DISCOVERY OF SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES 3. These stays travel in straight lines.

A shadow of
metallic object placed in the path is cast on the
wall opposite to the cathode.
1. Discovery of Electron ( Cathode Rays ) - 4. In the presence of electrical or magnetic field,

The electron was discovered as a result of the studies of they deflect toward positive side.

the passage of electricity through gases at extremely low ie. Cathode rays carry negative charge.

pressures known as discharge tube experiments. 5. When a small wheel is placed in their path, the
blades of the wheel are set in motion.
A cathode ray tube is made up of glass containing two ie. Cathode Rays consist of material particles
thin pieces of metal called electrode. A gas is filled in this which have mass & velocity.
tube at very low pressure & high voltage. 6. At starting they were called negatrons but later
changed to electron.
When sufficiently high voltage is applied across the
7. The characteristics of cathode rays do not
electrodes, current starts flowing through a stream of
depend upon the
particles moving in the tube from the negative electrode
(a) Nature of gas present in cathode ray tube
(cathode) to positive electrode (anode).
(b) Material of electrodes.
These were called Cathode Rays.
𝐞
Charge to mass ( ) ratio
𝐦

J.J Thomson measure the ratio of electric charge to the

mass of electron ( ) using cathode ray tube.

= 1.758 x 1011 Ckg-1

( e = - 1.6 x 10-19 C )

So me = 9.1 x 10-31 kg = 9.1 x 10-28 g

2 Discovery of Proton ( Positive Rays )

 The flow of current from cathode to anode was

further checked by making a hole in anode &
coating the tube behind anode with fluorescent
material (ZnS).
 When these rays strike the ZnS Coating, a bright
spot is developed on the coating.

Results of this experiment

1. The cathode rays start from cathode & move

towards the anode.
2. These rays themselves are not visible but their
behavior can be observed with the help of
It was observed that when a high potential difference
fluorescent material.
was applied between the electrodes, not only cathode
rays were produced but also a new type of rays were

1|Page
produced simultaneously from anode moving towards ATOMIC MODELS
cathode and passed through the holes or canals of the
cathode. 1 Thomson Model of Atom

J. J. Thomson, in 1898, proposed that an atom possesses

 These rays were termed canal rays since these
a spherical shape in which the positive charge is
passed through the canals of the cathode.
uniformly distributed. This model can be visualized as a
 These were also named anode rays as these
watermelon of positive charge with seeds (electrons)
originated from anode.
embedded into it.
 When voltage is applied in discharge tube
electrons are emitted from cathode and while they An important feature of this model is that the mass of
move toward anode they ionize the gas filled and the atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the
positively charged ions are formed and they move atom.
towards the cathode.

Results of this experiment

1. The rays travel in straight lines and cast a shadow

of the object placed in their path.
2. Like cathode rays, these rays also rotate the
wheel placed in their path. Thus, the rays possess
kinetic energy, i.e., mass particles are present.
3. The rays produce flashes of light on zinc Although this model was able to explain the overall
sulphide (ZnS) screen. neutrality of the atom.
4. These rays are attracted towards the negatively
charged plate showing that these rays carry 2 RUTHERFORD EXPERIMENT
positive charge. These positive particles are
called Proton.
5. e/m value is dependent on the nature of the gas
taken in the discharge tube, i.e., positive particles
are different in different gases.
6. Unlike cathode rays characteristics of anode rays
depend upon the
(a) Nature of gas present in cathode ray tube
(b) Material of electrodes.
𝒆
Charge to mass ( ) ratio
𝒎

= 9.579 x 107 Ckg-1 Alpha particles are composite particles consisting of

( ep = 1.6 x 10 -19
C) two protons and two neutrons tightly bound together.
Eg. He2+
So mp = 1.67 x 10-27 kg = 1.67 x 10-24 g
 A stream of high energy particles from a radioactive
mp = 1837 me source was directed at a thin foil of gold metal.
 The thin gold foil had a circular fluorescent zinc
sulphide screen around it.

2|Page
 Whenever alpha particles struck the screen, a tiny Thus, Rutherford’s model of atom resembles the
flash of light was produced at that point. solar system in which the nucleus plays the role of
sun and the electrons that of revolving planets.
Results of scattering Experiment 3. Electrons and the nucleus are held together by
electrostatic forces of attraction.
1. Observation - Most of the α particles passed through
the gold foil undeflected. Drawbacks of Rutherford Model
Conclusion - Most of the space in the atom is empty
 According to classical electromagnetic theory, when
as most of the α particles passed through the foil
a charged particle moves under the influence of
undeflected.
attractive force, it loses energy continuously in the
form of electromagnetic radiations.
2. Observation - A small fraction of the α particles was
 Thus, when the electron (a charged particle) moves
deflected by small angles.
in an attractive field (created by protons present in
Conclusion – The deflection must be due to
the nucleus), it must emit radiations.
enormous repulsive force showing that the positive
 As a result of this, the electron should lose energy
charge of the atom is not spread throughout the
at every time and move closer and closer to the
atom as Thomson had presumed. The positive charge
nucleus following a spiral path.
has to be concentrated in a very small volume that
 The ultimate result will be that it will fall into the
repelled and deflected the positively charged α
nucleus, thereby making the atom unstable.
particles.

Thus, this model does not explain the stability of the

3. Observation -A very few alpha particles (≈ 1 in
atom.
20,000) bounced back.
Conclusion – Calculations by Rutherford showed that
the volume occupied by the nucleus is negligibly
small as compared to the total volume of the atom.
The radius of the atom is about 10–10 m, while that
of nucleus is 10 –15
m. One can appreciate this
difference in size by realizing that if a cricket ball
represents a nucleus, then the radius of atom would
be about 5 km.

On the basis of above observations and conclusions, WAVE

Rutherford proposed the nuclear model of atom.

A wave is always characterized by the following

According to this model:
characteristics:

1. The positive charge and most of the mass of the

(i) Wavelength
atom was densely concentrated in extremely small
 The distance between two nearest crests or nearest
region. This very small portion of the atom was
troughs is called the wavelength.
called nucleus by Rutherford.
 It is denoted by 𝛌 (lambda) and is measured in terms
2. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons that move
of centimeter (cm), angstrom (Ao), micrometer (m)
around the nucleus with a very high speed in circular
or nanometer (nm).
paths called orbits.

3|Page
 (vi) Time period

 Time taken by the wave for one complete cycle is

called time period.
 It is denoted by T.
𝟏
T=
𝛖
 Unit : Second per cycle.

(ii) Frequency

 It is defined as the number of waves which pass

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS
through a point in one second.
 It is denoted by the symbol n (nu) and is measured
These are energy radiations which do not need any
in terms of cycles or waves per second (cps) or hertz
medium for propagation. An electromagnetic radiation
(Hz).
𝒄 is generated by oscillations of a charged body in a
n= c = velocity magnetic field or a magnet in an electrical field.
𝛌

 A wave of higher frequency has a shorter

wavelength while a wave of lower frequency has a
longer wavelength.

(iii) Velocity

 It is defined as the distance covered in one second

by the wave. It is denoted by the letter 'c'.
 All electromagnetic waves travel with the same
velocity, speed of light. i.e. 3 x 108 m/sec.

(iv) Amplitude The following are the important characteristics of

electromagnetic radiations:
 It is defined as the height of the crest or depth of
1. All electromagnetic radiations travel with the
the trough of a wave.
speed of light.
 It is denoted by the letter 'a'. It determines the
2. These consist of electric and magnetic fields that
intensity of the radiation.
oscillate in directions perpendicular to each
other and perpendicular to the direction in
which the wave is travelling.

The arrangement of various types of electromagnetic

radiations in the order of their increasing or decreasing
wavelength or frequencies is known as electromagnetic
(v) Wave number spectrum.
This is the reciprocal of wavelength, i.e. the number of
wavelengths per meter. It is denoted by the symbol υ (nu The wavelength decreases in the following order.
bar).
𝟏 Radio waves > microwaves > Infrared > Visible >
𝛖= Ultraviolet > X-rays > g-rays
𝛌

4|Page
 PARTICLE NATURE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
Q1. Calculate wavenumber and frequency of yellow
RADIATION: PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY
radiation having wavelength 500 Å.
Q2. Calculate the frequency and time period of a  According to this theory, a hot body emits radiant
radiation with wavelength 600 nm. energy not continuously but discontinuously in the
Q3. A FM radio station broadcasts at frequency of 103.1 form of small packets of energy called quantum.
MHz. What is the wave length of these radio waves?  The energy associated with each quantum of a given
Q4. The Vividh Bharati station of All India Radio, Delhi, radiation is proportional to the frequency of the
broadcasts on a frequency of 20kHz. Calculate the emitted radiation.
wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation
emitted by transmitter. 𝒉𝒄
E=hυ=
Q5. A particular station of All India Radio, New Delhi, 𝛌
broadcasts on a frequency of 1,368 kHz. The wave here, h is a constant known as Planck’s constant.
length of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by h = 6.62 × 10-34 Js
the transmitter is _____ .
 In case of light these packets are known as Photons.
[NEET 2021]
(a) 219.3 m (b) 219.2 m
Characteristics of photons –
(c) 2192 m (d) 21.92 cm
1. Photons travel with speed of light in vacuum.
ANS :-
2. The speed & wavelength of Photon changes in
1. 2 × 107 m–1 , 6 × 1015 Hz 2. 5 × 1014 Hz, 2 × 10-15 s
medium but frequency & energy remains constant.
3. 2.9 m 4. 15 km 5. B
3. The rest mass of photons is zero.
4. Energy of 1 photon  E = h υ =

5. Energy of x photon  E = x h υ = x

Note: -
 Unit of energy  1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J

 Power = energy / time = J/s = Watt (W)

5|Page
 Q1 Calculate the energy photon if the wavelength of PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
light is 3000 Å.
Q2 Calculate energy of one mole of photons of  When light is incident on
radiation whose frequency is 5 ×1014 Hz. a certain metal, electrons
Q3 A light source of wavelength 2000 Å emits 0.5 J are ejected out of their
energy. Calculate the number of photon emitted. surface. These electrons
Q4 The number of photons per second on an average are called
emitted by the source of monochromatic light of photoelectrons.
wavelength 600 nm, when it delivers the power of  This phenomenon is
3.3 × 10 −3
watt will be : (h=6.6×10 −34
Js) called Photoelectric Effect.
[NEET 2022]
(a) 1018 (b) 1017 Work Function (ϕ) / Threshold Energy
(c) 1016 (d) 1015  Minimum energy required to eject electron from
Q5 What is the ratio between the energies of two metal surface is called its work function.
radiations one with a wavelength of 600 nm and  Work Function is the characteristics of metal.
other with 200 nm ?  Its value will be different for different metals.

Q6 A photon of light of wavelength 6000 Å has energy

E. What will be the wavelength of photon of a light Threshold Frequency (υo)

which has energy of photon 4E ?  Minimum frequency of incident light required to

Q7 A near ultraviolet photon of 300 nm is absorbed by eject electron from metal surface is called threshold
a gas and then remitted as two photons. One frequency.
photon is red with wavelength of 760 nm. What ϕ = h υo
would be the wavelength of the second photon?
(a) 1060 nm (b) 496 nm Threshold wavelength (λo)

(c) 300 nm (d) 215 nm  Maximum wavelength of incident light required to

eject electron from metal surface is called threshold
Q8 A gas absorbs photon of 300 nm and emits at two
wavelength.
wavelengths. If one of the emissions is at 600 nm,
𝒉𝒄
the other is at ________ nm. 𝛟=
𝛌𝒐
Q9 Calculate the wavelength of the radiation which
would cause the photodissociation of chlorine
molecule if the Cl – Cl bond energy is 243 kJ mol-1.
(a) 493 nm (b) 4900 μm

(c) 4900 nm (d) 493 m

Q10 The minimum wavelength of X-rays produced by an

electron accelerated through a potential difference
of V volts is proportional to –
[NEET 2023]
(a) V (b) 1/V

(c) V 2
(d) √𝑉
The energy of photon is used in two parts –
Ans –
(i) to eject electron out of metal surface in the form of
1. 6.62 × 10-19 J 2. 0.2 MJ 3. 5 × 1017
work function
4. C 5. 1 : 3 6. 1500 Å 7. B
(ii) to provide kinetic energy
8. 600 nm 9. A 10. B
6|Page
 hυ = ϕ + KEmax Intensity

hυ = hυo + KEmax  The energy incident per unit area per unit time is
known as intensity of light.
KEmax = hυ – hυo
𝐸 𝒏𝒉𝛖
Comparing with y=mx + c 𝐼= =
𝐴𝑡 𝐀𝐭
 Kinetic energy of photoelectron is independent
from intensity of light.

The results observed in this experiment were:

(i) The electrons are ejected from the metal surface

as soon as the beam of light strikes the surface,
i.e., there is no time lag between the striking of
light beam and the ejection of electrons from the
metal surface.
(ii) The number of electrons ejected is proportional
Stopping Potential (Vo)
to the intensity or brightness of light. For each
 The reverse potential applied to stop the metal, there is a characteristic minimum
photoelectron to reach collector plate is known as frequency, no (also known as threshold
stopping potential. frequency) below which photoelectric effect is
not observed.
(iii) At a frequency n > no, the ejected electrons
come out with certain kinetic energy. The kinetic
energies of these electrons increase with the
increase of frequency of the light used.

Q1 The work functions of Caesium (Cs), Potassium (K)

and Sodium (Na) are 2.14 eV, 2.30 eV and 2.75 eV
respectively. If incident electromagnetic radiation
has an incident energy of 2.20 eV, which of these
KEmax = eVo photosensitive surfaces may emit photoelectrons?
[NEET 2023]

hυ = hυo + eVo (a) Cs only (b) Both Na and K

(c) K only (d) Na only

ℎ ℎ
𝑉 = 𝛖 − 𝛖𝒐
𝑒 𝑒 Q2 The work function (ϕ) of some metals is listed below.
The number of metals which will show photoelectric
Comparing with y=mx + c
effect when light of 300 nm wavelength falls on the
metal is-
Metal Li Na K Mg Cu Ag Fe
ϕ 2.4 2.3 2.1 3.4 7.8 6.1 4.3

(a) 1 (b) 2

(c) 3 (d) 4

7|Page
Q3 What is the work function of the metal if a light of BOHR’S MODEL FOR HYDROGEN ATOM
wavelength 4000 Å generates photo electrons of
velocity 6 × 105 ms−1 from it? This model is applicable only for Hydrogen or hydrogen
[JEE 2019]
like atoms (i.e. single electron species; He+, Li+2)
(a) 3.1 eV (b) 0.9 eV

(c) 4.0 eV (d) 2.1 eV 2.3.1 Postulates of Bohr's Model

Q4 If the work function (w) of an arbitrary metal is 3.1

1. According to Bohr's model atom contains equal
eV, find its threshold wavelength and the maximum
number of protons and electrons and therefore
kinetic energy of the electron emitted when
atom is neutral.
radiation of 300 nm strike the metal surface.
2. Electrons are revolving around the nucleus in
(Take hc = 12400 eVÅ)
circular paths of constant radius known as orbits
Q5 Energy required to stop the ejection of electrons
or shells.
from Cu plate is 0.24 eV. If radiation of wavelength
3. The centripetal force required for the circular
253.7 nm strikes the plate, the work function is –
motion of electron is provided by the
(a) 4.65 eV (b) 5.89 eV
electrostatic force of attraction between nucleus
(c) 4.24 eV (d) 3.0 eV and electron.
Q6 Light of Wavelength 400 nm is incident on a metal
with ϕ = 2.3 eV. Calculate the stopping potential Centripetal force = Electrostatic force
required. 𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝒌𝒁𝒆𝟐
=
Q7 Stopping potential for e- for wavelength 491 nm is 𝒓 𝒓𝟐
where,
0.710 V. Incidence wavelength is changed to new
value then stopping potential is 1.43 V. New m =mass of the electron (9.1 × 10-28 g),
wavelength is – v = velocity of the electron,
[JEE 2022] r = radius of the orbit,
(a) 234 nm (b) 582 nm k = 9 x 109
Z = Atomic no.
(c) 382 nm (d) 645 nm
e = Charge on electron ( 1.6 × 10-19 C )
Q8 The critical wavelength for producing the
photoelectric effect in tungsten metal is 2600 Å. 4. An electron when revolving in an orbit neither
What wavelength would be necessary to produce loses nor gains energy and therefore these orbits
photoelectrons from tungsten having twice the are also called stationary Orbits.
kinetic energy of those produced at 2200 Å ?
Each stationary orbit is associated with definite
Ans – amount of energy therefore these orbits are also
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. 4000 Å, 1 eV 5. A called as energy levels and are numbered as 1, 2,
6. 0.6 eV 7. C 8. 1900 Å 3, 4, 5, .... or K, L, M, N, O, ..... from the nucleus
outwards.
5. Out of the infinite possible orbits electron can
only be present in those orbits in which its
angular momentum is an integral multiple of
h/2π.
Angular momentum (mvr) = nh/2π

n = no of shell ( 1,2,3,..)

8|Page
 6. Energy is absorbed when electron jumps from 3. Time Period of revolution of e-
inner to outer orbit and is emitted when electron
moves from outer to inner orbit. The time taken to complete one revolution of orbit is
∆E = E2 – E1 = hυ known as time period of revolution of e-.

𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

2𝜋𝑟
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
𝑣

𝟏𝟔
𝒏𝟑
𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒁𝟐

4. Energy of Electron in Bohr Orbit

Total energy of an electron is the sum of kinetic and

potential energy.

i.e. T.E. = K.E.+ P.E.

Formulae related to Bohr Model
𝑘𝑞 𝑞 𝑘(𝑍𝑒)(−𝑒) 𝑘𝑍𝑒
Potential Energy = = =−
1. Radius of n Bohr Orbit
th 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

𝑚𝑣 𝑘𝑧𝑒
𝑚𝑣 𝑘𝑍𝑒 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 =
= . . (𝑖) 𝑟 𝑟
𝑟 𝑟
𝑛ℎ 𝑛ℎ
𝑚𝑣𝑟 = ⇒V= 1 1 kze
2𝜋 2𝜋𝑚𝑟 KE = mv =
2 2 r
Put in equation (i)
1 kze 𝑘𝑍𝑒 1 kze
T. E. = + − = −
𝑛 ℎ 2 r 𝑟 2 r
𝑟 =
4𝜋 𝑚𝑘𝑍𝑒
𝐏. 𝐄.
𝐓. 𝐄 = − 𝐊. 𝐄. =
Putting all constant values 𝟐

𝒏𝟐 Putting the value of r we get –

𝒓𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟗 Å
𝒁 𝒛𝟐
𝑬𝒏 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝒆𝑽
𝒏𝟐
The radius of the first stationary state, called the Bohr
orbit, is 52.9 pm. 𝒛𝟐
𝐊. 𝐄. = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝒆𝑽
𝒏𝟐
2. Velocity of e – in nth Bohr Orbit
𝒛𝟐
𝐏. 𝐄. = −𝟐𝟕. 𝟐 × 𝒆𝑽
𝒏𝟐
2𝜋𝑘𝑍𝑒
𝑉 =
𝑛ℎ Ionization energy
𝒁  Minimum energy required to remove an electron
𝑽𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
𝒏 from the valance shell of an atom is called the
ionization energy.

9|Page
  Since H atom consist only 1 electron which is Q7. Calculate the energy of Li+2 ion for 2nd excited state.
present in 1st shell, so the transition Q8. If the total energy of an electron is -1.51 eV in
corresponding to I.E. will be from 1 → ∞ hydrogen atom, then find out the orbit of electron.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
∆E = E∞ - E1 = 0 – ( – 13.6) = 13.6 eV = I.E Q9. Calculate the ratio of energies of He+ for 1st & 2nd
excited state.
 For hydrogen & hydrogen like species (a) 9 : 4 (b) 4 : 9
I.E = 13.6 Z 2
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1

Q10. The energy needed to excite a hydrogen atom from

its ground to its third excited state is
Binding energy/ Separation Energy
(a) 12.1 eV (b) 10.2 eV
Minimum energy required to remove an electron from
(c) 0.85 eV (d) 12.75 eV
the given shell of an atom is called the binding energy.
𝒛𝟐 Q11. The energy of an electron in the first orbit of H-atom
B.E = | energy of nth shell | = 13.6 x
𝒏𝟐
is 13.6 eV. The possible energy values of the excited
state for electron in Bohr orbits of Li+2 ions is/are –
Excitation energy
(a) -3.4 eV (b) -13.6 eV
Amount of energy required to shift an electron from
(c) -30.6 eV (d) All of the above
ground state to any excited state is called as excitation
energy. Q12. The ionization energy of hydrogen atom (in the
ground state) is x kJ. The energy required for an
electron to jump from 2nd orbit to the 3rd orbit will
Q1. Calculate the radius of 1 , 2 st nd
& 3 Bohr's orbit of
rd be –
hydrogen. (a) x/6 (b) 5x
Q2. Calculate the radius ratio of 3 & 5 orbit of He .
rd th +
(c) 7.2x (d) 5x/36
Q3. Calculate the radius ratio of 2nd excited state of H &
Q13. The energy of I,II & III energy levels of a certain atom
1st excited state of Li+2.
are E, 4E/3 & 2E respectively. A photon of
Q4. The radius of inner most orbit of hydrogen atom is
wavelength λ is emitted during transition from III to
5.3 × 10–11 m. What is the radius of third allowed
I. What will be the wavelength of emission for
orbit of hydrogen atom?
transition II to I?
[NEET 2023]
(a) λ/2 (b) λ
(a) 0.53 Å (b) 1.06 Å
(c) 2λ (d) 3λ
(c) 1.59 Å (d) 4.77 Å
Q14. A hydrogen like specie is present in a higher excited
Q5. The velocity of an electron placed in the third orbit state of quantum number 'n'. This excited atom can
of the hydrogen atom is ____ × 106 m/s. make a transition to the first excited state by
(a) 2.182 (b) 1.062 successive emission of two photons of energies 10.2
(c) 0.727 (d) 6.546 eV and 17.0 eV respectively. Alternatively, the atom
Q6. For any H like system, the ratio of velocities of I, II & from the same excited state can make a transition

III orbit i.e., V1 : V2 : V3 will be :- to the second excited state by successive emission
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 1/2 : 1/3 of two photons of energy 4.25 eV and 5.95 eV
respectively. Determine the value of Z.
(c) 3 : 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 1 : 1

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

10 | P a g e
Ans – Emission spectra are of two types:
1. 0.53 Å, 2.12 Å & 4.77 Å 2. 9 : 25
1. Continuous spectra
3. 27 : 4 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. 40.8
8. C 9. A 10. D 11. D 12. D 13. D 14. C  When white light is allowed to pass through a
prism, it gets resolved into several colors. The
spectrum is a rainbow of colors. This is a
continuous spectrum.
SPECTRUM

When a radiation is passed through a prism, the pattern 2. Discontinuous spectra

(photograph) obtained on the screen (photographic  A discontinuous spectrum is a spectrum that
plate) is called as spectrum of the given radiation. contains gaps, holes, or breaks in terms of the
wavelengths that it contains.
It is of two types:
 This spectrum Consists of a limited number of
(i) Emission spectra lines, each of which corresponds to a different
wavelength & AKA Line Spectrum.
(ii) Absorption spectra.  Hydrogen spectrum is an example of line
emission spectrum.

Emission spectra

 It is obtained from the substances which emit light

on excitation.
 It gives bright lines (colored) on the dark
background.
 It may be continuous (if source emits white light) HYDROGEN SPECTRUM
and may be discontinuous (if the source emits
 When an electric excitation is applied on hydrogen
colored light).
atomic gas at low pressure, a bluish light is emitted.
Absorption spectra  When a ray of this light is passed through a prism, a
spectrum of several isolated sharp lines is obtained.
 It is observed when the white light is passed
 The wavelength of various lines show that spectrum
through the substance and the substance absorb
lines lie in Visible, Ultraviolet and Infra-red region.
radiations of particular wavelength.
 The hydrogen spectrum consists of several series of
 It gives dark lines on the bright background.
lines named after their discoverers.
 These are always discontinuous.

11 | P a g e
 𝟏 𝟏 𝒛𝟐
𝛖= = 𝐑𝒛𝟐 𝟐 − 𝟐
𝛌 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

 Where, R is Rydberg constant, Its value is 109,678

cm-1,
 n1 and n2 are integers (such that n2 > n1 ). For a
given spectral series, n1 remains constant while n2
varies from line to line in the same series.

Limitation of the Bohr's model

 Bohr's theory does not explain the spectrum of

multi electron atom.
 Why the Angular momentum of the revolving
electron is equal to , has not been explained by
Similar words
Bohr's theory.
 First line / Starting line / Initial line ( λ max and nmin  It could not explain the ability of atoms to form
) molecules by chemical bonds.
 Last line / limiting line / marginal line ( λ min and  Bohr's theory does not explain the splitting of
spectral lines in the presence of magnetic field
nmax )
(Zeeman effect) or electric field (Stark effect).
 First line of any series = α line
 Second line of any series = β line
 Third line of any series = γ line
Q1. Calculate the wavelength of 1st line of Balmer series
Calculation of number of spectral lines in Hydrogen spectrum.
(a) 100 nm (b) 250 nm
a) Total number of spectral lines
= 1 + 2 + …. (n2 - n1) (c) 400 nm (d) 650 nm
(𝐧𝟐 − 𝐧𝟏 )(𝐧𝟐 − 𝐧𝟏 + 𝟏) Q2. The frequency of the last line of the Lyman series in
=
𝟐 hydrogen spectrum is ____ × 1015.
b) Number of spectral lines which falls in a particular (a) 1.1 (b) 3.3
series = (n2 - n1)
(c) 9.8 (d) 11.7
RYDBERG FORMULA Q3. Calculate the wavelength of 4th line of Brackett
Rydberg gave a very simple theoretical equation for the series in hydrogen spectrum.
calculation of the wavelength of various lines of (a) 1.01 μm (b) 1.93 μm
hydrogen like spectrum- (c) 4.20 μm (d) 6.53 μm

12 | P a g e
Q4. The wave number of 1st line of Balmer series of (c) 36x / 5 (d) 9x / 5
hydrogen spectrum is 15200 cm-1. The wave Q13. A sample of He+ ions in ground state absorbs the
number of 1st line of Balmer series of Li+2 spectrum radiation of x Å. subsequently, the sample emit
will be? radiation of 6 different wavelength. Calculate the
(a) 15200/cm (b) 60800/cm value of x.
(c) 76000/cm (d) 136800/cm (a) 587.6 (b) 648.2

Q5. Calculate the ratio of maximum wavelength of (c) 972.5 (d) 1250.6
Lyman & Balmer series? Q14. Calculate the energy emitted when electrons of
(a) 5 : 27 (b) 4 : 9 1.0 g atom of hydrogen undergo transition giving
(c) 27 : 5 (d) 9 : 4 the spectral line of lowest energy in the visible

Q6. What transition in He+ will have the same l as the I region of its atomic spectrum.

line in Lyman series of H - atom :- (a) 102 kJ (b) 182 kJ

(a) 5  3 (b) 3  2 (c) 322 kJ (d) 552 kJ

(c) 6  4 (d) 4  2
Ans –
Q7. In which of the following transition will the
wavelength be minimum. 1. D 2. B 3.B 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. C
(a) n = 6 to n = 4 (b) n = 4 to n = 2 9. B 10. A 11. C 12.A 13.C 14. B
(c) n = 3 to n = 1 (d) n = 2 to n =1

Q8. Show that the Balmer series occurs between 3647 Å

and 6563 Å. QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF THE ATOM

Q9. In a hydrogen spectrum if electron moves from 7 to In view of the shortcoming of the Bohr’s model, attempts
1 orbit by transition in multi steps then find out the were made to develop a more suitable and general
total number of lines in the spectrum. model for atoms. Two important developments which
(a) 12 (b) 21 contributed significantly in the formulation of such a
model were :
(c) 33 (d) 40

Q10. In a hydrogen spectrum if electron moves from 6th 1. Dual behavior of matter (de-Broglie concept),
to 2nd orbit by transition in multi steps then find 2. Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
out the number of lines in spectrum.
(a) 10 (b) 20 The dual nature of matter (the wave nature of
electron)
(c) 30 (d) 40
 Einstein has suggested that light can behave as a
Q11. In H atom if the electron moves from nth orbit to
wave as well as like a particle i.e., it has dual
1st orbit by transition in multi steps, then the total
character.
number of lines observed in the spectrum are 10,
 In 1924, de-Broglie suggested that just as light
then find out the value of n. exhibits wave and particle properties, all
(a) 2 (b) 4 microscopic material particles such as electrons,
(c) 5 (d) 7 protons, atoms, molecules, etc. have also dual
character.
Q12. The shortest wavelength of He+ in Balmer series is
 Thus, according to de Broglie,
x, then longest wavelength in the Paschen series of
Li+2 is: “All material particles in motion possess wave
(a) 16x / 7 (b) 7x / 16 characteristics.”

13 | P a g e
 According to de-Broglie, the wavelength associated Bohr's theory and de-Broglie concept :
with a particle of mass m, moving with velocity v is
 According to de-Broglie, the nature of an electron
inversely proportional to its momentum P.
moving around the nucleus is like a wave that
1 flows in circular orbits around the nucleus.
𝜆𝛼 & P = mv
𝑃  We know that according to Bohr theory,
𝒉
𝝀= nh
𝒎𝒗 mvr =
2π
 De Broglie’s prediction was confirmed
2𝛑r = n λ
experimentally when it was found that an electron
beam undergoes diffraction, a phenomenon Where –
characteristic of waves.
n = total number of waves 1, 2, 3, …
 The wave nature of electron was verified
λ = Wavelength
experimentally by Davisson and Germer.

 de-Broglie wavelength in terms of kinetic energy-

𝒉
𝝀=
√𝟐𝒎𝑲. 𝑬
 When a charged particle carrying Q coulomb charge
is accelerated by applying potential difference of V
volts, then :-
K.E. = Q × V Joule
𝒉
𝝀=
𝟐𝒎𝑸𝑽

Q1. The wavelength of a ball of mass 0.1 kg moving with

 The wavelengths associated with ordinary objects
a velocity of 10 ms–1 is 662 × ____ .
are so short (because of their large masses) that
(a) 10-28 (b) 10-37
their wave properties cannot be detected.
 The wavelengths associated with electrons and (c) 10-36 (d) 10-35
other subatomic particles (with very small mass) can
Q2. Calculate the wavelength(Å) associated with an
however be detected experimentally.
electron moving with a velocity of 1010 cm per sec.
(a) 0.072 (b) 0.829

(c) 0.667 (d) 1.009

14 | P a g e
Q3. Calculate the mass(g) of a photon with wavelength HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
2.2 Å.
 It states that it is impossible to determine
(a) 10-32 (b) 10-29 simultaneously, the exact position and exact
momentum (or velocity) of an electron.
(c) 10-36 (d) 10-35
 The uncertainty of measurement of position ∆x, and
Q4. If the kinetic energy of an electron is increased 4 the uncertainty of momentum ∆P or are related by
times, the wavelength of the de Broglie wave Heisenberg's relationship as:
associated with it would become______ times.
ℎ
(a) two (b) four ⟹ ∆x × ∆P ≥
4𝜋
(c) half (d) one forth
ℎ
⟹ ∆x × ∆(mv) ≥
Q5. Two particles A and B are in motion. If the wavelength 4𝜋
associated with the particle A is 5x10-8 m, calculate ℎ
the wavelength(m) of particle B if its momentum is ⟹ ∆x × ∆v ≥
4𝑚𝜋
half of A.
where –
(a) 10-8 (b) 10-7

(c) 10-6 (d) 10-5 ∆x is the uncertainty in position and

Q6. Velocity of de Broglie wave is given by: ∆P (or ∆v) is the uncertainty in momentum (or
velocity) of the particle.
(a) (b)
 If the position of the electron is known with high
(c) (d) degree of accuracy (∆x is small), then the velocity of
the electron will be uncertain (∆v is large). On the
Q7. What accelerating potential is needed to produce an other hand, if the velocity of the electron is known
electron beam with wavelength of 9 pm? precisely (∆v is small), then the position of the
(a) 1.86 × 104 V (b) 1.86 × 102 V electron will be uncertain (∆x will be large).
 The effect of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is
(c) 1.86 × 10-4 V (d) 1.86 × 10-2 V
significant only for motion of microscopic objects and
Q8. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength(m) of an is negligible for that of macroscopic objects.
electron that has been accelerated from rest through
a potential difference of 1kV.
(a) 1.52 × 10-10 (b) 3.89 × 10-11

(c) 1.52 × 10-14 (d) 3.89 × 10-14

Q1. A microscope using suitable photons is employed to
Q9. The kinetic energy of a subatomic particle is 6.62 × locate an electron in an atom within a distance of 0.1
10-25 J. Calculate the frequency(Hz) of the particle Å. What is the uncertainty involved in the
wave. measurement of its velocity?
(a) 2 × 109 (b) 7 × 109 (a) 4.3 × 105 (b) 5.8 × 105
(c) 5 × 109 (d) 2 × 105 (c) 4.3 × 106 (d) 5.8 × 106

Q2. A golf ball has a mass of 40g, and a speed of 45 m/s.

Ans –
If the speed can be measured within accuracy of 2%,
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. A
calculate the uncertainty in the position.
8. B 9. A
(a) 4.5 × 10-33 (b) 1.5 × 10-33

(c) 4.5 × 10-34 (d) 1.5 × 1034

15 | P a g e
Q3. The uncertainty in position and velocity of a particle Note : Chemical properties of atoms are controlled by
are 10-10 m and 5.25 x 10-24 ms-1 respectively. the number of electrons, which are determined by the
Calculate the mass of the particle. number of protons in the nucleus.
(a) 1 kg (b) 1 g

(c) 0.1 kg (d) 0.1 g SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Q4. Calculate. the uncertainty in the position of a particle

when the uncertainty in momentum is: Isotopes
(a) 1 x 10-3 g cm sec-1 (b) zero.  They are atoms of a given element which have the
same atomic number but differ in their mass
number.
Ans – 1. B 2.B 3. C 4. 5.27 × 10-25, infinity Eg. 𝐻 ( Protium H ) 𝐻 ( Deuterium D )

𝐻 ( Tritium T )

𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

 The number of protons present in the nucleus is  Isotopes have same chemical property but different
equal to atomic number (Z ). physical property.
 In order to keep the electrical neutrality, the number  Isotopes do not have the same value of e/m.
of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of
protons (atomic number, Z ). Isobars

𝑋  Isobars are the atoms of different element which

have the same mass number but different atomic
Atomic number (Z) number.
= number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Eg. 𝐻 & 𝐻𝑒 , 𝐾& 𝐶𝑎

= number of electrons in a neutral atom  Isobars do not have the same chemical & physical
property.
 The positive charge of the nucleus is due to protons,  Isobars do not have the same value of e/m.
the mass of the nucleus is due to protons and
neutrons. Isotones/Isoneutronic Species/Isotonic
 Protons and neutrons present in the nucleus are
 They are the atoms of different element which have
collectively known as nucleons.
the same number of neutrons.
 The total number of nucleons is termed as mass
Eg. 𝐻 & 𝐻𝑒
number (A) of the atom.

Mass number (A)

= Number of protons (Z) + Number of neutrons (n)

Absolute Relative Relative

Name Symbol Mass (kg) Mass(amu)
charge (C) charge Mass

Electron e –1.6×10–19 -1 9.1×10–31 0.00054 1/2000

Proton p 1.6×10–19 1 1.67×10–27 1.00727 1

Neutron n 0 0 1.67×10–27 1.00867 1

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 Isoelectronic Species Q7. The atom A,B & C have configuration as

 They are the atoms, molecules or ions which have A = [Z(90) + n(146)], B = [Z(92) + n(146)], C = [Z(90)

the same number of electrons. + n(148)]

Eg Cl- & Ar , H2O & NH3 , BF3 & SO2 So that :-

(a) A and C - Isotones (b) A and C - Isotopes

Isosters (c) A and B - Isobars (d) B and C - Isobars

 They are the molecules which have the same (e) B and C - Isotopes

number of atoms & electrons. The wrong statements are:-

Eg. CaO & KF, N2O & CO2 (a) a, b only (b) c, d, e only

(c) a, c, d only (d) a, d, e only

Isodiaphers Q8. Choose the false statement about deuterium :-
 They are the atoms of different element which have (a) It is an isotope of hydrogen
the same difference of the number of Neutrons & (b) It contains [(1 e) + (1 p) + (1 (n)]
protons. (c) It contains only [(1 (p) + (1 (n)]
Eg. 𝐵& 𝐶 (d) D2O is called as heavy water

Q9. Let mass of electron is half, mass of proton is two

Q1. Calculate the number of protons, neutrons and times and mass of neutron is three fourth of orignal
electrons in 𝐵𝑟 . masses, then new atomic weight of 16O atom:-
Q2. Arrange the particle in their increasing order of (a) increases by 37.5 %
specific charge ratio. (b) remain constant
(a) e–, p, n, α – particle (c) increases by 12.5 %
(b) Na , Li , F , Mg , Al
+ + – 2+ 3+
(d) decreases by 25 %

Q3. The number of electrons, protons and neutrons in a

species are equal to 18, 16 and 16 respectively. Assign Ans –
the proper symbol to the species. 1. 35, 45, 35
Q4. If no. of protons in X-2 is 16, then no. of electrons in
2. n < α < p < e & Na+ < F– < Mg2+ < Al+3 < Li+
X+2 will be-
(a) 14 (b) 16 3. 𝑆 4. A 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. C

(c) 18 (d) None 9. A

Q5. A and B are two elements which have same atomic

weight and are having atomic number 27 and 30
respectively. If the atomic weight of A is 57 then QUANTUM NUMBERS
number of neutron in B is :-
To obtain complete information about an electron in an
(a) 27 (b) 33
atom 4 identification numbers are required and these
(c) 30 (d) 40 identification numbers are called as quantum numbers.
Q6. Species which are isoelectronic to one another are 1. Principal Quantum Number (n)
(a) OH (b) CN (c) N2 (d) CH3+ (e) CO 2. Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
Correct answer is :- 3. Magnetic Quantum Number (m)
4. Spin quantum number (ms).
(a) a, b, c (b) a, d, e

(c) a, c, d (d) b, c, e

17 | P a g e
1. Principal Quantum Number (n)  If Value of l is same but value of n is different then
the order of energy will be.
 It represents the name and energy of the shell to
1<2<3<4
which electron belongs and size of orbital.
Ex.
 The value of n lies between 1 to ∞ i.e n = 1,2,3,….  1s < 2s < 3s < 4s < 5s < 6s
corresponding name of shells are K, L, M, N, O, P, …  3d < 4d < 5d < 6d
 Greater the value of n, greater is the distance from  4p < 5p < 6p
the nucleus & greater is the energy of shell.  Energies of the orbitals in the same subshell
 The angular momentum of a revolving electron is decrease with increase in the atomic number (Zeff).
mvr = nh/2π For example, energy of 2s orbital of hydrogen atom
 The number of electrons in a particular shell is equal is greater than that of 2s orbital of lithium and that
to 2n2. of lithium is greater than that of sodium.
 The no. of electron in a particular subshell is equal
to 2(2l +1)
 for s subshell number of electrons = 2 e.
2. Azimuthal quantum number / Angular quantum
 for p subshell number of electrons = 6 e.
number / Secondary quantum number / Subsidiary
 for d subshell number of electrons = 10 e.
quantum number (l)  for f subshell number of electrons = 14 e.
 It represents the name of the subshell, shape of  Shape of the orbital
orbital and orbital angular momentum.  s → spherical
 The number of sub-shells in a principal shell is equal  p → dumb bell shape
to the value of n. Value of l lies between 0 to (n - 1)  d → double dumb bell shape
in a particular nth shell.  f → complex shape
 For example, when
n = 1, value of l is only 0.
n = 2, the possible value of l are 0 and 1.
n = 3, the possible l values are 0, 1 and 2.

 For each value of l there exist a subshell.

Ex.
 If n = 1 then ( l = 0 ) → 1s
i.e. in n=1 shell, only one subshell 's' is present.
 If n = 2 then ( l = 0,1 ) → 2s,2p
i.e. in n=2 shell, two subshell 's' & 'p' are
present.
 If n = 3 then ( l = 0,1,2 ) → 3s, 3p, 3d
i.e. in n =3 shell, three subshell 's' , 'p' & 'd' are
present.
 If n = 4 then ( l = 0,1,2,3 ) → 4s,4p,4d,4f i.e.
in n =4 shell, four subshell 's' , 'p' , 'd' & 'f' are
present.
 If the value of n is same then the order of energy of
the various subshell will be
s<p<d<f  The orbital angular momentum = 𝑙(𝑙 + 1)
Ex.
 4s < 4p < 4d < 4f,
 3s < 3p < 3d,
 2s < 2p

18 | P a g e
3. Magnetic Quantum Number /Orientation
Quantum Number (m) :

Orbital

3D space around the nucleus where the probability of

finding electrons is maximum is called an orbital. An
orbital can be represented by 3 set of quantum numbers
= ψn,l,m
Case-II
Node
 If l = 1 ( p - subshell) then m = (-1, 0, +1 ) ( px, py, pz )
It is point /line / plane / surface in which probability of
finding electron is zero. Total numbers of nodes = (n – 1) Shape of p-orbitals

 It represents the orientation of electron cloud  There are three p-orbitals, commonly referred to as
(orbital). px, py and pz.
 Under the influence of magnetic field each subshell is  These three p-orbitals, possess equivalent energy and
further subdivided into orbitals. therefore, have same relation with the nucleus.
 Magnetic quantum number describe these different  They, however, differ in their direction & distribution
distributions of electron cloud. of the charge.
 For any sub-shell (defined by ‘l’ value) 2l + 1 values
of m are possible.
 Value of m = all integral value from - l to + l including
zero.
 The orbitals having the same energy are called
degenerate orbitals.

 The two lobes of each orbital are separated by a

Types of orbitals :
plane of zero electron density called nodal plane.
Case-I :

 If l = 0 then m = 0, it implies that s subshell has only

one orbital called as s-orbital.

Shapes of s-orbitals

 The s-orbitals are spherically symmetrical about the

nucleus, i.e., the probability of finding electron is
Case III
same in all directions from the nucleus.
 The size of the orbital depends on the value of  When l = 2, 'm' has five values - 2, -1, 0, +1, +2. It
principal quantum number. implies that d subshell of any energy shell has five
 The 1s orbital is smaller than 2s-orbital and 2s-orbital orbitals. All the five orbitals are not identical in
is smaller than 3s, but all are spherical in shape as shape.
shown in figure.  Four of the d orbitals dxy, dyz, dxz, 𝑑 contain four
lobes while fifth orbital 𝑑 consists of only two
lobes.
 The lobes of dxy orbital lie between x and y axes.
Similar is the case for dyz and dxz.

19 | P a g e
 Four lobes of 𝑑 orbital are lying along x and y 4. Spin Quantum number (ms) :
axes while the two lobes of 𝑑 orbital are lying
 It represents the direction of electron spin around
along z axis and contain a ring of negative charge
its own axis.
surrounding the nucleus in xy plane.
 For clockwise spin/spin up(↑) electron → + ½
 Geometry of d orbital is double dumbbell.
 For anti-clockwise spin/spin down(↓) electron → -
½
 An orbital cannot hold more than two electrons and
these two electrons should have opposite spins.

Q1. Calculate the value of n & l for 7py orbital

(a) 7, 1 (b) 6, 2

(c) 7, 2 (d) 7, 7

Q2. Calculate the value of n & l for 5dz2 orbital?

(a) 5, 1 (b) 5, 2

(c) 6, 2 (d) 7, 1

Q3. Which of the following set of quantum numbers is

not possible ?
(a) n = 2, l = 0, m – 1, s = – 1/2
(b) n = 3, l = 2, m = 0, s = 1/2
(c) n = 2, l = 3, m = – 2, s = 1/2

(a) only a (b) a & b

(c) a & c (d) b & c

20 | P a g e
Q4. Number of possible orbitals (all types) in n = 3 The order may be remembered by using the method
energy level is :- given in Fig
(a) 1 (b) 3

(c) 4 (d) 9

Q5. The relation between nm, (nm = the number of

permissible values of magnetic quantum number
(m)) for a given value of azimuthal quantum number
(l), is
[NEET 2023]
(a) l = 2nm + 1 (b) nm = 2l + 1
2

(c) nm = l + 2 (d) l =

Q6. An electron is in one of 4d orbital. Which of the

following orbital quantum number value is not
possible
(a) n = 4 (b) l = 1

(c) m = 1 (d) m = 2

Ans – 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. B

Pauli Exclusion Principle

FILLING OF ORBITALS IN ATOM  According to this principle : No two electrons in an
atom can have the same set of four quantum
The filling of electrons into the orbitals of different atoms numbers.
takes place according to the Aufbau principle which is  Pauli exclusion principle can also be stated as : “Only
based on the Pauli’s exclusion principle, the Hund’s rule two electrons may exist in the same orbital and
of maximum multiplicity and the relative energies of the these electrons must have opposite spin.”
orbitals.  This means that the two electrons can have the
same value of three quantum numbers n, l and ml,
Aufbau principle but must have the opposite spin quantum number.
 The principle states : In the ground state of the
atoms, the orbitals are filled in order of their
increasing energies. Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
 In other words, electrons first occupy the lowest
 This rule deals with the filling of electrons into the
energy orbital available to them and enter into orbitals belonging to the same subshell
higher energy orbitals only after the lower energy
 It states : pairing of electrons in the orbitals
orbitals are filled. belonging to the same subshell (p, d or f) does
 The lower the value of (n + l ) for an orbital, the not take place until each orbital belonging to
lower is its energy. If two orbitals have the same (n that subshell has got one electron each.
+ l ) value, the orbital with lower value of n has the  Since there are three p, five d and seven f orbitals,
lower energy.
therefore, the pairing of electrons will start in the p,
 Order of energy levels of different subshell is given
d and f orbitals with the entry of 4th, 6th and 8th
as – electron, respectively.
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s...
21 | P a g e
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF ATOMS Stability of half filled & fully filled orbital –

 Fully filled orbitals and half-filled orbitals have extra

 The distribution of electrons into orbitals of an atom
stability (that is, lower energy).
is called its electronic configuration.
 Thus p3, p6, d5, d10, f7, f14 etc. configurations, which
 The electronic configuration of different atoms can
are either half-filled or fully filled, are more stable.
be represented in two ways.
 The valence electronic configurations of 24Cr and
(i) sapbdc ...... notation
29Cu, therefore, are [Ar]3d 4s and [Ar]3d 4s1
5 1 10
(ii) Orbital diagram
respectively and not 3d 4s and 3d9 4s2.
4 2

Causes of Stability of Completely Filled and Half-

 The hydrogen atom has only one electron which filled Subshells
goes in the orbital with the lowest energy, namely 1. Symmetrical distribution of electrons
1s. The electronic configuration of the hydrogen 2. Exchange Energy
atom is 1s1
 The stabilizing effect arises whenever two or
 The second electron in helium (He) can also occupy
more electrons with the same spin are present in
the 1s orbital. Its configuration is, therefore, 1s2.
the degenerate orbitals of a subshell.
 These electrons tend to exchange their positions
and the energy released due to this exchange is
called exchange energy.
 The number of exchanges that can take place is
maximum when the subshell is either half filled
or completely filled. As a result, the exchange
energy is maximum and so is the stability.

Electronic configuration can be written by following

different methods :
26Fe 

 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6

 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 Q1 An atom of Cr [Z = 24] loses 2 electrons. How many
 1s 2s p 3s p d 4s
2 2 6 2 6 6 2 unpaired electrons shall be there in Cr+2:
2 8 14 2 (a) 4 (b) 3
 [Ar] 4s2 3d6 (c) 2 (d) 1

Q2 The atomic number of an element is 17, the number

n  Outer most Shell or Valence Shell
of orbitals containing electron pairs in the valence
 In this Shell electrons are called as Valence shell is:-
electrons or this is called core charge (a) 8 (b) 2

(c) 3 (d) 6

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Q3 A transition metal 'X' has a configuration [Ar] 3d 5 in
its + 3 oxidation state. Its atomic number is:
(a) 22 (b) 26

(c) 28 (d) 19

Q4 4s2 is the configuration of the outermost orbit of an

element. Its atomic number would be :
(a) 29 (b) 24
(c) 30 (d) 19
Q5 What is the electronic configuration of an element
in its first excited state which is isoelectronic with O2
(a) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 3d1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p4

(c) [Ne] 3s1 3p3 3d2 (d) [Ne] 3s1 3p5

Ans – 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. A

23 | P a g e
 HBSE Section
Q1 Give the main properties of canal ray experiment. Q15 The threshold frequency for a metal is 7.0 ×1014 s–1.
Calculate the kinetic energy of an electron emitted
Q2 What did Rutherford conclude from the
when radiation of frequency ν =1.0 ×1015 s–1 hits the
observations of the alpha ray scattering experiment.
metal.
Q3 Calculate the number of electrons which will
Q16 A photon of wavelength 4 × 10–7 m strikes on metal
together weigh one gram.
surface, the work function of the metal being 2.13
Q4 Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of
eV. Calculate
electrons.
(i) the energy of the photon (eV),
Q5 If the diameter of a carbon atom is 0.15 nm,
(ii) the kinetic energy of the emission, and
calculate the number of carbon atoms which can be
(iii) the velocity of the photoelectron
placed side by side in a straight line across length of
scale of length 20 cm long. Q17 The work function for caesium atom is 1.9 eV.
Q6 2 × 108 atoms of carbon are arranged side by side. Calculate
Calculate the radius of carbon atom if the length of (a) the threshold wavelength and
this arrangement is 2.4 cm. (b) the threshold frequency of the radiation.
Q7 Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a
Q18 If the caesium element is irradiated with a
wavelength (λ) of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency
wavelength 500 nm, calculate the kinetic energy and
(ν) and wavenumber (𝜐̅ ) of the yellow light.
the velocity of the ejected photoelectron.
Q8 Calculate the wavelength, frequency and
Q19 Calculate the energy associated with the first orbit
wavenumber of a light wave whose period is 2.0 ×
of He+. What is the radius of this orbit?
10–10 s.
Q20 The energy associated with the first orbit in the
Q9 Find energy of each of the photons which
hydrogen atom is –2.18 × 10–18 J atom–1. What is the
(i) correspond to light of frequency 3×1015 Hz.
energy associated with the fifth orbit?
(ii) have wavelength of 0.50 Å.
Q21 What is the wavelength of light emitted when the
Q10 Arrange the following type of radiations in electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes transition
increasing order of frequency: from an energy level with n = 4 to an energy level
(a) radiation from microwave oven with n = 2?
(b) amber light from traffic signal Q22 How much energy is required to ionise a H atom if
(c) radiation from FM radio the electron occupies n = 5 orbit? Compare your
(d) cosmic rays from outer space and answer with the ionization enthalpy of H atom.
(e) X-rays. Q23 Calculate the wavenumber for the longest
wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic
Q11 What is the number of photons of light with a
hydrogen.
wavelength of 4000 pm that provide 1J of energy?
Q24 What is the maximum number of emission lines
Q12 A 100 watt bulb emits monochromatic light of
when the excited electron of a H atom in n = 6 drops
wavelength 400 nm. Calculate the number of
to the ground state?
photons emitted per second by the bulb.
Q25 Calculate the wavelength for the emission transition
Q13 Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242 nm is
if it starts from the orbit having radius 1.3225 nm
just sufficient to ionise the sodium atom. Calculate
and ends at 211.6 pm. Name the series to which this
the ionisation energy of sodium in kJ mol–1.
transition belongs and the region of the spectrum.
Q14 Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a
Q26 Calculate the mass of a photon with wavelength
metal surface when it is exposed to radiation of
3.6 Å.
wavelength 6800 Å. Calculate threshold frequency
Q27 Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for
(νo) and work function (ϕ) of the metal.
the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of the de
Broglie wavelength associated with the electron
revolving around the orbit.

24 | P a g e
Q28 The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10–31 kg. If its K.E. is Q42 Write the electronic configurations of the following
3.0 × 10–25 J, calculate its wavelength. ions:
Q29 The effect of uncertainty principle is significant only (a) H– (b) Na+ (c) O2– (d) F–
for motion of microscopic particles and is negligible
Q43 What are the atomic numbers of elements whose
for the macroscopic particles. Justify the statement
outermost electrons are represented by
with the help of a suitable example.
(a) 3s1 (b) 2p3 and (c) 3p5 ?
Q30 Table-tennis ball has a mass 10 g and a speed of 90
m/s. If speed can be measured within an accuracy of Q44 Which atoms are indicated by the following
4% what will be the uncertainty in speed and configurations ?
position? (a) [He] 2s1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3
Q31 Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of (c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1.
neutrons in 7 mg of 14C. (Assume that mass of a
Q45 The quantum numbers of six electrons are given
neutron = 1.675 × 10–27 kg).
below. Arrange them in order of increasing
Q32 Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of
energies. If any of these combination(s) has/have
protons in 34 mg of NH3 at STP.
the same energy lists:
Q33 How many neutrons and protons are there in the
1. n = 4, l = 2, ml = –2 , ms = –1/2
following nuclei ?
2. n = 3, l = 2, ml = 1 , ms = +1/2
𝑂 𝐶 𝑀𝑔 𝐹𝑒 𝑆𝑟
3. n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0 , ms = +1/2
Q34 Write the complete symbol for the atom with the 4. n = 3, l = 2, ml = –2 , ms = –1/2
given atomic number (Z) and atomic mass (A) 5. n = 3, l = 1, ml = –1 , ms = +1/2
(i) Z = 17 , A = 35. (ii) Z = 9 , A = 19. 6. n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0 , ms = +1/2
(iii) Z = 4 , A = 9.
Q46 Show the distribution of electrons in oxygen atom
Q35 Which of the following are isoelectronic species i.e., (atomic number 8) using orbital diagram.
those having the same number of electrons? Q47 Nickel atom can lose two electrons to form Ni2+
Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, S2–, Ar. ion. The atomic number of nickel is 28. From which
Q36 What is the difference between orbit and orbital. orbital will nickel lose two electrons.
Q48 The electronic configuration of valence shell of Cu
Q37 What is the total number of orbitals associated with
is 3d104s1 and not 3d94s2. How is this configuration
the principal quantum number n = 3 ? Name them.
explained?
Q38 Explain, giving reasons, which of the following sets
of quantum numbers are not possible.
(a) n = 0, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = + ½
(b) n = 1, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = – ½
(c) n = 1, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = + ½
(d) n = 2, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = – ½
(e) n = 3, l = 3, ml = –3, ms = + ½
(f) n = 3, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = + ½

Q39 What is the lowest value of n that allows g orbitals

to exist?
Q40 Using s, p, d, f notations, describe the orbital with
the following quantum numbers
(a) n = 2, l = 1, (b) n = 4, l = 0,

(c) n = 5, l = 3, (d) n = 3, l = 2

Q41 How many subshells are associated with n = 4 ?

25 | P a g e
 Case Study
Case study – 1 Questions –

In mid-1850s Faraday began to study electrical discharge Q1 What is photoelectric effect.

in partially evacuated tubes, known as cathode ray Q2 Calculate the energy of radiation used in
discharge tubes. When sufficiently high voltage is experiment 2.
applied across the electrodes, current starts flowing Q3 Find the work function of metal used in eV.
through a stream of particles moving in the tube from Q4 Define stopping potential. Calculate the stopping
the negative electrode to the positive electrode. These potential for each experiment.
were called cathode rays or cathode ray particles. J.J.
Thomson measured the ratio of electrical charge (e) to
the mass of the electron (me) by using a cathode ray tube Case Study – 3
and applying electrical and magnetic fields
perpendicular to each other as well as to the path of A hydrogen atom absorbs a photon and its electron is
electrons. A positively charged particle was characterised excited from the ground state (n=1) to the third energy
in 1919. Later, a need was felt for the presence of an level (n=3). After a short while, the electron returns to the
electrically neutral particles as one of the constituents of ground state, emitting photons in the process.
the atom. Questions –
Questions – Q1 How many different wavelengths of light are
Q1 What is the origin of cathode and anode rays in emitted as the electron returns to the ground
above experiment. state?
Q2 Mention two similarity and dissimilarity of anode Q2 Calculate the wavelength of the photon emitted in
rays and cathode rays. the transition from n=3 to n=2.
Q3 Find the charge by mass ratio of following species Q3 What are the limitations of Bohr’s model of atom.

H+, Na+, OH-, CO32-

Case Study – 4

Case Study – 2 Consider an electron in a 3d orbital. The 3d orbitals are

part of the third energy level (n = 3) and have an
A scientist conducts an experiment to study the azimuthal quantum number (l) of 2, indicating their
photoelectric effect using a metal surface. He shines light complex shapes. Each d orbital can have different
of different frequencies onto the metal and measures the orientations in space, characterized by the magnetic
kinetic energy of the ejected electrons. The following quantum number (m), which ranges from -l to +l.
data is recorded: Electrons in d orbitals play a crucial role in the chemical
properties of transition metals, as these orbitals are
Kinetic Energy of involved in bonding and can accommodate a maximum
Frequency of Light (ν)
Electrons (KE) of 10 electrons.
4.0 x 10¹⁴ Hz 0
Q1 How many possible orientations are there for the
5.0 x 10¹⁴ Hz 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ J d-orbital, and what are the possible values of the
6.0 x 10¹⁴ Hz 3.2 x 10⁻¹⁹ J magnetic quantum number (m)?
7.0 x 10¹⁴ Hz 4.8 x 10⁻¹⁹ J Q2 Draw the shape of all 3d-orbitals.
Q3 Write the electronic configuration of following
entities –
(a) Na (b) Cl (c) Ar (d) Mn (e) Cr (f) Ca2+
(g) Cu (h) O2-

26 | P a g e
 Assertion – Reason

OPTIONS FOR ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and the Q7 Assertion : The energy of an electron in a hydrogen
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the atom is inversely proportional to n2.
Assertion (A). Reason : The energy levels of the hydrogen atom
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but are quantized.
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A). Q8 Assertion : In Bohr’s model, electrons emit radiation
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. continuously while revolving in a stable orbit.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true Reason (R): In Bohr's model, electrons in stable
orbits do not emit radiation because they do not
lose energy.
Q1 Assertion : The cathode rays start from cathode and
move towards the anode. Q9 Assertion : The radius of the nth orbit in a hydrogen
Reason : In the absence of electrical or magnetic atom is directly proportional to n2 .
field, cathode rays travel in straight lines. Reason (R): The radius of the nth orbit is given by
rn =n2 × r1 , where r1 is the Bohr radius.
Q2 Assertion : The charge to mass ratio of the anode
rays depends on the gas from which these originate. Q10 Assertion : Bohr’s model assumes that the
Reason : The smallest and lightest positive ion was centripetal force acting on an electron is due to the
obtained from hydrogen and was called proton. electrostatic attraction between the electron and
the nucleus.
Q3 Assertion : A cathode ray tube is made of glass Reason (R): The centripetal force keeps the electron
containing two thin pieces of metal electrodes. in a circular orbit around the nucleus.
Reason : The value of e/m is 2.75880 × 1011C kg-11.
Q11 Assertion : The spectrum of hydrogen atom
Q4 Assertion : No electrons are emitted if the consists of discrete lines.
frequency of the incident light is below the Reason : When an electron jumps from one orbit to
threshold frequency. another, it emits or absorbs a photon of energy
Reason (R): The energy of the photons is directly equal to the difference in energy between the two
proportional to the frequency of light. orbits.

Q5 Assertion : The work function of a material is the Q12 Assertion : The spectral lines of hydrogen atom are
minimum energy required to remove an electron observed in ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions.
from the surface. Reason (R): Transitions of electrons from higher
Reason (R): The work function depends on the energy levels to lower energy levels in the hydrogen
frequency of incident light. atom emit photons of different wavelengths.

Q6 Assertion : The energy levels in a hydrogen atom Q13 Assertion : It is impossible to determine the exact
are quantized. position and exact momentum of an electron
Reason (R): Electrons in a hydrogen atom can only simultaneously.
occupy certain allowed orbits with specific energies. Reason : The path of an electron in an atom is
clearly defined.

27 | P a g e
Q14 Assertion : All isotopes of a given element show the Q22 Assertion : Spin quantum numbers ms can take the
same type of chemical behaviour. values of + ½ or – ½.
Reason : The chemical properties of an atom are Reason : Two spin states of the electron and are
controlled by the number of electrons in the atom. normally represented by two arrows, ↑ (spin up) and
↓ (spin down).
Q15 Assertion : The Aufbau principle helps in
determining the electronic configuration of atoms. Q23 Assertion : There are 5 electrons in the 3d sub-shell
Reason : According to the Aufbau principle, of Cr.
electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first. Reason : Half filled sub-shells are more stable.

Q16 Assertion : The Pauli exclusion principle states that Q24 Assertion : An element with the electronic
no two electrons in an atom can have the same set configuration [Ne]3s23p5 is a noble gas.
of all four quantum numbers. Reason (R): Noble gases have completely filled s
Reason : Electrons are indistinguishable particles. and p orbitals in their outermost energy level.

Q17 Assertion : In a multi-electron atom, the energy of

Q25 Assertion : The electronic configuration of
orbitals is determined by both the principal
chromium (Cr) is [Ar]4s13d5 .
quantum number (n) and the azimuthal quantum
Reason (R): Chromium exhibits an exceptional
number (l).
configuration because a half-filled d subshell
Reason : The energy of an electron in an orbital
provides extra stability.
depends on its distance from the nucleus and the
shape of the orbital.
Q26 Assertion : The maximum number of electrons that
can occupy the third principal energy level is 18.
Q18 Assertion : The principal quantum number
Reason (R): The third principal energy level can
identifies the shell.
hold up to 2 electrons in the s orbital, 6 electrons in
Reason : Size of an orbital decrease with the
the p orbitals, and 10 electrons in the d orbitals.
increase of principal quantum number ‘n’.

Q27 Assertion : The electronic configuration of an ion is

Q19 Assertion : For n = 2, the possible value of l can be
obtained by adding or removing electrons from the
0 and 1.
neutral atom's configuration.
Reason : For a given value of n, l can have n values
Reason (R): For cations, electrons are removed
ranging from 0 to n – 1.
from the outermost shell, while for anions, electrons
Q20 Assertion : Each orbital is designated by three are added to the outermost shell.
quantum numbers labelled as n, l and ml.
Reason : ‘n’ is a positive integer with value of Q28 Assertion : The principle of Hund’s rule states that
n = 1,2,3,.. electrons fill degenerate orbitals singly before
pairing up.
Q21 Assertion : The principal quantum number Reason (R): Hund’s rule maximizes the repulsion
identifies the shell. between electrons in orbitals of the same energy
Reason : Size of an orbital decrease with the level, which leads to increased stability.
increase of principal quantum number ‘n’.

28 | P a g e
 COMPETITIVE Section

Discovery of Sub-atomic Particles Q7 Which gas was used in the cathode ray tube in J.J.
Thomson's experiment?
Q1 What type of particles make up cathode rays? (a) Oxygen (b) Hydrogen
(a) Protons (b) Neutrons (c) Helium
(d) Any gas at low pressure
(c) Electrons (d) Photons
Q8 The charge to mass ratio of electron was found to
Q2 In the cathode ray experiment, which direction do
be
cathode rays travel?
(a) 1.6022 × 10–19 C kg–1 (b) 1.925 × 1012 C kg–1
(a) From the anode to the cathode
(b) From the cathode to the anode (c) 1.758 × 1011 C kg–1 (d) 1.869 × 1013 C kg–1
(c) In a circular motion Q9 The ratio of e/m, i.e., specific charge for a cathode
(d) From the positive terminal to the negative ray:
terminal (a) has the smallest value when the discharge tube
Q3 What happens to cathode rays in the presence of a is filled with H2
magnetic field? (b) is constant
(a) They remain unaffected (c) varies with the atomic number of gas in the
(b) They get deflected discharge tube
(c) They get absorbed (d) varies with the atomic number of an element
(d) They get accelerated forming the cathode
Q4 What did the deflection of cathode rays by electric Q10 What inference was drawn from the observation
and magnetic fields prove? that the e/m ratio of electrons was the same
(a) Cathode rays are neutral irrespective of the nature of the gas used in the
(b) Cathode rays are charged particles cathode ray tube?
(c) Cathode rays are made of light (a) The mass of an electron depends on the type
(d) Cathode rays are waves of gas
(b) The charge of an electron varies with different
Q5 Cathode rays have:
gases
(a) mass only (b) charge only
(c) Electrons are fundamental particles present in
(c) neither mass nor charge
all atoms
(d) mass and charge both
(d) The speed of electrons is affected by the gas
Q6 What conclusion can be drawn from the observation type
that cathode rays cast a shadow when obstructed Q11 What type of particles constitute anode rays?
by an object?
(a) Electrons (b) Neutrons
(a) Cathode rays are composed of neutral particles
(c) Positively charged ions (d) Photons
(b) Cathode rays are composed of particles that
travel in straight lines Q12 In the anode ray experiment, what causes the
(c) Cathode rays are composed of positively formation of anode rays?
charged particles (a) Electrons colliding with the cathode
(d) Cathode rays are composed of high-energy (b) Electrons colliding with gas molecules and
photons ionizing them
(c) Positive ions emitted from the cathode
(d) Neutrons interacting with the gas molecules

29 | P a g e
Q13 What is the primary difference between cathode Q3 What was the thickness of the gold foil used in
rays and anode rays? Rutherford's experiment?
(a) Cathode rays are positively charged while (a) A few millimeters (b) A few centimeters
anode rays are negatively charged (c) A few nanometers (d) A few atoms thick
(b) Cathode rays are electrons while anode rays
Q4 What was the primary observation made by
are positively charged ions
Rutherford in his gold foil experiment?
(c) Cathode rays are protons while anode rays are
(a) Most alpha particles passed through the foil
neutrons
without deflection
(d) Cathode rays are neutral particles while anode
(b) All alpha particles were deflected
rays are negatively charged
(c) Alpha particles were absorbed by the foil
Q14 Which has highest e/m ratio?
(d) Alpha particles were converted into beta
(a) He2+ (b) H+ particles
(c) He+ (d) H Q5 What conclusion did Rutherford draw from the fact

Q15 The e/m ratio is maximum for that most alpha particles passed through the gold
foil with little or no deflection?
(a) Na+ (b) Al3+
(a) Atoms are solid and dense
(c) H+ (d) Mg2+ (b) Atoms are mostly empty space
Q16 The specific charges of two particles A and B are in (c) Alpha particles are massless
the ratio 2 : 3. If the mass ratio mA : mB is 2 : 3, then (d) Gold atoms are unusually small
the ratio of their charges eA : eB, is Q6 What did the large deflection of a few alpha
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 4 : 9 particles in Rutherford's experiment suggest about
(c) 9 : 4 (d) 2 : 3 the atomic structure?
(a) Presence of electrons in the atom
Q17 The increasing order for the values of e/m
(b) Presence of a dense, positively charged nucleus
(charge/mass) is :
(c) Presence of a negatively charged nucleus
(a) e, p, n, α (b) n, p, e, α
(d) Presence of neutral particles in the atom
(c) n, p, α, e (d) n, α, p, e
Q7 What was the approximate diameter of the atomic
Q18 Among the following the lightest subatomic particle nucleus as estimated from Rutherford's
is: experiment?
(a) Electron (b) Neutron (a) 10-10 meters (b) 10-15 meters
(c) Proton (d) Deutron (c) 10-8 meters (d) 10-12 meters

Q8 Rutherford's scattering experiment is related to the

Rutherford Model size of the
(a) Nucleus (b) Atom
Q1 α-particles are represented by
(c) Electron (d) Neutron
(a) Lithium atoms (b) Helium nuclei
Q9 Radius of nucleus varies as R = RO(A)1/3 where RO =
(c) Hydrogen nuclei (d) None of these
1.3 Fermi. What is the volume of Be8 nucleus
Q2 In Rutherford's experiment, what is the significance (approx.) [A = atomic mass]?
of using gold foil? (a) 7 × 10-38 cc (b) 7 × 10-29 cc
(a) Gold is a good conductor
(c) 7 × 10-45 cc (d) None of these
(b) Gold can be made into very thin sheets
(c) Gold is highly reactive
(d) Gold is opaque to alpha particles

30 | P a g e
Q10 Which of the following is not a correct statement Q8 The energy of photons is directly proportional to:
according to Rutherford’s atomic model? (a) The frequency of light
(a) 99% of mass of an atom is centred in the (b) The intensity of light
nucleu (c) The wavelength of light
(b) Most of the part inside the atom is empty. (d) The area of light
(c) The size of nucleus is very small in comparison Q9 The energy of a radiation of wavelength 8000 Å is E1
to the atoms. and energy of a radiation of wavelength 16000 Å is
(d) Electrons revolve round the nucleus. E2. What is the relation between these two –
(a) E1 = 6E2 (b) E1 = 2E2
Photo-electric Effect
(c) E1 = 4E2 (d) E1 = ½ E2

Q1 Electromagnetic radiation travels through vacuum Q10 The number of photons emitted per second by a 60
at a speed of W source of monochromatic light of wavelength
(a) 186000 m/s (b)125 m/s 663 nm is:
(c) 3.00 × 108 m/s (a) 4 × 10-20 (b) 1.5 × 1020
(d) It depends upon wavelength (c) 2 × 10-20 (d) 2 × 1020
Q2 A wave travels along a string at a speed of 50 m/s. Q11 Calculate frequency of a photon having an energy
If the frequency of the wave is 10 Hz, what is its of 2 electron volt
wavelength? (a) 4.8 × 1014 s–1 (b) 4.8 × 1010 s–1
(a) 5 m (b) 0.2 m
(c) 2.0 × 1014 s–1 (d) 3.5 × 10–7 s–1
(c) 500 m (d) 10 m
Q12 How many photons of lights having a wavelength of
Q3 The frequency of yellow light having wavelength 5000 Å are necessary to provide 1 joule of energy.
600 nm is (a) 2.5 × 101 photons (b) 8.5 × 1011 photons
(a) 5.0 × 1014 Hz (b) 2.5 × 107 Hz (c) 4.5 × 1018 photons (d) 2.5 × 1018 photons
(c) 5.0 × 10 Hz7
(d) 2.5 × 10 Hz 14
Q13 The work-function for photoelectric effect:
Q4 Time period of a wave is 5 × 10 -3
s , what is the
(a) Depends upon the frequency of incident light
frequency?
(b) Is same for all metals
(a) 5 × 10-3 s-1 (b) 2 × 102 s-1
(c) Is different for different metals
(c) 23 × 10 s 3 -1
(d) 5 × 10 s 2 -1
(d) None of these
Q5 The frequency of an electromagnetic radiation is Q14 The photoelectric effect is not observed when the
2 × 106 Hz. What is its wavelength in metres frequency of incident light is:
(Velocity of light = 3 × 10 ms 8 −1
) (a) Greater than the threshold frequency.
(a) 6.0 × 1014 (b) 1.5 × 104 (b) Less than the threshold frequency.
(c) 1.5 × 102 (d) 0.66 × 10–2 (c) Equal to the threshold frequency.
(d) None of the above.
Q6 How long would it take a radio wave of frequency
6 × 103 s-1 to travel from mars to earth, that is a Q15 The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons
distance of 8 × 107 km ? emitted from a metal surface is zero when:
(a) 266 sec (b) 0.266 sec (a) The frequency of incident light is greater than
the threshold frequency
(c) 92.8 sec (d) none
(b) The frequency of incident light is less than the
Q7 What is the packet of energy called threshold frequency
(a) Electron (b) Photon (c) The intensity of incident light is very high
(c) Positron (d) Proton (d) The work function of the metal is zero
31 | P a g e
Q16 In photoelectric effect, the kinetic energy of Q3 The electronic energy levels of the hydrogen atom
photoelectrons increases linearly with the in the Bohr ’s theory are called
(a) wavelength of incident light (a) Rydberg levels (b) Orbits
(b) frequency of incident light (c) Ground states (d) Orbitals
(c) velocity of incident light
Q4 Which of the following statements is incorrect
(d) atomic mass of an element
according to Bohr's model:
Q17 In order to increase the kinetic energy of ejected (a) Electrons revolve in stationary orbits without
photoelectrons, there should be an increase in radiating energy.
(a) intensity of radiation (b) Electron’s energy in an orbit is quantized.
(b) Wavelength of radiation (c) Electrons can only gain or lose energy by
(c) Frequency of radiation jumping from one allowed orbit to another.
(d) Both wavelength and intensity of radiation (d) Electrons radiate energy continuously while
Q18 Electromagnetic radiation having wavelength = 310 revolving in orbits.
Å is subjected to a metal sheet having work function Q5 In Bohr’s stationary orbits :
= 12.8 eV. What will be the velocity of photo- (a) electrons do not move
electrons having maximum kinetic energy. (b) electrons move emitting radiations
(a) 0, no emission will occur (c) energy of the electron remains constant
(b) 4.352 × 106 m/s (d) angular momentum of the electron is h/2π
(c) 3.09 × 10 m/s
6
Q6 According to Bohr’s theory. the angular momentum
(d) 8.72 × 106 m/s for an electron in 5th orbit is
Q19 The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons .
(a) (b)
is found to be 6.63 × 10-19J , when the metal is
irradiated with a radiation of frequency 2 × 1015 Hz.
(c) (d)
The threshold frequency of the metal is about :
(a) 1 × 1015 s-1 (b) 1 × 1015 s-1 Q7 Energy of orbit
(c) 2.5 × 10 s
15 -1
(d) 4 × 10 s
15 -1 (a) Increases as we move away from nucleus
(b) Decreases as we move away from nucleus
Q20 The work function for a metal is 4 eV. To emit a
(c) Remains same as we move away from nucleus
photo-electron of zero velocity from the surface of
(d) None of these
the metal, the wavelength of incident light should
be Q8 When an electron jumps from L to K shell
(a) 2700 Å (b) 1700 Å (a) Energy is absorbed
(c) 5900 Å (d) 3100 Å (b) Energy is released
(c) Energy is sometimes absorbed and sometimes
released
Bohr’s Model of atom
(d) Energy is neither absorbed nor released

Q1 Bohr’s theory is not applicable to Q9 An electronic transition from 1s orbital of an atom

(a) He (b) Li+2 causes
(c) He +
(d) H atom (a) Absorption of energy
(b) Release of energy
Q2 Bohr's model successfully explained:
(c) Both release or absorption of energy
(a) The spectrum of hydrogen atom
(d) Unpredictable
(b) The spectrum of multi-electron atoms
(c) The chemical properties of elements
(d) The wave nature of electrons
32 | P a g e
Q10 In an element going away from nucleus, the energy Q19 If radius of second stationary orbit (in Bohr’s atom)
of particle is R then radius of third orbit will be :
(a) Decreases (b) Not changing
(a) (b) 9R
(c) Increases (d) None of these
Q11 Radius of the second Bohr ’s orbit of hydrogen atom
(c) (d) 2.25 R
is
(a) 1.06 Å (b) 0.22 Å Q20 On the basis of Bohr’s model, the radius of the 3rd
(c) 0.28 Å (d) 0.53 Å orbit is :
(a) equal to the radius of first orbit
Q12 What would be the radius of 2nd excited state in Li+2
(b) three times the radius of first orbit
ion ?
(c) five times the radius of first orbit
(a) 0.529 Å (b) 1.51 Å
(d) nine times the radius of first orbit
(c) 0.2645 Å (d) 0.5299 Å
Q21 The radius of which of the following orbits is the
Q13 If the radius of first orbit of H–atom is x Å, then the same as that of the first Bohr's orbit of hydrogen
radius of the second orbit of Li2+ ion will be _____ Å. atom?
(a) x (b) 4x (a) He+ ( n = 2 ) (b) Li2+ ( n = 2 )

(c) (d) (c) Li2+ ( n = 3 ) (d) Be3+ ( n = 2 )

Q22 The ratio of area covered by second orbital to the

Q14 In which of the following is the radius of the first
first orbital is
orbit minimum?
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 16
(a) A Hydrogen atom (b) A tritium atom
(c) Triply ionized beryllium (c) 8 : 1 (d) 16 : 1
(d) Doubly ionized helium Q23 The ratio between kinetic energy and the total
Q15 According to Bohr theory, the radius (r) and velocity energy of the electrons of hydrogen atom according
(v) of an electron vary with the increasing principal to Bohr’s model is
quantum number 'n' as :- (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1
(a) r increases, v decreases (c) 1 : – 1 (d) 1 : 2
(b) r and v both increases
Q24 The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is:
(c) r & v both decreases
(d) r decreases, v increases (a) 10.2 eV (b) 13.6 eV

Q16 The radius of which of the following orbit is same as (c) 3.4 eV (d) 1.51 eV
that of the first Bohr’s orbit of hydrogen atom? Q25 The ionization energy of He+ ion in the ground state
(a) Li 2+
(n = 2) (b) Li 2+
(n = 3) is:
(c) Be3+ (n = 2) (d) He+ (n = 2) (a) 13.6 eV (b) 54.4 eV

Q17 The ratio of circumference of third and second (c) 27.2 eV (d) 6.8 eV
orbits of He ion is
+
Q26 The energy of the second orbit of a hydrogen-like
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 2 : 3 ion with Z = 3 is:
(c) 9 : 4 (d) 4 : 9 (a) -1.51 eV (b) -3.4 eV

Q18 For any H like system, the ratio of velocities of (c) -13.6 eV (d) -30.6 eV
electron in I, II & III orbit i. e. , V1 : V2 : V3 will be: Q27 The energy difference between the first and second
orbit of hydrogen atom is:
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : :
(a) 13.6 eV (b) 10.2 eV
(c) 3 : 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 1 : 1 (c) 3.4 eV (d) 1.51 eV
33 | P a g e
Q28 As the orbit number increases, the K.E. and P.E. for Q36 The distance between 4th and 3rd Bohr orbits of
an electron: He+ is :
(a) both increases (b) both decreases (a) 2.645 × 10-10 m (b) 1.322 × 10-10 m
(c) K.E. increases but P.E. decreases (c) 1.851 × 10-10 m (d) None of these
(d) P.E. increases but K.E. decreases

Q29 The energy difference between two adjacent levels

in the hydrogen atom:
(a) Decreases with increasing n Spectrum of Hydrogen
(b) Increases with increasing n
(c) Remains constant Q1 Which of the following is true about the hydrogen
(d) Is zero spectrum?
Q30 The energy needed to excite a hydrogen atom from (a) It is a continuous spectrum
its ground to its third excited state is (b) It is an emission spectrum
(a) 12.1 eV (b) 10.2 eV (c) It is an absorption spectrum
(d) It is a gamma-ray spectrum
(c) 0.85 eV (d) 12.75 eV
Q2 The Rydberg constant (R) for hydrogen has the
Q31 The energy of second Bohr orbit of the hydrogen
value:
atom is – 328 kJ mol–1, hence the energy of fourth
(a) 1.097 × 105 m−1 (b) 1.097 × 107 m−1
Bohr orbit would be
(a) – 41 kJ mol–1 (b) –1312 kJ mol–1 (c) 1.097 × 1010 m−1 (d) 1.097 × 108 m−1

(c) –164 kJ mol–1 (d) – 82 kJ mol–1 Q3 The line spectra of two elements are not identical
because
Q32 An electron in an atom jumps in such a way that its
(a) The elements don’t have the same number of
kinetic energy changes from x to x/4 . The change
neutrons.
in potential energy will be :
(b) They have different mass numbers
(a) + (b) – (c) Their outermost electrons are at different
energy levels.
(c) + (d) – (d) They have different valencies.

Q4 The spectral lines of hydrogen atom fall into which

Q33 The potential energy of an electron in the hydrogen
series when an electron transitions to n=1 from
atom is -6.8 eV. Indicate in which excited state, the
higher energy levels:
electron is present?
(a) Lyman series (b) Balmer series
(a) first (b) second
(c) Paschen series (d) Brackett series
(c) third (d) fourth
Q5 In excited H atom, when electron drop from n = 4,
Q34 What is the potential energy of an electron present
5, 6 to n = 1, there is emission of:
in N-shell of the Be3+ ion?
(a) UV light (b) Visible light
(a) -3.4 eV (b) -6.8 eV
(c) IR light (d) Radio waves
(c) -13.6 eV (d) -27.2 eV
Q6 The series of lines in the ultraviolet region of the
Q35 If the energy difference between the ground state
hydrogen spectrum is called:
of an atom and in excited state is 6.6 × 10-14 J , the
(a) Balmer series (b) Lyman series
wavelength of photon required to produce the
transition is: (c) Paschen series (d) Brackett series
(a) 2 × 10 -12
m (b) 1 × 10 -12
m

(c) 4 × 10-16 m (d) 3 × 10-12 m

34 | P a g e
Q7 Which series in the hydrogen spectrum corresponds Q16 The ratio of minimum wavelengths of Lyman &
to transitions from higher energy levels to the n=3 Balmer series will be :
level? (a) 1.25 (b) 0.25
(a) Lyman series (b) Balmer series (c) 5 (d) 10
(c) Paschen series (d) Brackett series Q17 Find out ratio of following for photon
Q8 Which of the following transitions in the hydrogen (νmax.)Lyman : (νmax)Brakett
atom emits a photon of the highest energy? (a) 1 : 16 (b) 16 : 1
(a) n=2 to n=1 (b) n=3 to n=2
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
(c) n=4 to n=3 (d) n=5 to n=4
Q18 The wavelength of radiation emitted when an
Q9 Which of the following transitions in a hydrogen electron falls from n = 3 to n = 2 in a hydrogen atom
atom will emit radiation of the shortest wavelength: is closest to:
(a) n=2 to n=1 (b) n=3 to n=2 (a) 656 nm (b) 486 nm
(c) n=4 to n=3 (d) n=5 to n=4 (c) 434 nm (d) 410 nm
Q10 The energy difference will be minimum of which of Q19 The wavelength of a photon emitted during the
the following energy levels of H–atom? transition from n = 5 to n = 2 in the hydrogen atom
(a) n = 2 and n = 3 (b) n = 3 and n = 4 is:
(c) n = 1 and n = 2 (d) n = 1 and n = 4 (a) 486.1 nm (b) 434.0 nm

Q11 Which transition emits photon of maximum (c) 410.2 nm (d) 656.3 nm
frequency : Q20 If the shortest wavelength of H-atom in Lyman
(a) second spectral line of Balmer series series is x, the longest wavelength in Balmer series
(b) second spectral line of Paschen series of He+ is:
(c) fifth spectral line of Humphery series
(a) (b)
(d) first spectral line of Lyman series

Q12 Third line of Balmer series is produced by which

(c) (d)
transition in spectrum of H+ atom
(a) 5 to 2 (b) 5 to 1 Q21 Find the number of spectral lines in the emission
(c) 4 to 2 (c) 4 to 1 spectrum of hydrogen atom when an electron
jumps from n=4 to n=1:
Q13 If 9.9 eV energy is supplied to H atom, the no. of
(a) 3 (b) 4
spectral lines emitted is equal to :-
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d) 6

(b) 2 (c) 3 Q22 In H atom if the electron moves from nth orbit to
1st orbit by transition in multi steps, then the total
Q14 The wavelength of the first line of the Balmer series
number of lines observed in the spectrum are 10,
in the hydrogen spectrum is:
then find out the value of n.
(a) 121.6 nm (b) 486.1 nm
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 656.3 nm (d) 410.2 nm
(c) 5 (d) 6
Q15 The wavelength of third line of the Balmer series for
Q23 The number of possible spectral lines in Brackett
a H atom is
series in hydrogen spectrum, when the electrons
(a) (b) present in the ninth excited state return to the
ground state, is
(c) (d) (a) 36 (b) 45 (c) 5 (d) 6

35 | P a g e
Q24 In a hydrogen spectrum if electron moves from 7 to Q9 The de Broglie wavelength of a tennis ball of mass
1 orbit by transition in multi steps then find out the 60 g moving with a velocity of 10 m/s is
total number of lines in the spectrum. approximately: (Planck’s constant, h = 6 × 10 –34 Js)
(a) 21 (b) 15 (a) 10–33 m (b) 10–31 m

(c) 9 (d) 5 (c) 10–16 m (d) 10–25 m

De-Broglie’s & Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Q10 Calculate the uncertainty in velocity of a cricket ball
of mass 150 g if the uncertainty in its position is of
Q1 De Broglie equation describes the relationship of the order of 1 Å (h = 6.6 × 10–34 Kg m2s–1)
wavelength associated with the motion of an (a) 3.499 × 10–24 ms–1 (b) 3.499 × 10–21 ms–1
electron and its
(c) 3.499 × 10–20 ms–1 (d) 3.499 × 1021 ms–1
(a) Mass (b) Energy
Q11 In H-atom, if ‘x’ is the radius of the first Bohr orbit,
(c) Momentum (d) Charge
de Broglie wavelength of an electron in 3rd orbit is
Q2 Minimum de-Broglie wavelength is associated with (a) 3πx (b) 6πx
(a) Electron (b) Proton
(c) (d)
(c) CO2 molecule (d) SO2 molecule

Q3 An electron makes five crests during one revolution

round H-nucleus. The electron belongs from the Quantum number & Electronic Configuration
(a) first orbit (b) fourth orbit
Q1 The size of an orbital is given by
(c) fifth orbit (d) sixth orbit
(a) principal quantum number
Q4 The momentum of a photon of wavelength 6626 nm (b) azimuthal quantum number
will be (c) magnetic quantum number
(a) 10–28 kg ms–1 (b) 10–25 kg ms–1 (d) spin quantum number
(c) 10 –31
kg ms
–1
(d) zero Q2 The electron in the same orbital may be identified
Q5 The ratio of de-Broglie wavelength of electron and with the quantum number
proton moving with the same speed is about (a) n (b) l
(a) 1836 : 1 (b) 1 : 1836 (c) m (d) s
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 Q3 The quantum number which determines the shape
Q6 Simultaneous determination of exact position and of the orbital is
momentum of an electron is (a) Magnetic quantum no.
(a) Possible (b) Impossible (b) Azimuthal quantum no.
(c) Sometimes possible sometimes impossible (c) Principal quantum no.
(d) None of the above (d) Spin quantum no.

Q7 The Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle can be Q4 Principal, azimuthal and magnetic quantum
applied to numbers are respectively related to
(a) A cricket ball (b) A foot ball (a) Size, shape and orientation
(b) Shape, size and orientation
(c) A jet aeroplane (d) An electron
(c) Size, orientation and shape
Q8 If the uncertainty in position of a moving particle is (d) None of the above
0 then find out ΔP
(a) 0 (b) 1

(c) Infinite (d) None of these

36 | P a g e
Q5 In a given atom no two electrons can have the same Q11 Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is
values for all the four quantum numbers. This is correct for an electron in 4𝑓-orbital?
called (a) 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 2, 𝑚 = −2, 𝑠 = + 1/2
(a) Hund's rule (b) 𝑛 = 4, 𝑙 = 4, 𝑚 = −4, 𝑠 = – 1/2
(b) Aufbau's principle (c) 𝑛 = 4, 𝑙 = 3, 𝑚 = +1, 𝑠 = + 1/2
(c) Uncertainty principle (d) 𝑛 = 4, 𝑙 = 3, 𝑚 = +4, 𝑠 = + 1/2
(d) Pauli's exclusion principle Q12 The number of orbitals of g-type
Q6 Pauli’s exclusion principle states that (a) 5 (b) 7
(a) Pairing of electrons does not occur in orbitals (c) 9 (d) 11
of the same subshell until each of them is first
Q13 Which of the following set of quantum numbers is
singly occupied.
permissible?
(b) Orbitals are filled in order of their increasing
(a) 4, 1, +2, +1/2 (b) 4, 2, –1, +1/2
energy.
(c) No two electrons in an atom can have the same (c) 4, 0, 0, 1 (d) 4, 4, +2, –1/2
set of four quantum numbers Q14 How many electrons in an atom can have n = 4,
(d) None of these. l = 2, m = –2 and s =+ ½ ?
Q7 The quantum numbers +1/2 and –1/2 for the (a) 1 (b) 2
electron spin represent (c) 5 (d) 10
(a) rotation of the electron in clockwise and
Q15 Number of orbitals represented by n = 3, l = 2 and
anticlockwise direction, respectively.
m = +2 is
(b) rotation of the electron in anticlockwise and
(a) 1 (b) 2
clockwise direction, respectively.
(c) magnetic moment of the electron pointing up (c) 3 (d) 4
and down, respectively. Q16 A subshell 𝑛 = 5, 𝑙 =3 can accommodate
(d) two quantum mechanical spin states which
(a) 10 electrons (b) 14 electrons
have no classical analogue.
Q8 Orbital with maximum symmetry is (c) 18 electrons (d) None of these

(a) p-orbital (b) s-orbital Q17 The values of four quantum numbers of valence
electron of an element X is n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s =
(c) dxy -orbital (d) dz2 -orbital
1/2. The element is
Q9 An electron has principal quantum number 3. The (a) K (b) Ti
number of its (i) subshells and (ii) orbitals would be
(c) Na (d) Sc
respectively:
(a) 3 and 5 (b) 3 and 7 Q18 The possible value of l and m for the last electron in
the Cl– ion are :
(c) 3 and 9 (d) 2 and 5
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and + 1
Q10 Which one of the following set of quantum numbers
(c) 3 and – 1 (d) 1 and – 1
is not possible for electron in the ground state of an
atom with atomic number 19? Q19 Number of nodal surface in 5s orbital is
(a) n = 2, l = 0, m = 0 (a) 5 (b) 4
(b) n = 2, l = l, m = 0
(c) 3 (d) 0
(c) n = 3, l = l. m = –1
Q20 The orbital having two nodal surfaces is
(d) n = 3, l = 2, m = +2
(a) 1s (b) 2s

(c) 3s (d) 2p
37 | P a g e
Q21 The number of nodal planes in 2px orbital is Q27 Which of the following elements has the electronic

(a) zero (b) 1 configuration [Ne] 3s² 3p⁵?

(a) Sulphur (b) Chlorine
(c) 2 (d) infinite
(c) Argon (d) Phosphorus
Q22 The orbital diagram in which the Aufbau principle is
violated Q28 What is the electronic configuration of an element
with atomic number 26 (Iron)?
(a) [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s² (b) [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²

(c) [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s¹ (d) [Ar] 3d⁷ 4s²

Q29 Which of the following is the correct electronic

configuration for the element with atomic number
30 (Zinc)?
(a) [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² (b) [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹

(c) [Ar] 3d⁹ 4s² (d) [Ar] 3d¹¹ 4s¹

Q23 Electronic configuration of H- is Q30 The electronic configuration of Chromium (atomic

number 24) is:
(a) 1s0 (b) 1s1
(a) [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹ (b) [Ar] 3d⁴ 4s²
(c) 1s 2
(d) 1s 2s
1 1
(c) [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s⁰ (d) [Ar] 3d³ 4s²
Q24 Which one is a wrong statement?

(a) total orbital angular momentum of electron in

s orbital is equal to zero.
(b) An orbital is designated by three quantum
numbers while an electron in an atom is
designated by four quantum number.
(c) The electron configuration of N atom is

(d) The value of m for dz2 is zero.

Q25 Which of the following configuration is violating

Pauli’s exclusion principle?

Q26 What is the electronic configuration of Oxygen

(atomic number 8)?
(a) 1s² 2s² 2p⁴ (b) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶
(c) 1s² 2s² 3s² (d) 1s² 2s² 2p³
38 | P a g e
 NEET PYQ’s
Q1 α-particle consists of Q7 The wave nature of electrons was experimentally
[NEET 2019 PHY] verified by
(a) 2 electrons, 2 protons and 2 neutrons [NEET 2020 PHY]
(b) 2 electrons and 4 protons only (a) de-Broglie (b) Hertz
(c) 2 protons only (c) Einstein
(d) 2 protons and 2 neutrons only (d) Davisson and Germer
Q2 In hydrogen atom, the de-Broglie wavelength of an Q8 For which one of the following, Bohr model is not
electron in the second Bohr orbit is valid?
[Given that, Bohr radius, a0 = 52.9 pm] [NEET 2020 PHY]
[NEET 2019] (a) Singly ionised helium atom(He ) +

(a) 211.6 pm (b) 211.6 π pm (b) Deuteron atom

(c) 52.9 π pm (d) 105.8 pm (c) Singly ionised neon atom (Ne+ )
(d) Hydrogen atom
Q3 The total energy of an electron in an atom in an
orbit is −3.4 eV. Its kinetic and potential energies Q9 An electron is accelerated from rest through a

are, respectively: potential difference of V volt. If the de-Broglie

[NEET 2019 PHY] wavelength of the electron is 1.227 ×10−2 nm, the

(a) −3.4 eV, −6.8 eV (b) 3.4 eV, −6.8 eV potential difference is
[NEET 2020 PHY]
(c) 3.4 eV, 3.4 eV (d) −3.4 eV, −3.4 eV
(a) 10 V 2
(b) 10 V 3

Q4 4d, 5p, 5f and 6p-orbitals are arranged in the order

(c) 104 V (d) 10 V
of decreasing energy. The correct option is
[NEET 2019] Q10 Light of frequency 1.5 times the threshold frequency

(a) 6p >5f >5p >4d (b) 5p >5f >4d >5p is incident on a photo sensitive material. What will
be the photoelectric current if the frequency is
(c) 5f > 6p >4d >5p (d) 5f > 6p >5p >4d
halved and intensity is doubled?
Q5 The work function of a photosensitive material is [NEET 2020 PHY]
4.0 eV. This longest wavelength of light that can
(a) Four times (b) One-fourth
cause photon emission from the substance is
(c) Zero (d) Doubled
(approximately)
[NEET 2019 PHY] Q11 The number of photons per second on an average

(a) 3100 nm (b) 966 nm emitted by the source of monochromatic light of

wavelength 600 nm, when it delivers the power of
(c) 31 nm (d) 310 nm
3.3 × 10−3 W will be (h = 6.6 ×10−34 J-s)
Q6 A proton and an α-particle are accelerated from rest [NEET 2021 PHY]
to the same energy. The de-Broglie wavelengths 𝜆 (a) 10 18
(b) 10 17

and 𝜆 are in the ratio

(c) 1016 (d) 1015
[NEET 2019 PHY]
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1 Q12 A particular station of All India Radio, New Delhi,
broadcasts on a frequency of 1,368 kHz. The wave
(c) √2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
length of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by
the transmitter is _____ .
[NEET 2021]

39 | P a g e
 (a) 219.3 m (b) 219.2 m Q18 In hydrogen spectrum, the shortest wavelength in

(c) 2192 m (d) 21.92 cm the Balmer series is λ. The shortest wavelength in
the Bracket series is
Q13 Identify the incorrect statement from the following.
[NEET 2023 PHY]
[NEET 2022]
(a) 2λ (b) 4λ
(a) All the five 5d orbitals are different in size when
compared to the respective 4d orbitals. (c) 9λ (d) 16λ
(b) All the five 4d orbitals have shapes similar to the Q19 Select the correct statements from the following
respective 3d orbitals. A. Atoms of all elements are composed of two
(c) In an atom, all the five 3d orbitals are equal in fundamental particles.
energy in free state. B. The mass of the electron is 9.10939 × 10–31 kg.
(d) The shapes of dxy, dyz and dzx orbitals are similar C. All the isotopes of a given element show same
to each other; and 𝑑 and dz2 are similar to each chemical properties:
other. D. Protons and electrons are collectively known as
Q14 If radius of second Bohr orbit of the He ion is 105.8
+ nucleons.
pm, what is the radius of third Bohr orbit of Li 2+
ion? E. Dalton’s atomic theory, regarded the atom as
[NEET 2022] an ultimate particles of matter
(a) 158.7 pm (b) 15.87 pm Choose the correct answer from the options given
(c) 1.587 pm (d) 158.7 Å below
[NEET 2023]
Q15 The work functions of Caesium (Cs), Potassium (K)
(a) A, B and C only (b) C, D and E only
and Sodium (Na) are 2.14 eV, 2.30 eV and 2.75 eV
respectively. If incident electromagnetic radiation (c) A and E only (d) B, C and E only

has an incident energy of 2.20 eV, which of these Q20 The energy of an electron in the ground state
photosensitive surfaces may emit photoelectrons? (n = 1) for He+ ion is – x J, then that for an electron
[NEET 2023 PHY] in n = 2 state for Be3+ ion in J is -
(a) Cs only (b) Both Na and K [NEET 2024]

(c) K only (d) Na only (a) – x (b) – 4x

Q16 The minimum wavelength of X-rays produced by an (c) – 4/9 x (d) – x/9

electron accelerated through a potential difference Q21 If c is the velocity of light in free space, the correct
of V volts is proportional to statements about photon among the following are:
[NEET 2023 PHY] A. The energy of a photon is E = h𝜈.
(a) V (b) √𝑉 B. The velocity of a photon is c.
C. The momentum of a photon, 𝑝 = ℎ𝜈/c .
(c) (d) D. In a photon-electron collision, both total energy
√
and total momentum are conserved.
Q17 The radius of inner most orbit of hydrogen atom is
E. Photon possesses positive charge.
5.3 × 10–11 m. What is the radius of third allowed
Choose the correct answer from the options given
orbit of hydrogen atom?
below:
[NEET 2023 PHY]
[NEET 2024 PHY.]
(a) 0.53 Å (b) 1.06 Å
(a) A and B only (b) A, B, C and D only
(c) 1.59 Å (d) 4.77 Å
(c) A, C and D only (d) A, B, D and E only

40 | P a g e
Q22 Match the column –

List-1 List-2
A ms I Shape of orbital
B ml II Size of orbital
C n III Orientation of orbital
D l IV Orientation of spin of electron

Choose the correct answer from the options given

below:
[NEET 2024]

(a) A–I, B–III, C–II, D–IV (b) A–IV, B–III, C–II, D–I

(c) A–VI, B–II, C–III, D–I (d) A–III, B–IV, C–I, D–II

Q23 Match the column –

List-1 List-2
(Spectral Lines of (Wavelengths
Hydrogen for transitions (nm))
from)
A n2 = 3 to n1 = 2 I 410.2
B n2 = 4 to n1 = 2 II 434.1
C n2 = 5 to n1 = 2 III 656.3
D n2 = 6 to n1 = 2 IV 486.1

Choose the correct answer from the options given

below:
[NEET 2024 PHY]

(a) A–I, B–III, C–II, D–IV (b) A–IV, B–III, C–II, D–I

(c) A–VI, B–II, C–III, D–I (d) A–III, B–IV, C–II, D–I

Answer

Q1 D Q2 B Q3 B Q4 D Q5 D
Q6 A Q7 A Q8 C Q9 C Q10 C
Q11 C Q12 A Q13 D Q14 A Q15 A
Q16 D Q17 D Q18 B Q19 D Q20 A
Q21 B Q22 B Q23 D

41 | P a g e