Some particles deflected

Some particles reflected

Mostly no deflection straight back

C-12 and C-14 3 key observations

alpha particles fired at thin

gold foil
Isotopes have same
proton number (Z) but
different (A)

Proton number Z Scientific discovery

Protons (+)
Nucleon number A Composition Nucleus Nuclear atom 5. Atomic physics
Neutrons

Fusion Fusion/fission

Electrons (-)
Fission

Splitting of large, unstable Experimental

nucleus demonstration

Radiactivity Electromagnetic induction

Detection Deflection in Speed of magnet
Nature
α  magnetic/electric fields
Strength of magnet Magnitude of induced EMF
Radioactive emissions Particles β Properties Ionizing effects EMF induced in conductor as
Number of turns in coil
it cuts magnetic field lines
γ
Penetration
Always opposes change
Direction of induced EMF
causing it
Radioactive decay Half life Electromagnetism
Ruler Safety precautions Induced EMF causes
Fleming's LHR
induced current
Length Types
Micrometer screw gauge

Calculate average Magnets Flemings RHR

Measurement α  decay β decay γ decay

Slip rings
Clock Time Construction & operation
Rotating coil
AC generator Magnetic effect of current
Output voltage vs time graph

Measuring cylinder Volume

Force on current carrying
Flemings LHR
Step down conductor
Straight wire
Step up Magnetic field Steel Iron
Vp = voltage primary coil Construction & operation Transformer Field lines
Solenoid
Vs = voltage secondary coil Magnetisation
np = no. turns in primary coil
ns = no turns in secondary coil DC motor Permanent Bar magnets
High voltage transmission
Effect of direction/magnitude of Methods Magnets
Power of primary coil = current Magnetic material
Power of secondary coil Temporary Electromagnets
Magnets
Advantages Magnetism
Split-ring communicator Differences Demagnetisation
Construction and operation
Current carrying coil
High voltage = lower
current = less energy loss Forces between magnets
through heat Non-magnetic material

Number of coil turns

Magnitude of turning effect
Magnitude of current Point charge
Experimental detection
Strength of magnetic field Electric field Field patterns Conducting sphere
Forces between charges
Parallel plates

Electric charge (Q)

Electron transfer Charging an object
+ve / -ve
a = acceleration (m/s^2)
u = initial velocity (m/s) Acceleration Velocity Displacement Motion
v = final velocity (m/s) Induction
t = time (s) Conductor/insulator

Speed Distance
Changing speed

Acceleration = +ve
Measurement Ammeter
Free-fall
Deceleration = -ve Graphs
Current
Terminal velocity
Electrical quantities
v = velocity/speed (m/s)
s = displacement/distance (m) Flow of charge Conventional current Flow of +ve charge
t = time (s) Speed-time
I = current (A)
Q = charge (C)
1. General physics t = time (s)

Calculate gradient Area Interpretation IGCSE PHYSICS

Electromotive force
P = power (W) Work
4. Electricity and magnetism
V = voltage (V)
I = current (A) Voltage
Acceleration Speed Distance travelled At rest constant speed Constant acceleration Measurement Voltmeter
1V = 1J/C
Changing speed Changing acceleration
Potential difference
E = energy (J)
I = current (A)
V = voltage (V)
t = time (s)

Experimental determination

Resistance
Length
Affecting factors (in wire)
Cross-sectional area
Mass and weight

R = resistance (Ω)
Mass V = voltage (V)
Weight I = current (A)
Compare with balance

Property that resists Gravitational force on

change in motion mass

Operation as temperature
Pressure Thermistors
alarms Truth table

W = weight (N) Magnetising coils Electric circuits

m = mass (Kg)
g = acceleration due to gravity (10 Ammeters
m/s^2) Operation as light sensitive
Measurement LDRs
switches NOR OR NOT AND NAND
p = pressure (Pa) Sources
F = force (N)
Switches
A = area (m^2)

Circuit switching Relays

Mercury barometer
Fuses Components Circuit diagrams Logic gates
Manometer Pressure beneath Fixed
Density
liquid Resistors
Potentiomter Variable
Heaters
Flotation Potential difference
Lamps
Current Parallel vs series
Damaged insulation Volmeters
Resistance
p = pressure (pa)
p = density (kg/m^3) or (g/cm^3) h = height/depth (m) Transformers
m = mass (kg or g) g = acceleration by gravity (10 m/s^2) Overheating cables Hazards Dangers of electricity
V = volume (m^3 or cm^3) ρ = density (kg/m^3)
Echo Bells

Damp conditions Rectifier Diode

Measurement
Reflection

Audible range Protection

Pitch Frequency
Momentum Impulse 20Hz ~ 20 000 Hz
Longitudinal wave Property
Irregularly shaped solid Regularly shaped solid Energy, work an power Fuse Earth metal cases
Loudness Amplitude
Circuit breakers
Geothermal Compression/rarefaction
Volume via dispalcement Mass via balance
Volume via length Ft = impulse (Ns)
measurement mv = final momentum Nuclear fission Sun
p = momentum (Kgm/s) mu = initial momentum Typical values
m = mass (Kg) Speed Sound
gas/liquid/solid
v = velocity (m/s) Energy sources Chemical energy (fuel)

Heat & light

Experimental Energy transfer Energy resources Investigation of speed in
Water X-radiation Infrared
determination air Visible
Dissipation Wind Microwave
Conservation of energy Efficiency
Centre of mass Stability Ultraviolet
Energy
Radio Gamma radiation
Ek = kinetic energy (J) Kinetic
m = mass (Kg)
Moment (Nm)
v = velocity m/s
F = force (N)
d = distance from pivot (m) Conservation of energy Types of energy Electromagnetic
Forces 3. Waves
spectrum
Springs Work Power
Ep = Gravitational energy (J)
Moments m = mass (Kg) Gravitational
Total clock wise moment = g = acceleration due to gravity (10 m/s^2)
Extensive load graphs
Total anticlockwise moment h = height (m)
Chemical
Equilibrium
Friction n = refractive index
Plot & interpret Nuclear i = angle of incidence c = critical angle ° Optic fibers
W = work (J) P = power (W) Experiment
No resultant moment r = angle of refraction
F = force (N) E = energy (J)
F = force (N) Air resistance Internal energy d = distance (m) t = time (s) Frequency
x = extension (m)
k = spring constant (no units) Transverse
Wavelength Total internal reflection
V = velocity (m/s) Types Wave properties
f = frequency (Hz) Longitudinal
Velocity λ = wavelength (m) when i > c

Refractive index
c = specific heat capcaity J/kg°C Behaviour Critical angle (c)
m = mass
Q = total energy (J) Narrow gap
Resultant force F = force (N) Lv = specific latent heat of vaporization (J/Kg) Lf = specific latent heat of fusion (J/Kg) c = specific heat capacity
m = mass (Kg) Q = total heat (J) m = mass (Kg) Normal
Q = total heat (J) i when r = 90
a = acceleration (m/s^2) m = mass of vapour from liquid m = mass of liquid from ice (Kg) Δθ = change in temperature (°C) Reflection Refraction Diffraction Dispersion
Edge
Same direction = Add Angle of incidence
Scalar vs vector Graphical calculation
Opposite direction = Subtract Specific heat capacity Thermal capacity Refraction of light through
Vapourization Fusion Terminology
Water waves as example parallel-sided material
Light
Angle of refraction
Refraction Ray diagrams
Specific latent heat Thermal properties
Centripetal force Enlarged/diminished
i = angle of incidence Reflection
r = angle of reflection
Thin converging lens Image formation
Image characteristics Virtual/real

Solid
2. Thermal physics Plane mirror Upright/inverted
Bombardment against
container wall
Melting
Energy input with no
change in temperature
Liquid States of matter Image characteristics Ray diagrams
Change in temperature
(constant volume)

p = pressure (Pa) Pressure Boiling

Change in volume V = volume (m^3) Molecular model
(constant temperature)
Average Ek Temperature Gas

Brownian motion
Cooling Thermal processes
Temperature
Good emitters Surface colour
Draught Affecting factors Evaporation Emission
Poor emitters Experiment
Surface area Molecular account Conduction Radiation
Good absorbers Surface texture
Absorption
Good conductor
Experiments Poor absorbers

Poor conductor Radiation

Convection

Experiments