleas holometabolous haustellate mandibulate

(larvae)

Coleoptera Beetles holometabolous mandibulate mandibulate

(larvae)

Diptera Flies holometabolous haustellate mandibulate

(larvae) (modified for
biting/sucking or
licking/
sponging)

Trichoptera Caddisflies holometabolous mandibulate mandibulate

(larvae) (many adults do
not feed)

Lepidoptera Butterflies, Moths, holometabolous haustellate mandibulate

Skippers (larvae) (one primitive
suborder is
mandibulate)

Hymenoptera Wasps, Bees, holometabolous mandibulate mandibulate

Ants, Sawflies (larvae) (but haustellate
in Bee
suborder)
Common Insect Orders (Click on an order name to hear it pronounced)

This page presents Subclass Apterygota, primitively wingless insects

Archaeognatha Metamorphosis: ametabolous

(bristletails) Mouthparts: chewing
Biology: Most species are found in moist
soil, but some can be found in drier
climates. Their food consists mainly of
decaying organic matter, mosses, lichens or
algae.

Key Characteristics: Mandibles are primitive

in that they have only one point of
articulation with the head. All other insects
photo credit:Whitney Cranshaw
have two. They have compound eyes that
meet at the top of the head, and this
Name Derivation: character can be used to separate them
Greek, “ancient jaw” from Thysanura which have large eyes that
donʼt meet at the top of the head.
Archaeognatha can jump as far as 12
inches into the air by using their tail.

Thysanura Metamorphosis: ametabolous

(silverfish and firebrats) Mouthparts: chewing

Biology: Silverfish and firebrats are usually

found in moist locations around houses or
under stones and boards outdoors. They
run rapidly and hide in cracks and
crevices. They are secretive and usually are
most active at night. Silverfish can be a
nuisance in houses. Occasionally they
damage book bindings, curtains, wallpaper
etc.

Key Characteristics: Thysanura are

wingless with long antennae and three
Name Derivation: thread-like filaments at the tip of the
Latin, “fringe-tail” abdomen.
This page presents the Paleoptera, relatively primitive insects
Ephemeroptera Metamorphosis: hemimetabolous
(mayflies) Mouthparts: chewing (vestigial), adults do not feed

Biology: Aquatic nymphs live in water and

have chewing mouthparts. Adults are
common around water, especially in spring,
when they often emerge in large numbers.
They are an important fish food. Fish eat
both the nymphs and adults. Adult mayflies
live only for one or two days. They do not
feed during their adult life; their purpose is
to mate and lay eggs for future generations
of mayflies. Mayflies molt once after they
have developed wings. Mayflies are the
Name Derivation:
only insect group that molts after the wings
Latin, “day” or “short-
are fully developed.
lived” (ephemero); “wings” (ptera)
Key Characteristics: Ephemeroptera are
delicate insects with two pairs (rarely just
one pair) of triangular shaped wings with
many veins; the front pair is large and the
hind pair is small. They have long front legs
and two or three long, tail-like
appendages. The adults have reduced
mouthparts and do not feed.

Odonata Metamorphosis: hemimetabolous

(dragonflies and damselflies) Mouthparts: chewing

Biology: Young live in water and are not like

the adults. Adults are common around
ponds, lakes and streams. Both adults and
aquatic nymphs feed on insects. They are
beneficial, because they feed to some
extent on mosquitoes and other small
flies. Dragonflies and damselflies can hover
like a helicopter or fly and dart around
rapidly. They have been called "mosquito
hawks" and "snake doctors."

Key Characteristics: Odonata are large

Name Derivation: Greek word insects with two pairs of membranous,
meaning “tooth” many-veined wings; the hind pair is as large
as or larger than the front pair. They have
large conspicuous eyes and bristle-like
antennae.
Here begins the Exopterygota (Hemimetabola) -----------------------------
Plecoptera Metamorphosis: hemimetabolous
(stoneflies) Mouthparts: chewing, many adults do not
feed

Biology: Aquatic nymphs live under stones

in rapidly running streams. Adults are found
on stones or plants near streams and are
attracted to lights. These soft-bodied insects
are difficult to find. They are sometimes
abundant in early spring near a stream.

Key Characteristics: Plecoptera are large,

soft-bodied insects that are from 1/2 inch to
2 inches long. They have four wings that
fold flat over the back; the hind wings fold
like a fan and are much larger than the front
Name Derivation: Latin, wings. Antennae are long, and there are
“folded” (pleco); “wings” (ptera) two long, tail-like appendages at the tip of
the abdomen.

Blattodea Metamorphosis: hemimetabolous

(cockroaches and termites) Mouthparts: chewing

Biology: Cockroaches are somewhat

general feeders, but prefer materials high
in fats and starches. They deposit their
eggs in a capsule called an ootheca.
Several species invade homes where they
can contaminate food and spread disease.
They have an unpleasant odor and can be
very annoying.

Termite swarmers leave the colonies to

mate and search for new nesting sites.
Termites are important to humans because
they do millions of dollars in damage to
houses each year. They feed on wood and
digest it with the help of microbes in their
digestive systems or enzymes the termites
produce themselves. Termites are also
important decomposers of wood in the
ecosystem.
 Key Characteristics: Cockroaches are
cursorial (adapted for running) and move
rapidly. They have flattened bodies and
a head concealed from above by the
pronotum. They have two pairs of
wings, but in some species the wings
are greatly reduced.

Termites have bead-like antennae, wings

absent or present, and membranous wings
similar in size, shape, and pattern when
present. Workers are small, soft-bodied,
Name Derivation: Greek work yellowish or whitish insects that live in
meaning “shuns light” colonies in wood.

Colonies consist of three castes:

workers, soldiers and swarmers.
Workers and soldiers are wingless and
never leave the colony. Swarmers, or
the reproductive forms, have dark
bodies and four long, many-veined
wings.

Mantodea Metamorphosis: hemimetabolous

(mantids or praying mantids) Mouthparts: chewing
Biology: Mantids are predaceous on a large
variety of insects. They usually wait
motionless for their prey to venture within
striking distance. Mantids are well known as
biological control agents. However, they do
not distinguish between useful and
destructive species, but feed on any prey
that come near.

Key Characteristics: Mantodea are large,

elongate and slow-moving insects. Their
Name Derivation: Greek word front legs are greatly modified for grasping
meaning “soothsayer” prey.
Dermaptera Metamorphosis: hemimetabolous
(earwigs) Mouthparts: chewing
Biology: Earwigs are usually found hiding
under leaves, boards or in cracks
outdoors during the day. Earwigs can be
destructive in greenhouses. They release
a bad- smelling substance when
disturbed.

Key Characteristics: Dermaptera are

medium-sized insects usually with four
wings. The front pair is short, leaving the
Name Derivation: Latin, “skin” abdomen exposed. The hind wings are
(derma); “wings” (ptera) folded under the front wings. A pair of
non- venomous pinchers is found at the
end of the abdomen.

Orthoptera Metamorphosis: hemimetabolous

(grasshoppers, crickets and Mouthparts: chewing

katydids)

Biology: Nymphs resemble adults. Adults in

several groups in this order never develop
wings. These include such odd insects as
the cave crickets. The order Orthoptera is a
large one. Some members of this group are
quite destructive to crops (grasshoppers).

Key Characteristics: Orthoptera have long

antennae and various leg
modifications. They generally have two
pairs of wings with many veins. The front
Name Derivation: Latin, pair is usually slender and the hind pair is
“straight” (ortho); “wings” (ptera) broad and fan-like. Wings are reduced to
small pads in some adult grasshoppers and
crickets.
Phasmatodea Metamorphosis: hemimetabolous
(walking sticks and leaf insects) Mouthparts: chewing

Biology: Walkingsticks are slow moving and

are generally found on trees or shrubs.
Walkingsticks may be able to regenerate
lost legs. These insects have chewing
mouthparts and feed on foliage. Our
species are wingless as adults. However,
some tropical forms are winged and are
called leaf insects.

Name Derivation: Latin word meaning

“phantom”

Psocoptera Metamorphosis: hemimetabolous

(barklice, booklice) Mouthparts: chewing
Biology: Booklice are found around old
books and in damp, dark rooms. Most live
out-of-doors and are found resting in soil
litter, around vegetation or on stones, logs
and fences. They are rather uncommon but
may be locally abundant. Some booklice
feed on stored grains while others are library
pests. They are microscopic to 1/4 inch in
size.

Key Characteristics: Psocoptera are tiny

Name Derivation: Latin, insects that have either four wings or none
“gnawed” (psoco); “wings” (ptera) at all. They are small and soft-bodied with
(This refers to the gnawing habits long, thin antennae.
of these insects.)

Key Characteristics: Phasmatodea species

have elongate bodies.
Phthiraptera Metamorphosis: hemimetabolous
(lice) Mouthparts: some chewing, some sucking;
depends on suborder

Biology: Phthiraptera are divided into two

suborders: Mallophaga (or chewing lice) and
Anoplura (or sucking lice). Chewing lice feed
on bits of hair, feathers or skin of the
host. Lice deposit their eggs on the hair or
feathers of the host. They are important
pests of domestic birds and animals, but they
do not live on humans. Sucking lice feed
mainly on blood. These insects are found
commonly on mammals (including humans),
but not on birds. They feed by sucking blood
and are important pests of domestic animals
Name Derivation: Phthiraptera = and humans. Eggs are laid on individual
“lice” (phthir); “without” (a); hairs and are commonly called “nits”. The
“wings” (ptera) human body louse has been responsible for
Mallophaga: Latin,“wool” (mallo); millions of human deaths through the
“eat” (phaga) centuries because it spreads the organism
Anoplura: Latin, causing epidemic typhus.
“unarmed” (anopl); “tail” (ura)
Key Characteristics: Phthiraptera are
wingless parasites that live on most birds
and mammals. They are small, flat, and
wingless with short legs and short antennae.
They are about 1/6 to 3/16 inch long when
mature.
Hemiptera Metamorphosis: hemimetabolous

(true bugs, cicadas, hoppers, Mouthparts: piercing-sucking

aphids, psyllids, whiteflies,
scales)

Biology: Hemiptera are found on plants and

animals, or in water. Some of them cause
considerable plant damage by their
feeding. Some are beneficial because they
prey on other insects.

Key Characteristics: Suborder Heteroptera

are the true bugs and have a beak arising
from front of the head, long antennae, and
two pairs of wings (in most
adults). Members of this suborder usually
have four wings held flat over the body. The
front of wings is thickened and leathery at
the base with membranous tips or ends and
they are called hemelytra. Members of the
suborders Auchenorrhyncha and
Sternorrhyncha have a beak that arises
more toward the base of the head. The
Auchenorrhyncha include cicadas,
spittlebugs, leafhoppers, treehoppers and
planthoppers. The Sternorrhyncha include
psyllids, aphids, whiteflies and scales.

Name Derivation: Latin,

“half” (hemi); “wings” (ptera)
Thysanoptera Metamorphosis: hemimetabolous
(thrips) Mouthparts: piercing-sucking
Biology: Surfaces are rasped by the
mouthparts and the juices sucked up.
Immature stages resemble the
adults. Some of the insects feed on plants,
others prey on small arthropods and/or their
eggs. Those that feed on plants are
frequently injurious in greenhouses or on
vegetable crops or cotton. They will also
bite humans but only cause momentary
discomfort.

Key Characteristics: Thysanoptera are

Name Derivation: Latin, wingless or winged. Wings are narrow,
"fringe” (thysano); “wing"(ptera) strap-like and deeply fringed wings. They
are tiny insects about 1/8-inch long.
 ----------Here begins the Endopterygota (Hologmetabola)---------

Neuroptera Metamorphosis: holometabolous

Mouthparts: chewing
[Grab your reader’s attention with
a great quote from the document
or use this space to emphasize a
Biology: Immature stages are
key point. To place this text box predaceous, dobsonfly larvae are aquatic.
anywhere on the page, just drag Lacewings and their immature forms,
it.] known as aphid lions, are the most
common insects in this order, and both
(mantidflies, lacewings, adults and larvae feed on aphids. Adult
antlions, owlflies) green lacewings can be found throughout
the year. They are considered beneficial
because they feed on other
insects. Immature ant lions are called
"doodlebugs", and they form pits in dry,
dusty soil. Dobsonflies are also in the
order Neuroptera and considered
beneficial. Dobsonfly larvae, called
hellgrammites, are frequently used as fish
bait.

Key Characteristics: Neuroptera have two

pairs of similar-sized membranous wings
with a complex, net-like pattern of venation.
They are rather fragile insects. Chewing
mouthparts occur in adults, but some larval
mouthparts are modified for piercing and
sucking.

Name Derivation: Latin, “nerve”

or net referring to the many wing
veins (neuro); “wings” (ptera)
Coleoptera Metamorphosis: holometabolous

(beetles and weevils) Mouthparts: chewing

Biology: Immature stages are grub-like or

worm-like and the insects pass through a
pupal stage before becoming adults. Food
habits are varied. Some feed on living
plants; some are predaceous; some are
scavengers; and some bore in wood. This
order includes some of the best-known and
most important insect pests. Most of the
members are terrestrial, but some are
aquatic. Coleoptera is the largest order,
including about 1/4 of all known insects
(about 280,000 different species). Perhaps
the most famous members of this group are
lady beetles and the cotton boll weevil.

Name Derivation: Latin, “sheath”

(coleo); “wings” (ptera)

Mecoptera Metamorphosis: holometabolous

(scorpionflies) Mouthparts: chewing
Biology: Scorpionflies do not sting and are
harmless. The structure that seems to be a
stinger is actually an abdominal
enlargement on the males. Scorpionflies are
usually found only during a two- or three-
week period in the summer. These insects
are found resting on plants that grow along
the banks of streams and in damp
woods. The larvae are like caterpillars and
live in damp soil. Adults feed on dead and
dying insects, rotting fruit and nectar. The
adults sometimes are attracted to
lights. Scorpionflies are seldom common.

Key Characteristics: Mecoptera are small to

medium-sized insects with four long, narrow
wings and long antennae. They have
chewing mouthparts located at the end of a
Name Derivation: Latin,
broad, flat snout which is two or three times
“long” (meco); “wings” (ptera)
as long as the head is wide.
 Key Characteristics: Coleoptera have the
front pair of wings (elytra) hard and shield-
like, meeting in a straight line down the
middle of the back. They usually have two
pairs of wings. The hind wings are
membranous and are folded under the front
wings when at rest.

Siphonaptera Metamorphosis: holometabolous

(fleas) Mouthparts: piercing-sucking
Biology: Fleas are well known as pests of
domestic animals and humans. One
species transmits the bacterium that causes
plague. Plague has killed more than 125
million people during the past 3,000
years. These insects suck blood only as
adults, and females must have a blood meal
before they can reproduce. They usually
feed on animals but will attack humans.
Larvae feed on organic matter and blood
excreted by adults and are often found in
nests of various animals.
Name Derivation: Latin,
“tube” (siphon); Key Characteristics: Siphonaptera are
“wingless” (aptera) small, wingless, flattened from side to side
(laterally), and have jumping hind legs.
Spines on the body point to the rear of the
insect which allows them to move through
the hair of an animal easily. The immature
or larval stage is worm-like, quite different
from the adults.
Diptera Metamorphosis: holometabolous

(flies, midges, gnats, Mouthparts: haustellate in adults (modified

mosquitoes) for biting/sucking or licking/sponging) or
mandibulate

Biology: Diptera is a very important order. It

includes forms that are parasitic,
predaceous, and other forms that live on
either living or dead plant or animal
material. Some Diptera cause significant
damage to crops, while others can act as
pollinators. Many harmful flies, such as
mosquitoes, spread diseases (such as
yellow fever, West Nile virus, and malaria)
and are responsible for millions of human
deaths. Because many of the species carry
diseases, this is one of the most important
orders from the standpoint of human health.

Key Characteristics: Diptera are usually

winged, but have only one pair of wings with
few veins. Hind wings are represented by a
pair of slender, knobbed structures called
halteres that are reduced in size and
sensory in function. Mouthparts are formed
Name Derivation: Latin, for sucking or piercing and sucking. Fly
“two” (di); “wings” (ptera) larvae are known usually as maggots; they
are entirely unlike the adults. Flies occur in
many shapes and sizes.
Trichoptera Metamorphosis: holometabolous
(caddisflies) Mouthparts: chewing, adults do not feed
Biology: Adults are common around
streams. Adults do not feed and have
reduced, non-functional mouthparts.
Larvae live in water and most build cases
to enclose their bodies. Larvae are
scavengers, herbivores or predators with
chewing mouthparts, and their presence or
Name Derivation: Latin, “hairy” absence can be an indicator of water
(tricho); “wings” (ptera) quality.

Key Characteristics: Trichoptera have long

antennae, four hairy wings (folded tent-like
over their body) and resemble small, dull-
colored moths. They are soft-bodied
insects as adults and larvae. Larvae
resemble caterpillars with few hairs.

Lepidoptera Metamorphosis: holometabolous

(butterflies, moths, skippers) Mouthparts: primitively chewing, but
structures in adults usually developed into a
tube (proboscis) for lapping or sucking.
Larvae have chewing mouthparts.
Biology: This is one of the best-known
orders of insects and contains some of our
most important pests, such as the codling
moth, armyworm, clothes moth, and
cabbageworm. Most of the caterpillars feed
on leaves of plants, while others bore into
plant stems or fruit and still others are
leafminers or stored product pests.

Key Characteristics: Lepidoptera usually

Name Derivation: Latin, “scale” have four well-developed wings covered
(lepido); “wings” (ptera) with overlapping scales. Mouthparts of the
adults are formed for sucking. Immature
stages (larvae) are worm-like. Some are
known as caterpillars, cutworms or
hornworms; and their mouthparts are
formed for chewing.
Hymenoptera
(bees, ants, wasps, sawflies, horntails) Metamorphosis: holometabolous

Mouthparts: chewing
Biology: Habits of these insects are varied:
some are predaceous, some are parasitic,
some cause plant galls, and some feed on
plant foliage. Others, such as bumble bees
and honey bees eat plant pollen and nectar.
This order includes some of our most
harmful, as well as some of our most
beneficial insects. The abdomen in the
females is usually furnished with a
stinger. Many of these insects have a painful
sting and should be avoided if possible.

Key Characteristics: Hymenoptera have

membranous wings with few veins and the
frontwings larger than the hindwings.
Some individuals are wingless.
Mouthparts are formed for chewing or for
both chewing and sucking. The body is
usually constricted greatly between the
abdomen and
Name Derivation: thorax. Immature stages are maggot-like or
Latin, “membrane” caterpillar-like and are entirely different
(hymeno); “wings” from the adults.
(ptera)

The non-insect groups begin on the next page

The Phylum Arthropoda (Non-Insect Arthropods)

Arthropods are invertebrates that have an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented

body and jointed appendages. The name of the Phylum derives from the Greek anthron
(joint) and podos (foot). It has been estimated that more than 80% of the species on
earth are Arthropods. The following table lists living Subphyla, Classes and Orders of
arthropods that are covered in this 4-H unit on insects. Table items in bold text may be
included in exams.

Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Chelicerata (Arachnida and others)
Class Arachnida
Order Acari (or Acari) (ticks, mites, chiggers) Order
Araneae (spiders)
Order Opiliones (harvestmen)
Order Scorpiones (scorpions)
Order Solifugae (sunspiders or camel spiders)
Order Thelyphonida (formerly Uropygida) (vinegaroons)
Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Chilopoda (Centipedes)
Class Diplopoda (Millipedes)
Subphylum Hexapoda
Class Insecta (Insects)
Class Entognatha
Order Collembola
Order Protura
Order Diplura
Subphylum Crustacea (Crustaceans): a partial list:
Class Branchiopoda (brine shrimp and others)
Class Maxillopoda (barnacles and copepods)
Class Malacostraca
Order Isopoda (pillbugs, sowbugs)
Order Decapoda (crayfish, crabs, lobsters, shrimp)

Characteristics of Class Arachnida are:

1. A body divided into two regions (cephalothorax and abdomen)
2. Adults have four pairs of legs
3. No antennae
4. No wings

Except where noted, all photographs courtesy of the Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University or Texas
AgriLife Extension
Subphylum Chelicerata, Class Arachnida

Order Acari Metamorphosis: none

(ticks, mites, chiggers) Mouthparts: piercing-sucking

Biology: There are usually four stages; egg, larva,

nymph and adult. (The terms larva and nymph are
not used the same here as for insects.) No
metamorphosis is present because adults
resemble young and no wings are present. Ticks
only feed on blood of animals. Ticks are
responsible for spreading disease organisms such
as the organism that causes Rocky Mountain
spotted fever in man and cattle fever in cattle.

Key Characteristics: Ticks and mites are wingless,

lack antennae and usually have flat or round
bodies. Adults have eight legs, although some
immature stages have only six legs. Many are
microscopic.

Order Araneae Metamorphosis: simple

(spiders) Mouthparts: pair of chelicerae

Biology: Mouthparts are a pair of chelicerae, each
with a piercing tooth. Chelicerae are used to
manipulate captured prey but all food intake is
liquid. Palpi are used much like antennae in insects
and in males are used during mating. Most spin
webs of various sorts to capture prey or as a
refuge. All spiders are beneficial predators. A few
such as the widow spiders and recluse spiders are
venomous and should be avoided. There are about
900 species of spiders in Texas and only a few are
mentioned here.

Key Characteristics: Spiders are wingless and lack

antennae. Most have six or eight eyes and bodies
variable in size and shape. Young and adults have
eight legs and a pair of palpi by the mouth. Size
ranges from 1/8 inch to more than four inches.
Order Opiliones Metamorphosis: simple: egg, young, adult
(harvestmen) Mouthparts: weak chewing
Biology: Worldwide, there are 37 families of
harvestmen. Eighteen species are reported from
Texas. Members of only one family, Phalangiidae,
are properly referred to as "daddy longlegs."

Key Characteristics: Harvestmen have a globular

body. They can be separated from spiders which
have two distinct body segments because
harvestmen have the entire body as one unit. The
photo credit: Edward L. Manigault abdomen is distinctly segmented and the two eyes
are mounted on a large dorsal tubercle on the top
surface of the body (carapace). While most
species have extremely long spindly legs, there are
species with shorter legs.

Order Scorpiones Metamorphosis: simple: egg,

young, adult (scorpions) Mouthparts: chewing
Biology: Scorpions are easily recognized by the
pincers on the first set of appendages (pedipalps),
the long tail with a stinger at the end and the
flattened appearance of the body. They have four
pairs of walking legs. Scorpions have two eyes on
the top of the head region and usually two to five
along the side of the head. Nevertheless, they do
not see well and rely more on the sense of feel for
most of their activities. Between the last pair of
legs is a comb-like structure of pectines used to
identify substrate structures and for
chemoreception of pheromones. There are about
18 species of scorpions in Texas; many of these
are uncommon or are known only locally.
Centruroides vittatus is the only species reported
from the eastern half of the state. The number of
species increases in the western parts of the state
with most species (14) reported in the Big Bend
region.

Key Characteristics: Scorpions are wingless, have

no antennae and have bodies that are broad near
the front and taper to a tail. The tail has a sting at
the tip and is often held over the body. All
scorpions can sting, but only a few are deadly
venomous. Front appendages are enlarged into
pincers. They are often found under loose bark of
logs or under trash piles. Size ranges from one
inch to three inches.
Order Solifugae Metamorphosis: simple: egg, young, adult

(sunspiders, also called Mouthparts: chelicerae

windspiders, sunscorpions,
windscorpions)
Biology: The mouthparts (chelicerae) of
windscorpions are formed into large jaws that work
vertically and project forward from the mouth. The
shape of the head with its enormous jaws is quite
distinctive.

Key Characteristics: Windscorpions are 3/8 to 2

inches long. Most are yellowish to brown, and have
four pairs of legs. The pedipalps are thin and used
like feelers. The first pair of legs are more slender
than the others and act as sense organs. The
males often have a more slender body, which is
often longer than in the females. With their longer
legs, males look bigger.

Order Thelyphonida Metamorphosis: simple: egg,

young, adult (whipscorpion or vinegaroon) Mouthparts: pedipalps
Biology: The only species that occurs in Texas is
Mastigoproctus giganteus (Lucas) which is a
vinegaroon in the family Thelyphoridae. Our Texas
species is nearly black. Bodies of adults are 1 to 3
inches long. It is found primarily in west Texas
especially in the Trans-Pecos region but has been
reported as far north as the Panhandle and in
south Texas.

Key Characteristics: Whipscorpions have heavy

mouthparts (pedipalps) that are formed into
pincers. The first pair of legs is long and thin and is
used like antennae to feel their way around. The
next three pairs of legs are used for walking. The
abdomen is attached widely to the head-thorax
region (cephalothorax). The tail is long and thin
suggesting a whip which is where the common
name, "whipscorpion", originates.
Subphylum Myriapoda, Class Chilopoda

Centipedes Metamorphosis: simple: egg, young, adult

Mouthparts: piercing and chewing

Biology: Centipedes are generally predators which
feed on insects and other arthropods. They pierce
the prey to kill or disable it. They are active mostly
at night and they can move quickly. One large
species in Texas in the genus Scolopendra is large
enough to be a hazard to humans.

Key Characteristics: Centipedes can easily be

distinguished from millipedes by counting the
number of pairs of legs arising from most body
segments. Centipedes have one pair of legs per
Derivation: Latin, “hundred (centi)
body segment, with the first pair of legs being
and “foot” (pedis)
modified into venomous fangs. Centipedes are
generally flattened and have a pair of well-
developed antennae on the head.

Subphylum Myriapoda, Class Diplopoda

Millipedes Metamorphosis: simple: egg, young, adult

Mouthparts: chewing
Biology: Millipedes are usually scavengers on dead
arthropods and organic matter. They are active
mostly at night and usually are slow-
moving. Millipedes can be a nuisance when they
enter homes. There are a few species that may
damage field crops or greenhouse plantings.

Key Characteristics: Millipedes have two pairs of

legs per body segment. The body is generally
rounded but some species have extensions on
each segment. Some species emit foul-smelling
defensive fluids through openings along the sides
of the body. The fluids can cause brown
discoloration of skin with which it comes in contact,
and in some cases the fluids are strong enough to
Derivation: Latin, “thousand kill insects that are placed in the same container.
(milli) and “foot” (pedis) Some of these fluids contain hydrogen cyanide.
Subphylum Hexapoda, Class Entognatha

Order Collembola Metamorphosis:

ametabolous, none (springtails) Mouthparts: chewing
Biology: Until recently, springtails were classified
as insects. They are common in moist locations
and in leaf mold. Some species are
important pests in greenhouses, mushroom cellars
and earthworm beds. Springtails are abundant on
the soil surface but are easily overlooked.

Key Characteristics: Collembola are tiny, wingless,

with spring-like apparatus on abdomen. They jump
by means of a tail-like appendage that folds under
the body. The body is elongate or globular, usually
microscopic, but sometimes larger than 1/8 inch.
They are usually white, but some are yellowish
brown or gray.

Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca

Order Isopoda Metamorphosis: simple: egg, young, adult

(sowbugs and pillbugs) Mouthparts: chewing

Biology: Sowbugs and pillbugs are generally
scavengers. They prefer moist habitats with
organic matter. They hide during the day under
rocks, boards, or other structures.

Key Characteristics: Adults grow to about 3/8 inch

long, have a number of rounded body segments
and seven pairs of legs. Sowbugs possess a pair
photo credit: David Cappaert of tail-like structures on the back end of the
body. Pillbugs do not have these structures and are
capable of rolling into a tight ball when disturbed, a
behavior that resulted in their common name, "roly-
polies".